E-waste impacts awareness in Iraq.
\r\n\tThus, we call for research and review papers on the chemistry and physics of dyes, pigments, and their intermediates, including chemical constituents, spectroscopic aspects, surface, solution, crystal formation, photochemical, and ecological or biological properties. The book will be of interest to a wide variety of researchers worldwide whose work involves various fields of activity such as dyes and pigment synthesis, imaging, sensor, energy, medicine, polymers, food product, toxicological properties, etc.
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It refers to any electrical or electronic equipment which are in the end of their useful life. Globally, markets of electronic and electrical equipment have grown dramatically. While these products lifespan has become shorter, they are ending up in rubbish dumps or recycling centers. Concerns of the e-waste bad effects have raised around the world. Twenty to fifty percentage of e-waste has been generated per year around the world [1]. It has become a big threat on environment and human health [2]. The major reasons of e-waste growing amount are: Short lifespan of the electronic products [1], growth of population, economic development, and consumption patterns changing [3]. Many countries have followed different approaches to solve the e- waste issue. This research has shown some of these strategies and the successful one has been chosen to focus in order to benefit from it. In addition, a surveying has done to exam the awareness of people about the e-waste effects on their health and environment. Furthermore, recommendations have been added to manage the e- waste successfully.
E-waste can be classified according to their physical and chemical constituent. The compositions of e-waste include: Metals such as [Copper, Iron, Tin, Nickel, Lead, Aluminum, Zinc, Silver, Gold, and Palladium], Plastics, Metal-plastic mixture, Cables, Screens (CRT and LCD), PCB, Pollutants, Wood, and Refractory and Oxides…etc. [4].
E- waste contaminants can be classified into three types [4]:
Primary contaminants such as the heavy metals and halogenated compounds.
Secondary contaminants, which produced by products or residues that are produced as a result of the improper recycling process such as poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, and poly halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs).
Tertiary emissions or contaminants: Compounds which are used for recycling. These compounds must be handled properly in order to avoid bad impacts on environment and health such as aquaregia, nitric acid, cyanide, hydrochloric acid, thiourea, and bromide in the metal recycling leaching process [5].
The unsuitable recycling activities of e-waste such as open burning and manual dismantling cause soil and river pollution. This is discovered by finding fire retardants in soil and river sediments in Vietnam [6]. Soil pollution also was found in china near the e waste recycling area [7]. By observing the heavy metal concentration in the air, it found that in e-waste open burning site the levels of these metals are higher, and the air pollution in these areas was higher [8]. Also it was found that in e waste area that the PCBs and BFRs levels in indoor dust were higher than non-e-waste area [9]. In addition, it was discovered that the illegal dismantling of e-waste with open-air burning have bad impacts on the groundwater [10], and surface water [11].
Several studies have indicated that e-waste has bad effects on the human health. By testing the blood, hair and urine, it have discovered that people who live near the e waste sites have high ∑mPAEs concentration in their urine than other people who live in non e waste site [12]. In addition, carcinogenic metabolites has exist in the respondents internal hair [13]. Furthermore, exposure to the heavy metals has caused acute and chronic effects such as respiratory reproductive problems, cardiovascular, and irritation [14]. Studies have shown by testing the DNA of workers who recycling e-waste, there is a correlation between damage of DNA and duration of e waste processing in informal e-waste recycling site [15, 16, 17]. E-waste also causes spontaneous abortions, premature births, and reduced birth length [18].
Recycling the e-waste seems to be good solution in many countries as long as a valuable items can be extracted from it. E-waste recycling is very important for environment sustainability and for economic recovery. The efficient recycling of electronic scrap has been regarded as a major challenge for many countries.
Recycling is the most important key to reduce the e-waste. It has environmental benefits at all stage in the life cycle of the electronic products, from the raw materials from which they are made to their final methods of disposal. Recycling also contributes in reducing water and air pollution which is associated with creating new equipment from raw materials [1]. Generally, people in some countries realize that there is a value generating from different types of household solid waste [19]. So informal peddlers and formal collectors pay to consumers for their waste. Then they sell to refurbishes, brokers, scrap dealers, and recyclers.
Recycling in the world can be divided into two types: Informal recycling and formal recycling.
The informal recycling of e-waste consider as a way to extract value from waste electrical and electronic equipment. Informal sector is illegal because it is outside of official institutions [19]. The majority of the informal recyclers are from rural areas and most of them are women and children [20]. This type of recycling includes labor intensive and dangerous manual dismantling of equipment. In this kind of recycling, simple tools are used such as chisels, hammers, and screwdrivers in order to achieve swift separation of the different materials [21]. This sector uses substandard processes and does not have the appropriate facilities to safeguard human health and environment, so it causes risk for recyclers and for environment [19, 20, 21]. Informal recycling sector has grown in many countries such as china, Bangalore, Chennai, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan. Informal recycling effects can be shown in Figure 1.
The effects of informal recycling.
There are several reasons for informal recycling increasing [19, 20, 21] include
Awareness lacking of collectors, recyclers and consumers of dangerous improper of e- waste handling.
Appropriate management absence of e-waste recycling.
No effective take-back programs for end –of-life electronic equipment and obsolete.
Absence of interesting in e-waste managements by IT companies.
Implementation laxing in e-waste specific legislation.
Most recyclers are from rural areas and most of them are women and children.
Formal e-waste recyclers can be defined as all companies designated recycling that are included on the e-waste dismantling enterprise list and have a treatment license, which are issued by provincial environmental protection bureaus [20, 22]. Formal sector recycling process are safer for both workers and environment, because it is controlled by the governmental regulation and financing [22]. However, formal recyclers have to bear all the cost (collecting, transporting and disposing of hazardous fractions), while informal recyclers bear less expensive recycling practices. This is because informal recyclers benefit from the reduced costs in terms of recycling technology, collection, pollution, and control systems [23].
Countries are divided into developed countries and developing countries.
The best e-waste management can be found in European union. For example, best e-waste management systems can be found in Switzerland and the Netherlands [1, 24]. The European Union has a law for requiring companies and manufacturers to prepare to disposals from e-waste by special mechanisms [1]. It has restricted the use of certain hazardous substances in electronic and electrical equipment. In addition, they put a law for the WEEE companies to set up systems for the WEEE treatment and producers. This system is to be responsible about their products over the entire lifecycle of their products from design to use till disposal. In other words, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), which can be defined as “the producer’s responsibility for a product is extended to the postconsumer stage of a product’s life cycle” [1, 24].
As far as Switzerland is concerned, it has long experience for applying the EPR for e waste management. In Switzerland every sector has its own role and responsibility as shown in Figure 2.
E-waste management system in Switzerland [
In Switzerland, there are three producers responsibility organizations (PROs) (The Swiss Association for Information, Communication and Organizational Technology (SWICO recycling), the Swiss foundation for waste management (SENS), and the Swiss lighting recycling foundation (SLRS) [25]. These organizations are responsible of the e-waste management. The EPR system has initiated by EEE producers voluntarily in order to manage e-waste. This system has many advantages include [22, 25, 26]:
its clear system, each one has its own responsibilities of all actors.
by implementation the advance recycling fee ARF principle, the financing is done.
accepted and comprehended system and covers wide range of EEE
control the mechanisms exist for emissions and health hazards.
monitoring the financial and material flows
prevent the illegal e waste dumping to the non-OECD countries for recycling
producers of EEE had Initiated an organized system to manage the e-waste. For instance, reducing the CFCs’ emissions from refrigerators and air conditioners.
The not-for-profit SENS system has managed by members, are the importers, manufacturers, distributors and wholesalers.
Consumers have to dispose the e-waste through retailers or by collecting it at a located collection points, and they have to pay the ARF for purchasing a new product. So they bear the responsibility of the final financial for e-waste management.
The recyclers are responsible for environmental sound management of the e-waste. Their focusing is on the efficient materials recovery with reducing the final remains which end to the landfills or to the incinerator. E-waste then is sorted into categories and invoices are send to SWICO and SENS accordingly.
recyclers must adhere to the standards of emission and safety measures.
Recyclers operate recycling facility that is authorized from the cantonal government and licensed by the PROs. Government takes the overseer role without involving in day-to-day activities.
The federal government contributes in guidelines framing for the major involved actors and assigns the key legal responsibilities to them.
Switzerland cantonal government has the power for issuing and revoking permits of recyclers.
Disposers are the incineration and landfill facilities, who receive the e-waste processes remaining. They have to follow the safety norms. un-processed e-waste is not allowed to be in the landfilling. in Switzerland, land filling of is completely banned [22].
E-waste in other developed countries nearly the same with some different. In Germany, strict rules have set in order to manage the e-waste. The e-waste is collected directly from individual households without any charging from consumers for e waste disposing, and the collecting points numbers are depending on the population density and local conditions [22]. Informal collection is not allowed. After collection stage, e-waste are handover to the producers. Then e-waste is separated to five different containers. They divided to five according to the categories that are specified in the Act [22]. In the US, The US disposes from e-Waste in developing countries, which causes problems in environment and health in these regions [1]. In Japan, the Ministries of the Environment, Economy, Industry, and Trade have enacted the Basic Law in order to promote recycling and conserve resources to tackle with landfill capacity issues and resource scarcity. The main purpose of this law is to establish recycling-based society, minimize the e-waste generation, and maximize the use of secondary materials [27]. E waste Infrastructure management includes: collecting, logistics and reprocessing technologies. The retailers responsibility is collecting the EoL products from the household to the regional aggregation stations. Also there are many associations to collect the electric home appliances which are appointed by the government. There is end-user-pays principle which makes consumer pay for cost. The consumers can buy a recycling ticket in order to give it to the agent of collection while they discard their e-waste. For instance, if consumer wants to discard his computer, he should contact the manufacturer or he can take it to the post office. Then, it is routed to be recycled in the recycling facility of the manufacturer [28].
In developing countries, there is no specific legislation to deal with e-waste. Developing countries do not have the required infrastructure and technical capacities for waste removal in safe ways, which has caused health problems in these countries such as neurological and respiratory, cancer, disorders, and birth defects [29]. So it has become crucial to prevent the illegal imports of WEEE. In some cases, recycling cost exceeds the revenue that is recovered from materials especially in countries which have strict environment regulations. So the end of e-waste are dumped in countries where standards of environmental are low or nonexistent including Asia and West Africa [29]. Basel Convention which is an international accord, has prevented the exportation of hazardous waste to the poor countries since 1992. The exportation is continued to export what they called it “second-hand goods” as long as the exportation of reusable goods is allowed. But in reality EU Commission estimated that nearly 75% of the second hand goods are broken and cannot be used again or just have short second life to work [1, 29]. E-waste importing from developed countries has found in developing countries because it’s considered as a type of livelihood by the residents. Absence of formal recycling in developing countries, makes the e waste and informal waste treatment thrived near the residential areas [4]. Informal recycling processes and informal treatment are done without any knowledge about the hazard that affects the environment and human health in some developing countries such as Indonesia and Cambodia who have not specified law to manage the e-waste [30, 31]. Lacking of data about the amount of material flow of e-waste and lacking of awareness, have affected on the e-waste management in developing countries [32, 33]. Because of the political challenges, technological, and financial, most of developing and under-developed countries are unable to manage the e waste in a way that does not affect the environment and human health [34].
in Africa there is an ineffective infrastructure of the e-waste management. There is no constant system for e waste collection, separation, storage, sorting, and disposal of e-waste. In addition, there is nearly no enforcement effective to regulate the e-waste management and disposal. In Africa e-waste management is reregulation, and rudimentary [35]. Recycling includes disassembly of WEEE without taking into account the hazardous chemicals. For instant, printed circuit boards (PCBs) are heating to recover chips, plastics are melted and burned to isolate metals, this burning sends dioxin and other toxic gases into the air which causes pollution to the environmental and human health. While parts that are dumped in landfills, allows the remained heavy metals to harm the area and life. So, in order to protect public health and the environment, the National Environmental Management Waste Bill in South Africa has implemented for reforming waste management legislation [1].
In Bangladesh the most popular method of e waste management is the dumping into landfills, a small amount of e-waste are recycled. Fresh drives have initiated by policymakers in order to increase the disposal of e-waste, one of these policies is adopting stringent for e-waste management policy [34]. Bangladesh is responsible of 7% of e-waste dumping annually all over the world [36]. Different types from of e waste are produced in Bangladesh every year. it produced from different sources such as mobile phones, televisions….etc. The majority of these wastes are dumped in landfilling or in open water [36].
E-waste management system in Bangladesh can be divided into three categories include:
Reuse: reselling the e waste after repairing the used electronic and products [37].
Recycling: Recycling of e-waste is necessary but it is not common process across the country [38].
Dumping and Landfilling: most of electronics which include computers and mobile phones are disposed of in the litter bins. While medical wastes are burned [34].
In India, only 2 percent of India’s total e-waste are recycled because of the lack of legislation and poor infrastructure. This has led to a waste of the diminishing natural resources [39]. In India, several stakeholders are involved in managing the e-waste, so it originates from many sources and does not follow single set path. Most of the e-waste end up with scrap dealers and traders for economic benefits, which end to unorganized sectors [22]. Problems that faces the e-waste management system are lack information about flow and quantum of e-waste, poor infrastructure, poor implementation rules of e-waste, and producers shirking of proEPR [40].
As far as China is concerned, China has made good efforts in order to have better collection and recycling of e-waste in public and private sectors [41]. China’s government has issued many of environmental laws and technical guidance related to e-waste management. The most important include [20]:-
cataloging the import of waste including: the second- hand electronic equipment and e-waste in a list of prohibited imported goods for processing or trade.
prevent pollution and control the WEEE. This is done by providing a list for environmental measurement to minimize the pollution during the storage, recycling, and final disposal of e-waste.
prevent and control the pollution caused by electronic and information products. The purpose of this policy is to reduce the using of hazardous and toxic substances in electronic appliances in order to reduce the generated pollution in the manufacture, and recycling of these products.
Administrative measures to prevent pollution caused from waste electrical and electronic equipment. This is to prevent pollution caused by the transport, storage, recycling, disassembly, and disposal of e-waste. This policy applies for companies who need treatment licenses that is confirmed by local environmental departments…etc.
E-waste problem in Iraq does not different from the situation in other developing country. The problem is the same including: There is no specific legislation to deal with the e-waste, the required infrastructure and technical capacities for e-waste removal in safe ways are not available, experience lacking in recycling the e-waste, and lacking of data about the amount of material flow of e-waste. All these reasons have affected on the e-waste management in Iraq. So the methodology in this research has only focused on the awareness of people in Iraq about the e-waste impacts.
E-waste impacts awareness of people in Iraq from different generations was measured as shown in Table 1. The samples of 500 people were chosen randomly to answer the questions. The three points scale questionnaire: 1 = Yes, 2 = No, 3 = Do not know or Not sure. Except the last question which was about the end of their end life mobiles and laptops in specific.
No. | Questions | Yes = 1% | No = 2% | Not certain or Do not know = 3% |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Do you know what the e waste meaning before the explanation | 80 | 15 | 5 |
2 | Do you know the negative impacts of e waste on people health and environment | 20 | 35 | 45 |
3 | Do you with Recycle and reusing different types of e waste | 89 | 3 | 8 |
4 | Do you separate the e-waste to be recycled later | 10 | 90 | 0 |
5 | Do you need to enhance your knowledge about the e-waste effects | 97 | 0 | 3 |
6 | What do you do with your end life mobile or laptop? |
E-waste impacts awareness in Iraq.
The result shows that high percentage of people know what is the e-waste meaning, but only 20% of them aware about the negative effects of it on environment and human health. Although the majority of people are with recycling idea and reuse of e waste, only small percentage separate it. Most people admit that they have to enhance their knowledge about the e-waste effects. The last question was asked to have knowledge about the end of their end- life mobiles and laptops in specific. Their answers were different, but they can be divided into three answers: some of them damage their end-life devices and threw in the rubbish. Few of them said that they give their end-life devices to the mobiles sellers or laptop sellers to benefit from the health parts of it. Other mentioned that their end-life devices ended to be with informal collector to make use of them.
According to the result of this surveying, people need to know the causes of environment pollution and its impacts on their health. They need to understand more about e-waste effects and e-waste managements. These two terms are connected with each other, they affect the human health and environment weather in negative or positive way.
Below are some recommendation to manage e-waste successfully:-
An aggressive legislation must be taken for new technological solutions. Evaluating the present laws and making the suitable modification periodically.
Increasing the public awareness through education on e-waste and recycling. This is can be done by educating people about how to recycle and dispose electronics and teach them the right behavior to become more responsible towards environment.
it is the government duty to provide the infrastructure for formal e waste treatment and recycling and encouraging the EEE producers in order to focus on the Extended Producer Responsibility EPR [42].
In order to have successful formal recycling plant: technical support, guidelines, and financial support, must be exist for treatment processes improvement [43].
Reuse can gives higher environmental advantages and consider as a safer term in collection of e-waste.
guidelines must be suggested about the treatment options and technologies to manage the e waste.
units for recycling of waste EEE must be established.
consumers must be aware about the hazardous components in products providing with instruction about handling the equipment after its use to prevent e-waste from discarding in garbage bins with other rubbish, stringent provisions are needed
restricting the second-hand electronics importing, prohibiting the old or used electronic products importing, except electronics that are used for research purposes and in academic institutions with allowable certification from Environment department
The best example about the e-waste treatment is changing it from primitive practices to developed system such as the pyro metallurgical or hydrometallurgical as occurring in China [4].
each improvement in each system can be reduce the negative effects of e waste treatment [44].
E- waste increases every year at an alarming rate, it is a global problem and needs global solution. So efforts must be taken to minimize illegal dumping. Most developed countries have developed legislations and policy guidelines to control the hazardous chemicals using in these products, and to manage the e-waste after discardation. The European Union has successes in implementing a uniform legislation for e-waste management. Switzerland led the way to establish a successful and formal e-waste management system followed by Germany and Japan.
As far as developing countries are concerned, there are many legislations are existed in developing countries, but they do not come together with enforcement. Most developing countries do not have the similar regulations particularly in their enforcement. In addition, special centers for e-waste processing are not available, facilities scarcity to extract the precious metals from e-waste are not available too. An accurate data of e-waste flows is not available which is a major required for e-waste management system.
By connecting the local and the national regulations, improvement in e waste management can be achieved in developing countries.
People behavior influences e-waste management. Behavior is identified as one of the important factors which affect the e-waste management funding [45]. Awareness of people can ensure that consumers participate in managing the e waste process. So the methodology in this research has focused on people awareness of the e waste. It is the responsibility of government to notify people of their duties and make them aware about e-waste impacts on health and environment due to unsuitable disposal of e-waste. Awareness lacking leads to engagement lacking in re-use and recycling inefficient product use, and lacking of engagement from consumer end. E-waste can be a great energy source if it treated appropriately.
.
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This study is aimed to focus on proceeding of the most vital metabolic processes namely reserve mobilization, phytohormonal regulation, glyoxylate cycle and respiration process under either stressful or non-stressful conditions that may be led to suggest and conduct the more successful experimental improvements. Seed imbibition triggered the activation of various metabolic processes such as synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes which resulted in hydrolysis of reserve food into simple available form for embryo uptake. Abiotic stresses potentially affect seed germination and seedling establishment through various factors, such as a reduction in water availability, changes in the mobilization of stored reserves, hormonal balance alteration and affecting the structural organization of proteins. Recent strategies for improving seed quality involved classical genetic, molecular biology and invigoration treatments known as priming treatments. 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The importance of these compounds in wine is due to their large effect on the organoleptic attributes of wine. Phenolic compounds play a crucial role in the colour as well as mouthfeel properties of wines. UV-visible spectroscopy appears as a suitable technique for the evaluation of phenolic compounds’ properties and content. The ability of the phenolic ring to absorb UV light and the fact that some of the phenolic substances are coloured compounds, i.e. show absorption features in the visible region, make UV-visible spectroscopy a suitable technique to investigate and quantify grape and wine phenolic compounds. A number of analytical techniques are currently used for phenolic quantification. These include both simpler approaches (spectrophotometric determinations) as well as more complex methodologies such liquid chromatography analysis. Moreover, a number of spectroscopy applications have also been recently reported and are becoming popular within the wine industry. 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To fulfil this gap various techniques are adopted for obtaining high yield pectin from various agro-industrial wastes. This chapter will be focusing on extraction and purification of pectin from various agro-industrial wastes, considered as main environmental pollutants.",book:{id:"8504",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",title:"Pectins",fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Erumalla Venkatanagaraju, N. Bharathi, Rachiraju Hema Sindhuja, Rajshree Roy Chowdhury and Yarram Sreelekha",authors:null},{id:"69396",title:"Soybean Amino Acids in Health, Genetics, and Evaluation",slug:"soybean-amino-acids-in-health-genetics-and-evaluation",totalDownloads:1421,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Soybean is an important source of protein and amino acids for humans and livestock because of its well-balanced amino acid profile. 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Physiological and biochemical changes followed by morphological changes during germination are strongly related to seedling survival rate and vegetative growth which consequently affect yield and quality. This study is aimed to focus on proceeding of the most vital metabolic processes namely reserve mobilization, phytohormonal regulation, glyoxylate cycle and respiration process under either stressful or non-stressful conditions that may be led to suggest and conduct the more successful experimental improvements. Seed imbibition triggered the activation of various metabolic processes such as synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes which resulted in hydrolysis of reserve food into simple available form for embryo uptake. 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These micelles are being extensively studied because of their importance in functional behavior of milk and various milk products. However, the exact structure and nature of these casein micelles are still under debate. These different casein proteins possess different functional properties due to their primary amino acid sequence.",book:{id:"5060",slug:"milk-proteins-from-structure-to-biological-properties-and-health-aspects",title:"Milk Proteins",fullTitle:"Milk Proteins - From Structure to Biological Properties and Health Aspects"},signatures:"Mohd Younus Bhat, Tanveer Ali Dar and Laishram Rajendrakumar\nSingh",authors:[{id:"178323",title:"Dr.",name:"Laishram R",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"laishram-r-singh",fullName:"Laishram R Singh"},{id:"183444",title:"Mr.",name:"Md. Younus",middleName:null,surname:"Bhat",slug:"md.-younus-bhat",fullName:"Md. 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His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. 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Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. 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