Results of Bonferroni’s multiple comparison for accuracy rates and response times in cases of row-wise and column-wise patterns.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9256",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Risk Management and Assessment",title:"Risk Management and Assessment",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Risk analysis, risk evaluation and risk management are the three core areas in the process known as ‘Risk Assessment’. 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He is currently an Assistant Professor of the Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning and a member of the Modelling, Urban and Regional Planning, and Environmental Hazard and Risk Assessment and Management research groups of the Centre of Geographical Studies, University of Lisbon. . His field of expertise is geosimulation and geocomputation involving artificial neural networks, graphs theory, cellular automata, and multi-agent systems. 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She graduated in Geography from the University of Coimbra and has a MSc in Environmental Sciences from the University of Wollongong (Australia) and a Ph.D. in Forest and Natural Resources Engineering at the School of Agriculture of the University of Lisbon. She started as a Scientific Officer at the Joint Research Centre-EC in Italy, working in the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS). She works in environmental risk assessment and geographic information systems (GIS) and her main interests are in climatic risks, wildfires, forest protection and biodiversity. 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Due to the magnitude of the involved volumes, industrial waste has lately become a threat to all the components of the environment. In Romania, 90–95% of the total quantity of the produced industrial waste are stored, but only 24% of them have an environmental clearance certificate. The action of the climatic factors increases the risk of the occurrence of some landslides, which leads to the deterioration of the ecosystems and the risk of pollution, the loss of stability, the destruction of some historical objectives. Thus, the risk analyses represent the support for the decision-making process in taking solid measures, meant to lead to the limitation and diminution of the danger of slipping and losing the stability of these deposits. However, the implementation of the measures is based on a systemic model, supported by the concept of risk. 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Therefore, its use may be limited, because in principle it is difficult to predict events that we are not aware of. A certain solution to this problem seems to be the application of inception theory and quantum physics assumptions to describe future phenomena. The aim of the study will be to demonstrate the experience of risk assessment attempts using quantum physics assumptions. The current application of new assumptions for risk assessment in the case of road infrastructure allows for the thesis that a change in the approach to risk assessment is necessary in all areas related to human activity.",signatures:"Marek Rozycki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70820",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70820",authors:[{id:"254855",title:"Mr.",name:"Marek",surname:"Rózycki",slug:"marek-rozycki",fullName:"Marek Rózycki"}],corrections:null},{id:"71133",title:"Risk Assessment Methodology in Public Financial Institutions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91152",slug:"risk-assessment-methodology-in-public-financial-institutions",totalDownloads:617,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter classifies the risk and fundamental elements necessary to manage it. It presents the individual stages of the procedure and standards of conduct in risk management. 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\r\n\tGlobalization does not represent a pure and generous process for humanity or other species, but rather it implies social exclusion and also provokes situations of vulnerability in groups of people, forced exclusion, and apartheid: poor job opportunities, lack of access to education, worse socio-sanitary conditions. Specifically, it can be said that social segregation entails the apartheid of social groups of different ages, genders, and ethnicities; these groups live a reality manifested through the deepening of poverty, in terms of increased vulnerability of the poor and groups with little economic, social, cultural, labor and health stability.
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Facility managers are obliged to install fire extinguishing equipment, sufficient emergency exit and guide lights to make evacuee find proper path to the exit by the Japanese Fire Service Law, even if they are not familiar with the layout of the area [1]. Recently, several urban commercial premises have become huge and complex in order to provide efficiency and convenience. Evacuees are not able to intuitively find out evacuation routes in these buildings and structures without proper guidance to exits due to their spatial complexity. Active evacuation guidance systems have been developed to control different light and acoustic stimuli that provide evacuation guidance information to evacuees to construct a safe and secure evacuation environment [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
Conventional evacuation guidance systems in buildings and structures are not designed to react to changes in situations, such as collapses or other disturbances. Evacuation guidance systems must be able to autonomously determine which evacuation routes have not been damaged by the disaster to achieve rapid evacuation in emergency situations. An autonomous route-detection system, in which several smoke and heat sensors could be placed at key points in the objective area to determine the evacuation route based on the overall condition, was proposed [7]. An evacuation route guidance system that considers evacuees’ current location and building safety using a smart building-sensor network and is able to recommend the best evacuation route for each localized evacuee through their mobile terminals was proposed and evaluated [8]. A method for determining evacuation routes has been proposed that uses location information from mobile devices to determine effective routes [9, 10].
It is crucial to guide the evacuees along the determined evacuation route to effectively use route-detection systems in disasters. However, the evacuation and pathway guide lights in the conventional evacuation guidance were not sufficient to lead the evacuees to the relevant routes adapted to the situation. Therefore, a system is required to guide evacuees flexibly in disasters. Several systems that help evacuees select the route to appropriately exit using light and sound stimuli have been proposed.
Several previous studies have researched active evacuation guidance systems that utilize the precedence effect (Haas effect) to help evacuee realize evacuation direction. It is a psychological feature in hearing acrostic stimuli. When two identical sounds are presented in close succession, the spatial location of the auditory stimulus is dominated by the first arriving sound [11]. Additionally, the implementation of sound equipment (such as loudspeakers and signal processors) and sound-stimuli presentations in evacuation guidance systems have been standardized by the Japan Lighting Manufactures Association (JLMA), such that evacuees can correctly identify evacuation routes [2]. Furthermore, an improved evacuation system utilizing the precedence effect, in which loudspeakers were set beside a wall in a passageway to avoid the disappearance of the precedence effect of an audio signal, was proposed [12, 13].
The evacuation guidance systems using the precedence effect able to lead evacuees to one or two exits predefined as an emergency exit, however, they provide only the direction to the exit and not a detailed evacuation path to the exit using acoustic stimulus. Therefore, the evacuee must discover an evacuation route to the exit using acoustic stimulus even if the guidance using the precedence effect to the exit were provided. If there were several obstacles in the current place, it might not be easy to avoid damaged passageways and a fire outbreak caused by a disaster.
Passengers and crew may quickly lose situational awareness in a smoke-filled cabin of an aircraft. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations stipulate requirements for emergency floor-path illumination in all aircraft to achieve faster evacuation. Thus, guiding pathways to exits makes sense in situations where vision does not work well. However, there are few studies that provide a pathway to exits using emitting acoustic stimuli sequentially. Therefore, in this study, we propose a new active evacuation guidance system using acoustic cues, in which guidance-sound stimuli are sequentially emitted along an evacuation path instead of relying on the precedence effect [6].
This study’s objective is to develop an active evacuation guidance system to direct evacuees along an evacuation route by sequentially emitting sound stimuli. In the first stage of the study, we analyzed participants’ capacity to identify sound stimuli emitted through a set of loudspeakers. We conducted experiments to investigate the recognition properties of the position and direction of the emitting sound, in which four factors, such as the stimulus type and emission-time interval might affect their capacity to identify the stimuli. Additionally, the identification performance of the evacuee for the emitting sequences along the straight and bent lines was considered. Subsequently, we considered whether the evacuee could follow the emitting sound on a set of loudspeakers in sequence. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the proposed guidance system using the sound provided a more detailed evacuation route for evacuees.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the advantages of the proposed evacuation guidance system that emits sound stimuli sequentially. Section 3 summarizes properties of auditory recognition for the emitting sound stimuli based on our previous research [6]. Section 4 describes the subjects’ ability to follow the sequence of the emitting sound based on experiments and discusses the practicality and feasibility of the proposed evacuation guidance systems. Finally, the usefulness of a sound-based guidance system proposed in this paper is summarized in Section 5.
First, an overview and advantages of evacuation guidance systems using emitting sound sources on a set of loudspeakers are described. Conventional guidance systems assume that evacuees can determine their evacuation route based on guide lights in an emergency situation. However, it might be difficult for them to find the relevant or correct route if they are not familiar with the spatial location. Therefore, there are two types of evacuation guidance systems that use acoustic stimuli to indicate the evacuation direction. In this study, we propose a method that uses an emitting sound source on a loudspeaker along routes to guide evacuees. If several loudspeakers are placed in the objective area, the sound sources could be sequentially emitted from one loudspeaker to another. People would be able to recognize them as the stream of sound in the evacuation direction. The recognition of the direction of the sound stream is generalized by the sequence of sound localization for a single-sound source.
In shopping centers, a wide floor is occupied by display cases of goods, which can be an obstacle to evacuation in the event of a disaster. The proposed new evacuation guidance system would be able to provide a pathway to avoid these obstacles because it shows the sequence of the route to exit by emitting sound. This study describes the feasibility and performance of the new evacuation guidance system using the emitting acoustic sound stimuli.
In this section, as a first step towards developing the guidance system utilizing a sound sequence emitting a sound stimulus to induce people to exit, two experiments to test whether people can identify the sound sequence is described with reference to our previous research [6]. The actual evacuation routes include a variety of patterns, so the two sequence patterns of sounds, straight-line and right-angle patterns were evaluated in the following subsection.
First, this study assesses individuals’ capacity to identify a spatial sequence of sound stimuli and examines the factors that influence individuals’ identification performance. Therefore, two experiments were conducted for ten healthy male students (20–21 years old) of Hannan University with no abnormal hearing diagnosed during their annual medical examination. They participated in this experiment without remuneration. Experimenter and all participants provided informed consent before these experiments.
The identification procedure of sound sequence requires the participants to continuously recognize sound localization for sequentially emitting sound through the loudspeakers. The sound localization is a listener’s ability to identify the location of a detected sound in direction and distance. Various factors that cause changes in the pressure and sound wave frequency affect individuals’ sound localization performance. Therefore, it is expedient to consider the influence of emission speed (emission-time interval) and the distance between loudspeakers to assess the subjects’ identification performance. Furthermore, considering the preceding effect, the position of the subject relative to the loudspeaker should be considered a factor affecting the identification of the sound stimulus. Thus, the stimulus type, emission-time interval, distance between loudspeakers, and subject’s position were considered as experimental factors in the first experiment.
Previous studies on emergency-alert sounds reported that stimuli containing a wide range of frequencies are more likely to be recognized than those with a single frequency [12]. Furthermore, swept-sound stimuli from low to high frequencies can be recognized more easily during evacuation guidance procedures. Therefore, in this experiment, the phrase “Here is an emergency exit,” spoken by a female voice in Japanese because the human voice is an acoustic stimulus with many frequencies superimposed on it. It also was used in previous studies on evacuation guidance procedures using the preceding effect [4, 5].
As a result of the above considerations, the two types of acoustic stimulus were set to experimental factor, the female voice and a sound that linearly changed from 500 to 1000 Hz in 1 s (swept-sound). The distance between the loudspeakers was set to two levels, 3 and 5 m, while the emission-time intervals were set to 1 and 0.5 s. The longer the time interval, the faster the sound moved. The subjects were instructed to stand in one of two fixed places—just below a loudspeaker in the center of the grid or between loudspeakers.
Our proposed evacuation guidance system help evacuee realize the path to the exit using sequence of acoustic stimuli emitted thought several loudspeakers which were arranged on the ceiling of buildings. In the first experiment loudspeakers were arranged in a 5 × 5 grid 4 m above from floor level in the gymnasium of Hanna University. The experimental environment and the arrangement of the loudspeakers are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. The numbers rounded with squares in Figure 2 are the index of loudspeakers.
Experimental environment and the arrangement of the loudspeakers.
Arrangement of the loudspeakers, subjects’ position, and sequential pattern of sound stimuli in the first experiment.
During the experiment, the subjects stood in one of two possible positions, just below loudspeaker 13 or between loudspeakers 13 and 17. The loudspeakers were a capacitor-type flat speakers with stronger directionality than conventional dynamic speakers. We used a switching device with a small controller (Arduino Uno) that could be controlled by the software to emit the sound stimulus on all 25 loudspeakers in a sequence for specific time intervals. The sound stimulus level was set for each stimulus type (voice or swept-sound), such that the A-weighted noise level was 80 dB at a position 1 m from the loudspeaker. The noise level was measured using an integrated average-type sound-level meter (LA-1441, Ono Sokki Co., Ltd.).
In the first experiment, the sound stimulus (the voice or swept-sound) was emitted sequentially through five loudspeakers. For example, it is the sequence from loudspeakers 1–21 in the order of 1, 6, 11, 16, 21 in a straight line shown by an arrow in Figure 2. All 12 distinct sequence patterns of the sound stimuli (including five row-wise ones (left-to-right or right-to-left), five column-wise ones (front-to-back or back-to-front), and two diagonal ones (front-to-back or back-to-front) are shown by an arrow in Figure 2. Considering that the sequences were emitted in both ascending and descending order, there were totally 24 sequence patterns. For example, the emitting sequence in ascending order was set to five straight line patterns: numbers 1–5, 6–10, 11–15, 16–20, and 21–25.
The subjects were instructed to listen to the sequence at a specific position (as mentioned earlier, position just below loudspeaker 13 or the other) and identify the sequence pattern as quickly as possible. We conducted a trial for each subject to listen to the sound stimuli and answer which patterns were emitted before conducting the first experiment. The first experiment, in which the 24 sequence patterns were emitted randomly in each trial under different conditions (combining the four factors) was then conducted. The sound stimulus continued until the subjects returned their answer. Sixteen trials under each experimental condition combining the four factors were conducted for each subject repeatedly because four two-level experimental factors were considered in this experiment. An experimenter recorded the participants’ response time and the accuracy of their answers (accuracy rate).
Figure 3 shows the mean accuracy rates and response times of identification of emitting sequence regarding four experimental factors. We conducted a three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the mean-accuracy rates and response times, considering three within-subject factors: stimulus type, emission-time interval, and the distance between loudspeakers.
Mean accuracy rates and response times regarding experimental factors. (From Miyoshi [
In the ANOVA results for accuracy rate, significant differences were observed for both stimulus type (
The influence of four factors on the identification of sequence pattern of sound stimuli was evaluated through the experiment. The overall identification rate was over 80% across 24 sequence patterns. Comparing four factors affecting the accuracy and response time, the significant effects with respect to the type of sound source and the emission-time interval was confirmed. The type of sound source had a particularly strong effect for the results. The accuracy rate of identification was higher, and the response time was shorter when the voice sound emitted as acoustic stimuli than the swept-sound. These results suggest that the use of voice rather than swept-sound as a sound source enables the correct recognition of the direction of guidance.
Aoki conducted the sound localization experiments for middle-aged and elderly subjects using multiple sound sources including voice as acoustic stimuli. As the results it was reported that the incorrect response rate was lowest, and the reaction time was shortest when vocal stimuli were used [13]. Thus, we could easily perceive the vocal phrase and identify its localization. Our experiment task was the identification of the sequence of emitting sound source, and the performance of task become higher for voice stimuli due to the ease of sound location for it.
The differences in the accuracy rates and response times classed according to the different emission-time intervals (1 and 0.5 s) are summarized in Figure 3b). The mean-accuracy rate for both sound stimuli emitted in the interval 1 s was higher than in interval 0.5 s, although there was not a significant difference in response time between both intervals. These results indicate that the stimulus sequence can be identified more easily when the emission-time interval is 1 s.
The accuracy rates and response times of the subjects were compared among sequence patterns, such as row-wise and column-wise sequences. Figure 4a and b illustrate the mean accuracy rates and response times for the row-wise sequence patterns and the left-right direction, respectively. A two-way ANOVA was conducted to detect whether there were statistically significant differences in the mean scores regarding the five row-wise sequence patterns and the left-right directions, considering within-subject factors. It was confirmed that there were the significant differences in the main factor (row-wise sequential pattern) for both the accuracy rate (
Mean accuracy rates and response times for horizontal and vertical patterns in a straight line. (a) Mean accuracy rates regarding row-wise pattern from left and right. (b) Mean response times regarding row-wise pattern on the left and right hand sides. (c) Mean accuracy rates regarding column-wise pattern from left and right. (d) Mean response times regarding column-wise pattern from left and right. (From Miyoshi [
Bonferroni’s multiple comparison (comparison count: 10 times) of the accuracy rate and response time among the 5 stimulus sequences was conducted and its results were shown in Table 1a. The accuracy rate for the row-wise sequence from 11 to 15 was the highest and response time is shortest among the row-wise ones. This result suggests that it is easier to identify the sequence that pass the subject standing point, the loudspeaker 13 and the identification performance became higher as the distance to the sound sequence from subject decreases.
Accuracy rate | Response time | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | |||||||||
Patterns | 1–5 | 6–10 | 11–15 | 16–20 | Patterns | 1–5 | 6–10 | 11–15 | 16–20 |
1–5 | — | — | — | — | 1-5 | — | — | — | — |
6–10 | 0.035 | — | — | — | 6-10 | 0.002 | — | — | — |
11–15 | <0.001 | 0.652 | — | — | 11-15 | <0.001 | <0.001 | — | — |
16–20 | 0.008 | 1.00 | 1.00 | — | 16-20 | 0.006 | 1.00 | <0.001 | — |
21–25 | 1.00 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 21-25 | 1.00 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
(b) | |||||||||
Patterns | 1-21 | 2-22 | 3-23 | 4-24 | Patterns | 1-21 | 2-22 | 3-23 | 4-24 |
1–21 | — | — | — | — | 1-21 | — | — | — | — |
2–22 | 0.007 | — | — | — | 2-22 | 0.076 | — | — | — |
3–23 | <0.001 | 1.00 | — | — | 3—23 | <0.001 | 0.275 | — | — |
4–24 | 0.97 | 0.716 | 1.00 | — | 4-24 | 1.00 | 0.088 | <0.001 | — |
5—25 | 1.00 | 0.057 | 0.18 | 1.00 | 5–25 | 0.032 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Results of Bonferroni’s multiple comparison for accuracy rates and response times in cases of row-wise and column-wise patterns.
In the same way as row-wise patterns, Figure 4c and d illustrate the mean accuracy rates and response times for the column-wise patterns and the direction from front/behind, respectively. The two-way ANOVA also were conducted for the mean scores regarding the sequence patterns and the direction. It was confirmed that the significant differences regarding main effect of sequence pattern were detected in both the accuracy rate (
The accuracy rate for the sequence from 3 to 23 was the highest and the response time is shortest among the column-wise ones. In the same as results regarding the row-wise sequence, it is easier to identify the sequence that pass the subject standing point, the loudspeaker 13 and the identification performance became higher as the distance to the sound sequence from subject decreases. However, the performances (accuracy rate and response time) for the sequences in the second and fourth line were as well as the third centered line. These results suggest that there may be a range in which people could properly identify the location and the direction of the sound sequence.
The first experiment investigated the identification performance of the subjects for the straight sequence of the emitted sound. The actual evacuation paths to exit include the straight and right-angle paths. For example, an evacuee evacuates from the inside of a building to the outside by going straight and turning. The identification performance for the emitting sound in right-angle sequences must be evaluated to ensure that the proposed guidance system works effectively in the event of a disaster. In this section, we summarized the second experiment to evaluate the performance of identification for right-angle sequences based on a reference [6].
In the second experiment, the sequence of sound stimuli was generated in the same experimental environment with the first experiment as shown in Figure 1. Twenty-five loudspeakers were arranged in a 5 × 5 grid 4 m above from floor level. For this experiment, the distance between the loudspeakers was fixed at 3 m to compare the emission patterns of the straight and right-angle lines. Considering the three experimental factors: sequence shape (two levels of straight and right-angle sequences), stimulus type (voice and swept-sound), and emission-time interval (0.5 and 1 s), the experiment was conducted to assess whether or how these factors affect identification of the sound sequence. The second experiment was conducted under eight experimental conditions, including all combinations of the above three factors. In each trial, sound stimuli were emitted in four right-angle and two straight-line sequences. In addition, the both directionalities of all the sequences, front-to-back one and back-to-front one, were considered, as illustrated by green and bidirectional arrows in Figure 5.
Arrangement of audio loudspeakers, subject position, and sequential pattern of sound stimuli in the second experiment.
The subjects were instructed to stand at a specific position near by the loudspeaker 23 and listened to and identified the sequence pattern as quickly as possible. The sound sequences were randomly selected from 12 possible sequential patterns and start position of sound sequence was determined randomly. The sound stimulus continued until the subjects returned their answer. An experimenter recorded the participants’ response time and the accuracy of their answers (accuracy rate). The subjects of the second experiment were seven male students (20–21 years old) who had participated in the first experiment.
Firstly, the mean accuracy rates and response times for each stimulus type and emission-time interval in the second experiment were illustrated in Figure 6. It was confirmed that there were the significant differences in accuracy rates for two factors: stimulus type (
Mean accuracy rates and response times regarding two experimental factors. (From Miyoshi [
Comparing the identification performance between sound types, the accuracy rate of identification for sound sequence using voice with emission-time interval 0.5 s was less than other cases, but the one for the other conditions was almost 100% because the task was performed completely. The identification of the emitting patterns of voice became difficult when the emitting voice stimulus switched to another speaker in the middle of the phrase. The performance in these emitting conditions became lower than in the other conditions.
Comparing the results for the sequences emitting along the right-angle pattern to the one emitting along the straight-pattern (Figures 3 and 7), the mean-accuracy rates were higher for the emitting pattern at the right angle than in the straight line. In the second experiment, the subjects stood nearby the loudspeaker 23 and identified the sound sequences emitting in front of them. This is because identification performance for the sequence emitting in front of subjects was better than the backward ones as evaluated in the first experiment.
Mean accuracy rates and response times regarding the spatial proximity to sequence. (From Miyoshi [
Next, the results regarding the sequence patterns are described. The mean accuracy rates and the response times, classed according to the sequence pattern and the spatial proximity to the stimulus from subject standing position were illustrated in Figure 7. The 12 sound sequences were classed into two level in the spatial proximity, “near” and “far” that were indicated with yellow and green lines in Figure 5 respectively.
A two-way ANOVA was used to estimate how the means of the accuracy rates and the response times changed according to the levels of two factors, the sequence patterns and spatial proximity of stimuli from subjects. It was not confirmed that there was neither significant difference in the main factors nor in their interactions. The accuracy rate was almost 100% in all the cases. These results mean that there was no difference in the accuracy rates and response times depending on the sequence pattern, and that the subjects could perceive the sequences of acoustic stimuli emitted in front of them and identify the sequence pattern almost completely in cases where the emission pattern is a straight or right-angle. Therefore, the subjects might be able to follow the acoustic sequence of the emitting stimulus to the emergency exit more quickly even if the evacuation path is more complicate route including straight and right-angle paths. In discussing the practicality of evacuation guidance systems, the results are preferable for realizing a guidance system that emits acoustic stimuli along a predetermined evacuation path.
However, we observed no difference between the sequence shapes, which could be because there was a consistent distance between the loudspeakers. During an actual emergency, the evacuation path may contain a series of short paths to the exit. Therefore, in future, we will verify the subjects’ performance with a smaller distance between the loudspeakers.
We conducted the third experiment to investigate whether the subjects were able to follow the sound emitted along the evacuation paths. Additionally, we investigated whether it is possible for people to follow complex routes that have a lot of turning points on it. In this experiment, the complexity of the guidance is defined by the number of turning points on itself. As the number of turning points included in a guidance patten increases, it gets more complicated. In case of moving along the more complex path on which subjects turn to the right and left repeatedly in a short time, more accurate and quick sound localization is required to identify the sound stream. Therefore, we defined the complexity of the evacuation path by the number of turning points on it as the difficulty to identify and follow the acoustic stimuli.
In this experiment, the configurations about the locations of loudspeakers and sound sources were the same as those in the previous experiments. Figure 8 shows the experimental configuration and subjects following the sequence. The distance between the loudspeakers and their heights were set to 3 and 4 m, respectively.
Experimental configuration and a subject following the sound sequence.
The three factors considered important to the performance of the experimental task were the type of sound source, the type of loudspeaker, and the patterns of emitting sound sequences in the third experiment. Two levels, voice and swept-sound, were set with respect to the type of sound source. In the same way with previous experiments, the phrase in female voice, “Here is an emergency exit” was used as voice sound and the acoustic stimuli whose frequency changed from 500 to 1000 Hz continuously was used as the swept-sound.
The two levels, a capacitor-type speaker and a dynamic range one, were set with respect to the type of loudspeaker on which the sound stimuli were emitted. The capacitor-type flat and the conventional dynamic rage speakers have different specifications for directionality, which is the property to focus audio and deliver clear sound precisely where it is needed. In other words, the reduction in sound level through the capacitor-type speaker is smaller even when the reach is farther away because sound spread is smaller than the dynamic one. The capacitor-type one has higher performance than the dynamic range one in the specification of directionality. This factor was designed to evaluate whether the directionality of the loudspeaker affects the sound localization performance for a moving sound source.
The third factor in this experiment is the pattern of emitting sequences. Figure 9 shows the emitting sequence patterns of sound, which are drawn as connections of consecutive column-wise and row-wise line segments. “S” and “G” in Figure 9 indicate the start and goal points of each sound sequence. The sequence patterns are classified into five categories based on the number of turning points in themselves. There were 20 sequences (two sequences in conditions of the number of turning points and start-goal places), as shown in Figure 9. A sequence with one turning point means that the subjects turn for direction once during following it. The third experiment was finally designed under all the combination conditions of three factors (2 levels × 2 levels × 20 patterns) as described above.
Sound-spatial sequences provided to subjects.
The sound source level of voice and swept-sound were set to 80 dB (A-weighted loudness level) at 1 m from the loudspeaker. The noise level was measured using an integrating average-type sound-level meter (LA-1441, Ono Sokki). The sequences of sound were emitted from the lower left (loudspeaker 21) or lower right (loudspeaker 25) to the upper right (loudspeaker 5) or upper left (loudspeaker 1) which were indicated by circle “G” are shown in Figure 9. The evacuation routes with one to five turning points are also illustrated by the solid and dotted lines in Figure 9, which were formed symmetrically with respect to the diagonal.
The subjects were seven students (six males and one female, 20–21 years old) with no hearing abnormalities during their annual medical examination. The subjects were instructed to follow the sound sequence at walking speed. The sequences of emitting sound were randomly presented to them. In each trial the first point of the sequence was randomly chosen so as not to infer the emitting sequence pattern based on it. The subject stood up at the point under the loudspeaker 23, and identified the sequence of emitting sound and followed it.
The experiment using voice as the sound source was conducted first, and one using swept-sound was conducted two months later. In each experiment the subject performed the trial to identify and follow the sequence of sound that was emitting on two types of loudspeakers, the capacitor-type and the conventional dynamic range speakers. The half of subjects (five subjects) performed the trial using the capacitor-type speakers at first and the one using the conventional dynamic range one after it. The remaining subjects (three subjects) performed the trial in reverse order with respect to the type of loudspeakers.
In the third experiment, we recorded the success or failure of following the sequences of the emitting sound and time required to follow the sound from the start and end points. The following three experimental factors were considered in this experiment: the type of sound source (voice and swept-sound), type of loudspeaker (capacitor-flat and dynamic ones), and complexity of the sequence that was defined from one to five by the number of turning points.
The mean values of the time required to follow a sequence and the success rate for each factor are shown in the Figures 10–12. A three-way ANOVA within-subject was used to estimate how the means of the success rates and the required times changed according to the levels of three factors as mentioned above. No significant differences were observed in the success rates for all main factors and their interaction. In the result with respect to the required time, there was no significant difference in the type of sound source (
Mean values of the time required to follow a sequence and the success rate for sound sources.
Mean values of the time required to follow a sequence and the success rate for loudspeaker types.
Five-level Bonferroni’s multiple comparison of the complexity of the emitting patterns.
The average of success rate was 0.970 for all experimental condition, which shows that people were able to identify and follow the sequence of sound in almost all cases. Therefore, there were no significant differences among the sound source, loudspeaker type, and sequence patterns. Even though the success rate of the following is high, the required time is considered as the measure for the difficulty to identify and follow the emitting sound source. In the third experiment, we compared the time required to follow the emitting sound source because the success rate of following the sequences of sound sources was extremely high and no significant difference was observed between the factors.
Figure 10 shows that there was the difference in the required following time between types of sound source and it is slightly longer for swept-sounds than voice. However, the analysis of variance showed no significant difference between them in contrast to the results of the first experiment. The task in experimental trial is identifying and following the sequence of emitting sound. The subject is required to repeatedly perform the sound localization for moving sound on the loudspeaker near own current location in the task. The experimental results that the success rates were extremely high illustrate that the subjects were able to perform the continuous sound localization precisely even though the complexity of the guiding routes were relatively high. Therefore, this result suggests that the proposed guidance system using the emitting sound is effective and feasible to lead the predetermined evacuating route even if the voice was used instead of the swept-sound as the acoustic source.
Figure 11 shows the mean of the required time for following the sequence of the emitting sound on two type loudspeakers, the capacitor flat one and the conventional dynamic range one. The required time is shorter in using the dynamic speaker than the capacitor flat speaker. This result suggests that subjects are able to perform sound localization for a sequence of the sounds emitting on the dynamic range speakers more easily than on capacitor flat one, also were able to follow them. Some subjects commented that they could listen to sounds on the dynamic speaker more clearly than the capacitor one. This tendency is obvious for the sounds emitting on speaker far from their current position. In the task of the third experiment subjects were required to repeatedly perform sound localization for the sound source in spatially wide area. The capacitor flat speaker has stronger directionality than the dynamic range one, then the sound emitting on the dynamic range speaker acoustic stimuli spread more widely and was easier to catch up than on the capacitor one. It is reasonable to assume that the difference of the acoustic property between two types of speakers results the difference of the required time to follow.
Figure 12 shows a comparison of the required time and the success rates according to the complexity of sequence patterns. There is a little difference in success rates but significant difference (
As the number of turning points in the emitting pattern increases, the success rate slightly decreases, and the required time increases as shown in Figure 12. This result suggests that the evacuation performance decreases as the pattern becomes more complicated in the proposed evacuation system.
In this study, the subjects’ ability to identify the location and direction of acoustic spatial sequences and follow it was evaluated through three experiments to discuss the practicality and feasibility of the proposed evacuation guidance systems.
In the first and second experiments, the accuracy rate and response time of subjects for identification the different sequences of sound stimuli were compared among several experimental conditions combining factors: the stimulus the type, emission interval, the distance between loudspeakers, and the sequence patterns. In the first experiment, the accuracy rates improved when the voice stimulus was used and when the emission-time interval was extended. Additionally, it was confirmed that the identification performance becomes better as the distance from the position of subject gets shorter.
In the second experiment, we observed no significant difference in the accuracy rates and response times for different sequence patterns (straight line and right-angle) under the experimental conditions.
In the third experiment the ability of people to follow the sequences of the emitting sound was evaluated based on the success rate and the required time to do so. The three experimental factors were considered, which were the stimulus type, the type of loudspeaker, and complexity of the sequence measured by number of turning points on it. In the third experiment, people took more time but could follow the sequences of emitting sound, which included five turning points. The required time is shorter in using the dynamic speaker than the capacitor flat speaker. This result suggests that subjects can perform sound localization for a sequence of the sounds emitting on dynamic speakers more easily than the capacitor flat one.
The results of this study demonstrate the practicality of an evacuation guidance system using a sound sequence that emits specific sounds on a set of loudspeakers. The factors affecting the performance of subject’s identification of the acoustic stimuli were examined and analyzed, but the level of factors dealt with was limited such as the frequency change region of the swept-sound. Therefore, a more detailed analysis of the degree of influence of each factor is needed in the practical application of the proposed guidance stem for further studies.
This research was funded by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) 19K04937. I express my gratitude here.
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\\n\\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
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\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
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\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
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This chapter surveys the systematic analysis of the forensic process, challenges in cloud forensics, and in particular the data collection techniques in the cloud environment. 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He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. 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