Gynaecological abdominal-pelvic masses with malignant clinical features.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6474",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Zebrafish Researches",title:"Recent Advances in Zebrafish Researches",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Model organisms have been used in various disciplines in order to understand different mechanisms underlying the problems. From this point of view, the zebrafish has become a favorite model organism in different scientific research fields in recent years because of its rapid embryonic development, transparency of its embryos, and its large number of offspring along with several other advantages. Recent Advances in Zebrafish Researches demonstrates the role and the function of zebrafish in different research fields and totally includes 11 chapters, which have been written by the expert researches in their fields. With this book, every researcher will better understand different mechanisms underlying the problems at different disciplines using zebrafish as model organism.",isbn:"978-1-78923-173-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-172-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-485-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70921",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-advances-in-zebrafish-researches",numberOfPages:218,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"836dbbee4a96eb36019bdf8d0a93cd24",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt",publishedDate:"May 30th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6474.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12533,numberOfWosCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:30,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:54,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 15th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 6th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 5th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 23rd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 24th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1380",title:"Ichthyology",slug:"biological-science-ichthyology"}],chapters:[{id:"61014",title:"Zebrafish Aging Models and Possible Interventions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75554",slug:"zebrafish-aging-models-and-possible-interventions",totalDownloads:1297,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Across the world, the aging population is expanding due to an increasing average life expectancy. The percentage of elderly over the age of 65 is expected to be more than 15% of the total world population by 2025. As the lifespan increases, there will be a need for maintaining a healthy state for these individuals. Our current knowledge on types and durations of potential anti-aging therapies is quite limited. Recently the zebrafish has emerged as a promising model for understanding the cognitive and neurobiological changes during aging, as well as its use with potential anti-aging interventions. Like humans this model organism ages gradually, displays similar behavioral properties and social characteristics, and in addition, there is a wealth of molecular and genetic tools to uncover the cellular mechanism that contribute to age-related cognitive declines. Drug effect and toxicity can be easily tested in the zebrafish. Therefore, this animal model can provide information about potential therapies that could be translated directly into human populations or provide a more focused treatment direction for testing in other mammalian animal models. The zebrafish will be a powerful tool for uncovering the mysteries of the aging brain.",signatures:"Dilan Celebi-Birand, Begun Erbaba, Ahmet Tugrul Ozdemir, Hulusi\nKafaligonul and Michelle Adams",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61014",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61014",authors:[{id:"223775",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michelle",surname:"Adams",slug:"michelle-adams",fullName:"Michelle Adams"},{id:"224816",title:"BSc.",name:"Ergul Dilan",surname:"Celebi-Birand",slug:"ergul-dilan-celebi-birand",fullName:"Ergul Dilan Celebi-Birand"},{id:"224817",title:"MSc.",name:"Begun",surname:"Erbaba",slug:"begun-erbaba",fullName:"Begun Erbaba"},{id:"224819",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ahmet Tugrul",surname:"Ozdemir",slug:"ahmet-tugrul-ozdemir",fullName:"Ahmet Tugrul Ozdemir"},{id:"224823",title:"Dr.",name:"Hulusi",surname:"Kafaligonul",slug:"hulusi-kafaligonul",fullName:"Hulusi Kafaligonul"}],corrections:null},{id:"60212",title:"Zebrafish Model of Cognitive Dysfunction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74456",slug:"zebrafish-model-of-cognitive-dysfunction",totalDownloads:1105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cognitive dysfunction is an impairment in one or more of the six cognitive domains (complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual motor and social cognition). The effect of pharmacological interventions can be studied using animal models of cognitive dysfunction, which are typically split into pharmacological, developmental and genetic models. Rodents are the most commonly used animal species for modelling cognitive dysfunction, although multiple models and test locations are often recommended to improve validity. Researchers thus unfortunately need to balance the validity of their experimental designs with financial, logistical and cost constraints. Zebrafish could be the answer to this conundrum as one of their many advantages over rodents is their high breeding rate which makes high-throughput screening more feasible and thus increases cost-effectiveness. The popularity of zebrafish has been increasing in recent times, as measured by the increasing number of zebrafish research publications. It is thus unsurprising that several zebrafish models of cognitive dysfunction have already been developed, together with zebrafish tests designed to measure zebrafish cognitive performance. Future research will undoubtedly lead to the development of new zebrafish models of cognitive dysfunction, as well as validate current ones to pave the way for widespread adoption.",signatures:"Brandon Kar Meng Choo and Mohd. Farooq Shaikh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60212",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60212",authors:[{id:"221837",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Farooq",surname:"Shaikh",slug:"mohd-farooq-shaikh",fullName:"Mohd Farooq Shaikh"},{id:"224485",title:"Mr.",name:"Brandon",surname:"Choo Kar Meng",slug:"brandon-choo-kar-meng",fullName:"Brandon Choo Kar Meng"}],corrections:null},{id:"59184",title:"Zebra Fitness: Learning and Anxiety After Physical Exercise in Zebrafish",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74103",slug:"zebra-fitness-learning-and-anxiety-after-physical-exercise-in-zebrafish",totalDownloads:1110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the recent years, a new branch of physical training has emerged, the high-intensity interval training (HIIT). In contrast to continued exercise regime used in most of the trainings, HIIT proposes a regime of short periods of maximum intensity exercising and brief less intense recovery periods, which are repeated until complete exhaustion. HIIT is calling the attention of those who search for fast escalation in physical performance; however, the stress caused by this type of training may affect other systems functioning, such as cognition. Thus, we investigated the effects of two physical regime protocols, traditional endurance and HIIT on zebrafish learning, memory, and anxiety-like behavior. To that, fish were trained for 30 days and submitted to a latent learning test, objects discrimination test, and novel tank test. Our results showed that HIIT does not affect long lasting memory, evaluated through the latent learning task, but it impairs discriminative learning. On the other hand, both training protocols decrease anxiety-like behavior. This study confirms that zebrafish show good performance in learning tasks and that cognitive performance is dependent upon the regime of physical exercise and cognitive task used.",signatures:"Mayara Silveira, Jonatas Silveira, Thais Agues-Barbosa, Miguel\nCarvalho, Priscila Silva and Ana Luchiari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59184",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59184",authors:[{id:"191359",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Carolina",surname:"Luchiari",slug:"ana-carolina-luchiari",fullName:"Ana Carolina Luchiari"},{id:"204929",title:"Dr.",name:"Priscila",surname:"Silva",slug:"priscila-silva",fullName:"Priscila Silva"},{id:"222675",title:"MSc.",name:"Mayara",surname:"Silveira",slug:"mayara-silveira",fullName:"Mayara Silveira"},{id:"222676",title:"MSc.",name:"Jonatas",surname:"Silveira",slug:"jonatas-silveira",fullName:"Jonatas Silveira"},{id:"239171",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Thais",surname:"Agues-Barbosa",slug:"thais-agues-barbosa",fullName:"Thais Agues-Barbosa"},{id:"239172",title:"BSc.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Sales Carvalho",slug:"miguel-sales-carvalho",fullName:"Miguel Sales Carvalho"}],corrections:null},{id:"59294",title:"The Roles of Estrogen, Nitric Oxide, and Dopamine in the Generation of Hyperkinetic Motor Behaviors in Embryonic Zebrafish (Danio rerio)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73869",slug:"the-roles-of-estrogen-nitric-oxide-and-dopamine-in-the-generation-of-hyperkinetic-motor-behaviors-in",totalDownloads:927,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Both estrogen (E2) and nitric oxide (NO) have been shown to affect motor function, in part, through regulation of dopamine (DA) release, transporter function, and the elicitation of neuroprotection/neurodegeneration of healthy neurons, as well as in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Currently, the “gold standard” treatment for PD is the use of levodopa (l-DOPA). However, patients who experience long-term l-DOPA and a monamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) treatment may develop unwanted side effects such as hyperkinesia which can be exacerbated by female Parkinsonian patients also on E2 replacement therapy. The current study was designed to determine whether embryonic zebrafish treated with either E2 or l-DOPA/MAOI develop a de novo-induced hyperkinetic movement disorder that relies on the NO pathway to elicit this hyperkinetic phenotype. Results from this study indicate that 5 days post-fertilization (dpf), fish treated with an l-DOPA + MAOI co-treatment or E2 elicited the development of a de novo hyperkinetic phenotype. In addition, the de novo l-DOPA + MAOI- and E2-induced hyperkinetic phenotypes are dependent on NO and E2 for its initiation and recovery. In conclusion, these findings point to the central role both NO and E2 play in the facilitation of de novo hyperkinesia.",signatures:"Conor Snyder, Reid Wilkinson, Amber Woodard, Andrew Lewis,\nDallas Wood, Easton Haslam, Tyler Hogge, Nicolette Huntley,\nJackson Pierce, Kayla Ranger, Luca Melendez, Townsend Wilburn,\nBrian Kiel, Ty Krug, Kaitlin Morrison, Aaliayh Lyttle, Wade E. Bell and\nJames E. Turner",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59294",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59294",authors:[{id:"223204",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"James",surname:"Turner",slug:"james-turner",fullName:"James Turner"},{id:"223209",title:"BSc.",name:"Amber",surname:"Woodard",slug:"amber-woodard",fullName:"Amber Woodard"},{id:"223216",title:"Prof.",name:"Wade",surname:"Bell",slug:"wade-bell",fullName:"Wade Bell"},{id:"238961",title:"BSc.",name:"Conor",surname:"Snyder",slug:"conor-snyder",fullName:"Conor Snyder"},{id:"238964",title:"BSc.",name:"Jackson",surname:"Pierce",slug:"jackson-pierce",fullName:"Jackson Pierce"},{id:"238965",title:"BSc.",name:"Kayla",surname:"Ranger",slug:"kayla-ranger",fullName:"Kayla Ranger"},{id:"238966",title:"BSc.",name:"Luca",surname:"Melendez",slug:"luca-melendez",fullName:"Luca Melendez"},{id:"238967",title:"BSc.",name:"Townsend",surname:"Wilburn",slug:"townsend-wilburn",fullName:"Townsend Wilburn"},{id:"238968",title:"BSc.",name:"Brian",surname:"Kiel",slug:"brian-kiel",fullName:"Brian Kiel"},{id:"238969",title:"BSc.",name:"Ty",surname:"Krug",slug:"ty-krug",fullName:"Ty Krug"},{id:"238971",title:"BSc.",name:"Kaitlyn",surname:"Morrison",slug:"kaitlyn-morrison",fullName:"Kaitlyn Morrison"},{id:"238974",title:"BSc.",name:"Aaliayh",surname:"Lyttle",slug:"aaliayh-lyttle",fullName:"Aaliayh Lyttle"}],corrections:null},{id:"59464",title:"Excitation and Excitation-Contraction Coupling of the Zebrafish Heart: Implications for the Zebrafish Model in Drug Screening",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74257",slug:"excitation-and-excitation-contraction-coupling-of-the-zebrafish-heart-implications-for-the-zebrafish",totalDownloads:1046,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There are several similarities and differences in electrical excitability between zebrafish and human ventricles. Major ion currents generating ventricular action potentials are largely the same in human and zebrafish hearts with some exceptions. A large T-type calcium current is unique to the zebrafish ventricle (absent in human ventricle), and two potassium currents (IKs and Ito) may be absent in zebrafish ventricular myocytes. However, there are substantial differences among alpha subunit isoforms of the ion channel families or subfamilies (e.g. zebrafish Kv11.2 vs. human Kv11.1; zebrafish Kir2.4 vs. human Kir2.1) between human and zebrafish hearts. Contraction of zebrafish ventricle is strongly dependent on extracellular calcium, while human ventricle relies heavily on calcium stores of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. These differences may affect the use of zebrafish as a model in drug screening and safety pharmacology.",signatures:"Matti Vornanen, Jaakko Haverinen and Minna Hassinen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59464",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59464",authors:[{id:"222628",title:"Prof.",name:"Matti",surname:"Vornanen",slug:"matti-vornanen",fullName:"Matti Vornanen"},{id:"237790",title:"Dr.",name:"Minna",surname:"Hassinen",slug:"minna-hassinen",fullName:"Minna Hassinen"},{id:"237792",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaakko",surname:"Haverinen",slug:"jaakko-haverinen",fullName:"Jaakko Haverinen"}],corrections:null},{id:"60880",title:"Transient-Receptor Potential (TRP) and Acid-Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs) in the Sensory Organs of Adult Zebrafish",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74492",slug:"transient-receptor-potential-trp-and-acid-sensing-ion-channels-asics-in-the-sensory-organs-of-adult-",totalDownloads:1217,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sensory information from the aquatic environment is required for life and survival of zebrafish. Changes in the environment are detected by specialized sensory cells that convert different types of stimuli into electric energy, thus originating an organ-specific transduction. Ion channels are at the basis of each sensory modality and are responsible or are required for detecting thermal, chemical, or mechanical stimuli but also for more complex sensory processes as hearing, olfaction, taste, or vision. The capacity of the sensory cells to preferentially detect a specific stimulus is the result of a characteristic combination of different ion channels. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge about the occurrence and localization of ion channels in sensory organs of zebrafish belonging to the superfamilies of transient-receptor potential and acid-sensing ion channels that are involved in different qualities of sensibility superfamilies in the sensory organs of zebrafish. This animal model is currently used to study some human pathologies in which ion channels are involved. Furthermore, zebrafish is regarded as an ideal model to study in vivo the transient-receptor potential ion channels.",signatures:"Antonino Germanà, Juan D. Muriel, Ramón Cobo, Olivia García-\nSuárez, Juan Cobo and José A. Vega",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60880",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60880",authors:[{id:"59892",title:"Prof.",name:"José A.",surname:"Vega",slug:"jose-a.-vega",fullName:"José A. Vega"},{id:"227081",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonino",surname:"Germanà",slug:"antonino-germana",fullName:"Antonino Germanà"}],corrections:null},{id:"59807",title:"Zebrafish or Danio rerio: A New Model in Nanotoxicology Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74834",slug:"zebrafish-or-danio-rerio-a-new-model-in-nanotoxicology-study",totalDownloads:1337,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanotoxicology represents a new research area in toxicology that allows to evaluate the toxicological properties of nanoparticles in order to determine whether and to what extent they represent an environmental threat. Behavior, fate, transport, and toxicity of nanoparticles are influenced to their particular properties and of several environmental factors. The mechanisms underlying the toxicity of nanomaterials have recently been studied specially in aquatic organisms. In particular, in recent years, the use of Danio rerio or zebrafish as an animal model system for nanoparticle toxicity assay increased exponentially. In this review, we compare the recent researches employing zebrafish, adults or embryos, for different nanoparticles’ toxicity assessment.",signatures:"Maria Violetta Brundo and Antonio Salvaggio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59807",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59807",authors:[{id:"225306",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Violetta",surname:"Brundo",slug:"maria-violetta-brundo",fullName:"Maria Violetta Brundo"},{id:"225508",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Salvaggio",slug:"antonio-salvaggio",fullName:"Antonio Salvaggio"}],corrections:null},{id:"59854",title:"The Monitoring and Assessment of Cd2+ Stress Using Zebrafish (Danio rerio)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74454",slug:"the-monitoring-and-assessment-of-cd2-stress-using-zebrafish-danio-rerio-",totalDownloads:1071,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pollution on the Earth is ubiquitous across ecosystems from the land to the ocean. Various sources contribute to pollution including industrial (e.g. chemicals), agricultural (e.g. pesticides) and domestic (e.g. transportation) pollutants’ ecosystems and substrate environment (e.g. contamination in water). The extensive use of chemicals in agriculture, forests and wetlands may impair biological communities. Due to the lack of target specificity, these chemicals can cause severe and persistent toxic effects on nontarget aquatic species, including bacteria, invertebrates and vertebrates. Different degrees of biological response have been presented according to intensities of different chemicals. The cadmium (Cd2+) contamination in aquatic environment has attracted more and more attention due to its toxic characteristics, for example, accumulation in environment, nondegradability and the potential threat to the ecosystem. Knowledge and understanding of these conditions have led to the development of new monitoring and assessment technologies based on biological and chemical methods. This chapter covers new monitoring technologies and environment assessment of Cd2+ stress using zebrafish (Danio rerio), which include the behaviour responses, metabolism and electrocardiogram (ECG).",signatures:"Zongming Ren and Yuedan Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59854",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59854",authors:[{id:"220311",title:"Prof.",name:"Zongming",surname:"Ren",slug:"zongming-ren",fullName:"Zongming Ren"},{id:"243040",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuedan",surname:"Liu",slug:"yuedan-liu",fullName:"Yuedan Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"59737",title:"Dose Duration Effects of 17-α Ethynylestradiol in Zebrafish Toxicology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74639",slug:"dose-duration-effects-of-17-ethynylestradiol-in-zebrafish-toxicology",totalDownloads:988,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Exposure of zebrafish to the synthetic estrogen 17-α ethynylestradiol (EE2) has been shown to cause a number of detrimental effects, including but not limited to feminization of male fish, reduced reproductive capabilities, and impaired embryonic development. This paper systematically reviews the effects of five environmentally relevant concentrations of EE2 on 12 measurements that are commonly selected when studying the effects of EE2 on zebrafish. Concentrations of 0.1 ng EE2/L, 1 ng EE2/L, 3 ng EE2/L, 10 ng EE2/L, 25 ng EE2/L, and 100 ng EE2/L were reviewed for their effects on sex ratio, vitellogenin induction, gonad morphology, spawning success, survival, bodily malformation, length/weight, swim-up success, fecundity, fertilization success, hatching success, and the reversibility of aforementioned effects. A greater occurrence of effects was observed as the dose of EE2 was increased, starting at exposure levels of 1 ng EE2/L. For exposures of 3 and 10 ng EE2/L, negative effects on sex ratio, morphology, and reproductive capabilities were reversible after zebrafish were able to recover in clean water for a period of time. Data for zebrafish exposed to 100 ng EE2/L was limited, as this concentration severely decreased survival.",signatures:"Decatur Foster and Kim Hanford Brown",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59737",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59737",authors:[{id:"225475",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kim H.",surname:"Brown",slug:"kim-h.-brown",fullName:"Kim H. Brown"},{id:"225500",title:null,name:"Decatur",surname:"Foster",slug:"decatur-foster",fullName:"Decatur Foster"}],corrections:null},{id:"59711",title:"The Role of PSR in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) at Early Embryonic Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74622",slug:"the-role-of-psr-in-zebrafish-danio-rerio-at-early-embryonic-development",totalDownloads:1160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During development, the role of the phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR) in the professional removal of apoptotic cells that have died is few understood. Programmed cell death (PCD) began during the shield stage (5.4 hpf), with dead cells being engulfed by a neighboring cell that showed a normal-looking nucleus and the nuclear condensation multi-micronuclei of an apoptotic cell. Recently, in the zebrafish model system, PS receptor played a new role on corpse cellular cleaning for further normal development during early embryonic development, which also correlated with tissues’ or organs’ complete development and organogenesis. In the present, we summary new story that a transcriptional factor, YY1a, in the upstream of PSR is how to regulate PS receptor expression that linked to function of PSR-phagocyte mediated apoptotic cell engulfment during development, especially the development of organs such as the brain and heart. YY1a/PSR-mediated engulfing system may involve in diseases and therapy. This engulfing system may provide new insight into phosphatidylserine receptor how to dynamitic interaction with apoptotic cell during priming programmed cell death.",signatures:"Wan-Lun Taung, Jen-Leih Wu and Jiann-Ruey Hong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59711",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59711",authors:[{id:"66487",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiann",surname:"Hong",slug:"jiann-hong",fullName:"Jiann Hong"}],corrections:null},{id:"59535",title:"Control of Programmed Cell Death During Zebrafish Embryonic Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74494",slug:"control-of-programmed-cell-death-during-zebrafish-embryonic-development",totalDownloads:1275,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Programmed cell death (PCD) is a conserved cellular process, which is essential during embryonic development, morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis. PCD participates in the elimination of unwanted or potentially harmful cells, and contributes in this way to the precise shaping of the developing embryo. In this review, the current knowledge related to the role of PCD during zebrafish development is described and an overview is provided about the main actors that induce, control and execute the apoptotic pathways during zebrafish development. Finally, we point out some important issues regarding the regulation of apoptosis during the early stages of zebrafish development.",signatures:"Nikolay Popgeorgiev, Benjamin Bonneau, Julien Prudent and\nGermain Gillet",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59535",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59535",authors:[{id:"225108",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Popgeorgiev",slug:"nikolay-popgeorgiev",fullName:"Nikolay Popgeorgiev"},{id:"240560",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Bonneau",slug:"benjamin-bonneau",fullName:"Benjamin Bonneau"},{id:"240561",title:"Dr.",name:"Julien",surname:"Prudent",slug:"julien-prudent",fullName:"Julien Prudent"},{id:"240562",title:"Prof.",name:"Germain",surname:"Gillet",slug:"germain-gillet",fullName:"Germain Gillet"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6885",title:"Cryopreservation Biotechnology in Biomedical 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\r\n\tChemometrics, generally speaking, is the art of extracting useful information from experimental data. Although chemometric techniques are specifically applied in analytical chemistry, they can also be exploited for solving both descriptive and predictive problems in other interdisciplinary fields (e.g. biomedical, forensic, food, and pharmaceutical sciences). This branch of science has been rapidly evolving over the last two decades due to the modernization of computer science and technology. It does create a favorable condition for broadening the application areas of chemometrics, in particular as big data sets become more and more commonly available at the laboratory level. Because it is a data-driven discipline, the development of chemometric methods can undoubtedly improve analytical methodology and instrumentation.
\r\n\r\n\tThus, this book is intended for post-graduate students and scientists, who want to constantly update their state-of-the-art knowledge on chemometrics. We welcome original, unpublished manuscripts (both research and review) with the emphasis on recent advances, new perspectives, and applications of chemometrics.
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His research interests include physicochemical characterization of topical drug delivery systems and chemometrics-based methods for the analysis of drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"199907",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vu Dang",middleName:null,surname:"Hoang",slug:"vu-dang-hoang",fullName:"Vu Dang Hoang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199907/images/system/199907.jpg",biography:"Vu Dang Hoang completed his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutics at the University of Strathclyde, UK, in 2005 and conducted Postdoctoral research at the Ecole Nationale d'Ingenieurs des Techniques des Industries Agricoles et Alimentaires, France, in 2006. He has been lecturing at the Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Vietnam, since 2007. 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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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The uro-genital system represents the main part of the female pelvis but there are also portions of other organs and systems such as some important blood vessels, gastrointestinal tracts, lymphatics, nerves and parts of the musculoskeletal system. All these structures might house or generate pelvic masses even in para-physiologic conditions, and not necessarily because of current diseases, or congenital alterations, inflammatory illness and tumours.
In order to understand the nature of a pelvic and/or abdominal mass it is necessary to collect as many as possible clinical data. A clinical classification constitutes the first step for finding out the aetiology. The age is indicative for diseases linked to different functional periods of the reproductive system; clinical history must investigate upon possible previous tumours, infectious or metabolic diseases and surgery. When collecting clinical history, pelvic pain which can be divided into acute, chronic and cyclic, must be directly addressed; alterations of body temperature, gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, hematemesis, melena), urinary tract symptoms (oliguria, polyuria, stranguria, hematuria, urinary retention, incontinence), taste disturbance; pharmacological treatment in progress (anticoagulants), previous radiotherapy must be addressed.
The are several gynaecological causes responsible for pelvic tumours. These are reported in table 1.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tendometriosis | \n\t\t
organic and functional cysts | \n\t\t|
benign and malignant cancers | \n\t\t|
metastasis | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\ttubo-ovarian abscesses, pelvic inflammatory disease | \n\t\t
hydrosalpinx | \n\t\t|
para-ovarian cysts | \n\t\t|
ectopic pregnancy | \n\t\t|
neoplasm | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tuterus body neoplasm | \n\t\t
fibroma | \n\t\t|
malformations | \n\t\t|
blood-pyometra | \n\t\t
Gynaecological abdominal-pelvic masses with malignant clinical features.
It has also to be taken into account the possibility that a non gynaecological lesion could be responsible for a mass. In table 2 the principal non-gynaecological causes for pelvic and abdominal swellings are reported.
The best examination in a clinical context is undoubtedly suprapubic and endovaginal ultrasonography. In young patients, especially in those who are in the reproductive age, ultrasonography shows the best accuracy in the differential diagnosis of ovarian and hydrosalpinx cysts, of the ectopic pregnancy, of uterine fibroids [1].
Ultrasonography permits to distinguish correctly between a benign and a malignant adnexal mass and, within these groups of diseases, to give an accurate diagnosis in most of the cases.
Nevertheless ultrasonography isn’t free from errors and limitations. Diagnostic errors are probable in the identification of masses which appear solid at US. In these cases is difficult to evaluate the uterine or ovarian or the extra-gynaecologic origin of the lesion. These cases require CT or MRI scan. In particular MRI has proven to be useful in detecting and staging of gynaecological malignancies and in detecting the origin of extra-gynecological pelvic masses [2].
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tappendicular abscess | \n\t\t
neoplasms | \n\t\t|
diverticulitis, peridiverticular abscess | \n\t\t|
Crohn’s disease, segmental ileitis | \n\t\t|
impaction | \n\t\t|
mesenteric cysts | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tpelvic kidney | \n\t\t
bladder globe | \n\t\t|
urachus cyst | \n\t\t|
bladder tumours | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tlymphadenopathy | \n\t\t
peritoneal carcinomatosis | \n\t\t|
musculo-skeletal tumours | \n\t\t|
organ ectopia (migrant spleen) | \n\t\t|
pelvic vessel aneurysms | \n\t\t|
foreign bodies | \n\t\t|
pelvic dysmorphisms | \n\t\t|
complications of previous surgery | \n\t\t|
hematomas | \n\t\t|
musculo-skeletal inflammations | \n\t\t
Abdominal-pelvic extra gynaecological masses with malignant clinical features
They are intra peritoneal masses which originate from the gastrointestinal system, are localized in the pelvis and concern essentially tumours and inflammatory diseases. It is to be taken into account that, especially in adolescents and old patients who have a very long sigma, the loop can be palpated in the pouch of Douglas simulating, when full of faeces, an ovarian neoplasm.
In adolescents this condition can be caused by colon-sigma non-ganglionic diseases (mega-colon), where the altered peristalsis implies an abnormal accumulation of faecal material. This condition can also imply the invagination of intestinal traits which is not so infrequent especially in old patients. Among the digestive system diseases, which very frequently can simulate a gynaecological neoplasm, we count inflammatory diseases (acute and chronic) and tumours.
An acute, but mainly chronic, inflammation could cause the clinical evidence of an abdominal-pelvic mass and the reasons are the following:
formation of adhesions in intestinal loops, causing wall thickening and rigidity, sub mucosa and mesentery bleeding and oedema, inflammatory reaction of peritoneum and adjacent omentum.
bowel perforation and formation of peri-visceral phlegmon; in some cases the wall breaking causes the bleeding of an important vessel and shows the symptoms of haemorrhagic or peritonitic acute abdomen.
These anatomic-pathological aspects correspond to different CT scan findings, classified by Hinchey and his team in 4 stages, depending on the inflammation extension [3]:
Stage 0: inflammatory thickening of the intestinal wall, with oedema of the mucosa, luminal-stenosis, the inflammation being still circumscribed within the bowel wall.
Stage I-II-III: abscesses, unique or multiple, showing sometimes air-fluid level images connectible to liquid necrosis; generally these abscesses are adherent to the intestinal wall, or to the peritoneal folds. Such a picture corresponds to the condition of the diffusion of the inflammation beyond the visceral wall.
Stage IV involves intestinal perforation and faecal invasion of the peritoneum (Figure 1).
Contrast enhanced CT scan, during a portal phase showing an inflamed sigma, with perforated diverticulum in the medial side of the sigma.
The intestinal inflammation (whether circumscribed or widespread) might cause fistulas with adjacent anatomical regions and/or the most declivous portions of the pelvis such as the vagina and the rectum. The fistula is often the first symptom of the intestinal wall inflammation.
Besides, in patients with generalized sepsis, CT scan is useful for correctly positioning of drainage pipes into the abscesses in order to clean them up by saline and antibiotic washes [4].
Sigma-rectum tumours determine swellings of the left adnexal site, but they may also occupy the whole pelvis or the central portion of it. These tumours might appear as solid masses stenosing the intestinal trait where they originate from, or, rarely, masses with mainly extra luminal development.
Not infrequently, the tumoural mass associate with an intestinal inflammatory disease. Nonetheless, the mesenteric vessel congestion and the presence of small perivisceral liquid collections, appear to be the CT scan signs which are most related to diverticulitis and, to a lesser degree, tumours.
When the neoplasm does not involve the pelvic organs the CT scan diagnosis is simple and easy, showing the reproductive system integrity. Thought not infrequently, an intestinal primitive neoplasm may strictly stick to, and infiltrate the uterus; there might also be observed adnexal neoplastic masses which are not in direct continuity with original neoplasm (Figure 2).
Preoperative axial contrast enhanced CT scan during late phase showing a mass growing in the left ovary (white arrow). An adjacent mass is seen in in the sigmoid colon.
In these cases CT scan is unable to discriminate between a primitive ovarian neoplasm with peritoneal metastasis infiltrating the sigma-rectum, and a primitive intestinal tumour with adnexal metastasis (Krukenberg disease).
The presence of foreign bodies into the peritoneal cavity represents a not so infrequent finding; they are a consequence of surgical malpractice and that’s why they’re also known as “gossypiboma”. A “textiloma” is a complex made of a non- biodegradable foreign body plus the surrounding reactive tissue [5].
The pelvis can be site of textiloma either because of pelvic or abdominal surgery. In fact the position of the textiloma is affected by the omentum causing the foreign body phagocytosis with consequent fibrinoid-granulomatous reaction and strong adhesions. In this case the textiloma remains into the abdomen. If the surgery implies the removal of the omentum then the textiloma can move to the pelvis. In the case of pelvic surgery, the gossybipoma seems to have greater possibilities of changing its original position and moving either to the pelvic or the abdominal peritoneal cavity.
Recently, in operating rooms, sterile gauze with a radio-opaque marker is being used.
Ultrasonography might be useful in the differential diagnosis of garzomas; they appear as cystic masses, containing the foreign body in their core, with a rather irregular morphology and completely reflecting ultrasonic waves.
At CT scan the finding of a solid mass containing helical, or vortex-like opacities, or the presence of differently dense micro nodules, sometimes calcified, are very suggestive of textiloma. The solid part might be expression of the exudative reaction, while the fibrinoid reaction has a less specific meaning. After c.m. administration a slight peripheral enhancement of the pseudo-capsula. In this case the differential diagnosis with abscesses is very difficult.
At MRI they appear as a solid mass hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2, with no specific morphologic features [6].
Very rarely some intraperitoneal liquid collections might be considered as reproductive-system originating tumours. This may happen under particular conditions: patients who underwent previous surgery for abdominal masses; in the cases of intraperitoneal treatment with radioactive drugs where are present so strong adherences causing intraperitoneal fluid flow alterations. Bags of peritoneal effusion may also appear, and they are correctly identified by ultrasonography as liquid masses that can be exchanged as intraperitoneal masses. CT scan results better in defining the liquid bag topography which has low density values (0-10 HU), excluding, more safely, the possibility for the mass to be an intraperitoneal cyst.
It is the accumulation of mucinous material into the peritoneal cavity. It is due to peritoneal metastatic lesions secreting mucin; in most of the cases the principal cause is a mucinous ovarian neoplasia, but less frequently pseudomixomas can be due to malignant mucocele of the appendix and tumours of the stomach, of the colon, of the pancreas and of the breast. The pseudomixoma typical CT scan appearance is a hypodense, liquid mass localized among the intestinal loops; sometimes, inside the lesions, can be observed images of septa or solid buttons. The HU values range between 15 and 30.
It’s a primitive disease of the mesentery, with intraperitoneal and pelvic metastasis. It is defined as macrophage inflammatory infiltration of the mesenteric fat associated with scar-fibrous component. When this last element prevails, it is defined as liposclerosis. Panniculitis might be also consequent to previous abdominal surgery or radiotherapy.
CT scan is decisive for diagnosis: a fatty mass incorporating some mesenteric vessels without infiltrate them; the mass is homogeneous, circumscribed by a peripheral pseudocapsule well delimited. MRI fat suppression sequences further discriminates the fat components from the liquid ones. These aspects can be unique, affecting portions of the abdominal-pelvic peritoneum with multiple foci.
Tumours of omentum and intraperitoneal spaces originate from the tissues which constitute these structures: coelomic epithelium, mesothelium, fiber, fat and muscle connective tissue, lymphatic and blood vessels, nerves, embryonic residues. Usually, lesions in these sites are due to primitive abdominal tumours, especially intestinal and ovarian. Therefore, given an intraperitoneal neoplastic mass, it has first to be considered as a metastasis unless a primitive tumoural lesion is found elsewhere.
Peritoneal tumours can be cystic (dermoids, lymphangiomas, benign and borderline serous, micropapillary cystadenomas) and solid (serous, micropapillary cystoadenocarcinoma, malignant mesothelioma, small round cell desmoplastic tumour, fibroma, desmoids tumour, and others). Tumours morphology is often non-specific both at US and CT scans; It might appear either solid or cystic depending on the kind of tissue they are made of. In some casese they cannot be distinguished from mesenteric cysts. The more are the solid component and the complex aspect, the more must be the suspect of the mass being malignant.
In pre-ultrasound age was the most frequent pelvic mass the pelvic kidney originating from urinary system, an extremely easy ultrasound diagnosis even in the gynaecologic area. It is also possible that a pelvic supernumerary kidney leads to the same error.
Occasionally, great kidney-originating masses spreading to the pelvic retro peritoneum can simulate reproductive-system tumours; the same goes for huge cysts, or gigantic hydronephrosis. CT scan and MRI can, instead, easily establish the urinary-system origin of the retroperitoneal lesions.
Other causes for urinary-system originating extra-gynaecologic masses are malformations resulting from Müller ducts alterations associated to Wolff ducts malformations. The most frequent are represented by uterus didelfus with blind hemi-vagina. In the latter the mass is constituted of blood and mucus blocking the vagina. There might also originate some pockets of pelvic endometriosis, which are expression of abdominal reflux of vital endometrium. Finally, even an atresic hemi-horn, with or without communicating endometrium, can be a pelvic mass.
A bladder globe might resemble a pelvic mass in patients who underwent radical hysterectomy surgery or radiotherapy which damaged the bladder innervation and caused large stagnation. The bladder can also be site of extrinsic-diffusion tumours, or huge pseudo-diverticula resembling adnexal masses.
The urachus may be a site of inflammatory processes. Cysts are caused by persistence, of the intermediate tract of the urachus, after birth which doesn’t communicate with either the bladder or the navel and therefore may house a very slow-growing liquid collection. It appears macroscopically as a spherical, cystic formation with muscular-fibres and urothelium-constituted walls containing clear, citric liquid and urea. It might be an occasional finding during an ultrasonography or a CT exam. The middle position, the front site (between the Linea Alba and the parietal peritoneum) and the round appearance can easily suggest the origin. These cysts, if inflamed, might be confused with pelvic inflammations.
By these terms are meant malformations of the sacral canal which is the inferior portion of the vertebral canal. In the sacral canal are contained the spinal meninges, the final portion of the cauda equina and the epidural space between the meninges and the bone walls; often such malformations associate with alterations of kidney, bladder and urinary system-growth. The malformation that is most simulating an adnexal pelvic mass is the anterior, sacral meningocele. This is constituted of meningeal herniation through anterior defects of the sacrum-coccyx. They can be either unique or associated with more complex malformations of the terminal thread, as in the caudal regression syndrome, in the generalized mesenchymal dysplasia (neurofibromatosis type 1 or Marfan syndrome).
The mass appears as a simple cyst, homogeneous and anechoic at US.
CT scan, but mainly MRI can precisely detect the origin of the lesion. It is possible to study the alterations of the sacrum, anterior defects, and the whole morphology of the sacrum-coccyx using sagittal reconstruction with CT. The mass is like a simple cyst, with no enhancement and without capsule.
The main signal characteristic is T2 hyperintensity at MRI. Finally, both CT and MRI is able to perfectly detect the neck of the meningocele (Figure 3).
MPR sagittal reconstruction of a CT scan showing an anterior sacral meningocele direcly connected to the medullar canal.
From pelvic retroperitoneum can originate benign or malignant tumours, whose histology might cover all the tissues normally present in the retroperitoneum; mesenchyme: sarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, fibrosarcomas; adipose tissue: lipomas, liposarcomas; nervous system: benign and malignant schwannomas, paragangliomas, neurogenic tumors; hemangiomas: mature and immature teratomas.
The evaluation of these masses is difficult by US. The most preferred techniques are still CT and MRI.
CT imaging appearance is that of a solid mass, only rarely homogeneous in density; it is so mainly as far as neurologic benign tumours (benign schwannomas) or masses rich in well-differentiated striated muscle component (neurofibromas) are concerned. Malignant masses are inhomogeneous, infiltrating the retroperitoneal structures.. Edged and regular contours, the footprint of the surrounding structures without infiltration suggest the benignity.
The masses rich in fatty component, given their retroperitoneal origin, are usually histologically malignant and aggressive; these masses must be distinguished from all pelvic intraperitoneal lipomas. Factors of malignity are represented by the inhomogeneity, the infiltrative character of the edges and the presence of a rich, solid tissue component.
Neurofibromas are solid, neurogenic benign tumours which show enhancement in CT. Both CT and MRI are the first-choice techniques of investigation in the suspect of a pelvic, retroperitoneal mass; this is due to their ability in the topographic localization of the mass and the good ability in the tissue characterization. Probably MRI reaches higher results in the diagnostic accuracy (easy characterization of lipomas, liposarcomas and mature teratomas). If a definitive diagnosis can\'t be reached by CT or MRI, then guided needle biopsy can be useful. In figure 4 a MRI scan of a schwannoma is presented.
MRI T2-weighted sagittal scan showing a retroperitoneal oval-shaped solid lesion (white arrow) in straight contact with the anterior part of the sacrum, which turned out to be a schwannoma.
They must be considered, finally, other rare, non-gynecological causes for pelvic masses, represented by neoplasias originating from different tissues of the pelvis. We can therefore report some cases of anterior abdominal wall muscles fibromas, pelvic sarcomas, aneurysmal dilatation of the iliac vessels.
It has been proved that serum Ca125 are helpful in the diagnostic evaluation of pelvic masses, particularly in adnexal masses.
An increase (ranging from 80 to 90%) of Ca125 serum levels are associated with ovarian, epithelial, malignant, non-mucinous tumours. Besides, Ca125 is related to the volume of the tumour mass. Ca125 represents the gold standard tumoural markers for ovarian cancer in two different clinical conditions: as a diagnostic tool for evaluating the risk of malignancy of an adnexal mass and as a monitoring tool in the evaluation of the disease state, in patients already treated for adnexal cancer [7,8].
Ca125 serum levels equal or below 35 U/ml are normal. Ca125 serum levels greater then 50-65 U/ml (in the 80-90% of postmenopausal patients) is associated with a malignancy. Classifying patients with increased Ca125 and a pelvic mass by age, permits a rise in positive predictive value of the association of 80% in patients older then 50 and only 50% in younger ones.
On the other hand this marker increases (in 60-70% of the cases) also in advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma and/or in recurrence.
Other gynaecological malignant solid tumours can increase Ca125 serum levels (60% in pancreatic cancer, 20-25% in breast, lung and colon tumours). Other non tumoral conditions can be associated with increased levels of Ca125 such as endometriosis, peritonitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, diverticulitis, adenomyosis, uterine fibroids, ascites.
Best specificity and sensitivity results have been reached by integrating different diagnostic techniques like markers and ultrasonography and clinical history to create risk index [9].
Female pelvic masses are mainly caused by gynaecological diseases. For classificatory purposes it’s important to know whether the disease originates from the uterus or from the ovaries. This is often difficult to establish, that’s why we tend to use another classification based on malignity/benignity criteria. In this case, the main goal of the radiologist is to characterize the mass from a histological point of view, using different imaging techniques.
The imaging main parameters are:
size and shape;
vascularisation;
associated signs.
As far as size is concerned we can say that the bigger the ovarian mass, the higher is the probability that that mass is malignant.
As far as shape is concerned it must be considered the presence of septa, solid components (papillary excrescences) and mass echogenicity.
The presence of septa highly increases the probability of malignity. This finding becomes more relevant when associated with the thickness of the septa.
The presence of papillary excrescences or solid lesions inside or outside a cystic mass is highly suggesting of malignity.
Ultrasonography permits distinguishing between cystic or solid masses. A certain mass is defined as cystic when the content echogenicity is liquid, with back wall shadowing. On the contrary, a completely solid mass is characterized by more or less homogeneous, multiple internal echoes, giving it a parenchimal-like appearance. Generally speaking it can be said that the higher the echogenicity of a mass the higher the risk of malignity.
In table 3 the most important echographic morphological criteria for the definition of malignancy scores are reported.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tdiameter of less than 5 cm | \n\t\t
thin, smooth walls | \n\t\t|
anechoic content | \n\t\t|
lack of septa or less than 3, thin septa | \n\t\t|
no liquid into the Douglas space | \n\t\t|
no solid intracystic vegetations | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tdiameter greater than 5 cm | \n\t\t
smooth, thick walls | \n\t\t|
hypoechoic or solid, homogeneous content | \n\t\t|
more than 3 thin septa | \n\t\t|
a bit of liquid in the Douglas space | \n\t\t|
no solid, intracystic vegetations | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tdiameter greater than 5 cm | \n\t\t
thick, irregular, nodular walls | \n\t\t|
many thick septa | \n\t\t|
intracystic, solid component | \n\t\t|
intraperitoneal carcinomatosis | \n\t\t
Echographic morphological criteria for the definition of malignancy scores.
Morphological scores for the prediction of malignancy of the masses have been made up by ultrasonography.
Historically the parameters evaluated were size (currently it is considered an adnexal mass a lesion with a diameter greater than 4 cm), echogenicity (considering the masses as solid, simple cystic, complex cystic ), presence and shape of septa (single or multiple, whether or not associated with vegetating solid components adhering to them), and persistence over time of the tumour.
Since 1974, Kobayashi reported a 70% diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in the differentiation of ovarian cancer from other pelvic tumours. The presence of papillae, nodules and thickened septa within cysts were elements suggestive of malignant adnexal disease [10]. In 1979 De Land showed how the risk of malignancy increased linearly with the increase of the solid component within the mass [11]. More recently, Hermann, in 1987, classified the pelvic masses into three categories in relation to the morphological complexity: simple cystic forms, complex forms and solid forms [12].
In 1989 Grandberg went another step further, precisely defining others parameters. He defined: the number of the intracystic papillae, the solid, intracystic component percentage and the presence of septa, reporting the malignancy risk percentage for each of those parameters [13].
In 1990 Jacobs tried to introduce a multifactorial score for the diagnosis of malignancy. He did it considering: the gynecological examination, the trans-abdominal ultrasound and the determination of serum Ca125. It was devised an echographic-morphological score assigning the value 1 to each parameter: multiloculated cyst, presence of solid spots, evidence of metastasis, presence of ascites, bilateral adnexal lesions. All these parameters were included in an analysis that showed how statistically significant were the age, the postmenopausal status, the ultrasound score, the Ca125 value and the clinical impression. This score has been defined as RMI (risk of malignancy index) [14]. In 1992 Kuriak linked flow metric data obtained by Colour Doppler to the morphologic score proposing a multiparametric score [15].
Recently, in 2011 a new scoring sistem was proposed called Pelvic Masses Score (PMS). It takes into account the Sassone score, the base 10 logarithm of the Ca125 level, the central/septal vascular distribution, the menopausal state and the resistance index [15, 16,17].
Currently, morphological scores have been extensively used in clinical practice mainly because they allowed a better morphologic characterization of pelvic masses.
The vascularisation of a pelvic mass is the second element for a diagnosis of malignancy. Once again, ultrasonography represents the first step in the evaluation of this data. The echo color Doppler examination of a pelvic mass has to be performed when there are masses which are strongly suspected to be malignant. Clearly benign masses don’t need such examination. Nevertheless the echo color Doppler examination may be very useful in the interpretation of a mass which isn’t clearly benign [15].
The pathogenic factor that justifies the use of colour Doppler in the differential diagnosis of a pelvic mass nature, is represented by the fact that the tumour’s new vessels lack a muscular coat, and that causes low resistance to blood flow, generating low Pulsatility Index and Resistive Index values and absence of diastolic notch.
Besides it has to be considered that the flowmeter samples must be multiples and collected from different parts of the mass, that is, not only from the periphery but, more importantly, from the core of the mass. In fact, we believe that many malignant tumours tend to start the new vessel production from the centre of the mass, while peripheral lesion vessels may result from preexisting vessels. A peripheral vascularization of the mass is basically benign, often deriving from ipsilateral uterine artery. Intralesional vascularisation and the presence of vessel in the solid component of the mass or in the septa or papillae, are elements that strongly suggest malignancy. The vascular confluence represents another indication of malignancy [18].
Malignant ovarian tumours represent the fifth death cause among US female population; the sixth neoplasia for frequency, the second, most frequent female tumour after endometrial ones and the first death cause as far as gynaecologic tumours are concerned [19].
This illness is more frequent in peri-or post-menopausal women, but there are characteristic histological types for each age group. In adolescents and in women who are younger than 20, half of the tumours comes from germ cells; in post menopausal age they have a most frequent epithelial origin.
The causes for the occurrence of ovarian cancer are not defined; epidemiological studies show that the most affected people by ovarian cancer are represented by peri or post-menopausal, middle or upper class, with no children or just one and with problems in getting pregnant women.
The majority of ovarian tumors begins without well-defined symptoms; as a matter of fact early stages are mostly incidental findings representing just a 20%. In most of the cases they are diagnosed when they are at an advanced stage, that is when the cancer has spread outside the pelvis. The most common symptoms are given by the effect on neighbouring organs: polyuria, dysuria, constipation, sudden increase in abdominal circumference, amenorrhoea, polymenorrhea.
In table 4 WHO histological classification of the tumours of the ovary is presented.
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tSerous tumors | \n\t\t
Mucinous tumors | \n\t\t|
Endometrioid tumors (including variants with squamous differentiation) | \n\t\t|
Clear cell tumours | \n\t\t|
Transitional cell tumours | \n\t\t|
Squamous cell tumours | \n\t\t|
Mixed epithelial tumours (specify components) | \n\t\t|
Undifferentiated and unclassified tumours | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tGranulosa-stromal cell tumours | \n\t\t
Sertoli-stromal cell tumours | \n\t\t|
Sex cord-stromal tumours of mixed or unclassified cell types | \n\t\t|
Steroid cell tumours | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tPrimitive germ cell tumours | \n\t\t
Biphasic or triphasic teratoma | \n\t\t|
Monodermal teratoma and somatic-type tumours associated with dermoid cysts | \n\t\t|
Germ cell sex cord-stromal tumours | \n\t\t|
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tAdenocarcinoma, adenoma, others | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tSmall cell carcinoma, Hepatoid carcinoma, Wilms tumours, others | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tLuteoma of pregnancy, Stromal hyperthecosis, Stromal hyperplasia, Fibromatosis, others | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tMalignant lymphoma, Leukemia, Plasmacytoma | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tGastro-intestinal tract (stomach, colon, pancreas), Breast, Renal cell carcinoma, Melanoma, Others | \n\t\t
WHO histological classification of tumours of the ovary.
Ovarian tumours spread by contiguity, through the intra peritoneal route, by blood and lymphatic. 9% of cases in advanced stage show intra peritoneal carcinomatosis, and 70% ascites.
In table 5 the ovarian tumour FIGO staging is reported [19].
The adnexal masses invasion by contiguity is the direct infiltration of the adjacent anatomical structures. Hence the bladder can be involved through neoplastic deposits in the vesico-uterine fold. The sigma-rectum can also be involved through the rectovesical pouch. In both cases the tumour infiltration very rarely reaches the mucosa.
The intraperitoneal tumour spreading follows the physiologic routes. The most affected sites are: the rectovesical pouch, the para-colic gutters (especially the right one), and the right sub-diaphragmatic peritoneum.
The omentum, through its phagocytic function, collects cancer cells and constitutes an ovarian cancer typical site for cell proliferation. Lymphatic drainage of the ovary in the pelvis and, in the para aortic zone through the infundibulum pelvic ligament, permits the pelvic and lombo-aortic lymphatic metastatic spreading. Neoplastic emboli, reach the left subclavian vein through the thoracic duct, penetrate into the bloodstream and stop in the lung. Pulmonary involvement happens directly through both ovarian veins and the pelvic venous plexus. Upper abdominal metastases (most of the cases liver and spleen) seem to be related to blood-borne neoplastic emboli originating from the sigmoid and superior haemorrhoidal plexus.
STAGE | \n\t\t\tDESCRIPTION | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
IA | \n\t\t\tone ovary affected, no ascites, absence of capsular infiltration, absence of neoplastic proliferations on the outer surface of the mass;no malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings. | \n\t\t
IB | \n\t\t\tTumour limited to both ovaries; capsule intact, no tumour on ovarian surface; no malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings. | \n\t\t
IC | \n\t\t\tTumour limited to one or both ovaries with any of the following: capsule ruptured, tumour on ovarian surface, malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
IA | \n\t\t\tExtension and/or implants on uterus and/or tube|s|;no malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings | \n\t\t
IB | \n\t\t\tExtension to other pelvic tissues; no malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings | \n\t\t
IC | \n\t\t\tPelvic extension (2a or 2b) with malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t
IIIA | \n\t\t\tMicroscopic peritoneal metastasis beyond pelvis | \n\t\t
IIIB | \n\t\t\tMacroscopic peritoneal metastasis beyond pelvis 2 cm or less in greatest dimension | \n\t\t
IIIC | \n\t\t\tPeritoneal metastasis beyond pelvis more than 2 cm in greatest dimension and/or regional lymph node* metastasis | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t Note: Liver capsule metastasis is T3/stage III, liver parenchymal metastasis M1/stage IV. Pleural effusion must have positive cytology for M1/stage IV. | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\tThe classification applies to malignant surface epithelial-stromal tumours including those of borderline malignancy. (Non-epithelial ovarian cancers may also be classified using this scheme). *. Regional lymph nodes are the hypogastric (obturator), common iliac, external iliac, lateral sacral, para-aortic, and inguinal nodes. | \n\t\t
Ovarian tumours FIGO staging
The use of CT and of MRI in the preoperative phase of malignant ovarian tumours it’s a debated argument even today. A correct diagnosis can be done using only ultrasound, as reported in this chapter. However, it is essential to know the CT and MRI appearance of these tumours mainly because they are easy to compare in investigations performed for other purposes.
In literature there are numerous publications which compare ultrasound, CT and MRI for their ability to distinguish between malignant and benign pelvic masses. The CT reaches a specificity and sensibility of about 92,8 and 88% respectively based on the morphology of the lesions and their vascularization after the injection of Contrast Material [20,21].
In our Institution all MDCT studies were performed using a 64-multislices MDCT system (Somatom Sensation 64, Siemens medical solutions, Forchheim, Germany). MDCT images were obtained from the abdomen and pelvic, covering the area from the diaphragm to the symphysis pubis (craniocaudal). The contrast medium (IOVERSOL 350 mg /ml – Optiray, Covidien Imaging Solutions, Hazelwood, MO) was administered at a dose of 1.5 mL per kg, with a variable flow rate of 3-4 mL per second through the antecubital vein of the right arm.
MRI with paramagnetic contrast Material, on the other hand, not only distinguishes better gynaecological lesions from non-gynaecological ones, but also allows a better tissue characterization of the mass. The CT aspect of an ovarian malignant mass is characteristic though, as ultrasound, it is not able to define the anatomical-pathological variant. The mass can be localized exclusively in the adnexal site or, if size is conspicuous, involve the entire pelvic region. Sometimes, when the whole pelvis is filled with the tumour, it is impossible to make out the adnexal origin. The masses are usually complex with thickened and often nodular walls. Not infrequently there are numerous intralesional septa delimiting different chambers which vary in density and are not communicating with each other. Solid components, usually growing in the liquid section of the mass, are often present at the confluence of the thickened septa. An ovarian cancer very rarely infiltrates the retroperitoneal pelvic structures reaching the bone wall.
Even though it’s large and closely adjacent to bladder and bowel, this cancer very rarely fully infiltrates these structures’ walls, and if there were infiltrations they’d just involve some peritoneal folds and the rectovesical pouch. The nodular peritoneal dissemination can be correctly evaluated by CT scan in the presence of ascites which facilitates the detection of nodules adhering to the intestinal tract and between the mesenteric sheets. The parenchymal nodules adhering to hepatic peritoneum, gastro-colic, gastro-duodenal and spleno-gastric ligament, are more easily distinguishable. An indirect sign of peritoneal microscopic infiltration is the rigidity of the peritoneal layers taking a radial, rail and fanned aspect. When the omentum is highly involved than it’s called “omental cake”finding. The great omentum, which has the function of filtering the free, peritoneal liquid, becomes the site of neoplastic solid metastases, sometimes very large, which often join, forming a neoplastic plaster adherent to the anterior parietal peritoneum [22].
At MRI, the malignant ovarian cancer appears as a big, heterogeneous solid and cystic mass. The solid component shows, in T1, low or intermediate signal intensity, while the intensity is quite high in T2. This aspect, however, can be conditioned by the presence of intra lesional haemorrhagic foci, or areas of necrosis. Also the cystic component of the complex mass can have a different signal behaviour. The malignant cystic, ovarian tumours contain abundant proteinaceous or haemorrhagic material causing a high signal intensity both in T1 and in T2. After intravenous paramagnetic contrast material injection, some thickening of the capsule can also be detected, with the presence of septa or intra-cystic vegetations which can be either associated to the mass solid component or not. By gadolinium administration it is obtained an optimal characterization of the solid components of the complex adnexal mass [23]
Lately, Diffusion weighted Imaging (DWI) as a useful tool to improve the radiological diagnosis of malignant tumors, especially for endometrial and cervical tumours. Concerning ovarian cancer, while initially promising DWI in cystic ovarian tumors proved to be limited, particularly for differentiating benign from malignant lesions [24–25]. In a large retrospective analysis the majority of malignant ovarian tumors, mature cystic teratomas, and endometriomas exhibited abnormal signal intensity on DWI, whereas benign lesions did not. A Few studies addressed the use of DWI for peritoneal dissemination of gynaecological cancer assessment: a high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (95.5%) in evaluation of peritoneal dissemination was proven. Nevertheless, the study population was small [24,25].
Preoperative evaluation of upper abdominal organs by ultrasonography or CT scan is important. At the disease onset, in fact, spleen or liver metastases are frequently found according to the tumour stage [26]. For this reason, staging must always include the study of upper abdominal organs. The intraperitoneal, often multifocal, spread of the ovarian cancer is very frequent and well assessable by both CT and MRI (Figure 5).
A Contrast Enhanced CT scan showing typical intraperitoneal calcified implants in a serous papillar ovarian cancer (III stage FIGO classification).
The results of preoperative CT and MRI in advanced stages of ovarian cancer can predict the success of the radical surgery. The residual post-surgery tumor must be absent or of a diameter less than 2 cm. This is a very important goal: in these conditions the patients respond better to chemotherapy and have a more favorable prognosis. Through a quantitative score that examines five common anatomic, frequently affected by the disease sites by CT scan, one can select the patients who are eligible to the initial radical treatment. The criteria for the tumor unresectability include the presence of metastases with a diameter greater than 2 cm localized in the following sites: mesenteric root; gastro-splenic ligament; epiploic pouch; hepatic hilum; hepatic, intrasegmental peritoneal reflection; diaphragm and liver dome. Besides other unresectability criteria are: lymphadenopathy greater than 1 cm above the celiac zone; presence of extraperitoneal, presacral disease [26].
By the term PID it’s meant female genitalia inflammations not only affecting reproductive organs but also the whole pelvic zone, including the pelvic peritoneum. From a pathogenetic point of view PID includes primary and secondary forms, representing In the primary forms, which represent more than 90% of the cases, the inflammation affects initially the lower genital tract (cervico-vaginal tract), spreading subsequently to the uterus, the adnexal glands up to the pelvic peritoneum. In the pathogenesis exogenous factors are involved of such as sexually transmitted germs and instrumental factors; or endogenous factors as in the case of the pathological transformation of cervico-vaginal saprophyte flora. The secondary forms,which are quite rare, are determined from the diffusion to the internal genitalia, through blood, lymphatic or by contiguity, of pathogenic microorganisms from extragenital outbreaks: pyelitis, cysto-pyelitis, cystitis, colitis but especially appendicitis, peri-appendiceal abscess, diverticulitis.
For each pathogenic PID form there have been recognized risk factors. In the case of the primitive exogenous venereal PID they are represented by the young age, frequency and precocity of sexual relationships, number of partners and sex during the menstrual phase.
In the case of primitives exogenous iatrogenic PIDs the most important risk factors are: the use of intrauterine devices (IUD), voluntary termination of pregnancy, endometrial biopsies, hysteroscopy, hysterosalpingography and tubal insufflation. The PID aetiology needs to be continuously updated. It is currently considered to be poly-microbial. We assisted to a reduction of the pathogenic role of Neisseria gonorreae down to 15-20% compared to association of both aerobic and anaerobic germs: streptococci, staphylococci, E.Coli (10-40%); Mycoplasma (10-30%), Chlamydia trachomatis (40-60%). PID includes several pelvic diseases clinically distinguishable into acute and chronic forms. Acute infections are caused by uterine cervical flora that spreads from the mucosal surface to the uterus and fallopian tubes, finally affecting the pelvic and/or abdominal peritoneum. The subacute and chronic form widely varies in extension and severity, including tubal lesions with the formation of pelvic liquid collections and connectival reaction widespread, or by formation of extensive and tenacious adhesions. In order to have an accurate and early PID diagnosis it is essential to the use of imaging techniques. Laparoscopy is essential not only for recognizing the disease but also in order to isolate the pathogenic germs, favouring a targeted therapy.
Based on the laparoscopic findings there are three distinct forms of acute salpingitis, each with different prognostic significance:
light form: the tubes are hyperemic, edematous, covered with exudate or by deposits of fibrin, but are mobile and with patent ostia;
moderate form: the signs are more evident and there are doubts about the ostia patency;
serious form: there is pelvic and peritoneal inflamnation with closed ostia and/or abscess formation.
Ultrasonography was used to confirm the pelvic abscess clinical diagnosis, thanks to its accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. Compared to laparoscophy, endovaginal ultrasonography can recognize almost all of the cases of severe tubal damage, but just 65% of slight tubal damage. Ultrasonography is also very helpful in the follow-up of pelvic inflammation patients, for evaluating the effectiveness of therapy.
On the other hand ultrasonography may be negative both in the acute and in chronic salpingitis. In PID detection of some liquid into the recto-vescical pouch, it may result easy with US, and it may have a higher diagnostic value whenever the liquid presented diffuse or inhomogeneous echogenicity, indicating a blood or purulent collection.
CT scan is not so useful as far as mild and moderate forms are concerned; it’s crucial in the recognition and evaluation of the chronic PID.
MRI seems to be very useful in the diagnosis of this disease; it is in fact possible to characterize the inflammation activity, better distinguishing the acute state from the subacute and chronic ones.
The salpingitis initial phase, which is characterized by hyperemia and edema, can be laparoscopically evaluated but not by ultrasound, CT scan and MRI. However, it is a very short lasting phase and is rarely demonstrated even by a early laparoscopy. Salpingitis often follows and is associated with endometritis which can be sonographically demonstrated: the uterus is large, with loss of normal endometrial echogenicity and with irregular, undefined borders; sometimes the cavity may contain hypoechoic material. Even CT scan and MRI don’t show, at this stage, any ovarian alterations, while in the presence of endometritis nonspecific uterine abnormalities can be detected: hyper- hypodense endocavitary formations (due to liquid collections) with no enhancement after CM injection.
In the exudative phase, exudate collects in the tubes, covers the fimbrial peritoneum and can spill out of the still open tubal ostium, or, when it’s closed, the tubes stretch and become filled with exudate (laparoscopically moderate or severe PID).
By ultrasound, adnexal region appears magnified, with well-defined contours and with a cystic appearance; begins to form a multilobed, often multisepted, sausage-like mass. The content can be more or less echogenic depending on the blood or exudative component. In some cases of this last condition some pseudo-niches determined by thickening of the tubal mucosa are observable inside the dilated tube.
By CT scan the adnexal region may appear swollen and inhomogeneous; after the CM administration it can be highlighted a marginal rim of intense enhancement delimiting the various ectatic portions of the tube. The pious-sactosalpinge has a more or less folded intestinal-like appearance and by this feature it can be distinguished from other ovarian liquid formations; the density is varying from serous to corpuscular (Figure 6).
MPR coronal reconstruction of a Contrast Enhanced CT scan during portal phase showing bilateral swelling of the tubes which have an intestinal like appearance in a sactosalpingitis (white arrows).
If an early therapy it hasn’t been established, the next step of the inflammation involves the involvement of the ovary. The bag filled with pus extend the the fallopian tubes and ovarian parenchyma making them lose their cleavage planes, wrapped by tenacious adhesions. The tubo-ovarian abscess rupture (3.5%) is a surgical emergency. The tubo-ovarian abscess appears as an adexal or retro-uterine mass, often with internal baffles and sometimes images of gaseous levels. During the appropriate antibiotic treatment the mass becomes better defined and cystic. It can often be found some liquid into the recto-vescical pouch and endo uterine abnormalities can coexist. The echo color Doppler may be helpful in the mass characterization. The hyperaemia and angiogenesis caused by acute inflammation result in an increase of both systolic and diastolic flow velocity, with decreased PI and RI. These altered flow conditions may be reversible during the gradual disappearing of the inflammation. The differential diagnosis must consider the acute salpingitis with sactosalpinx, the tubarian piocele, other conditions of chronic pelvic inflammation without masses.
CT scan, at this stage, detects the adnexal or retro-uterine mass. After CM administration, in the most acute forms, may be evident an intensely enhanced, marginal rim, which is a typical sign of ongoing inflammation. In the acute and sometimes even in chronicle forms the central part of the swelling presents various densities but not contrast enhancement; sometimes there are baffles which delimit internal chambers. In chronic forms the mass may present irregular contours, inhomogeneous density and contrast enhancement.
In neglected cases and in those which do not respond to treatment, the inflammation extends to the entire pelvic peritoneum, the bowel, the contralateral ovary, the bladder and the ureters. The anatomical-pathological framework includes peritoneal inflamnation, distant abscesses and, in the chronicle evolution, adhesions between peritoneal organs, inflammatory infiltration of the peritoneum and retroperitoneal tracts.
By ultrasonography, the pelvis appears very irregular showing ill-defined, irregular contoured masses with both solid and liquid component; under these conditions, the uterus and the ovaries can be indistinguishable. It can be associated, in this framework, hydroureteronephrosis.
CT scan easily recognizes the pelvis structural-anatomical upheaval. By CT scan/MRI certain signs are very obvious which, if present, provide an accurate picture of the disease severity. These signs are: fascial and peritoneal thickening; peri-rectal, peri-vescical, intestinal, pre-sacral, pre-vescical and latero-pelvic fat’s increase in density and inhomogeneities; involvement of extra-genital structures; masses that can be dumped to the uterus, may spread to the recto-vescical pouch and to the parametrium. The contours are irregular and hazy [27].
MRI seems to play an important role in the diagnosis of pelvic inflammation as can be used in the initial phase of the disease (the exudative one), or in the tubo-ovarian abscess and pelvic peritonitis. By MRI, the tubo-ovarian abscess appears as a simple or complex cystic mass, with irregular but neat and well defined walls. The cystic component has signal intensity similar or modestly higher than fluid one (low T1 signal and high T2 one); only rarely it may present a high protein content and therefore a blood-like signal (Figure 7).
Axial MR scan of a bilateral acute salpingitis. Huge dilatation and bilateral swelling of the tubes can be seen.
Ovarian metastatic tumours are quite frequent: they are about 5-10% in the US, and 15-18% in Japan. On Imaging it has to be always considered the possibility of a metastatic tumour whenever a pelvic mass is found. Nevertheless is has been observed that even using all the different imaging methods and machines they can’t differentiate with certainty a primary pelvic mass from a secondary one. Both by ultrasonography and CT scan have been described the Krukenberg tumours whose pattern may greatly vary. The common gastric Krukenberg presents a solid, homogeneous, bilateral mass pattern (Figure 8), while the metastasis from colon-rectum have a more often cystic, complex, necrotic pattern.
Contrast enhanced CT during portal phase showing two heterogeneously enhanced round masses in a patient suffering from gastric cancer. Histology of the resected masses showed signet-ring cells consistent with Krukenberg metastases.
At US gastric Krukenberg tumours can be bilateral, consisting of complex masses with different percentages of solid and cystic components, frequently associated with ascites. At CT scan Krukenberg tumours are described as mainly solid, with rich peripheral C. E., with cystic component in the cortical or intralesional site masses. The cystic components’ walls present a high C.E.
At MRI It is represented by a solid, T2 hypointense, consisting of dense stromal tissue component. It has been than observed that when an apparentely malignant adnexal mass is bilateral, shows well defined but irregular contours, is associated with peritoneal carcinomatosis without ascites, it is 7 times more likely to be a Krunenberg than a primary ovarian tumor.
Mature cystic ovarian teratomas are benign tumours recognisable, using various imaging techniques, by certain characteristics. Already from direct examination of the pelvis, it is possible to obtain very clear images showing teeth-like characteristics, either singular or grouped from a common germinal follicle.
The appearance of dermoid cysts at US is highly variable and depends on the homogeneity and composition of the newly formed tissue. The calcifications inside the mass, characterised by acoustic barriers, are not, however, pathognomonic, as they are also seen in other benign tumours (Brenner) or in malignant adnexal masses. Similar images can be also frequently observed in teratomas and it is possible to recognise not only the Rokitansky protuberance, but also the presence of skin appendages, locks of hair, sebum and glands. The fatty component can also present crude images indicating acoustic barriers, located within a fluid; this is due to varying acoustic impedance of different fat components.
The ultrasound morphology of the mass can be that of a homogenous formation, with elevated echogenicity and a solid appearance; on the other hand it can appear as a cystic formation, either simple or complex depending on the acoustic impedance of the intralesional structures. In some cases, the ultrasound cannot provide a definite diagnosis of teratoma and in others it cannot exclude malignant characteristics.
In CT scans however, the appearance of dermoid cysts is often pathognomonic. CT is the ideal method to evaluate tissue fatty components, leading to a correct diagnosis in case of adnexal fatty mass. Even when other hypodense tissue, like sebum and hair, are present, the fat is recognisable and the, usually, polymorphic appearance in the ultrasound is defined more clearly. CT scans can also correctly identify calcification, better define their morphology and therefore reach a diagnosis. In CT scans it is also very easy to identify fat buoyancy, a pathognomonic sign of dermoid cysts (Figure 9).
A Contrast Enhanced CT scan showing a huge lesion in the left hemipelvis (white arrow). A fluid –fat level can be seen within the lesion; there is a heterogeneous floating part with soft tissue density. This lesion turned out to be a dermoid cyst.
Even in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) the diagnosis of dermoid cysts is based on the evidence of fat within the lesion. T1 and T2 weighted images are not enough for this purpose and so fat suppression techniques need to be implemented (Figure 10).
T2-weighted images non-fat saturated (left picture) with fat saturation (right picture) in a MRI scan of a patient with a pelvic mass (white arrow), showing a heterogeneous mass in the left ovary in which there is a signal drop in fat saturated image. The mass proved to be a dermoid cyst.
A differential diagnosis is necessary for endometriotic and mucinous cysts. Diagnostic difficulties may arise when there is a small fat component, or a high levels of hematic content that masks the fatty signals. MRI can correctly evaluate fatty levels and fat buoyancy components, like the Rokitansky nodule; these semiological aspects help differentiate diagnosis. Chemical shift artifacts caused by the presence of fat are also useful in the diagnosis of dermoid cysts. Intravenous administration of gadolinium causes contrast enhancement of the cyst walls and of the Rokitansky nodule [28,29].
Mature teratomas are, in most cases, benign tumours; on occasion, there may be an immature component, with malignant characteristics; this occurs in about 1% of all benign teratomas. The tumour most commonly associated with the teratoma is the squamous-cell carcinoma.
Malignancy signs in a dermoid are indicated by tissue showing clear enhancement. In addition, as the malignant component often infiltrates different dermoid tissues, the capsule, or the extracapsular anatomic structures, it is possible to assess the nature of the cyst by its aggressive morphological appearance. Complications of cystic dermoids are represented by ovarian torsion, or by acute rupture of the mass in the peritoneum.
It is also important to remember that a dysontogenetic pelvic mass may not necessarily originate from the ovary. Sacrococcygeal teratoma and primary retroperitoneal teratomas are more frequent. Sacrococcygeal teratomas are most common dysontogenetic masses in infants; the diagnosis can also be done in uterus, with direct ultrasound visualisation of a pre-sacral mass often associated with polyhydramnios. In many cases the masses are visible externally, developing in the subcutaneous tissue of the intergluteal area;
The masses can have macroscopic appearances, ranging from predominantly cystic, to mixed, to predominantly solid; the last one is most likely to be malignant.
Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis of these tumours: firstly, through CT ad MRI scans it is possible to differentiate between other abnormalities of the terminal filum such as meningocele and myelomeningocele. It is possible to identify other abnormalities also associated with teratomas in the sacrococcygeal area. Rarely it’s possible to observe the growth into the vertebral canal or bone destruction due to teratoma. The association with anal stenosis, vesicoureteral reflux, presacral abscess and skin changes may be indicative of Currarino syndrome.
This work has been funded by Covidien AG.
Over the ages, the world has been evolving in development and resources use, and this has led to enormous waste generation of different states (solid, liquid, and gas). The waste needs to be either treated or recycled, paving ways for different techniques for different wastes to be treated or recycled. One of the important resources on earth is water. It is used for everyday activities such as domestic, industrial, and commercial purposes. This has caused reduction in freshwater quantity globally and shortage in clean water supply because of pollution of the existing sources. Hence, different techniques and approaches are still being investigated that can provide adequate and sustainable freshwater. Distillation has been a promising process of separating components by heating/boiling, which causes evaporation, and cooling, which causes condensation. Distillation is a simple technique of converting liquid to vapor by heating and subsequently condensing it back to liquid after the vapor comes in contact with a cooler surface. Simple distillation may not be efficient for certain modes of treatment; therefore, some other advanced distillations were found like the fractional distillation for petroleum refining and multi-effect distillation (MED) for desalination. Generally, distillation is meant to separate a homogenous fluid mixture using the differences in the volatility or boiling point of the mixture’s components [1].
There are three definitions of distillation relevant to desalination. (a) Distillation is a process in which a liquid sample is volatilized into vapor that is later condensed into liquid with richer volatile components of the original sample. This can be achieved by heating, reducing pressure, or both. (b) Distillation is the process of separating a mixture of fluids using the differences in their boiling point or relative volatility. (c) Distillation is the application of heat to a liquid to cause its partial vaporization, and then, a separate vessel is used to collect the condensed vapor [2].
The cost for all distillation methods varies, but they have a similar process or working principle. The temperature difference allows water to evaporate even at 40°C leaving the dissolved solids behind, which require about 300°C to volatilize [3].
Distillation has various advantages such as (i) the capacity to take care of a wide range of feed flow rate range, meaning they can handle high and low flow rates contrary to some alternative techniques. For example, facultative, stabilization, oxidation, and maturation ponds all require a high flow rate of feed; (ii) it can remove various and lots of substances from feed concentrations. Numerous alternative treatments have different stages or include varied chemicals for a particular impurity removal. For example, alum is used mainly to reduce solids through coagulation and chlorine is used only for the elimination of pathogens; so, it cannot remove suspended solids or other impurities; (iii) it can produce water of very high quality (pure); this is contrary to other techniques that partially treat or only reduce the impurity level of the feed. Distillation is a very well-known technique for purification because of its robustness and versatility [1]. One of the major issues with distillation in desalination is the high energy demand for the process. Figure 1 shows a representation of the distillation process in desalination. After feedwater is transferred to the basin, the first step is the use of energy, mostly solar energy, to heat the basin water to cause it to evaporate to produce freshwater; the byproduct remains in the basin as brine solution, which can also be extracted.
Distillation process in desalination.
The aim of this chapter is to elaborate the principles and modes of distillation in desalination and analyze their types, improvements, features, challenges, limitation, cost, gap, and future improvements needed.
Despite distillation being widely used in various disciplines lately, it was first used for desalination by the people of Babylonia in Mesopotamia, which was found on the Akkadian tablet dated c. 1200 BCE. Later, Aristotle (384–322 BC) established a hypothesis that when saltwater evaporates, it forms vapor, which becomes sweet, and the condensate is salt free. Pliny the elder (AD 23–70) explained on the purification of seawater, specifically the Red Seawater
Furthermore, evidence of baked clay retorts and receivers was found at old Indian subcontinent cities; cities such as Taxila, Charsadda, and Shaikan Dheri in modern Pakistan show evidence that during early centuries distillation was practiced there. The distillers were locally called Gandhara stills and they could only produce weak liquor because they lacked efficient means for vapor collection at low heat. However, the first distinct use of distillation specifically for water (distill water) was in 200 CE by Alexander of Aphrodisia. The process continued for other liquids in the early Byzantine Egyptian during the third century under Zosimus of Panopolis [5].
In the eighth and ninth centuries, wine distillation was attributed to Arabic work by Al-Kindi and Al-Farabi, and some were found in the 28th book of Al-Zahrawi commonly known as Abulcasis. During the centuries mentioned earlier, some Medieval chemists such as Jabir ibn Hayyan known as Geber and Abu Bakr al- Razi known as Rhazes did rigorous experiments on distillation using various substances. Later in the twelfth century, a popular recipe known as aqua ardens, which means burning water, which in turn means ethanol, was produced by distilling wine with salt and by the end of the thirteenth century, it became very common in the Western European chemists [5].
In China, distillation started during Eastern Han Dynasty between the first and the second centuries, then in Southern Song between the tenth and thirteenth centuries from archeological findings, and then later in Jin between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, although the process was predominantly related to the distillation of beverages. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Qinglong, Hebei Province of China, distillation of beverages was common during the Yaun Dynasty [4, 5].
The trend continued and up to 1500 and a German alchemist Hieronymus Braunschweig published a book called “The book of the Art of Distillation.” This was the first book on distillation and in 1512, the scope was expanded. In 1651, a book titled “Art of Distillation” was published by John French even though most of the work was from Hieronmus [5].
Alchemy later evolved into the science of chemistry, and local equipment such as alembic and retorts now became vessels or glassware in general terms. Until recently, some of the equipment like pot still made of different materials are still used for domestic production or in the manufacture of essential oils [4, 5].
In the modern or middle civilization, that is, during 1822, Anthony Perrier developed continuous still, which was later improved by Robert Stein in 1826. Aeneas Coffey further improved the still in 1830. His unit is referred to as the archetype of modern petrochemical unit. Ernest Solvay was the first to develop a distillation unit that specifically targeted ammonia removal (ammonia distillation) [5].
Currently in the twenty-first century, from the knowledge of the predecessors, various modifications were made to enhance the yield of the distillate. This led to the development of different types of desalination systems and an increase in their usage, especially to meet the need of providing water for workers on the sea or mining regions [6].
Distillation in water desalination is a technique Or excess salts from saline water. Other minerals and impurities are from seawater or brackish water also removed during desalination and this treatment process can be extended to wastewater, industrial water, rivers, streams, lake, pond, and groundwater/wells. These salts and minerals occurred because of salts. Two products are obtained after desalination—freshwater and brine, which is the waste or byproduct [7].
Desalination can alleviate the pressure on water resources and has the capacity to provide adequate clean water especially to coastal regions and is increasingly becoming an alternative for domestic and industrial freshwater supply. Desalination requires a large amount of energy; however, various energy types can be used for desalination, which makes it a good alternative. Figure 2 shows the different energy sources that can be used for desalination. They are categorized into nonrenewable energy sources, which include nuclear, coal, petroleum, natural gas, and hydrocarbons, while the renewable energy sources include wind, geothermal, solar, and biomass. The nonrenewable sources are sometimes expensive or in some cases, not environmentally friendly. On the other hand, renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal can replace the renewable energy and are abundant and cost efficient to harness, particularly, solar energy that can be used even in rural areas [7].
Energy sources for desalination.
Globally, there are about 21,000 desalination plants, particularly in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Israel [8]. In the desalination field, distillation can occur as membrane desalination and nonmembrane (thermal) desalination. The membrane desalination is the type that is not a complete thermal process; that is, a membrane is needed to complete the process unlike the thermal (nonmembrane) process, which does not require such medium but undergoes complete thermal process. The membrane is a porous material with a thin film, which allows water molecules to pass through, while at the same time preventing salts, larger molecule, pathogens, and metals to pass through. The most common type of distillation in desalination is the membrane distillation. Membrane distillation majorly targets seawater and brackish water [9].
The membrane desalination process includes electrodialysis (ED) and reverse osmosis (RO), which are two major desalinations used recently. They are reverse osmosis and thermal desalination systems, which account for 63.7% and 34.2% of total capacity produced, respectively. The thermal desalination includes multi-effect desalination, multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination, humidification-dehumidification, vapor compression desalination (VCD), and solar still [9].
Distillation is an ancient method of desalination. It is a phase change process where the liquid known as feedwater, which is mostly seawater or brackish water, is heated to the gaseous state known as vapor and then condensed back to liquid. The condensed water is separated leaving behind brine (byproduct) during the process of evaporation and condensation. There are different distillation types in desalination, namely, solar distillation, multi-effect distillation, multi-stage flash distillation, vapor compression distillation, and membrane distillation.
Solar distillation imitates the natural hydrological cycle in which solar energy heats the water, causes it to evaporate, and the vapor upon encountering cool surface condenses (Figure 3). The condensate is mostly referred to as distillate, which is the freshwater produced, while the impurities left behind is called the brine, which is the byproduct [8]. The first solar distiller was built by Carlos Wilson in Las Salinas in Chile in the year 1872. The distillation principle in this method is that the sun heats the feedwater in the basin and the water molecule evaporates. When the evaporated water molecule (vapor) touches the still cover, which is usually cooler than the vapor, it then condenses to form droplets on the cover. The droplets keep increasing in size until they reach a size that they can slide down
Schematic diagram of solar distillation.
The major advantage of solar distillation is the free energy sources, which is the solar energy. There are other numerous advantages of this process such as design simplicity, low cost of fabrication, and maintenance. However, the major disadvantage of this process is the limitation of the sun at night and during cloudy or rainy times. The scale can easily corrode the basin as well. Sometimes, they do not adequately treat nutrient pollutants. In addition, the distillation rate is slow, and the yield is usually small in quantity compared to the other techniques. The average volume of water produced from conventional solar still is 0.8 liters per hour of sun per meter square. [10]. In 2014, globally the cost of freshwater from solar distiller ranged between 0.019$/m3 and 0.02$/m3 depending on the shape of the still [11].
This process is like a continuous process for solar distillation. In this process, the feedwater is first pretreated; it then gets heated and evaporated in the first chamber or stage and the released energy from the condensation is used to heat the water in the second stage and continuously to the last stage after which post-treatment occurs and freshwater is obtained (Figure 4). This means that each flash process uses the energy from the previous vapor [8]. The process has several series of flash chambers. Unlike multi-effect distillation in multi-stage flash distillation, heating and boiling occur in the same vessel. The estimated unit cost of freshwater produced from MSF is 1.40$/m3 as of 2018 [12].
The advantage of this system is that it minimizes the operating cost because the heat released from each stage is being reused (waste heat). The second advantage is that the strength of the feedwater does not really affect the overall freshwater quality produced because of multiple distillation process for each chamber. Finally, a large quantity of freshwater is produced. The disadvantage of this process is the scale formation during heating, although the scale remains in the brine rather than the heating surface which majorly increases the maintenance cost and frequency but do not damage the system [3]. Features of MSF include Stages (spaces), heat exchanger, distillate collector, and brine heater.
Schematic diagram of multi-stage flash distillation.
The multi-effect distillation process involves spraying the feedwater on the pipe to heat the feedwater and generate steam. The steam is utilized to heat the subsequent feedwater and evaporate it to produce freshwater and brine as byproduct (Figure 5). The energy is obtained through a solar collector. Flat plat collector and evacuated tube collector are energy sources for small-scale MED, while parabolic trough collector or any collector that concentrates solar energy is used for large scale. MED is a very ancient process, and only at the first stage, the first steam is independently generated. Subsequent stages use the vapor from the first and previous stage as energy source. There are about 8 to 16 effects for most MED. More number of effects means more efficiency [13]. The goal of MED is to use same heat to evaporate more feedwater. That is, the heat from the first stage helps in evaporation in the second stage and the heat from the second stage aids evaporation in the third. At the same time, each stage evaporator acts as a condenser for each previous stage. This way, large latent heat of vaporization is reused several times before dissipating to the surrounding, but it is significant that the temperature of the first effect is lower than the boiler heating steam [3]. These energy sources when tapped from the sun are converted to electrical energy to provide heat for the pump.
The advantages of MED include low consumption of energy in comparison with other thermal techniques; it works at low temperature and concentration to minimize scaling and corrosion. Pretreatment is not essential. It is very reliable and have low maintenance costs. The disadvantage of this distillation process is that there is heat and pressure losses at each stage because the process is not adiabatic and this can reduce the freshwater yield. There is corrosion and erosion at the contact surfaces between the brine and heat exchanging surface [13]. In 2003, it was found out that the average cost of freshwater worldwide that is produced from MED is 1.00$/m3 which is lower than MSF [12]. Features of MSF include heat source, heat sink, stage and distillate collector, and a membrane (Figure 5).
Schematic diagram of MED in two stages.
This process requires a jet stream or mechanical compressor to compress the vapor above the liquid unlike MED and MSF that require energy sources such as crude oil, wind, natural gas, and so on. The compressed vapor supplies heat to the rest of the feedwater for evaporation. Even though the process is a complex type and is mostly used for small-scale distillation, it is far more effective than MED because one effect of VCD is almost as effective as 15 to 20 effects of MED. In Figure 6, the feedwater is preheated in the heat exchanger. Later, it is transferred to the tube of the evaporator where it is boiled, and the vapor goes to the mechanical compressor. The vapor is compressed by the mechanical compressor. The hot compressed water vapor is transferred back to the evaporator, which is condensed outside the tube at the same time supplying the heating energy required for boiling feedwater. The non-condensing gases are removed with the help of a vacuum pump or ejector [3].
Schematic diagram of VCD.
The advantages of this method are low operating and maintenance cost; it has a vast temperature range for operation; it is very efficient and reliable because it has good water recovery ratio and moderate energy consumption; and it is easy to use and maintain. The huge initial cost is a major disadvantage for this process. Second, it requires pretreatment to minimize fouling and scaling, and internal scaling can occur as a result of crystals accumulation in the pore [14]. Finally, quality materials are needed to prevent corrosion [15]. The average cost of freshwater produced from vapor compression distillation is 0.93$/m3 as at 2009 findings [16].
This process uses differences in temperature across the membrane to evaporate the feedwater and condensed the freshwater leaving the impurities, salts, and other minerals in the form of brine solution. The concept of membrane distillation is microfiltration, which allows only water molecules to pass through porous hydrophobic membrane [17]. Membrane distillation can use different low-grade energy sources like the sun or wind. The water molecules move from the region of high to low vapor pressure through the membrane. There are four methods by which the vapor is recovered through the membrane. The first is through the direct contact of the liquid phase with both sides of the membrane to obtain distillate and the condensation process is controlled by the thickness of the membrane (Figure 7). Although the heat loss in this method is higher than that in other methods because of continuous contact between the membrane, the hot feed and cold permeate. This method is called the direct contact membrane distillation. The second method is vapor withdrawal by using a vacuum on the permeate region; in this method, the process is like the first but for the introduction of the condenser and the sweep gas that differentiate them (Figure 8). This is also known as the sweep gas membrane distillation. The third method is having an external condensation and in this case, the vapor is removed by using an inert gas stream (Figure 9). This method is called vacuum membrane distillation [18]. The fourth method is the addition of air gap interposed between the condensation surface and the membrane (Figure 10). This process is called the air gap membrane distillation [19].
Schematic diagram of the direct contact membrane.
Schematic diagram of the sweep gas membrane.
Schematic diagram of the vacuum membrane.
Schematic diagram of air gap membrane.
The advantages of membrane distillation include a high-rate removal of macromolecules and other substances, lower operating temperature and pressure, unadulterated interaction between the membrane and the process, and reduction in vapor spaces. The main disadvantage of membrane distillation is membrane wetting, which is caused as a result of fouling and excessive liquid entry pressure [18]. In 2004, the average cost of freshwater from membrane distillation was 0.705$/m3 [20].
This section will focus on the first concept of distillation in desalination, improvements made on them till date, the merits, and their demerits as well as the challenges and limitations of all the mentioned distillation desalination systems experienced so far. The first developed distillation system is known as the conventional desalination system. The first step is fabrication of a basin, which is usually made of metal material. Then, the fabrication of the cover that is mainly glass material was used. The cover generally is in a triangular shape. Afterward, the glass cover is placed on the basin to form a closed system that will allow distillation/desalination. In ancient times, they did not know how to seal the bottom edges between the glass cover and the basin because of which there were high heat losses and a low yield. Later, the system was sealed with mostly silicone gel to prevent or minimize heat loss and increase the yield. This is a simple way for conventional desalination that can be replicated anywhere in the world. Table 1 shows the different types of distillation systems, the improvisation made, current challenges, and limitations, with possible future improvements.
Distillation desalination types | References | Present improvements | Challenges/limits | Gap/feature improvement |
---|---|---|---|---|
Solar Distillation | [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28] |
|
|
|
Multi-stage flash (MSF) | [29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36] |
|
|
|
Multi-effect distillation | [29, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42] |
|
|
|
Vapor compression | [43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52] |
|
|
|
Membrane | [53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62] |
|
|
|
Challenges, present improvements, and future prospective of distillation desalination types.
Distillation in desalination can occur in three different modes, although the third mode is a combination of the two independent modes. The first is the utilization of the solar irradiance directly from the sun causing heating/evaporation to the feedwater and condensation when it meets a cold surface. The second mode is the storage of the solar irradiance or any other sources of energy such as wind and geothermal to produce electricity that is used to heat and evaporate the feedwater and later condensed to obtain the distillate [18]. The third is the utilization of the solar irradiance directly and supplementing it with other energy sources that produce electricity or other forms of heating source to cause distillation.
Passive desalination or distillation is the cheapest and most used method even in rural regions. This is because of its simplicity and because it can work on its own. It uses only energy from the sun (solar irradiance) directly to heat the water leading to its evaporation, and the vapor condenses when it touches the cold surface. For this type of distillation to occur, an enclosed system is needed, which basically consists of a water basin and a transparent cover usually made of glass or plastic. It is then sealed to prevent vapor or heat loss [2].
The advantage of this process is that it has a cheap source of energy, as the energy comes directly from the sun. This energy is abundant in most regions and does not need conversion or storage. It is simple to fabricate, use, and maintain. It can produce very clean water for drinking and other purposes without the need for further treatment. However, the major disadvantage of this process is that it can operate only during the day when there is sunshine. At nighttime or rainy times, since there is no sun, it is not possible to carry out this process. Solar stills, solar chimneys, and humidification-dehumidification are examples of this process.
In active distillation, the same process is observed. In other words, there is heating, evaporation, and condensation of feedwater to obtain freshwater. It is just that in this case, the sources of energy are other sources such as wind, geothermal, or stored solar energy in photovoltaic cells, which are later converted to alternative current to supply the energy/heat for the distillation process.
Some of the advantages of this process include faster distillation, as the feedwater gets heated faster than it does in the passive method. The method can also be used either nighttime or daytime, especially during cloudy or rainy days when there is no solar radiation. Evident research carried out at Univerisiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, shows that this method produces cleaner freshwater than passive and combined distillation. This method, however, has some challenges like more scale formation and higher and more expensive energy usage. It may require semi-skilled persons to operate some of these distillers.
Solar stills, solar chimneys, and humidification-dehumidification can also be used for this process. In addition, membrane desalination can also fall in this category, since some part of it involves phase change of the feed (distillation) with the aid of a membrane.
In the combined state, this is also operated during the daytime, where both solar irradiance and other energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind, and biomass are used simultaneously for distillation. This produces more freshwater than the first two mentioned methods because of the effect of combined efforts. This process increases the frequency of performing maintenance tasks, as corrosion and scale formation is high.
Historical evidence has shown that distillation has been an old technique for water purifications. Distillation in desalination has proven to be an effective technique for freshwater production. Various distillation types have a similar quality of distillate. However, they differ in distillate quantity. The mode of distillation can also have an impact on the quality of freshwater yield as evidently carried out in the laboratory where the active mode had cleaner water production. The distillation types in desalination have advantages and disadvantages over one another. Therefore, the quantity and quality of distillate needed determines the most appropriate distillation type to choose for the desalination process. Currently, there are numerous researches that are exploring on how to enhance the distillation process in desalination. There is still the need for technological advancement to enhance yield in the case of solar distillation and reduce cost, especially in the vapor compression desalination process. The carbon nanotube membrane has been a promising solution for membrane desalination and can be exploited further. Overall, desalination has been an effective and efficient solution to augment conventional clean water supply. If given proper attention, it can be a lasting solution for clean water supply.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
The author wishes to thank Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Malaysia in collaboration with Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria for providing an enabling environment and support. The author also wishes to appreciate the YUTP-MPSS with cost centers 015LC0-215.
Special thanks to Dr. Husna Takaijudin, APDR Balbir Singh Mahinder Singh, and APDR Kamaruzaman Wan Yusof for their mentorship and guidance.
ED | Electrodialysis |
RO | Reverse osmosis |
MSF | Multi-Stage flash distillation |
MED | Multi-effect distillation |
VCD | Vapor-compression distillation |
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Dobrzański"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1649",title:"Electrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c0630d15c7e3fc8f85f239750051ef7f",slug:"electrostatics",bookSignature:"Huseyin Canbolat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1649.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5887",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Canbolat",slug:"huseyin-canbolat",fullName:"Hüseyin Canbolat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"56634",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70122",title:"Biomaterials and Stem Cells: Promising Tools in Tissue Engineering and Biomedical Applications",slug:"biomaterials-and-stem-cells-promising-tools-in-tissue-engineering-and-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:1587,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Biomaterial sciences and tissue engineering approaches are currently fundamental strategies for the development of regenerative medicine. Stem cells (SCs) are a unique cell type capable of self‐renewal and reconstructing damaged tissues. At the present time, adult SCs isolated from postnatal tissues are widely used in clinical applications. Their characteristics such as a multipotent differentiation capacity and immunomodulatory activity make them a promising tool to use in patients. Modern material technologies allow for the development of innovative biomaterials that closely correspond to requirements of the current biomedical application. Biomaterials, such as ceramics and metals, are already used as implants to replace or improve the functionality of the damaged tissue or organ. However, the continuous development of modern technology opens new insights of polymeric and smart material applications. Moreover, biomaterials may enhance the SCs biological activity and their implementation by establishing a specific microenvironment mimicking natural cell niche. Thus, the synergistic advancement in the fields of biomaterial and medical sciences constitutes a challenge for the development of effective therapies in humans including combined applications of novel biomaterials and SCs populations.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Małgorzata Sekuła and Ewa K. Zuba‐Surma",authors:[{id:"202773",title:"Prof.",name:"Ewa",middleName:null,surname:"Zuba-Surma",slug:"ewa-zuba-surma",fullName:"Ewa Zuba-Surma"},{id:"202775",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Sekula",slug:"malgorzata-sekula",fullName:"Malgorzata Sekula"}]},{id:"56100",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69718",title:"Properties of Co-Cr Dental Alloys Fabricated Using Additive Technologies",slug:"properties-of-co-cr-dental-alloys-fabricated-using-additive-technologies",totalDownloads:1613,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The aim of the present paper is to make a review of the properties of dental alloys, fabricated using Additive Technologies (AT). The microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr alloys as well as the accuracy and surface roughness of dental constructions are discussed. In dentistry two different approaches can be applied for production of metal frameworks using AT. According to the first one the wax/polymeric cast patterns are fabricated by 3D printing, than the constructions are cast from dental alloy with as-printed patterns. Through the second one the metal framework is manufactured form powder alloy directly from 3D virtual model by Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM) or Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr dental alloys, cast using 3D printed patterns, are typical for cast alloys. Their dimensional and adjustment accuracy is higher comparing to constructions, produced by traditional lost-wax casting or by SLM. The surface roughness is higher than that of the samples, cast by conventional technology, but lower comparing to the SLM objects. The microstructure of SLM Co-Cr dental alloys is fine grained and more homogeneous comparing that of the cast alloys, which defines higher hardness and mechanical properties, higher wear and corrosion resistance.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Tsanka Dikova",authors:[{id:"205539",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsanka",middleName:null,surname:"Dikova",slug:"tsanka-dikova",fullName:"Tsanka Dikova"}]},{id:"31995",doi:"10.5772/35937",title:"Air-Solids Flow Measurement Using Electrostatic Techniques",slug:"air-solids-flow-measurement-using-electrostatic-techniques",totalDownloads:5016,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"1649",slug:"electrostatics",title:"Electrostatics",fullTitle:"Electrostatics"},signatures:"Jianyong Zhang",authors:[{id:"106435",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"jianyong-zhang",fullName:"Jianyong Zhang"}]},{id:"56701",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70409",title:"Hydrogels in Regenerative Medicine",slug:"hydrogels-in-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:1543,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Polymer scaffolds have many various applications in the field of tissue engineering, drug delivery, and implantation. They are applied as dispensing devices for bioactive molecules and as three-dimensional (3D) structures that provide stimulants that organize cells and direct desired original tissue formation. Hydrogels are preferred scaffolding material because they are structurally similar to the extracellular matrix of many tissues, often processed under mild conditions, and can be delivered in a minimally invasive manner. Hydrogel materials formed a group of polymeric materials. The hydrophilic structure allows them to hold large amounts of water in their three-dimensional backbone. As a result, hydrogels are used as scaffolding material for drug and growth factor transmission, tissue engineering modifications, and many other applications. In this chapter, we describe the physical and chemical structure of hydrogels, side groups, cross-linkings, swelling properties, types of polymers and fabrication methods, and application fields.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Yasemin Budama-Kilinc, Rabia Cakir-Koc, Bahar Aslan, Burcu Özkan,\nHande Mutlu and Eslin Üstün",authors:[{id:"146042",title:"MSc.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Cakir Koc",slug:"rabia-cakir-koc",fullName:"Rabia Cakir Koc"},{id:"182570",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Budama Kilinc",slug:"yasemin-budama-kilinc",fullName:"Yasemin Budama Kilinc"}]},{id:"64014",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81442",title:"Catalyst Development of Microbial Fuel Cells for Renewable-Energy Production",slug:"catalyst-development-of-microbial-fuel-cells-for-renewable-energy-production",totalDownloads:1988,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"In this chapter, we focus on microbial fuel cells (MFCs) that convert the energy from organic matters into electrical energy using microorganisms. MFCs are greatly expected to be used as a relatively low-cost and safe device for generating renewable energy using waste biomass as a raw material. At present, however, it has not reached the desired practical application because of the low-power generation; hence, improvements on fuel cell efficiency, such as electrode materials, are still being examined. Here, we focus on the microorganisms that can be used as catalysts and play a central role in improving the efficiency of the fuel cells. Several kinds of microbial catalysts are used in MFCs. For example, Shewanella oneidensis has been well studied, and as known, since S. oneidensis transports the electrons generated within the cell to the surface layer, it does not require a mediator to pass the electrons from the cells to the electrode. Furthermore, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism for MFCs, are also used. The improvements of such microbial catalysts have also been proceeding actively. Here, we elaborated on the principle of MFCs as well as the current situation and latest research on the catalyst development.",book:{id:"7594",slug:"current-topics-in-biochemical-engineering",title:"Current Topics in Biochemical Engineering",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Biochemical Engineering"},signatures:"Masayuki Azuma and Yoshihiro Ojima",authors:[{id:"265735",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Azuma",slug:"masayuki-azuma",fullName:"Masayuki Azuma"},{id:"265738",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Ojima",slug:"yoshihiro-ojima",fullName:"Yoshihiro Ojima"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56614",title:"Systematic Study of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) in the Manufacturing of Protector Devices for the Orofacial System",slug:"systematic-study-of-ethylene-vinyl-acetate-eva-in-the-manufacturing-of-protector-devices-for-the-oro",totalDownloads:1707,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Fracture of facial bones and dental elements, and laceration of soft tissue, have increased in sports over recent years. Dentist is the only professional responsible for the mouth protection design, the knowledge about suitable materials is essential. EVA is a thermoplastic material, available in the market, easy of handling and processing, and low-cost. However, it is important to understand the mechanical properties and ability to absorb and to dissipate the impact energy, when this material is submitted to different environments, such as oral cavity with saliva and different temperatures. This chapter show provides a systematic evaluation of the EVA application in orofacial protectors while focusing on sports. The research comprises two aspects: experimental tests and numerical analyses. During experimental tests, EVA was analyzed in special buccal conditions, concerning temperature and presence of saliva. Regarding the presence of saliva, more specific studies about its influence on the mechanical behavior of EVA were performed. In the numerical analyses of the EVA orofacial protector, the studies focused on its effect on the nasal bone integrity, and in the zygomatic bone protection. However, life cycle should be analyzed, since its performance deteriorates over time. Mainly due to the saliva-originated changes to the EVA mechanical characteristics, it can behave as a rigid material. For facial protection, a better performance is obtained with a combination of rigid and soft EVA material. According to the experimental and numerical results from a systematic study of EVA, its application to orofacial protection can be considered satisfactory.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Reinaldo Brito e Dias, Neide Pena Coto, Gilmar Ferreira Batalha and\nLarissa Driemeier",authors:[{id:"204968",title:"Dr.",name:"Neide",middleName:null,surname:"Pena Coto",slug:"neide-pena-coto",fullName:"Neide Pena Coto"}]},{id:"64476",title:"Fermentation: Metabolism, Kinetic Models, and Bioprocessing",slug:"fermentation-metabolism-kinetic-models-and-bioprocessing",totalDownloads:2524,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Biochemical and metabolic interpretation of microbial growth is an important topic in bioreactor design. We intend to address valuable information about the relation of critical operation variables and the simulation of bioprocesses with unstructured and structured kinetic models. Process parameters such as nutrient supply, pH, dissolved oxygen, and metabolic end-products directly impact the physiology and metabolism of microorganisms. Changes in the membrane as well as cell viability are of interest since protein expression and maturation in prokaryota are directly related to membrane integrity. This chapter intends to deliver an insight of different alternatives in kinetic modeling.",book:{id:"7594",slug:"current-topics-in-biochemical-engineering",title:"Current Topics in Biochemical Engineering",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Biochemical Engineering"},signatures:"Carlos González-Figueredo, René Alejandro Flores-Estrella and Oscar A. Rojas-Rejón",authors:[{id:"262807",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas-Rejon",slug:"oscar-a.-rojas-rejon",fullName:"Oscar A. Rojas-Rejon"},{id:"262810",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"González-Figueredo",slug:"carlos-gonzalez-figueredo",fullName:"Carlos González-Figueredo"},{id:"263482",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Flores Estrella",slug:"rene-alejandro-flores-estrella",fullName:"Rene Alejandro Flores Estrella"}]},{id:"56501",title:"Identification of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Biomedical Purpose by Magnetometric Methods",slug:"identification-of-fe3o4-nanoparticles-biomedical-purpose-by-magnetometric-methods",totalDownloads:1459,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The application of magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical research is an interdisciplinary problem. The use of nano‐ and microsized powder materials as developed technology for obtaining bionanomaterials with magnetocatalytic properties has been investigated. Control over immobilization can be carried by means of magnetic properties. Synthesis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles is developed not only for the benefit of fundamental science, but also for many technologies, such as technologies of magnetic storage media, magnetic ink for printers, but mainly for biosensors and medical applications. All the biomedical applications require that the nanoparticles have high enough levels of saturation of magnetization; their size should be less than 100 nm with a small deviation in size. Appropriate coating of the surface of magnetic nanoparticles should be nontoxic, biocompatible with the target of bioorganic compound. The techniques of measurement of magnetic nanoparticle properties by means of vibrational magnetometers, as well as by means of a set of smart sensor devices in accordance with new concept of Internet of Things (IoTh), were described. The first method is based on vibrating sample magnetometer technique. The second method is based on direct measurement of three dimensions (3D) of nanoparticles’ magnetic field components.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Zoia Duriagina, Roman Holyaka, Tetiana Tepla, Volodymyr Kulyk,\nPeter Arras and Elena Eyngorn",authors:[{id:"205149",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoia",middleName:null,surname:"Duriagina",slug:"zoia-duriagina",fullName:"Zoia Duriagina"},{id:"205209",title:"Prof.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Holyaka",slug:"roman-holyaka",fullName:"Roman Holyaka"},{id:"205211",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetiana",middleName:null,surname:"Tepla",slug:"tetiana-tepla",fullName:"Tetiana Tepla"},{id:"205213",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",middleName:null,surname:"Kulyk",slug:"volodymyr-kulyk",fullName:"Volodymyr Kulyk"},{id:"206438",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Arras",slug:"peter-arras",fullName:"Peter Arras"},{id:"206439",title:"MSc.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Eyngorn",slug:"elena-eyngorn",fullName:"Elena Eyngorn"}]},{id:"56100",title:"Properties of Co-Cr Dental Alloys Fabricated Using Additive Technologies",slug:"properties-of-co-cr-dental-alloys-fabricated-using-additive-technologies",totalDownloads:1613,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The aim of the present paper is to make a review of the properties of dental alloys, fabricated using Additive Technologies (AT). The microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr alloys as well as the accuracy and surface roughness of dental constructions are discussed. In dentistry two different approaches can be applied for production of metal frameworks using AT. According to the first one the wax/polymeric cast patterns are fabricated by 3D printing, than the constructions are cast from dental alloy with as-printed patterns. Through the second one the metal framework is manufactured form powder alloy directly from 3D virtual model by Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM) or Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr dental alloys, cast using 3D printed patterns, are typical for cast alloys. Their dimensional and adjustment accuracy is higher comparing to constructions, produced by traditional lost-wax casting or by SLM. The surface roughness is higher than that of the samples, cast by conventional technology, but lower comparing to the SLM objects. The microstructure of SLM Co-Cr dental alloys is fine grained and more homogeneous comparing that of the cast alloys, which defines higher hardness and mechanical properties, higher wear and corrosion resistance.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Tsanka Dikova",authors:[{id:"205539",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsanka",middleName:null,surname:"Dikova",slug:"tsanka-dikova",fullName:"Tsanka Dikova"}]},{id:"31993",title:"Electrostatic Interactions in Dense DNA Phases and Protein-DNA Complexes",slug:"electrostatic-interactions-in-dense-dna-phases-and-protein-dna-complexes",totalDownloads:2368,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"1649",slug:"electrostatics",title:"Electrostatics",fullTitle:"Electrostatics"},signatures:"Andrey G. Cherstvy",authors:[{id:"108883",title:"Dr.",name:"A",middleName:null,surname:"Cherstvy",slug:"a-cherstvy",fullName:"A Cherstvy"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1346",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard tissue, Peri-implant soft tissue, Restorative materials, Prosthesis design, Prosthesis, Patient satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"