Demographic characteristics of astronauts and cosmonauts, 1959–2017.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6003",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Robotics - Legal, Ethical and Socioeconomic Impacts",title:"Robotics",subtitle:"Legal, Ethical and Socioeconomic Impacts",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book analyses the legal, ethical and social aspects of using deep-learning AI robotic products. The collective effort of distinguished international researchers has been incorporated into one book suitable for the broader audience interested in the emerging scientific field of roboethics. The book has been edited by Prof. George Dekoulis, Aerospace Engineering Institute, Cyprus, expert on state-of-the-art implementations of robotic systems for unmanned spacecraft navigation and other aerospace applications. We hope this book will increase the sensitivity of all the community members involved with roboethics. The significance of incorporating all aspects of roboethics right at the beginning of the creation of a new deep-learning AI robot is emphasised and analysed throughout the book. AI robotic systems offer an unprecedented set of virtues to the society. However, the principles of roboethical design and operation of deep-learning AI robots must be strictly legislated, the manufacturers should apply the laws and the knowledge development of the AI robots should be closely monitored after sales. This will minimise the drawbacks of implementing such intelligent technological solutions. These devices are a representation of ourselves and form communities like us. Learning from them is also a way to improve ourselves.",isbn:"978-953-51-3636-1",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3635-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4577-6",doi:"10.5772/66612",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"robotics-legal-ethical-and-socioeconomic-impacts",numberOfPages:182,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"15ab11f5bb5aac89956dd8b42f261011",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",publishedDate:"December 6th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6003.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14162,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:48,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 24th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 15th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 13th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 11th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 30th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/9833/images/system/9833.jfif",biography:"Prof. George Dekoulis received his Ph.D. in Space Computing and Communications from Lancaster University, UK, in 2007. He was awarded a First Class BEng (Hons) degree in Communications Engineering from De Montfort University, UK, in 2001. He has received several awards from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), and the Hudswell International Research Scholarship (IET). He is the Founding Dean of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology at the American University of Cyprus (AUCY), Cyprus. He was previously a professor at the Aerospace Engineering Institute (AEI), Cyprus. Founder of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society (AESS), Cyprus. General chair of IEEE Aerospace Engineering Innovations 2019 (IEEE AEI 2019), Limassol, Cyprus. He has worked as a professor in Computer Science & Communications at various departments, such as Space & Planetary Physics, Aeronautical and Space Engineering, Professional Flight, Robotics/Mechatronics & Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science & Engineering, and Electrical and Electronics Engineering. His research focuses on the design of reconfigurable Digital Logic Computer Science and Engineering Systems.",institutionString:"American University of Cyprus (AUCY)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1321",title:"Roboethics",slug:"roboethics"}],chapters:[{id:"57406",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Roboethics: The Legal, Ethical and Social Impacts of Robotics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71170",slug:"introductory-chapter-introduction-to-roboethics-the-legal-ethical-and-social-impacts-of-robotics",totalDownloads:1413,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"George Dekoulis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57406",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57406",authors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],corrections:null},{id:"56097",title:"Risk Estimation in Robotics and the Impact of Human Behaviour",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69770",slug:"risk-estimation-in-robotics-and-the-impact-of-human-behaviour",totalDownloads:1292,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Within this chapter the emerging topic of automated risk assessment in a domestic scene is discussed, state of the art techniques are reviewed followed by developed methodologies which focus on safer human and robotic interactions with an environment. By using the risk estimation framework, the notion of a quantitative risk score is presented. Hazards within a scene are evaluated and measured using risk elements which provide a numeric representation of specific types of risk. Emphasis is given to the concept of risk as a result of interaction with an environment, specifically whether human or robotic actions in a scene can effect overall risk. To this end, techniques which simulate human or robotic behaviour with regard to risk in an environment are reviewed. Specifically the ideas of interaction and visibility are addressed defining risk in terms of areas within a scene that are visited most often and which are least visible. As with any behaviour simulation techniques, validation of their accuracy is required and a number of simulation evaluation techniques are reviewed. Finally a conclusion as to the current state of automated risk assessment is given, with a brief look at the future of the research area.",signatures:"Rob Dupre and Vasileios Argyriou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56097",authors:[{id:"105175",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasileios",surname:"Argyriou",slug:"vasileios-argyriou",fullName:"Vasileios Argyriou"},{id:"203089",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Dupre",slug:"robert-dupre",fullName:"Robert Dupre"}],corrections:null},{id:"56353",title:"Trajectory Tracking Error Using Fractional Order PID Control Law for Two‐Link Robot Manipulator via Fractional Adaptive Neural Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70020",slug:"trajectory-tracking-error-using-fractional-order-pid-control-law-for-two-link-robot-manipulator-via-",totalDownloads:1166,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problem of trajectory tracking of unknown nonlinear systems of fractional order is solved using fractional order dynamical neural networks. For this purpose, we obtained control laws and laws of adaptive weights online, obtained using the Lyapunov stability analysis methodology of fractional order. Numerical simulations illustrate the obtained theoretical results.",signatures:"Joel Perez P., Jose Paz Perez P. and Martha S. Lopez de la Fuente",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56353",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56353",authors:[{id:"203938",title:"Dr.",name:"Joel",surname:"Perez",slug:"joel-perez",fullName:"Joel Perez"}],corrections:null},{id:"56250",title:"Robots Liability: A Use Case and a Potential Solution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69888",slug:"robots-liability-a-use-case-and-a-potential-solution",totalDownloads:1783,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In this chapter, a system of distribution of responsibility for damages caused by robots is introduced, and its practical application on the results obtained in the real experiences at the University of Almería (Spain) is analyzed. The attribution of liability for damages produced by autonomous agents usually focuses the theoretical discussion on legal and ethical fields on robotics. The European Parliament adopted the report with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL)) in February 2017. This work includes the master guidelines that the European Commission should take into account to legislate this technology. In its attempt to attribute responsibility for damages caused by robots, the Committee considers that once responsible parties have been identified, their liability level should range, looking the robot’s learning capability and the knowledge learned from its owner. This work proposes the use of responsibility setting matrix as a mechanism to distribute liabilities between the robot, the manufacturer, and the owner, depending on the knowledge programmed by the manufacturer and the one acquired by the robot (through its learning ability and the adjustments made by the owner), that would distribute the responsibility for damages among the three agents involved.",signatures:"Alejandro Zornoza, José C. Moreno, José L. Guzmán, Francisco\nRodríguez and Julián Sánchez-Hermosilla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56250",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56250",authors:[{id:"5859",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",surname:"Guzman",slug:"jose-luis-guzman",fullName:"Jose Luis Guzman"},{id:"22920",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",surname:"Moreno",slug:"jose-carlos-moreno",fullName:"Jose Carlos Moreno"},{id:"22922",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Rodriguez",slug:"francisco-rodriguez",fullName:"Francisco Rodriguez"},{id:"22923",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",surname:"Sanchez-Hermosilla",slug:"julian-sanchez-hermosilla",fullName:"Julian Sanchez-Hermosilla"},{id:"204035",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Zornoza",slug:"alejandro-zornoza",fullName:"Alejandro Zornoza"}],corrections:null},{id:"56025",title:"Cybersecurity of Robotics and Autonomous Systems: Privacy and Safety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69796",slug:"cybersecurity-of-robotics-and-autonomous-systems-privacy-and-safety",totalDownloads:2280,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Robots and autonomous systems in general are set to suffer similar cybersecurity problems that computers have been facing for decades. This is not only worrying for critical tasks such as those performed by surgical, or military robots but also for household robots such as vacuum cleaners or for teleconference robots compromise privacy and safety of their owners. What will happen if these robots are hacked? This study presents a survey on the cybersecurity attacks associated with service robots, and as a result, a taxonomy that classifies the risks faced by users when using service robots, distinguishing between security and safety threads, is presented. We also present the robot software development phase as one the most relevant ones for the security of robots.",signatures:"Francisco J. Rodríguez Lera, Camino Fernández Llamas, Ángel\nManuel Guerrero and Vicente Matellán Olivera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56025",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56025",authors:[{id:"124522",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",surname:"Matellan",slug:"vicente-matellan",fullName:"Vicente Matellan"},{id:"211294",title:"Prof.",name:"Camino",surname:"Fernández-Llamas",slug:"camino-fernandez-llamas",fullName:"Camino Fernández-Llamas"},{id:"211295",title:"MSc.",name:"Ángel Manuel",surname:"Guerrero-Higueras",slug:"angel-manuel-guerrero-higueras",fullName:"Ángel Manuel Guerrero-Higueras"},{id:"211296",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",surname:"Rodríguez-Lera",slug:"francisco-javier-rodriguez-lera",fullName:"Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Lera"}],corrections:null},{id:"56170",title:"Ethic Reflections about Service Robotics, from Human Protection to Enhancement: Case Study on Cultural Heritage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69768",slug:"ethic-reflections-about-service-robotics-from-human-protection-to-enhancement-case-study-on-cultural",totalDownloads:1643,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In a vision of future implications of human‐robot interactions, it is vital to investigate how computer ethics and specifically roboethics could help to enhance human’s life. In this chapter, the role of design expertise will be emphasized by setting multiple disciplines into a constructive dialogue. The reflections will take into consideration different themes, such as acceptability and aesthetics, but above all the ability to generate value and meaning in different contexts. These contexts could find a description in the concept of human enhancement, connected through each other with the skills of the design research. The methodology of the design research will find applicability in the case study of Virgil, where a roboethic approach is contextualized into a cultural heritage field. In this field, it is shown how the ethical approach will bring a benefit to local communities, but at large to any social and cultural strategies involved in the stakeholders’ network.",signatures:"Luca Giuliano, Maria Luce Lupetti, Sara Khan and Claudio Germak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56170",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56170",authors:[{id:"203858",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Germak",slug:"claudio-germak",fullName:"Claudio Germak"},{id:"203861",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Giuliano",slug:"luca-giuliano",fullName:"Luca Giuliano"},{id:"203862",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Luce",surname:"Lupetti",slug:"maria-luce-lupetti",fullName:"Maria Luce Lupetti"},{id:"211018",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Khan",slug:"sara-khan",fullName:"Sara Khan"}],corrections:null},{id:"56304",title:"Mechanical Empathy Seems Too Risky. Will Policymakers Transcend Inertia and Choose for Robot Care? The World Needs It",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70019",slug:"mechanical-empathy-seems-too-risky-will-policymakers-transcend-inertia-and-choose-for-robot-care-the",totalDownloads:1576,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An ageing population, increasing longevity and below-replacement fertility increase the care burden worldwide. This comes with age-related diseases such as Alzheimer disease and other dementias, cardiovascular disorders, cancer and—hardly noticed—pandemic loneliness. The burden, both emotionally and economically, starts to become astronomical and cannot be carried by those few who need to combine care with work and family. Social solidarity programmes are part of the answer, but they do not relieve the human helper. Yet, many hands are needed where but a few are available. Capacity issues can be solved by the introduction of care robots. Research shows that state-of-the-art technology is such that care robots can become nonthreatening social entities and be accepted and appreciated by the lonesome. Massive employment of such devices is impeded, however, sufficient governmental support of R&D is lacking—financially and regulatorily. This is where policymakers should step in and get over their moral prejudices and those of their voters and stop being afraid of losing political backing. They will regain it in the long run.",signatures:"Johan F. Hoorn",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56304",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56304",authors:[{id:"202564",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Johan",surname:"Hoorn",slug:"johan-hoorn",fullName:"Johan Hoorn"}],corrections:null},{id:"56345",title:"Electronic Prescribing and Robotic Dispensing: The Impact of Integrating Together on Practice and Professionalism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69769",slug:"electronic-prescribing-and-robotic-dispensing-the-impact-of-integrating-together-on-practice-and-pro",totalDownloads:1554,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Technology developments offer hospital pharmacies opportunities to enhance efficiency and safety in the dispensing process. Adoption of technology potentially allows release of resources to develop more patient-focused activities. Resource release can be achieved via a variety of impacts, such as efficiency of the dispensing process, reduction of potential for dispensing errors and potential to adjust skill mix. Developing more patient-focused activities can enhance pharmacy development in a broader sense, and as this happens, changes can occur in professional identities across a range of job roles within the pharmacy. These changes offer benefits to the development of the professional model.",signatures:"Roderick J. Beard",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56345",authors:[{id:"203288",title:"Dr.",name:"Roderick",surname:"Beard",slug:"roderick-beard",fullName:"Roderick Beard"}],corrections:null},{id:"56684",title:"Human, Not Humanoid, Robots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70117",slug:"human-not-humanoid-robots",totalDownloads:1458,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Robots that resemble human beings can be useful artefacts (humanoid robots) or they can be a new way of expressing scientific theories about human beings and human societies (human robots), and while humanoid robots must necessarily be physically realized, human robots may be just simulated in a computer. If the simulated robots do everything that human beings do, the theory which has been used to construct the robots explains human behaviour and human societies. This chapter is dedicated to human robots and it describes a number of individual and social human phenomena that have already been replicated by constructing simulated human robots and simulated robotic societies. At the end of the chapter, we briefly discuss some of the problems that human robots will pose to human beings.",signatures:"Domenico Parisi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56684",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56684",authors:[{id:"203559",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Domenico",surname:"Parisi",slug:"domenico-parisi",fullName:"Domenico Parisi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5597",title:"Field",subtitle:"Programmable Gate Array",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee9b6139297123dec4d906c950913c0d",slug:"field-programmable-gate-array",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8613",title:"Aerospace Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075278075d72ebe02490ff58675119ef",slug:"aerospace-engineering",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8613.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6465",title:"Drones",subtitle:"Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"50a345acb86d524f7a505e09d1f2fc49",slug:"drones-applications",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6465.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8588",title:"Military Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03399bdb07c21c27150ee424106395e2",slug:"military-engineering",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8588.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7414",title:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5066fa20239d3de3ca87b3c45c680d01",slug:"modulation-in-electronics-and-telecommunications",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7414.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6864",title:"Autonomous Vehicles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c320902fc1cfc252c1db006b944996fb",slug:"autonomous-vehicles",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6864.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8360",title:"Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) II",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"07085e95809ecc33b1b87b531ab1024c",slug:"field-programmable-gate-arrays-fpgas-ii",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6350",title:"Space Flight",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"023c9b0d77a58c0a263c075a7deed7e5",slug:"space-flight",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6350.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"76397",slug:"corrigendum-the-role-of-minimally-invasive-surgery-in-the-treatment-of-lung-cancer",title:"Corrigendum to: The Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery in the Treatment of Lung Cancer",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76397.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76397",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76397",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76397",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76397",chapter:{id:"76313",slug:"the-role-of-minimally-invasive-surgery-in-the-treatment-of-lung-cancer",signatures:"Güntuğ Batihan and Kenan Can Ceylan",dateSubmitted:"November 10th 2020",dateReviewed:"March 20th 2021",datePrePublished:"April 16th 2021",datePublished:"June 2nd 2021",book:{id:"10437",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Modern Multidisciplinary Management",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Modern Multidisciplinary Management",slug:"lung-cancer-modern-multidisciplinary-management",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",bookSignature:"Henry S. Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. Park"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296216",title:"M.D.",name:"Guntug",middleName:null,surname:"Batihan",fullName:"Guntug Batihan",slug:"guntug-batihan",email:"gbatihan@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Dr. Suat Seren Göğüs Hastalıkları Hastanesi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"76313",slug:"the-role-of-minimally-invasive-surgery-in-the-treatment-of-lung-cancer",signatures:"Güntuğ Batihan and Kenan Can Ceylan",dateSubmitted:"November 10th 2020",dateReviewed:"March 20th 2021",datePrePublished:"April 16th 2021",datePublished:"June 2nd 2021",book:{id:"10437",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Modern Multidisciplinary Management",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Modern Multidisciplinary Management",slug:"lung-cancer-modern-multidisciplinary-management",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",bookSignature:"Henry S. Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. Park"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296216",title:"M.D.",name:"Guntug",middleName:null,surname:"Batihan",fullName:"Guntug Batihan",slug:"guntug-batihan",email:"gbatihan@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Dr. Suat Seren Göğüs Hastalıkları Hastanesi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},book:{id:"10437",title:"Lung Cancer",subtitle:"Modern Multidisciplinary Management",fullTitle:"Lung Cancer - Modern Multidisciplinary Management",slug:"lung-cancer-modern-multidisciplinary-management",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",bookSignature:"Henry S. Park",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10437.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96610",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry S.",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"henry-s.-park",fullName:"Henry S. Park"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"5702",leadTitle:null,title:"Interdisciplinary Approaches to Semiotics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This volume stresses the contemporary relevance of semiotics. The introductory chapter shows how the collection of papers emphasises crossings at the material level of physical reality as well as in their semio-cognitive and cultural implications, questioning the delimitation of interdisciplinary borders between the social sciences and humanities and STEM disciplines. The volume shows how semiotics continues to provide a framework for emerging knowledge traditions without completely disregarding its past. Through explorations in fields as wide apart as ecological psychology and visualisation systems, by finding correspondences between the arithmetic of music and cosmic energies or between the pedagogic significance of images and habitat facilities, as well as using investigation tools ranging from the mathematical representation of concepts to science education, this book addresses multifarious aspects and implications of culture and cognition, standing convincing proof that semiotics is as alive, productive and scholarly useful as ever.",isbn:"978-953-51-3450-3",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3449-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4698-8",doi:"10.5772/65129",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"interdisciplinary-approaches-to-semiotics",numberOfPages:222,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"fcb1a08fbdb3244ae3ae57de5e8dea5b",bookSignature:"Asuncion Lopez-Varela Azcarate",publishedDate:"August 23rd 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5702.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:12845,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfTotalCitations:19,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"August 29th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 28th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 16th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 16th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 15th 2017",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302731/images/system/302731.jpeg",biography:"Asun López-Varela Azcarate is an associate professor at Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Her research interests are cognitive and intermedial semiotics, inter-art studies, sustainability, and STEAM approaches. A proactive member of the profession, Dr. Azcarate established the research program “Studies on Intermediality and Intercultural Mediation” (SIIM) in 2007. She serves as an editor for various international journals. She was previously president of the European Society of Comparative Literature, deputy head of the Department of English Studies at her university, and an evaluator in various international research programs, including Vice-Chair at EU Unit REA.A2, Marie Skłodowska-Curie European Postdoctoral Fellowships, Social Sciences and Humanities (SOC).",institutionString:"Complutense University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Complutense University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1341",title:"Semiotics",slug:"sociolinguistics-semiotics"}],chapters:[{id:"56422",title:"Introductory Chapter: Semiotic Hauntologies of Ghosts and Machines",slug:"introductory-chapter-semiotic-hauntologies-of-ghosts-and-machines",totalDownloads:1223,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}]},{id:"55188",title:"Semiotics of Conscience",slug:"semiotics-of-conscience",totalDownloads:1092,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"196071",title:"Dr.",name:"Rufus",surname:"Duits",slug:"rufus-duits",fullName:"Rufus Duits"}]},{id:"54125",title:"Mental Models are Compatible with Logical Forms",slug:"mental-models-are-compatible-with-logical-forms",totalDownloads:994,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"195473",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",surname:"López-Astorga",slug:"miguel-lopez-astorga",fullName:"Miguel López-Astorga"}]},{id:"56192",title:"The Art of ‘Scoring’ Cosmopoiesis in Archaic Melic Verse: How the Singing-Poets of the Hellas of Yore Musically Mapped Their Lebenswelt",slug:"the-art-of-scoring-cosmopoiesis-in-archaic-melic-verse-how-the-singing-poets-of-the-hellas-of-yore-m",totalDownloads:1401,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"195599",title:"Dr.",name:"Fionn",surname:"Bennett",slug:"fionn-bennett",fullName:"Fionn Bennett"}]},{id:"54495",title:"Music and Semiotics: An Experiential Approach to Musical Sense-Making",slug:"music-and-semiotics-an-experiential-approach-to-musical-sense-making",totalDownloads:1923,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"196698",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark",surname:"Reybrouck",slug:"mark-reybrouck",fullName:"Mark Reybrouck"}]},{id:"54482",title:"Semiotic Analysis of Computer Visualization",slug:"semiotic-analysis-of-computer-visualization",totalDownloads:1270,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"135209",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Averbukh",slug:"vladimir-averbukh",fullName:"Vladimir Averbukh"}]},{id:"54965",title:"Developing Building Information Modelling for Facility Services with Organisational Semiotics",slug:"developing-building-information-modelling-for-facility-services-with-organisational-semiotics",totalDownloads:1043,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"196045",title:"Dr.",name:"Bohan",surname:"Tian",slug:"bohan-tian",fullName:"Bohan Tian"},{id:"204124",title:"MSc.",name:"Haomin",surname:"Jiang",slug:"haomin-jiang",fullName:"Haomin Jiang"}]},{id:"54479",title:"Grounding Functional Requirements Classification in Organizational Semiotics",slug:"grounding-functional-requirements-classification-in-organizational-semiotics",totalDownloads:1520,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"195986",title:"Dr.",name:"Richa",surname:"Sharma",slug:"richa-sharma",fullName:"Richa Sharma"}]},{id:"54260",title:"An Operational Approach to Conceptual Understanding Using Semiotic Theory",slug:"an-operational-approach-to-conceptual-understanding-using-semiotic-theory",totalDownloads:1070,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"196438",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"McGee",slug:"daniel-mcgee",fullName:"Daniel McGee"}]},{id:"54308",title:"Using Signs for Learning and Teaching Physics: From Semiotic Tools to Situations of Misunderstanding",slug:"using-signs-for-learning-and-teaching-physics-from-semiotic-tools-to-situations-of-misunderstanding",totalDownloads:1309,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"195581",title:"Dr.",name:"Alaric",surname:"Kohler",slug:"alaric-kohler",fullName:"Alaric Kohler"},{id:"195656",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard",surname:"Chabloz",slug:"bernard-chabloz",fullName:"Bernard Chabloz"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177730",firstName:"Edi",lastName:"Lipovic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177730/images/4741_n.jpg",email:"edi@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2301",title:"Social Sciences and Cultural Studies",subtitle:"Issues of Language, Public Opinion, Education and Welfare",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8b131a7ee5b8a5b952c49dc19c0cfe5",slug:"social-sciences-and-cultural-studies-issues-of-language-public-opinion-education-and-welfare",bookSignature:"Asuncion Lopez-Varela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2301.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1847",title:"Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Social Sciences and Knowledge Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76ab953fe7ca1b6e89d7937d69842d5f",slug:"theoretical-and-methodological-approaches-to-social-sciences-and-knowledge-management",bookSignature:"Asunción López-Varela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1847.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"59553",title:"The Mortality of Space Explorers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73603",slug:"the-mortality-of-space-explorers",body:'For nearly 60 years, space exploration has captured our imagination and advanced human knowledge. Yet, in many ways, our understanding of space exploration is in its infancy. This is particularly true regarding possible long-term health consequences of living and working in space. For example, it is unknown whether humans will be able to safely explore deep space, colonize other planets, or live indefinitely on space stations even within Earth’s orbit. Data that will shed light on such questions have been, and continue to be, collected, and ongoing epidemiological analyses of those data will be required to determine the long-term hazards of space travel and to test whether countermeasures designed to mitigate those hazards are effective [1].
Measures of injury and morbidity, including incidence rates of acute physiological side effects or injuries related to space travel, and incidence rates or prevalence of chronic disease are important indicators of the relative safety of space exploration. Measures of mortality provide one kind of summary measure of such injury and morbidity outcomes that can potentially answer a fundamental question: is space exploration altering the lifespan of those who participate in it?
Exposures accrued during space exploration may elevate the risk of some causes of death, including those related to equipment failures or other accidents and cancers that may be related to exposure to radiation in space. Such elevated risks may be counterbalanced by the rigorous physical fitness and other health requirements of programs that have traditionally provided humans the opportunity for space travel, which may protect against some causes of death. In this chapter, we carefully examine the current evidence on mortality rates of space explorers, including cause-specific rates, and how they compare to those of age-, calendar year-, geography- and sex-matched general populations. We discuss the implications of this evidence and consider future steps in ongoing surveillance of the mortality and longevity of space explorers. Because space exploration to date has been largely confined to government-sponsored corps of astronauts from the United States and cosmonauts from Russia (via the former Soviet Union and current Russian Federation), our review will focus on these cohorts. As we shall see, evidence compiled and analyzed to date, as well as updated data and current analyses reported here for the first time, demonstrate that mortality rates for astronauts and cosmonauts differ in important ways from those of the general population and from each other.
The United States and Soviet manned space programs started at roughly the same time, with the selection of the first National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronaut class in April 1959, the first group of United States Air Force (USAF) astronauts in June 1959, and the first Soviet cosmonauts in March 1960. The USAF eventually relinquished all astronaut training and manned space activities to NASA in 1969. The Soviet Space Agency is considered to have operated from 1957 to its official dissolution in 1991, after which its successor Roscosmos has continued space exploration for Russia. For purposes of analysis, we consider the “Soviet era” to be from the selection of the first Soviet cosmonaut class (March 15, 1960) until approximately the time of the fall of the Berlin Wall, which marked the beginning of the dissolution of the Soviet Union (December 31, 1989). The demographics of astronauts and cosmonauts are displayed in Table 1.
Characteristic | Astronauts, n (%) | Cosmonauts, n (%) | ALL | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NASA | USAF | USSR | Russia | |||||||
338 | (100) | 22 | (100) | 194 | (100) | 68 | (100) | 622 | (100) | |
Female | 50 | (14.8) | 0 | (0) | 14 | (7.2) | 4 | (5.9) | 68 | (10.9) |
Male | 288 | (85.2) | 22 | (100) | 180 | (92.8) | 64 | (94.1) | 554 | (89.1) |
Asian/E. Indian | 4 | (1.2) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 4 | (5.9) | 8 | (1.3) |
Black | 17 | (5) | 2 | (9.1) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 19 | (3.1) |
Hispanic | 12 | (3.6) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 12 | (1.9) |
White | 304 | (90.0) | 20 | (90.9) | 194 | (100) | 64 | (94.1) | 581 | (93.4) |
Other | 1 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (0.0) |
Yes | 237 | (70.1) | 22 | (100) | 127 | (65.5) | 36 | (52.9) | 422 | (67.8) |
No | 101 | (29.9) | 0 | (0) | 67 | (34.5) | 32 | (47.1) | 200 | (32.2) |
High School | 0 | (0) | 2 | (9.1) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 2 | (0.3) |
Bachelor | 55 | (16.3) | 10 | (45.5) | 130 | (67) | 51 | (75) | 246 | (39.5) |
Master | 173 | (51.2) | 9 | (40.9) | 6 | (3.1) | 6 | (8.8) | 194 | (31.2) |
Doctoral | 110 | (32.5) | 1 | (4.5) | 58 | (29.9) | 11 | (16.2) | 180 | (28.9) |
Demographic characteristics of astronauts and cosmonauts, 1959–2017.
In spite of the Soviets sending the first female to space in 1963, the U.S. Astronaut Corps has selected a larger percentage of females (14% vs. 7%) over the entirety of the follow-up period. The NASA group is also more ethnically diverse, with about 10% of the astronauts selected having non-White race/ethnicity.
Table 2 shows the average ages for the cohorts, including age at selection, average age at death for those who died, and average age of survivors as of 31 October 2017. Cosmonauts were slightly younger at the time of selection, on average, at 31.3 years versus 34.4 years for astronauts. There were no significant differences in the age at death or the mean age at the end of the study; thus, the cosmonauts were followed for 2.6 years longer, on average.
Event | Astronauts | Cosmonauts | p > t | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | (sd) | Mean | (sd) | ||
Selection | 34.4 | (3.6) | 31.3 | (5.4) | <0.0001 |
Death | 59.6 | (17.8) | 61.4 | (14.2) | 0.4762 |
End of study | 64.0 | (11.7) | 63.2 | (14.7) | 0.5523 |
28.6 | (14.1) | 31.2 | (14.8) | 0.0269 |
Average ages and follow-up time for astronauts and cosmonauts, 1959–2017.
Table 3 lists selected actuarial characteristics of the astronaut and cosmonaut cohorts as of 31 October 2017, including counts of astronauts and cosmonauts, total amount of follow-up time (in person-years), and counts of deaths. Crude death rates, being in each case the ratio of total deaths to total person-years lived by a respective group, are also reported. Crude rates are highly dependent on the age structure of each cohort, and differences in crude rates may be due to differences in one or more cause-specific rates, or due to age differences in the cohorts, or both. To better understand whether and to what extent the rates in the various cohorts may differ, a more careful examination of these issues is required.
Source | Count | Exposure* | Deaths | Crude rate† |
---|---|---|---|---|
All astronauts and cosmonauts | 622 | 18462.9 | 176 | 9.53 |
U.S. astronauts‑all sources | 360 | 10291.8 | 80 | 7.77 |
NASA Astronaut Corps | 338 | 9565.7 | 62 | 6.48 |
USAF programs | 22 | 726.1 | 18 | 24.79 |
X-15 | 7 | 230.7 | 7 | 30.34 |
X-20 | 5 | 160.6 | 5 | 31.13 |
MOL | 10 | 334.7 | 6 | 17.93 |
Cosmonauts‑all sources | 262 | 8171.1 | 96 | 11.75 |
Soviet (1960–1989) | 194 | 7089.2 | 91 | 12.84 |
Russian (1990–2017) | 68 | 1081.9 | 5 | 4.62 |
Actuarial characteristics of astronauts and cosmonauts, 1959–2017.
Pooled observation time since selection, expressed as person-years.
Crude death rate, expressed as deaths per 1000 person-years.
There have been 622 individuals selected and trained as astronauts or cosmonauts between April 1959 and October 2017. These men and women have contributed a total of 18462.8 person-years of observation time and 176 deaths, for an overall crude mortality rate of 9.53 deaths per 1000 person-years of observation.
The United States space programs account for 360 astronauts, contributing 10,291.8 person-years of follow-up and 80 deaths, yielding a crude mortality rate of 7.77 deaths per 1000 person-years. The vast majority of astronauts have been selected by NASA: 338 versus just 22 from the USAF. The last of the USAF astronauts were selected in 1967, while NASA astronauts have been periodically selected across the follow-up period. This makes the USAF astronauts some of the oldest in the overall cohort; this is reflected in their large crude mortality rate in comparison to that of NASA astronauts.
Data on cosmonauts are shown stratified by era of selection: the era of the Soviet Space Program (1960–1989) and the post-Soviet era of the Russian Space Program under the Russian Space Agency, Roscosmos. The 262 Soviet and Russian cosmonauts have accrued 8171.1 person-years of follow-up and 96 deaths, yielding a crude mortality rate of 11.75 deaths per 1000 person-years (Table 3).
We focus here and throughout this chapter on underlying cause of death as reported in official NASA astronaut biographies and in the news media. In this way, astronaut and cosmonaut deaths are categorized according to a single underlying cause of death.
Though there are many ways to quantify the mortality experience of groups such as astronauts and cosmonauts, here, we will focus on the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR). SMR is a risk ratio; it is computed by dividing the observed number of deaths in a group by the number of deaths that would be counterfactually “expected” were the group subject to a set of death rates from a reference population. (By convention, the resulting ratio is multiplied by 100.) Thus, SMRs of 100 represent equal risk between the group under study and the reference population, SMRs above 100 represent increased risk for the group under study, and SMRs below 100 represent decreased risk for the same.
Figure 1 shows the distribution by cause of the 80 astronaut deaths recorded through 31 October 2017. More than half of all deaths (46/80) were due to natural causes. Among natural causes, most deaths have been due to cancer (41.3%), followed by cardiovascular disease (CVD) (23.9%).
Causes of death among United States astronauts, 1960–2017.
The 34 deaths from external (i.e., not natural) causes are dominated by 33 accidental deaths. Plane crashes and space craft accidents account for 29 of these deaths, with vehicular accidents accounting for the other 4. The only nonaccidental externally caused death was attributed to suicide (Figure 1).
For comparisons, all-cause United States general population mortality rates were taken from the Human Mortality Database for years 1960 through 2015 [2] and cause-specific rates from the CDC WONDER database for 1970 to 2015 [3, 4, 5]. The 2015 rates were used as the comparison rates for astronaut data from 2016 and 2017.
In perhaps the first systematic analysis of astronaut mortality, based on data from 15 April 1959 to 30 September 1991, a nearly two-fold increased risk of death was reported compared to age- and gender-matched general population rates (SMR = 181, 95% CI = 110–279) [6]. The result was surprising, as it was expected that astronauts might experience lower all-cause mortality rates than the general population, thanks to their high levels of physical fitness, socio-economic status, and free access to presumably top-quality healthcare (a phenomenon often referred to as the healthy worker effect (HWE)) [7]. Another analysis of the same data compared astronauts with ground-based employees of the Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, TX and found astronauts to be at more than 5 times the risk of death from all causes (hazard ratio = 5.07; 95% CI = 2.46–10.41), adjusting for sex, education, marital status at selection, and smoking history [8]. Comparing astronauts to a similar occupational cohort seemed to suggest that astronauts really were at greater risk of death by virtue of their status as space travelers. But if so, why?
By 2009, the picture had become clearer. After 1980, all-cause SMRs began declining: from a statistically insignificant 115 (95% CI = 53–219) in the 1980s, to 61 (95% CI = 29–112) in the 1990s, to finally a statistically significant 43 (95% CI = 23–74) in the first decade of the 2000s [9]. The overall SMR for 1980–2009 was also significant, at 59 (95% CI = 40–83) [9]. It appeared, then, that astronauts were at lower overall risk of death than the general population as a whole.
As it turned out, external causes‑accidental deaths in particular‑were the main drivers of the observed increased mortality risk in the early years, mainly due to deaths that occurred in the 1960s. A drop in the accidental death rate over time lowered SMRs from the year 1980 onward, though astronauts were still at a significantly higher risk of accidental death than the general population throughout the study period. Eventually, as the cohort of astronauts aged, the near absence of death by chronic diseases reduced astronaut all-cause mortality rates to levels significantly below those in the general population.
Figure 2 displays all-cause decade-specific SMRs for astronauts for 1960 to 2017, as well as a summary SMR for the entire 1960 to 2017 period, based on the latest available data. It is immediately apparent in Figure 2 that 1960–1969 was a period of high risk for astronauts, as they were more than 8 times as likely to die during this period as were age- and gender-matched members of the United States general population. The pattern across the decades is consistent with previously published results, with higher astronaut mortality in the 1960s, then falling rates up to the current decade, and an overall lower than expected rate of mortality for astronauts from 1960 to 2017.
SMRs for all causes of death among United States astronauts, 1960–2017.
SMR of 53 (95% CI = 34–80) for 2010–2017 is reported here for the first time, based on all currently available data. This is broadly consistent with SMR from 2000 to 2009, suggesting a sustained reduction in risk for astronauts and a possible plateauing of the protective effect. If trends in specific causes of death continue as they have, this trend in all-cause SMR will continue as well.
Causes of death are subdivided at the most basic level into internal and external causes. Examples of external causes include drowning, electrocution, poisoning, burns, and trauma. For purposes of analysis, we consider external causes to be any death with primary cause code of E800–E899 in the International Classification of Diseases code set, Eighth Edition (ICD-8), E800–E899 in the ICD-9 code set, and V01–Y89 in the ICD-10 code set.
As we have noted, accidental deaths accounted for all external deaths in the astronaut cohort for many years, and no published study bothered to report on nonaccidental external causes for this reason. Current data include a fair number of deaths due to external causes other than accidents, and we present in Figure 3, for the first time, SMRs for all external causes combined, as well as SMRs for accidental causes.
SMRs for all external causes and accidental causes of death among United States astronauts, 1970–2017.
Across all decades, United States astronauts have been at approximately 250% risk of the general population of death due to external causes. This excess risk continues to be driven almost entirely by accidental deaths, some of which occurred in catastrophic accidents that many readers will recall, which took the lives of multiple astronauts in single events.
In the 1980s and 2000s, astronauts were at significantly increased risk of death from external causes, and this is unsurprising. These two decades each saw the destruction of a space shuttle, with the death of multiple astronauts in each: the space shuttle Challenger explosion in January 1986, which claimed the lives of five astronauts, and the Space Shuttle Columbia reentry disintegration in February 2003, which killed 6 astronauts.1 These deaths pushed SMRs significantly high, even as deaths from other external causes‑particularly other accidental sources‑were on the decline. These deaths are largely responsible for the overall 2.5-fold increased risk of death due to external causes for the entire follow-up period. Indeed, without these deaths, overall SMR in the 1980s would be approximately 160, and not statistically significant. Likewise, SMR for the 2000s would be approximately 115, and not statistically significant.
The high risk of accidental death was anticipated from the beginning of the United States space program, when then U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower called for astronauts to be selected from the ranks of military test pilots, because, among other reasons, they were accustomed to high-risk vocational activities [10]. This proved to be prescient: by the end of 1991, 16 of the 20 recorded astronaut deaths were accidental, with half due to space craft accidents, and several of which were duty-related plane crashes. As we have noted, the rate of accidental deaths for this cohort is significantly greater than expected in an age- and sex-matched cohort from the general population.
Accidental death SMRs for all astronauts based on data through 2017 are also given in Figure 3 as the orange points and lines. The progression of risk for accidental death is the main driver of the risk for death by all external causes. As such, SMRs follow much the same pattern as those from all external causes. The main difference is that SMRs for accidental death are higher than those for all external causes due to the smaller number of expected deaths in the general population from this causal subset.
Natural causes of death are causes originating within the body (albeit possibly as a result of an unseen and perhaps unfelt external force, such as cancer precipitated by radiation exposure), rather than a cause related to an obvious external force or object. In the universe of all possible causes, natural causes are the complement of external causes, and thus, in terms of ICD-8, −9, and −10 codes, these would include all codes other than those noted above for external causes in Section 3.3. Natural causes are also a major concern for astronauts in relation to space travel: does time in space equate to a higher mortality risk due to disease?
Natural causes of death include cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and myriad other less common diseases. Testing hypotheses related to large numbers of potential causes as a group can boost statistical power, which can be helpful when analyzing rare events that may have long latency periods (e.g., cancers related to radiation exposure). However, studying natural causes as a single group has its drawbacks, too. The rigorous physical fitness requirements, high-quality health care and careful follow-up of health, and relative high socio-economic status of astronauts may all be protective of some diseases. Thus, there may be two forces at work, each of which may mask the effects of the other relative to all natural-cause mortality: exposure to space on the one hand, which may elevate the risk of death due to some causes, and a healthy lifestyle on the other hand, which may mitigate the risk of other (or even some of the same) causes. We will explore these issues in some depth now.
As far as we are aware, analysis of natural-cause mortality of astronauts has only previously been reported in the context of a dissertation project [11]. In that project, the authors fit a Poisson regression model to explore possible differences in natural-cause mortality rates of astronauts above and below the median in estimated space radiation exposure. Unfortunately, the risk of misclassification of exposure and demonstrably low statistical power made the results inconclusive [11]. We present SMRs for death by natural causes, CVD, and cancer in Figure 4.
SMRs for natural-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality among United States astronauts, 1970–2017.
The darker blue points in Figure 4 suggest that astronauts have been at a consistently reduced mortality risk due to natural causes and significantly so since the year 2000. For the entire 1970 to 2017 period, astronauts were at less than half the risk of death from natural causes as the general population. As with SMRs for external causes, SMRs in Figure 4 are based on only a few deaths through the end of the 1990s and thus do not reach statistical significance. From the year 2000 onward, the aging astronaut cohort resulted in dramatic increases in the number of expected deaths, and observed astronaut deaths did not keep up, resulting in SMRs statistically significantly less than 100 for the latest two periods.
Cardiovascular disease includes ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and any other circulatory disease captured by ICD-8 codes 390–458, ICD-9 codes 390–459, and ICD-10 codes I00–I99.
Death from CVD is an outcome that has been tracked since the first published research on astronaut mortality in 1993. Even though CVD has been one of the most common causes of death for astronauts, SMR for CVD through 1991 was reported to be a statistically insignificant 47 (95% CI = 5–168), suggesting (inconclusively) that astronauts may be at less than half the risk of death from CVD in the general population [6]. An analysis comparing the same astronaut mortality rates to those of ground-based controls from the JSC found astronauts to have an insignificant elevation in risk (HR = 1.20; 95% CI = 0.27–5.28) [8]. Considering the wide range of possible effect sizes those two studies suggested were possible (and the lack of statistical significance in both of them), no solid conclusions could be drawn about CVD mortality from the 1991 data set.
The 2010 study of astronaut mortality by Reynolds and Day [9] reexamined CVD mortality and found that, in comparison to the general population for the 1980 to 2009 period, CVD SMR was a statistically significant 27 (95% CI = 9–63), validating the findings from Peterson et al. [6].
Again, it has been speculated that HWE is responsible for the reduction in risk of CVD mortality even in the face of potentially heavy smoking by the earliest groups of (mostly military) astronauts [9, 12]. Prior reports of astronaut biometric measurements have shown astronauts to be at or below suggested normal limits for blood pressure, cholesterol, and body mass index, all important risk factors for cardiovascular disease [8, 13].
Figure 4 shows updated SMRs for CVD among astronauts (orange points and lines), once again adding in the USAF astronauts and extending follow-up to the end of 2017. Thin data in the early decades give statistically insignificant SMRs through 1999. However, in the last two periods, SMRs show significant reductions in CVD mortality rates for astronauts, as does the overall 1970–2017 SMR. For the overall period, astronauts are at less than one third the risk of death from CVD as is the general population of the United States (SMR = 30; 95% CI = 15–54).
In total, the evidence thus far suggests that astronauts are at a greatly reduced risk of death from CVD in comparison to the general population.
In 2016, a published study investigated the risk of CVD mortality for astronauts who had either walked on the moon or who completed circumlunar flights as part of the Apollo missions (so-called lunar astronauts) [14]. The study compared lunar astronauts to astronauts who only completed missions on low Earth orbit (LEO), or to astronauts who had not flown to space at all (“nonflight” astronauts). Dividing the lunar astronaut percentage by the percentage of deaths from CVD in the comparison groups (up to the end of 2015), the authors computed proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs). PMRs attempt to look for differences in the proportion of deaths by a specific cause between two groups. In this case, PMRs demonstrated that a higher proportion of lunar astronauts died of CVD than either of the comparison groups, leading the authors to conclude that lunar astronauts were at greater risk of death by CVD than astronauts who had never left low Earth orbit or never flown into space at all. Conflating these findings with a model of how radiation may damage vascular endothelial tissue in rats, the authors proposed a potential biological mechanism to match their purported epidemiologic findings [14].
Other authors were quick to point out flaws in the study. Questions arose regarding the data set used, the analytic method, and the potential imprecision of the disease outcome definition [15]. Several comments on the online version of the paper pointed to methodological flaws in the PMR analysis, particularly the potential biases related to competing risks or confounding by age when the age structure is markedly different between groups [16]. As it turns out, these two issues were, in fact, driving the PMRs to be misleading.
A reanalysis of the astronaut data set used by Delp et al. [14] revealed that lunar astronauts were significantly older than the nonflight and LEO-only astronauts at the start and end of the study, making the potential for age confounding in the PMR high [17]. Using SMRs instead of PMRs demonstrated that when the age structure was taken into account (and all the available information, including follow-up time, used), there were no significant differences between any of the astronaut groups in risk of death from CVD [17].
In comparison to nonflight astronauts, lunar astronauts had no significant increase in risk, with an SMR of 117 (95% CI = 24–343) for the 1968–2015 period. In comparison to LEO astronauts in the same period, SMR was 67 (95% CI = 14–197), and, in comparison to the combined group of LEO and nonflight astronauts (nonlunar astronauts) in the same period, the SMR was 77 (95% CI = 17–237) [17]. These results offered no plausible evidence of an increase in risk of death from CVD for Apollo lunar astronauts and showed that prior research on the topic was still entirely tenable: there is simply no evidence to support the hypothesis that lunar astronauts are at elevated risk of CVD mortality compared to nonlunar astronauts [17].
Since the beginning of the space program in the United States, there has been concern that radiation exposure in space may lead to greater mortality from cancer, particularly from the unique radiation sources found in outer space [18, 19]. Because of this, cancer incidence has been under regular surveillance by NASA, and cancer mortality has been reported on repeatedly over the years [6, 8, 12].
Cancer deaths are those with a primary cause ICD-8 code of 140–239, ICD-9 code of 140–239, or ICD-10 code of C00–D48. The first study of astronaut mortality from 1993 did not report any mortality measures related to cancer and for good reason: at that point in time, there had only been one death due to cancer among astronauts. The first reported analysis of cancer mortality among astronauts was from the 1998 Longitudinal Study of Astronaut Health (LSAH) [12]. The study compared the three observed astronaut deaths from cancer to the number expected in two comparison groups: the general population of Public Health Region 6 of Texas and ground-based controls from Johnson Space Center (JSC) [12]. In comparison to the general population, astronauts were found to be at less than half the risk of dying from cancer (SMR = 47; 95% CI = 10–105). In comparison to the LSAH controls, however, astronauts were at almost three and a half times the risk of death from cancer (SMR = 345; 95% CI = 66–756) [12]. These results suggested three possibilities for astronauts: (1) they are at greater risk of cancer due to exposure to space travel, (2) the JSC ground-based controls are healthier than astronauts in ways that protect against cancer, or (3) these results represent a statistical anomaly of this relatively small sample of data. In any case, the small number of observed deaths provides for low statistical power, making results inconclusive.
The LSAH reexamined cancer mortality in a study published in 2000 [8]. In a proportional hazards model, again comparing astronauts to the LSAH controls, astronauts were found to have a hazard ratio of 3.19 (95% CI = 0.93–21.85), adjusted for sex, education, marital status at selection, and smoking history [8]. This similar result is not surprising, as the analysis was based on essentially the same data set as the prior study: there had been only one additional cancer death among astronauts since the 1998 study. Once again, the small number of deaths plus lingering doubt about the suitability of the controls yielded an underpowered and, ultimately, inconclusive analysis.
In the 2010 study of astronaut mortality, cancer mortality was analyzed by decades between 1980 and 2009 [9]. By the end of 2009, the number of astronaut deaths from cancer had risen to a total of seven. For the three decades 1980–2009, SMRs for cancer in comparison to the general population were consistently below 100, but still, small numbers of cases made SMRs nonsignificant. Pooling the data from the entire 30 years led to SMR of 47 (95% CI = 19–97) [9]. This was the first time that the observed reduction in cancer mortality among astronauts reached statistical significance and was consistent with prior general population comparisons.
Updated findings through 2017 are displayed as the lighter blue points and lines in Figure 4. With the additional follow-up time and incorporation of USAF astronauts, we can see that astronauts are still estimated to be at about half the risk of cancer mortality as the general population between 2010 and 2017, though the results are again not significant (Figure 4). SMR for the period 1970 to 2017 is significant, however, with SMR of 62 (95% CI = 37–97).
As we have seen, astronauts have at times been at elevated risk of death due to external causes (primarily accidents) and have been and continue to be at reduced risk of death due to natural causes. External and internal (or natural) causes are mutually exclusive, competing causes of death (at least in terms of an underlying cause of death). That this may explain the low natural-cause SMRs that have been observed has been suggested in recent literature [17, 20]. Given that a significant number of astronauts have died (some quite young) of external causes, this could alter natural-cause mortality rates at older ages.
Such altered natural-cause mortality rates would in turn affect SMRs for natural causes, and this could explain the low natural-cause SMRs that have been observed for astronauts. We can attempt to quantify the potential effect of this via sensitivity analyses, whereby we compute SMRs under extreme hypothetical alternative scenarios regarding the reassignment of observed deaths due to external causes. These alternative SMRs are shown in lighter blue (left-most SMR in each cluster) and darker blue (right-most SMR in each cluster) in Figure 5, along with the observed natural-cause SMRs in orange.
Alternative SMRs for natural-cause mortality among United States astronauts, 1970–2017.
Specifically, the lighter blue and darker blue point estimates in each period form an upper and lower bound to our natural-cause SMRs under two differing counterfactual assumptions regarding the occurrence of deaths due to external causes: (1) assuming the external deaths did not happen at all and the astronauts are still alive as of the end of the follow-up period (lighter blue); (2) assuming all external deaths occurred at the observed times, but were due to natural causes instead (darker blue). The former is the most optimistic, biasing SMRs downward by inflating only the denominator of the natural-cause SMR. As a result, all of these point estimates are lower than their corresponding observed (orange) point estimates. The latter scenario is the most pessimistic possible scenario, biasing SMRs for natural causes upward by inflating the number of natural-cause deaths without changing the observation time. This leads to all darker blue point estimates being higher than their corresponding orange point estimates. The true (unbiased) estimates, and estimates for all other potential scenarios, must be somewhere in between. Thus, the light blue zone surrounding these sets of SMRs show the total range of possibility for the true SMR (with 95% CI) in each period.
In the observed SMRs for natural causes (Figure 5), no SMRs are statistically significant until the 2000–2009 period. However, SMRs in the optimistic scenario (Figure 5) reach statistical significance in the 1980s and remain significant through the end of the observation period. This suggests that early deaths due to external causes may in fact be biasing SMRs for natural causes upward. Had those astronauts lived, SMRs for natural causes could be even lower than observed.
In comparison to astronaut mortality, there has been comparatively little research on cosmonaut mortality. To date, only three studies have been published on this topic, all since 2014 [21, 22, 23]. From this research, we know that the patterns of mortality risk of cosmonauts are quite similar to those of astronauts in terms of how they compare to Soviet and Russian general population controls.
Cosmonauts tend to have the same major causes of death as astronauts and, like astronauts, tend to have lower mortality rates for those causes than the general population. This is perhaps unsurprising given the similar vocational backgrounds, similar (and now joint) training and physical readiness criteria required to be either a cosmonaut or astronaut, and the similar levels of biomedical monitoring of cosmonauts throughout their careers [24, 25]. That cosmonauts would be at elevated risk of death due to accidents, especially in the early years of the space programs, might also be expected, and as we shall see, this is indeed true. We refer the reader again to Tables 1–3 for demographic and actuarial information about the cosmonaut corps.
For comparisons, Russian general population mortality rates were taken from the Human Mortality Database [2] and the Russian Fertility and Mortality Database from the Center for Demographic Studies at the New Economic School [26]. The Human Mortality Database supplied all-cause mortality rates for the years 1960 through 2015; the Russian Fertility and Mortality Database supplied cause-specific rates for the years 1960 to 2014. The latest rates available (2014 or 2015) were used for comparison with cosmonaut data from 2015, 2016, and 2017 as needed.
Figure 6 shows the causes of death for cosmonauts through 31 October 2017. What should be immediately apparent in Figure 6 is the relatively high number of deaths due to unknown causes. There were 24 completely unknown causes of death, and a single unknown external cause, for a total of 25 causes of death with some degree of uncertainty as to their causes. The 24 totally unknown causes of death represent 25% of the 96 total cosmonaut deaths. Unknown causes do not pose a problem for an analysis of all-cause mortality. However, depending on which causes these unknown might actually represent, this may substantially alter cause-specific mortality rates and SMRs. We will address these issues further in the sections that follow.
Causes of death for Soviet and Russian cosmonauts, 1960–2017.
Similar to the astronaut cohort, the most common causes of death for cosmonauts were CVD (25 deaths) and cancer (20 deaths), and accidents (19 deaths), with a small number of deaths by other natural causes (7 deaths). However, external causes of death have accounted for a smaller share of cosmonaut deaths (21%), compared to the astronaut cohort (42%).
Much like United States astronauts, cosmonauts have been at decreased risk of all-cause mortality when compared to the general population [21, 22, 23]. This has been shown to be true for the cosmonaut cohort as a whole [21], as well as the subset of cosmonauts who went to space [22, 23].
The first study of cosmonaut mortality, published in 2014, studied the entire cohort of people who were not only selected for but also completed cosmonaut training [21]. The study reported a dramatic (and statistically significant) reduction in risk of death from all causes. However, SMRs reported in this study were incorrect, as SMRs were computed using probabilities of death for the astronaut cohort rather than mortality rates. While the difference between age-specific probabilities of death and mortality rates may be negligible at young ages, as age increases mortality rates become substantially higher than probabilities of death. This made SMRs and the corresponding bounds on their 95% confidence intervals too low. Because of this, no conclusions can be drawn from the all-cause SMR results from that study alone.
Two additional studies on cosmonaut mortality have been published after the 2014 Reynolds et al. study. These two studies are highly similar to each other in that they use only cosmonauts who went to space. The first, published in 2016 in the Russian journal
A second study published in late 2017 added an additional year of follow-up to the 2016 study and corrected the immortal time bias. This study confirmed that cosmonauts are at reduced risk of death from all causes, reporting SMR of 40 (95% CI = 27–61) for death by all causes in comparison to the Russian Federation [23].
A reanalysis (with correction) of the Reynolds et al. data [21] is presented in Figure 7, updated to 31 October 2017. This shows the trend in SMRs for all-cause mortality for cosmonauts over time.
SMRs for all causes of death for Soviet and Russian cosmonauts, 1960–2017.
Though mortality for cosmonauts in the 1960s was 179% of that expected, the SMR was not statistically significant. Cosmonauts experienced 87% of the mortality expected in the 1970s, also not significant. From the 1980s onward, the mortality risk for cosmonauts has been statistically significantly
As noted above, (known) external causes of death represent just over one-fifth of cosmonaut deaths. Yet, the only previously reported mortality measure in relation to external causes came from the 2016 study, which, as previously mentioned, was biased [22]. Nevertheless, the authors reported that, for the period 1960–2013, cosmonauts who had flown on at least one mission to space had SMR for external causes of death of 42 (95% CI = 16–107) in comparison to the general population of the Russian Federation [22].
Figure 8 shows updated SMRs for all external and accidental causes of death for all trained cosmonauts by decade between 1960 and 2017. The 1960s saw three times the number of deaths from external causes as expected, but this quickly tapered off to cosmonauts having fewer deaths than expected.
SMRs for all external causes and accidental causes of death for Soviet and Russian cosmonauts, 1960–2017.
Results were generally not statistically significant by decade, but over the entire period from 1960 to 2017, cosmonauts were at significantly lower mortality than the general population, with SMR of 47 (95% CI = 29–72). This overall SMR is quite close to that published by Ushakov et al. [22], in spite of the bias in that article and the differing cohort definitions. Overall, the evidence shows that cosmonauts are at lower risk of death from external causes than is the Russian general population.
Similar to astronauts, the majority of deaths due to external causes (19 of 20 for which causes were known) for cosmonauts have been accidental. Given this, it is not surprising that the pattern of SMRs for accidental deaths (Figure 8) is very similar to that for all external causes combined.
SMR of 62 (95% CI = 38–98) for the entire 1960–2017 period is close to the SMR of 52 (95% CI = 19–139) reported by Ushakov et al. [23] The wider confidence interval on the Ushakov SMR is a direct result of the more limited data used in that study (only male cosmonauts who had been to space, with follow-up to the end of 2014).
Natural causes of death are responsible for more than 50 cosmonaut deaths to date (Figure 6). Primary among them have been cancer and cardiovascular disease, with a small number of assorted other natural causes.
No prior research has reported measures of mortality for all natural-cause deaths for cosmonauts. Figure 9 shows SMR for natural causes (darker blue), CVD (orange), and cancer (lighter blue) for 1960 to 2017.
SMRs for all natural-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality among Soviet and Russian cosmonauts, 1960–2017.
SMRs for all natural causes of death in all decades (darker blue) were below 100, though they only reached statistical significance in the 1980–1989 period and remained significant thereafter. SMRs ranged between 0 and 76, with SMR of 33 (95% CI = 25–43) for the entire 1960–2017 period, indicating that cosmonauts were at one-third the risk of death by natural causes as the general population of Russia.
One of the major components of death by natural causes, CVD has been responsible for 25 out of 52 (48%) of the known natural-cause deaths among cosmonauts. Prior research reported that cosmonauts who have been to space at least once had between 35% and 40% risk of death by CVD compared to the general population through the end of 2014 [22, 23].
Looking to Figure 9 once again, we can see SMRs for the trained cosmonaut cohort (orange). Interestingly, there were no deaths from CVD in either the 1960s (not shown) or 1970s. From 1970 to 2017, SMRs show decreased risk of death from CVD, with SMRs ranging from 0 to 62. Overall, the SMR from 1960 to 2017 is 28 (95% CI = 18–41).
The trend here may be due in some part to missing information on CVD deaths in the decades since 1990. In those decades, there have been 25 deaths from unknown causes. Depending on how many of those deaths were due to CVD, this could be enough to push some of these SMRs to reflect significantly increased risk for cosmonauts. (See Section 4.7 below for further discussion and analysis of this point.) Nevertheless, based on Figure 9 and the prior research, it appears that cosmonauts are at decreased risk of CVD mortality compared to the Russian general population.
The other major component of natural causes of death for cosmonauts is cancers of various types. Previous studies of cosmonaut mortality reported cosmonauts who had been to space as having an SMR of approximately 75 for death by cancer [22, 23].
Figure 9 also shows SMRs for cancer in the wider cosmonaut cohort (lighter blue points and lines). While most SMRs over time are not statistically significant, the SMR of 60 for the entire period from 1960 to 2017 did reach significance (95% CI 36–92). As with natural causes and CVD, SMRs for cancer from 1990 onward could be influenced by the number of unknown causes of death that might rightly be attributed to cancer. Section 4.7 explores this possibility.
One potential limitation of the cause-specific analyses presented for cosmonauts is the 24 deaths due to unknown causes. Depending on the distribution of the true causes of these deaths, they could dramatically alter the cause-specific SMRs reported here. In order to explore this possibility, we recomputed SMRs under various assumptions about the distribution of the unknown causes of death.
We assumed for these analysis that the unknown causes were cancer deaths, CVD deaths, or deaths due to other natural causes. This allows us to more deeply explore the question of whether space travel is shortening the longevity of space explorers through increased rates of death by chronic disease, a question of primary concern (that accidents related to space travel will shorten the lives of some astronauts is accepted).
As reflected in Figure 10, the 1990–1999 period had 3 unknown deaths, the 2000–2009 period had 5 deaths with unknown causes, and the 2010–2017 period had 16 deaths with unknown causes.
Distribution over time of deaths by unknown causes for Soviet and Russian cosmonauts.
To see the effect these deaths may have on natural-cause SMRs, we recomputed SMRs assuming that all deaths due to unknown causes in a period were due to each respective cause in turn (natural causes overall, CVD or cancer). The result is Figure 11.
Alternative SMRs for Soviet and Russian cosmonauts, 1990–2017.
In Figure 11, the orange points and lines represent observed SMRs and 95% confidence intervals for natural causes, CVD and cancer (exactly as in Figure 9), omitting from the analyses all unknown causes. The blue points and lines in Figure 11 are SMRs and 95% confidence intervals calculated by counting all deaths due to unknown causes as deaths due to the respective cause (natural causes overall, CVD or cancer). As in Figure 6, the light blue rectangular zone surrounding these sets of SMRs shows the total range of possibility for true SMR (with 95% CI) by cause. As in the prior SMR figures, the red dashed line is drawn across 100, the point of parity with the general population.
Observed SMRs for death by all natural causes combined in Figure 11 show significantly reduced risk for cosmonauts in comparison to the general population, even with the inclusion of the unknown causes within this causal category. The light blue interval for the entire study period 1960 to 2017 shows that the true value of SMR for the entire study period of 1960 to 2017 is likely to be between 25 and 60, whatever the truth about the unknown causes of death may be. In total, we conclude that, though the value of SMRs reported in Section 4.4 above may be too low due to misclassification of some deaths, the overall conclusion remains the same: cosmonauts are at reduced risk of death from natural causes.
The implications of categorizing all unknown causes of death as CVD deaths have similar implications to the overall natural-cause death analysis, although in this case SMRs for two of the decades would no longer be statistically significant (Figure 11). The overall conclusion for the period from 1960 to 2017 also does not change: cosmonauts are at significantly lower risk of CVD mortality than the Russian general population.
Figure 11 demonstrates that the impact of reassigning deaths with unknown causes has the most dramatic effect when all are counted as cancer deaths. In this case, all SMR point estimates that were below 100 are now above 100, though in most cases the confidence intervals continue to include 100 (thus failing to reach the level of statistical significance).
The results of these exploratory analyses for cancer suggest that cosmonauts likely have little difference in cancer-specific mortality rates compared to those of the Russian general population between 1960 and 2017.
Having examined the mortality experience of astronauts and cosmonauts separately, we can conclude that both groups have similar patterns of mortality in comparison to general population control groups: lower mortality rates overall, with higher rates of accidental deaths (more so for astronauts) and much lower rates of death from chronic diseases. We now turn our attention to how astronauts and cosmonauts compare directly to one another. Given the similarity in selection criteria, background, training, and career duties, we might expect to find similar mortality rates for astronauts and cosmonauts over the last 60 years. However, given that mortality rates for the Russian general population are known to be higher than those in the United States, we may find some differences.
To explore these possibilities, we computed SMRs using the observed age-, sex-, and period-specific mortality rates among United States astronauts to generate expected numbers of deaths for cosmonauts based on their corresponding age-, sex-, and period-specific exposure times. The ratios of observed cosmonaut deaths to expected deaths determined in this way thus provided SMRs for cosmonauts compared to astronauts.
Figure 12 displays SMRs for cosmonauts in comparison to astronauts for death by all causes. In all but two decades, cosmonauts were at significantly greater risk of death than astronauts; only in the 1960s were cosmonauts at reduced risk of death, and only in the 1980s was there no significant difference between the two groups of space explorers.
SMRs for all causes of death among Soviet and Russian cosmonauts compared to United States astronauts, 1960–2017.
What is perhaps most striking about Figure 12 is that from 1990 to 2017 cosmonauts were more than twice as likely to die as astronauts. Confidence intervals for individual decades are wide, but over the entire period from 1960 to 2017, cosmonauts experienced a nearly doubling of risk compared to astronauts (SMR = 186, 95% CI = 150–228).
No measures of mortality have been previously reported comparing rates of death from all external causes between cosmonauts and astronauts. We report cosmonaut to astronaut SMRs for all external causes here for the first time.
In Figure 13, we see that the external-cause SMRs for periods before the year 2000 are similar to those for death by all causes, which might be expected given that astronauts and cosmonauts were relatively young in those years and most deaths observed were externally caused deaths. In the case of the 1960s, SMR for all causes and external causes is identical, as the only causes of death to both astronauts and cosmonauts in the 1960s were accidental, a subset of external causes.
SMRs for all external and accidental causes of death among Soviet and Russian cosmonauts compared to United States astronauts, 1960–2017.
From 2000 onward, the all-cause and external-cause SMRs diverge, as the cohorts’ age and other causes of death are observed more frequently among astronauts and cosmonauts. None of the decade-specific results are statistically significant, nor is the overall SMR of 81 (suggesting a somewhat lower risk of externally caused deaths for cosmonauts, but with 95% CI = 49–126).
SMRs comparing rates of accidental death among cosmonauts to those of astronauts were reported in the first published study on cosmonaut mortality [21]. SMRs showed an insignificant reduction in risk in the Soviet era, an insignificant increase in risk in the Roscosmos era, and an insignificant reduction in risk for the overall 1960–2013 period (SMR = 88; 95% CI = 54–136) [21].
Our updated analysis comparing rates of accidental deaths in the two groups decade-by-decade is also given in Figure 13. SMRs show us that cosmonauts were at particularly lower risk of accidental death in the 1960s (owing to several astronaut plane crash deaths and three astronaut deaths in the Apollo 1 fire), and then again in the two decades that experienced space shuttle disasters (1980–1989 and 2000–2009). As with all external causes, the results here do not reach a level of statistical significance (aside from 1960 to 1969, which barely reaches significance).
Most noticeable in Figure 13 is the fact that SMRs for all external causes are largely identical to those for accidental causes, since most of the deaths by external causes in both cohorts are accidental in nature. Only in the 1990s and the 2000s are SMRs for the two different, and even then only slightly.
From this, we might conclude that the occupation of cosmonauts and astronauts demands of them that they lead comparably risky lives and that the estimates of relative risk for them within particular periods have more to do with chance timing than systematic differences in risk of accidents.
Figure 14 displays cosmonaut/astronaut SMRs for natural causes of death (darker blue), CVD mortality (orange), and cancer mortality (lighter blue). Since there were no deaths to astronauts or cosmonauts by natural causes in the 1960s, it is impossible to define an SMR for that period. Few natural-cause deaths in the 1970s and 1980s result in wide confidence intervals for those periods, with no significant evidence of excess mortality for either cosmonauts or astronauts.
SMRs for all natural-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality among Soviet and Russian cosmonauts compared to United States astronauts, 1960–2017.
In general, cosmonauts have been at higher risk of death by natural causes after 1989. The exception is the 2010–2017 period, when there was essentially no difference between the two cohorts. However, this result is highly suspect, as this period contains 16 deaths in the cosmonaut cohort that are of unknown cause. If we examine the possible range of SMRs as we did in Section 4.7, adding as few as 9 deaths to the cosmonaut death count would render significant SMR of 175 (95% CI = 104–276). If all 16 deaths from unknown causes were actually deaths from natural causes, the SMR would be 243 (95% CI = 157–358). Either value certainly seems plausible, and the net effect is that we should not rule out the possibility of a significant increase in mortality for cosmonauts in this period.
There were cosmonaut deaths from unknown causes in the 1990–1999 and 2000–2009 periods as well. However, since the observed SMRs in Figure 14 already show statistically significant increases in mortality risk for cosmonauts, adding more deaths from natural causes would only further increase SMR values. For example, assuming all three deaths from unknown causes in the 1990s were truly from natural causes would raise SMR to 229 (95% CI = 138–357) up from the current 193 (95% CI = 110–313). Assuming all five deaths from unknown causes in 2000–2009 were from natural causes would raise SMR to 453 (95% CI = 296–664).
Given the SMRs (and hypothetical SMRs from assumptions about the distribution of causes of death among unknowns), we conclude that cosmonauts are at higher risk of death by natural causes than are astronauts from 1990 through 2017.
Cardiovascular disease is a cause of death for which both astronauts and cosmonauts have greatly reduced mortality risk in comparison to the general populations of the United States and Russia, respectively. The evidence for this relative to cosmonauts may not be as convincing given the high numbers of deaths of unknown causes, however (see Section 4.7 above). In the prior cosmonauts-to-astronauts comparison, cosmonauts were noted to have a significant increase in mortality due to CVD between 1960 and 2013 (SMR = 364, 95% CI = 225–557) [21].
Figure 14 only includes SMRs for CVD starting with the 1980–1989 period since there were no astronaut deaths from CVD between 1960 and 1979, again making SMRs impossible to define for those two decades (orange points and lines). Cosmonauts experienced no deaths from CVD in the 1960s, but did experience one CVD death in the 1970s.
Three out of the four decade-specific SMRs for CVD in Figure 14 are not statistically significant. Only the SMR for 2000–2009 was large and statistically significant (SMR 1206, 95% CI = 642–2062). The large confidence interval on this estimated SMR is evidence of the small number of deaths in the astronaut cohort (from which the comparison mortality rates were derived). This small number of deaths led to low mortality rates and thus a low expected number of deaths. This extreme SMR would grow larger if any of the unknown causes of deaths among cosmonauts in that period were in fact deaths due to CVD. However, the very low number of observed deaths among astronauts in this period makes the estimate somewhat unstable.
Like in the prior study [21], overall SMR is statistically significant at 332 (95% CI = 215–491), heavily influenced by the 2000–2009 period. As noted in prior sections, the number of deaths from unknown causes could change the results of recent SMRs. If even one additional death were added to the tally for the 1990–1999 period, SMR would be 243 (95% CI = 105–478), a statistically significant result. Similarly, a reassignment of some unknown causes of death in 2000–2009 and in 2010–2017 could easily raise these to a level of statistically significant elevated risk of CVD mortality for cosmonauts. From the observed data and hypothetical SMRs under various assumptions about unknown causes of death, we can conclude that cosmonauts have been at greater risk of dying from CVD since the 1990s.
Cosmonauts have previously been reported to be at elevated risk of cancer mortality in comparison to United States astronauts [21]. Though SMRs for the Soviet and Russian periods were not significant separately, the overall 1960–2013 SMR was significant at 177 (95% CI = 108–274) [21].
Updated SMRs for cancer mortality for Soviet and Russian cosmonauts in comparison to United States astronauts are shown as light blue points and lines in Figure 14. Periods for which SMR could not be calculated include 1960–1969 or 1970–1979; there were no astronaut deaths due to cancer in either of those periods.
SMRs for cancer show that in comparison to United States astronauts, Soviet and Russian cosmonauts have largely been at increased risk of death from cancer, though most SMRs are not statistically significant. The exceptions are 1990–1999 and the overall 1970–2017, both of which demonstrate a statistically significant increased risk for cosmonauts. SMR of 67 for 2010–2017 (95% CI = 8–241) is the only SMR that shows a reduction in risk, and not coincidentally, this is in the period in which there are comparatively many observed cosmonaut deaths due to unknown causes.
If we were to add three more deaths to the count of cancer deaths for cosmonauts in the 1990–1999 period, SMR would rise to 356 (95% CI = 178–638). As few as three extra deaths in the 2000–2009 period would drive SMR to significance at 224 (95% CI = 102–425), and six additional deaths in the 2010–2017 period would yield significantly increased SMR of 267 (95% CI = 115–527). Finally, assuming all 24 deaths from unknown causes were due to cancers would increase the overall 1980 to 2017 SMR to 392 (95% CI = 284–529). Even without these potential extra deaths, SMR seen here is highly similar to that reported previously, at 173 (95% CI = 104–271) vs. 177 (95% CI = 108–274) [21]. As with mortality due to CVD and natural causes, we conclude that cosmonauts are at increased risk of death due to cancer in comparison to United States astronauts.
In this chapter, we have examined the mortality of astronauts and cosmonauts in comparison with the general populations of their respective nations, with specially selected controls, and in comparison with one another. The results of prior research and the new analyses presented here indicate that both astronauts and cosmonauts have much lower rates of death by chronic disease (such as CVD and cancers) than do their respective general populations. However, the mortality rate from plane crashes and spacecraft accidents over the years has made both groups of space explorers more likely to die from external causes in general and accidental death in particular, than is expected in the general population. The net effect is that all-cause mortality risk for space explorers is still lower than that of the general population.
Careful interpretation is needed for the reduced risk of chronic disease among astronauts and cosmonauts. Space agencies to date have intentionally tried to limit the potential harmful exposures from space radiation. This has included both projecting and measuring the lifetime dose of radiation for individual astronauts [28]. The evidence gathered thus far seems to indicate that few to no astronauts or cosmonauts have received detrimental doses of space radiation and that we will only begin to understand the mortality risks space radiation can bring once humans start performing longer missions, such as to Mars or beyond.
When comparing cosmonauts to astronauts, we see that astronauts tend to have a slightly higher risk of accidental death compared to cosmonauts, but a significant reduction in the risk of CVD and cancer. The net difference places cosmonauts at an overall greater all-cause mortality risk than United States astronauts.
The lower death rate among cosmonauts from accidental causes is due to fewer plane crashes among cosmonauts, fewer spacecraft accidents, as well as fewer deaths per spacecraft accident (owing to the smaller, 3-person crews in Soviet spacecraft as compared to 7-person crews on United States space shuttles). The reduction in risk due to accidental causes was most pronounced in the 1960s and 1970s, periods of relatively many accidental deaths for both nations. The combined loss of 11 United States astronauts in space shuttles in 1986 and 2003 coincided with no Russian spacecraft accidents in the same period. From this perspective, we could rate the Soviet and Russian space programs as “safer” than the United States program.
The reason behind the greater rate of death by CVD and cancer among cosmonauts is unclear. The most obvious explanation would be lifestyle differences between the United States and Russia, as reflected in the greater mortality risk for these diseases in the general population death rates between Russia and the United States. This could be most salient after retirement from active duty of astronauts and cosmonauts, as the mortality rate from CVD and cancers begin to climb steeply after age 50, in both the United States and Russia [4, 26]. Differences in diet and greater alcohol consumption and tobacco use in Russia/Ukraine than in the United States may explain the risk differences between the groups, especially if those habits were consistent over a period of years [29].
Still another possibility, though less likely, is differing occupational exposures between the cohorts, particularly radiation dose while in space. We are aware of no published work to date that has examined the relationship between time in space or radiation dose and cosmonaut death rates from cancers or cardiovascular disease. However, given the similarity of the Soviet/Russian and the United States space programs over the years, and their explicit partnership over the last 17 years collaborating on the International Space Station, the overall dose per person-day in space in recent years is likely equivalent.
Finally, the quality of medical care could be an explanation for the differential mortality rate due to chronic diseases. Even among equal rates of incidence, differences in the accessibility or effectiveness of treatment for CVD and cancers could lead to a higher case-fatality rate in cosmonauts compared to astronauts. This could result in cosmonauts dying younger of the same diseases afflicting astronauts, driving up SMRs.
The balance of evidence accumulated to date regarding mortality of space explorers suggests that they are, overall, at less risk of death on an age- and gender-matched basis than the baseline risks in their respective countries of origin. As humans continue to explore space, and in particular as they engage in longer trips deeper into space, it may be inevitable that the unique exposures they will face will ultimately lead to some increased risk of mortality due to at least some particular causes (tragic accidents and radiation-related cancers perhaps chief among them). However, it may be worth bearing in mind that as a profession, being an astronaut or cosmonaut is not a terribly risky business. Based on the research reviewed here, as well as the original research presented for the first time, the job of space explorer should not make any top 10 lists of the world’s deadliest jobs.
Evolution, expansion and transformation of several wild crops via domestication and breeding have blessed the humans and animals with never ending wide varieties of plant-based foods around the globe [1]. Nevertheless, ~ 1 billion population around the world combat with hunger and malnutrition as they are unable to consume important vitamins/minerals thus affecting food and nutritional security in many developing countries [2]. These nutritional deficiencies could be due to the increased inclination towards consumption of specific crops as majority of the peoples relies on wheat, rice and maize for their food [1]. Several lines of literatures have documented that around 50% of total world population relies on above crops for catering while other crops like legumes are cultivated and consumed by marginal communities [3]. The crops cultivated by marginal communities are referred as neglected and underutilised crop species (NUCS) and rich source of vitamins, minerals and secondary metabolites having pharmaceutical properties [4]. These NUCS have the potential to counteract malnutrition by ensuring health/nutritional security, alleviate poverty by increasing resilience and sustainability to the farming systems [1]. However, compare to mainstream crops, less focused have been given towards the genetic improvement of NUCS.
Hyacinth bean (
Furthermore, the seeds of hyacinth bean are also abundant in carbohydrate myoinositol that are exceptional in ovarian function in women by controlling oligomenorrhea and polycystic syndrome [8]. Additionally, the seeds also contain brassinolide which is a steroid which is clinically proven to cure prostate cancer in humans. The alkaloid spermidine found in hyacinth bean seeds is comprehensively used as a biomarker for the perception of skin cancer where as another alkaloid spermine is commonly used in the treatment of cancer/tumours [9]. Trigonelline another alkaloid found in its seed has demonstrated its role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and also possess antimicrobial property against
Despite of its pharmaceutical/therapeutic importance and catering food requirements of both humans and animals, hyacinth bean still lack focused research for its genomic improvement as compared to other mainstream crops (wheat, rice maize etc.). The genomic improvement through state-of -the art tools and techniques will not only reform its architectural growth but will also pave the way for rewiring the biosynthesis of imperative metabolites which will significantly impact its growth, yield and therapeutic potential. Therefore, this chapter provides valuable insights about the different state-of -the art tools and techniques that can be employed for the genetic improvement of hyacinth bean and how they can be exploited to inspire its therapeutic potential. Further, role of biotic and abiotic elicitors in stimulating the production of important metabolites in hyacinth bean has also been critically reviewed.
Being sessile in nature, plants have to withstand against various adverse climatic conditions to maintain their growth and developmental architecture. The plants are able to survive stressful conditions by synthesising diverse range of secondary metabolites and protease inhibitors that improve their adaptability [13]. Hyacinth bean for example, produces higher level of trypsin inhibitor (14–27 unit/mg) which is a unique property of this orphan legume crop compared to any other major legumes [14]. Like other serine inhibitors, trypsin inhibitor could also function as antifeedant or could also be responsible for strengthening growth, development and productivity by efficiently modulating proteolytic events with in hyacinth bean, mechanism of which has yet to be revealed [15]. Besides this, hyacinth bean also contains wide range of alkaloids, phenols and flavonoids which can be used in treatment of various chronic diseases essentially arthritis, nephritis sepsis as well as skin diseases thus significantly contributing towards human and animal health. All these nutritional and therapeutic properties make hyacinth bean a prime source of food, forage and cash crop in arid and semi-arid areas. However, till date the genes encoding these secondary metabolites are still ambiguous as the crop it self is considered as “orphan crop” for its genome revolution [1]. Further, both conventional and molecular breeding techniques also have been futile in the identification/linking of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with production of these imperative secondary metabolites [4]. Therefore, all the above information’s have reinstated the need to implement advance omics technology for unleashing the genetic constituent of hyacinth bean and to identify genes/proteins involved in the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites.
The phytochemicals or secondary metabolites synthesised by various under-utilised crops have the potential to boost innate immune response in humans as well as in animals thus providing immunity against infection, injury and irritation [7]. Several lines of literatures have strongly substantiated that various fruits, vegetables and food legumes synthesise various phytochemicals which are effectively exploited for the treatment of anti-inflammatory disorders, however their mechanism of action is still vague and needs to explored [13]. Various legumes such as soybean, mung bean, moth bean including hyacinth bean have diverted the attention of plant science community due to the presence of functional biological compounds which not only have health benefits and can also be simultaneously used for the treatment of various chronic diseases [8]. Researchers have analysed, tested and confirmed that the crude extracts of mung bean, hyacinth bean and soybean checks the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) which is an inflammatory mediator thus significantly reducing the ear edema in mice caused by up-accumulation of arachidonic acid [16]. Likewise, another researcher evaluated crude extract of
The phenols present in the dry seeds of legumes such as hyacinth bean have also been implicated to exaggerate anti-inflammatory response upon their adequate consumption [18]. A plethora of research have well indicated that seed and other ethanolic extract of food legumes is rich source of polyphenols and natural antioxidants capable of stimulating anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the expression of 15-LOX as well as modulating the expression of cyclooxygenase −1 (COX-1) and COX-2 [19]. Similar findings have also been reported by Zhu et al. [16] in pinto bean, black bean and common bean where seed extract was effective in regulating the expression of interlukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN- γ) and IL-17A thus effectively ameliorating acute colitis in mice. In addition to phenolic compounds, these legumes also contain lectins which is protein capable of showing anti-inflammatory response after binding reversibly to carbohydrates [20]. For example, lectins isolated and purified from
The flavonoids such as flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanidins, flavones and isoflavones present in fruits and vegetables have delineated themselves as key players in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers [22]. Various legumes are also a rich source of dietary flavonoids that can regulate carbohydrate digestion, glucose uptake and insulin signalling via various signalling pathways [23]. Among all the flavonoids, dietary isoflavones
Some researchers have also reported neutral to moderate effect of soy food and methanolic extract of hyacinth bean rich in isoflavones in controlling plasma lipid profile thereby confirming anti-diabetic effect of isoflavones could act differentially under
Genistein have also been documented to stimulate the expression of protein kinase A and cAMP cascade which play important role in the proliferation of INS1 and pancreatic β-cells thus efficiently regulating glucose metabolism in mice [31]. However, in addition to isoflavones, anthocyanidin found in soybean seeds rich in cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin have also demonstrated anti-diabetic effect in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats [32]. Researchers have used methanolic extract of anthocyanidin to diabetic mice and observed that the anthocyanidin effectively raised serum insulin concentration and glucose metabolism in rats. The possible reason behind the anti-diabetic effect of anthocyanidin could be due to the enhance translocation of GLUT4 (glucose transporter) which in turn have stimulated glucose uptake or anthocyanidin could have improved insulin signalling by causing phosphorylation of insulin receptor [33]. Similarly, in another study, researchers have also documented the beneficial effect of anthocyanidin by analysing it on diabetic animal model where they observe that diabetic animal treated with soybean anthocyanidin showed enhanced plasma insulin levels and low triglyceride content [34]. Furthermore, researchers continued their observation up to 12 weeks and observed that the diabetic mice exhibited reduced body weight, blood glucose level, triglyceride levels as revealed by lower expression of lipogenic gene expression in liver and fat [35]. Although, various studies have demonstrated the anti-diabetic effect of both isoflavones and anthocyanidin on animal system, there effect on controlling diabetes in humans are still limited. Therefore, efforts are needed to expand the dimension of research involving structural, biochemical and molecular characterisation of important therapeutic compounds obtained from underutilised legume crops for their efficient use in the human and animal welfare.
The bioactive peptides found in certain legumes and cereals crops has been implicated to regulate growth and development of crops plants by imparting biotic and abiotic stress tolerance [36]. Further, researchers have also isolated and purified some of the plant bioactive peptides and demonstrated their pivotal impact on human health and immune response [37]. Lunasin, a 43 amino acid peptide initially identified and isolated from soybean has shown its tremendous competency in inhibiting cell division in tumour/cancer cells and protect DNA damage by delaying histone acetylation in mammalian cells under oxidative stress [38]. Later, lunasin was also identified in cereals and pseudo-cereals such as rice, wheat, barley and amaranth, however, its present in extremely low quantity as compared to soybean [39]. Being a rich source of lunasin, soybean has been extensively investigated in order to get valuable insight into its structure and function properties, mode action in preventing cancer and the ecological factors that can influence its biosynthesis and transport [37]. Initially, lunasin was identified as chemo-preventive agent but in-depth investigations by several researchers demonstrated that lunasin can effectively suppress skin tumorigenesis in mouse by delaying foci formation in DMBA NIH/3 T3 cells [40].
In addition, researchers have also well documented the chemo-preventive property of lunasin in breast cancer affected mice where they observed significant reduction (30–40%) in tumour cells after treating the mice with lunasin for two months [37]. However, not much research has been focused on lunasin therapeutic properties in soybean as well as in other underutilised legumes still researchers have hypothesised its broad-spectrum role in the treatment of lung cancer, colon cancer and leukaemia [36]. One of the possible mechanisms by which lunasin block cell division in cancer cells could be due to its ability inhibits cell cycle at G2 phase thereby inducing apoptosis in the affected cells [40]. Initial studies on lunasin’s mode of action revealed that it can bind to hypoacetylated histone cores in cancer cells and inhibit acetylation in breast cancer cells and prostrate cancer cells [37]. Recently, researchers have made striking discovery claiming that lunasin binding can suppress the integrin signalling in cancer/tumour cells thereby inhibiting focal adhesion kinase/protein kinase B (FAK/AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) signalling in cancer cells [41]. Certain plant protease inhibitors such as Bowman-Birk inhibitors and flavonoids such as flavon-3-ols found in soybean and other legumes have also demonstrated their role in controlling breast and colon cancer [41]. However, detailed characterisation of their structural and functional properties in many legume crops is still ambiguous and need extensive research by employing advance omics technology for their potential application.
Hypertension is one of the most important factors (apart from diabetes and high cholesterol level) causing cardiovascular disease in humans which is characterised by the increase in systolic/diastolic arterial pressure [42]. Studies have well documented that healthy diet/lifestyle i.e. reduce sodium intake and physical exercise are important factors controlling blood pressure, hypertension and ultimately risk of cardiovascular disease [42]. Various major and underutilised legumes are rich source of secondary metabolites, fibres and micronutrients thus forming an important framework of plant’s bioactive compounds for healthy diet [43]. For example, some bioactive peptides from food as well as grain legumes have demonstrated their potential to combat both hyper and hypotensive effects. Peptides having Glu-Phe, Ile-Arg and Lys-Phe dipeptides identified form legume crops have shown anti-hypertensive effect by inhibiting the activity of Angiotensin-I- Converting Enzyme (ACE) [36, 44]. Similarly, proteins like tyrosinase and lupin present in legume crops have also shown their remarkable ability control both systolic/diastolic blood pressure in peoples suffering from hypertensive disorder [44].
The hypertensive property of both lupin and tyrosinase have also been extensively investigated under in vivo conditions in Goto-Kakizaki rats suffering from hypertension due to excessive consumption of Na rich diet. The researchers fed the hypertensive rats with both lupin and tyrosinase for two weeks and then observed significant reduction in the systolic/diastolic pressure in both the groups [45]. However, lupin treatment also significantly improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensive rats more efficiently as compared to tyrosinase [45]. A large body of literatures have also indicated that these bioactive peptides/proteins do not only possess hypertensive and ACE inhibitory effect but are also actively involved in lowering cholesterol and lipid levels [44]. Researchers have also extensively studied hypocholesterolaemia by using bioactive peptides and proteins and identified that the peptide Ile-Ala-Val-Pro-Gly-Glu-Val-Ala was compellingly involved in lowering cholesterol and triglycerides levels by stimulating the activity of bile salts [46]. Furthermore, other studies have also well documented the role of soybean peptides/proteins in efficiently controlling high cholesterol and lipid levels by efficiently modulating ratio of low density/high density lipo-proteins and expression of beta-very-low-density lipoprotein (β-VLDL) receptors thus minimising risk factors for cardiovascular disease [46]. Researchers have identified and evaluated several of these bioactive peptides from other legumes crops as well, however efforts are needed for in-depth characterisation of their function and mode of action in other underutilised legumes such as in hyacinth bean.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated as a consequence of oxidative stress are concomitantly involved in the onset and progression of various chronic diseases. Increased level of ROS has been shown to instigate severe damage to nucleic acids, cause membrane damage via lipid peroxidation and inhibit protein synthesis thus causing cell death or apoptosis [47]. Several crop plants including legumes contains various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenols and some peptides that can efficiently scavenge ROS thus ameliorating stress induced oxidative damages [48]. Flavonoids such as flavanones and flavon-3-ols present in the seeds of certain leguminous plants such soybean and hyacinth bean have been reported to have antioxidative effect as demonstrated by both animal and cell culture studies [49]. In a study conducted by Babu et al. [50] oral infusion of flavanones and flavon-3-ols to an alloxan induced insulin dependent diabetic mouse, significantly enhanced the activity of hepatic catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase enzymes thereby confirming their function as antioxidants. Similarly, in another study, researchers orally administered a flavonoid rich compound apigenin to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats that significant reduction in the triglyceride levels which could be due the antioxidative effect of apigenin that effectively maintained ion/osmotic homeostasis [51]. Moreover, like apigenin, researchers also used anthocyanidin and luteolin treatment to diabetic rats which ultimately protected rat cells from oxidative damage via controlling the synthesis of iterlukin-1β and interferon-γ [52]. Like other flavonoids, anthocyanidin is also extensively present in legume plants which have received significant recognition owing to their health benefits and potential antioxidative properties [52].
Antioxidant peptides like His-Trp-Tyr-Lys have demonstrated to play exceptional role in ameliorating stress induce oxidative damage by efficiently regulating the scavenging of ROS [53]. Moreover, several studies have shown that thiol group of Cys residue can efficiently chelate metallic ions thus lowering the effect of oxidative stress and minimising the onset of chronic disease [53]. A study conducted by Morales-Medina et al. [54] reported that Val and Leu residues present at N-terminus of a peptide and Tyr and Trp residues present at C-terminus of same peptide have antioxidative properties that were effective in minimising lipid peroxidation and strengthening ion homeostasis. Furthermore, it is also well documented that seeds and leaves of legume plants are rich source of other bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, polyphenols with antioxidative properties and are also capable of performing metal sequestration and stimulate the expression of other stress responsive genes [55]. Additionally, Zhu et al. [56] evaluated various other peptides from soybean and wheat having Leu-Leu-Pro-His-His repeat for its antioxidative activity by using distinct experimental procedure and conditions. The results indicated that the peptide was effective in stimulating 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity, expression of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ascorbate thus controlling the level of ROS generation and minimising the chance of severe disease. Lunasin peptide found in soybean and other legume has also been extensively investigated for its antioxidative properties where the researchers documented that lunasin was effective in scavenging both hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion thereby protecting cell from oxidative damage [42].
Since ancient times legumes have been ascribed to have pharmaceutical/therapeutic values far beyond than providing essential nutrition in the form of amino acids [57]. In recent years, various proteins/peptides form several legume species have been included in the category of nutraceuticals i.e., food or products derived from them having medicinal or therapeutic role in the prevention of disease along with nutritional benefits [57]. Various legume-based bioactive proteins/peptides have been isolated and characterised for their functional role such as Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBIs), Kunitz inhibitors (KIs) and alpha amylase inhibitors (AAIs) which are also commonly known as anti-nutritional compounds [58]. Several researchers during their early epidemiological studies observed that the protease such as Bowman-Birk inhibitors isolated from soybean seeds were highly effective in the counteracting tumour growth under both
Furthermore, AAIs have demonstrated themselves has a suitable candidate for controlling triglyceride levels thus keeping obesity under check whereas lectins obtained from the seeds of legumes have also shown immense therapeutic potential displaying cytotoxic and anti-cancer activity [60]. For example, concanavalin lectin obtained from the seeds of
Several major and underutilised legumes are rich source of bioactive phenolic compounds or polyhydroxylated compounds with immense anti-nutritional and therapeutic potential [46]. These phenolic compounds also play significant role in the stimulation of immune response, protect cells from oxidative damage and other pathogenic diseases [64]. Several studies have documented that some phenolic compounds isolated from seeds of legume crops are indispensably involved in the treatment of cancer disease, microbial/pathogenic attack, inflammatory disease thus providing potential health benefits [46]. Phenolic compounds are large group of compounds comprising phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins and stilbenes [64]. Several recent studies have well documented the anti-microbial activity of phenolic compounds obtained from Faba bean, broad bean, adzuki bean and Dolichos bean in their crude methanolic extract of leaf and seeds [65]. The total antioxidant activity (TAA) of methanolic extract of various phenolic compounds and tannins obtained from adzuki bean and lectins have been shown to exhibit anti-microbial activity against several bacterial strains showing average zone of inhibition of 8–20 mm [66]. In addition, these methanolic extract have also shown potential anti-fungal activity against
In addition to phenolic compounds, several bioactive peptides have also been instigated to play important role in regulating various biological activities along with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects [57]. Studies have well reported that several of the ACE-inhibitory peptides containing Arg-Lys residues at C-terminus have shown enhanced anti-microbial activities against pathogenic microorganism [44]. Similarly, peptide containing Leu-Leu-His-His residues also have been shown to posses anti-microbial and anti-oxidative properties. Moreover, a group of researchers working on legume bioactive proteins attempted to used bioactive peptides in conjunction with phenolic compounds and ascertain that the amalgamation of both stimulate the defence mechanisms of plants against pathogenic attack [44]. Similarly, a protein dolichin extracted from hyacinth bean exhibited strong anti-microbial activity against
Plants act as factories that synthesises wide array of nutritional and secondary metabolites with complex structure and functions. Essentially, therapeutic/pharmaceutical secondary metabolites are often extensively isolated and purified from wild plant species or under-utilised crops as compared to cultivated species. However, the chemical synthesis of these medicinally important metabolites is a daunting challenge and is not economically feasible. Recent advancement in the system biology tools have pave the way to exaggerate their synthesis in tissue culture plants, but still their applications are limited to certain plant species because of the complex nature of technological standardisation in respective crops and lack of proper understanding of biosynthetic pathway. In this section, we will be discussing recent advancements made in the system and synthetic biology tools to provide detailed glimpse of the biosynthetic pathways and to explore the unprecedented possibilities of their application for the human welfare. These cutting-edged technologies can be successfully exploited for the improvement/enhancement of secondary metabolites production or could also help in the identification of novel metabolites in cultivated plants as well.
The phenotype exhibited by plants at certain stages of growth/developments are the function of gene × environment interaction that govern a peculiar trait of interest expressed from the plant’s genome [67]. The term “phenotype” corresponds to precise and rigorous recording of the distinct phenotypic parameters from single cell to whole plant level, which if conducted explicitly can help facilitate identification/classification of novel traits in several plant species. Phenomics is a sub-discipline of plant biology that deals with phenotyping under controlled green-house conditions as well as field experimentation using advanced imaging technologies and imaging tools [67]. Phenomics study is a three-step process involving (i) setting up experimental plot, light intensities, nutrition acquisition and temperature (ii) rigorous monitoring/phenotyping such as growth, stress response, photosynthesis, chlorophyll and secondary metabolite contents etc. using advanced imaging tools and (iii) computer-assisted data visualisation, interpretation and storage [68]. Recent technological advancements have paved the way for the development of high-resolution imaging platforms aided with advanced bio-informatic tools for the phenotyping several important traits in plants for cellular and functional analysis [69]. Therefore, phenomics has now been recognised as an indispensable tool that can provide valuable insights into plant’s morphology and physiology which can be further integrated with functional genomics data for analysing key traits such as secondary metabolites production and other economically important traits [68].
Several informatorily databases and analytical toolkits have been developed to facilitate phenomics and taxonomic studies in various cultivated and under-utilised crops at a greater pace. For example., PlantCLEF (2019) is an online repository that contain wide variety of images of plant’s organs with the sole purpose to facilitate identification and classification of underutilised crop plants having distinct features [70]. PlantCLEF act like a real-life computerised program that can identify and classify plant species using raw images by extracting similar traits/characteristics and matching them defined plant species and family [70]. Similarly, MPID (Medicinal plant images database) which is a premium database maintained by Hong Kong Baptist University that is known to accommodate vast range of phenotypic data related to medicinal and therapeutically important plants [71]. Furthermore, in addition to phenotypic data, it also acts as a repertoire of scientific/botanical names, therapeutic values, physiological and ecological parameters of more than 1000 medicinal plants. Likewise, MPDB (Medicinal plant database of Bangladesh) database is also specifically dedicated to store phenotypic and physiological data associated with medicinal and aromatic plants found in Bangladesh [72].
Apart from databases, several computer-based analytical tools and techniques have also been developed and implemented for recording high-resolution images and morpho-physiological parameters in selected plants [70]. Plant computer vision (PlantCV) is a freeware software package written explicitly in python language that provide valuable algorithms for analysing phenotypic data [71]. It can analyse phenotypic data for multiple plant species and compare them with in the database for identification of novel traits/characteristics in genetically un-explored crops [67]. Similarly, ImageJ is a Java based program equipped with various algorithms such as image enhancer, graphic correction, segmentation and measurement to facilitate accurate phenotyping of plant species [73]. HTPheno is an algorithm of ImageJ that allows monitoring of plant’s growth and development in terms colour spectrum. It captures image related to growth and fitness by various angles, time period and temperature/light conditions in the form high-resolution images [74]. However, despite of these technological breakthroughs, the implantation of these state-of-the art techniques are limited certain plant species. Therefore, efforts are needed to establish, standardise and implement these advanced phenomics techniques in various under-utilised medicinally important crops in order to facilitate comprehensive analysis of their physiological, morphological and cellular functions.
Identification of hereditary determinants governing morphological, physiological and biochemical properties are of astute importance to uncover genetic potential of plant species. With the advent of next-generation sequencing techniques it has now become possible to perform in-depth studies on economically/therapeutically important under-utilised crops [75]. Till date whole genome sequencing projects has led to the development of draft genomes and chloroplast genomes of various medicinally important plants which can be efficiently exploited in-conjunction with advanced bio-informatic tools to obtain information about gene families, gene regulatory networks, miRNA and non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation in those plants whose genome sequence is not available [76]. Furthermore, it can also result in the development of DNA markers for DNA fingerprinting and DNA barcoding to facilitate efficient taxonomic identification of plant under study using specific region of DNA [77]. Several DNA fingerprinting/barcoding primers such as 18-S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA, rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (rccl), maturase K (matK), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), intergenic spacer (trnH-psbA) have been successfully implemented for identification and classification of medicinal plants. In addition, several dominant and co-dominant markers such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), inter simple-sequence repeat (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) have also facilitated identification and authentication of medicinal plants [76].
Transcriptome-wide profiling of genes of regulatory pathways can help researchers gain valuable insight into the functional mechanisms of plant’s biosynthetic pathways. In the recent years, researchers have exploited expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for transcriptome wide analysis of important medicinal plants [77]. Later, the scientists began to use microarray which is probe hybridization-based technique for studying regulation of gene expression and candidate gene discovery [78]. Recently, various transcriptome-wide analysis studies have been conducted in several medicinally important plants and their sequencing and expression profiling data are available in various online databases such as GarlicESTdb (garlic EST database), GEO (gene expression omnibus), ArrayExpress, RASP (RNA atlas of structure probing), AgriSeqDB (RNA sequence database), EGENES (EST database) that can help expedite transcriptomic research in those plants in which transcriptome wide analysis has yet not been completed [79]. Likewise, several toolkits have also been designed that explicitly analyse microarray data and can also be used in conjunction with other phenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and epigenomics for the identification of functional biological pathways liked with secondary metabolite synthesis [79]. Notably used toolkits are iArray, BRB-Arraytools, KEGG (Kyoto encyclopaedia for genes and genomes), GENEVESTIGATOR, PLEXdb, ExPath are the ones which offers various features for microarray data analysis, visualisation, interpretation and annotation in the form of heat map, graph and tables [80].
In addition, few databases have also been developed such as CroFGD (
Several protein-coding genes have also been qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for their corresponding products to generate a profile of their proteome to help researchers gain valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying cellular and metabolic pathways in medicinal plants [86]. Fewer studies have been conducted to develop a complete proteome map in the medicinal plants describing the proteins involved in the regulation of secondary metabolite synthesis. For example, a study conducted by Jacobs et al. [87] identified various proteins involved in alkaloid biosynthesis in
S. No | Legumes | Genes/Transcription factors (TFs) | Secondary metabolites | Pathway involved | Technique used | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) | Linoleic acid | Octadecanoid pathway | Generation of mutant followed by LC–MS analysis | Liu et al. [89] | |
2. | Cytochrome 72A67 (CYP72A67), lateral organ boundaries domain TFs | Saponins | Isoprenoid pathway | Generation of mutant followed by GC–MS | Biazzi et al. [90] | |
3. | Apetella 2/ ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF TF) | Quinolizidine alkaloids | Decarboxylation of lysine | Transcriptome de-novo assembly and QTL mapping | Kroc et al. [91] | |
4. | 13-hydroxylupanine O-tigloyltransferase (HMT/HLT), Lysine/ornithine decarboxylase (LDC) and 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) | Quinolizidine alkaloids | Decarboxylation of lysine | Transcriptome de-novo assembly and QTL mapping | Kroc et al. [91] | |
5. | R2R3-MYB TF (TaMYB14) | Proanthocyanidin | Flavonoid biosynthetic pathway | Gene silencing followed by LC–MS analysis | Hancock et al. [92] | |
6. | MYB TF and MtLAR and MtANR | Proanthocyanidin | Flavonoid biosynthetic pathway | Targeted mutagenesis by HPLC analysis | Cañas and Beltrán [93] | |
7. | Uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferases (UGT73K1 and UGT71G1) | Saponins and isoflavonoids | Triterpenoid saponins biosynthetic pathway | Localization through prokaryotic expression system followed by microarray analysis | Achnine et al. [94] | |
8. | Hyp 1 – Hyp 7 | β-amyrin and mimosine | Triterpenoid saponins biosynthetic pathway | Microarray analysis | Honda and Borthakur [95] | |
9. | TM1624.23 | Phenylpropanoid derivatives and pro-anthocyanidin metabolism | Phenylpropanoid pathway | Gas chromatography coupled to electron impact ionisation/time-of-flight mass spectrometry | Sanchez et al. [96] | |
10. | CaUGT | Isoflavonoids | methylerythritol phosphate pathway | Next generation sequencing followed by marker assisted breeding | Jha et al. [97] | |
11. | Trc genes | Trigonelline, | Tryptophane-kynurenine pathway. | Gene cloning and mutagenesis | Boivin et al. [98] | |
12. | mtPAR, isoflavone synthase (IFS), mtTT8 and mtWD40 1 | proanthocyanidin | Flavonoid biosynthetic pathway | Cloning, gene expression and microarray analysis | Li et al. [99] | |
13. | GmF3H1, GmF3H2 and GmFNSII-1 | Isoflavones | Flavonoid biosynthetic pathway | CRISPR/Cas9-mediated metabolic engineering | Zhang et al. [82, 83] | |
14. | No apical meristem-Arabidopsis transcription activator factor-Cup shaped cotyledon (NAC TF) NAC 4, NAC 29, NAC 25 and NAC 72 | Abscisic acid and secondary metabolite synthesis | Biosynthetic pathway | Multi-OMICS platform | Jha et al. [100] | |
15. | GmCHS1–GmCHS9 | Flavonoids and isoflavonoids | Flavonoid biosynthetic pathway | Cloning, gene expression and microarray analysis | Dastmalchi and Dhaubhadel [101] | |
16. | 2-hydroxyisoflavanone synthase (CYP93C), 2,7,4 0-trihydroxyisoflavanone 4 0-O-methyltransferase/isoflavone 4 0-O-methyltransferase (HI4OMT) and isoflavone-7-O-methyltransferase (7-IOMT) | Flavonoids and isoflavonoids | Flavonoid biosynthetic pathway | Whole genome sequencing, assembly and gene expression | Mochida et al. [102] |
List of putative genes/transcription factors and functional genomics tools involved in regulating biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in legumes.
Metabolomics is also a functional genomics tool with the sole purpose to provide in-depth understanding of different cellular and metabolic pathways in various organisms. Metabolomics is an advanced system biology tool with improved analytical methodologies, sensitivity and resolution that has been successfully exploited to understand biosynthesis of important metabolites in various plant species [103]. Several researchers have used this technique to discover candidate genes/proteins involved biosynthesis of specialised metabolites [104]. Furthermore, it has also provided great depth of understanding about the structural properties and diversity that exists among different metabolites as well as has facilitated to gain valuable insight into the type active ingredients that gives each metabolites its specific nutritional and medicinal properties [103]. Recent decades have witnessed the detailed characterisation of various medicinally important metabolites such as paclitaxel, artemisinin, vincristine, vinblastine, camptothecin and accuminata etc. from Pacific yew tree,
Several metabolomic studies have been conducted in model as well as crop legumes such as
Systemic workflow depicting the application of integrated OMICS tools as well as role of different biotic/abiotic elicitors for improving the biosynthesis known bioactive compounds and identification of novel therapeutic metabolites in legume crops. In this process, tissue culture plants or plants grown in field are treated with different biotic or abiotic elicitors either independently of in combination. The plants are then analysed for the differential expression of genes involved in the regulation of secondary metabolites using integrated OMICS techniques. Candidate genes are discovered using various techniques such as cDNA-AFLP, SAGE, analysed by bioinformatics tools and are rewired using synthetic biology tool. The transformed plants are then exploited for sustainable production of important bioactive metabolites. GWAS: Genome wide association studies; MAS: Marker assisted selection; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; QTLs: Quantitative trait loci’s; miRNA: microRNA; siRNA: Small interfering RNA; NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; GC: Gas chromatography; LC: Liquid chromatography; MALDI-TOF-MS: Matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry; cDNA AFLP: Complementary DNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (RNA finger printing technique); SAGE: Serial analysis of gene expression; DdPCR: Differential display PCR; SM: Secondary metabolites; CRISPR-CAS 9: Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat, CRISPR associated protein 9; TFs: Transcription factors.
In plants, increase synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites occur upon their exposure to adverse climatic conditions which not only strengthen their growth but also revamp their innate immune response [107]. Several studies have indicated that distinct physical, chemical and microbial factors could act as abiotic/biotic elicitors for stimulating genes of metabolic pathways which will in turn result in the increase production important/specialised metabolites [108]. Now a day’s elicitation is extensively used as a biotechnological tool to induce the biosynthesis of medicinally important metabolites in various tissues and organs of tissue cultured plants. The functional mechanism behind elicitor’s elicitation involves signal perception by the receptors designed specifically to initiate signal transduction of the genes/transcription factor involved in the biosynthetic pathway (Figure 2) which in turn enhance the production and accumulation of different metabolites [107]. This section briefly describes different biotic/abiotic elicitors that can be employed for enhancing the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal as well as crop plants. A list of different biotic/abiotic elicitors involved in the regulation of bioactive metabolites in legumes are presented in Table 2.
Schematic representation of mechanisms by which biotic/abiotic elicitors signalling pathways involved in the biosynthesis of important bioactive metabolites in plants. The elicitors are perceived by the receptors which then interacts with various components of signal atransduction pathway. This interaction activates certain transcription factors which in turn regulate the expression of various biosynthetic genes/proteins thus stimulating enhanced production of important therapeutic metabolites. SA: Salicylic acid; NO: Nitric oxide; MeJA: Methyl jasmonate; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; CDPKs: Calcium dependent protein kinases; MAPKs: Mitogen activated protein kinases; IP3: Inositol triphosphate; DAG: Diacyglycerol; TFs: Transcription factors.
S. No. | Legumes | Abiotic/biotic elicitor used | Secondary metabolite elicited | Pathway involved | Probable role | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Chitosan (0.12%), Salicylic acid (800 μM) and potassium cyanide (400 μM) | Isoflavonoid genistein | Phenylpropanoid pathway | Treatment of cancer, osteoporosis, and ischemic heart disease | Kneer et al. [109] | |
2. | UV light (30-50 W for 5, 10 and 15 hr) | Phenolics and L-Dopamine | Pentose phosphate pathway | Act as neuromodulator and used for treatment of Parkinson’s disease | Shetty et al. [110] | |
3. | UV light (5.5 min at 8000 J m−2), Methyl jasmonate (50 mM), Yeast | Triterpene saponins and other primary metabolites | Phenylpropanoid pathway | Act as anti-tumour, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and cardiac activities | Broeckling et al. [111] | |
4. | Methyl jasmonate (at 0.1 kg/m3) | Genistein and Daidzein, and β-glycosidic type isoflavonoids | Phenylpropanoid pathway | Treatment of cancer, osteoporosis, and ischemic heart disease | Gueven and Knorr [112] | |
5. | cadmium (at 10 mg/l) and lead (at 150 mg/l) | 2′-hydroxygenistein glucoside and 2′-hydroxygenistein 7-O-glucoside | Phenylpropanoid pathway | Treatment of cancer, osteoporosis, and ischemic heart disease | Pawlak-Sprada et al. [113] | |
6. | Fungal spore suspension (2 × 106 spores/ml, approximately 5 ml/plant) | Isoflavone phytoalexins or their precursors | Phenylpropanoid pathway | Treatment of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, hormone-dependent cancer and loss of cognitive function | Wojakowska et al. [114] | |
7. | Ascorbic acid (500 μM) Folic acid (50 μM) and glutamic acid (5 mM) | Phenolic composition and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) | — | Treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis | Dueñas et al. [115] | |
8. | Sucrose, gibberellins and proline | Quercetin-3O-glucoside, malvidin-3O-glucoside, and soyasaponins | Phenylpropanoid pathway | Act as anti-tumour, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and cardiac activities | Díaz-Sánchez et al. [116] | |
9. | AgNO3 and H2O2 | Glyceollin and Isoflavones | Phenylpropanoid pathway | Act as anti-tumour, treatment of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases | Kalli et al. [117] | |
10. | 6-Prenyl daidzein and phaseol | Phenylpropanoid pathway | Menopausal relief, treatment of osteoporosis, blood cholesterol, and lowering the risk of some hormone-related cancers, and heart disease | Kalli et al. [117] | ||
11. | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculum and exogenous methyl jasmonate | Trigonelline and diosgenin | Acetyl coenzyme A through the mevalonate pathway | A novel multitarget based chemo-preventive or therapeutic agent neuroprotective, anti-diabetic | Irankhah et al. [118] | |
12. | Sodium silicate | Flavonoids and phenolic acids | Phenylpropanoid and shikimic acid pathway | Act as anti-tumour, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and cardiac activities | Dębski et al. [119] | |
13. | Sodium silicate + Fe EDTA | Flavonoids and phenolic acids | Phenylpropanoid and shikimic acid pathway | Act as anti-tumour, treatment of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases | Dębski et al. [119] | |
14. | Sodium silicate | Flavonoids and phenolic acids | Phenylpropanoid and shikimic acid pathway | Act as anti-tumour, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and cardiac activities | Dębski et al. [119] |
List of different abiotic/biotic elicitors used for eliciting secondary metabolites production in legume crops.
Biological materials such as proteins, carbohydrates, inactivated enzymes, and polysaccharides etc. whether of plant, fungi or bacterial origin either in crude or purified form is used to induce the synthesis of secondary metabolites are termed as biotic elicitors [120]. Researchers have well indicated that proteins/enzymes are being explicitly used to stimulate the defence system of plants by increasing the synthesis of secondary metabolites involved in the regulation of stress responsive genes [121]. In tissue culture generated plants, several glycoprotein elicitors have been shown to elicit the production of phytoalexin, lectins and agglutinins that tremendously ameliorate the stress-induced oxidative damage [122]. Similarly, various fungal elicitor proteins such as PebC and PevD1 from
Polysaccharides such as xyloglucans, oligogalacturonides, hemicellulose and pectin derived from plant, bacterial or fungal cell wall could also be exploited as an elicitor to stimulate secondary metabolite synthesis in plants [124]. For instance, a polysaccharide derived from
Various phytohormones/signalling molecules such as salicylic acid (SA), nitric oxide (NO) jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) which can serve as an elicitor to elicit secondary metabolites production and stress-induced defence response in various plant species [127]. Among all, the role of SA, NO and JA have been extensively investigated for the elicitation of secondary metabolites synthesis and imparting resistance against biotic/abiotic stress induced oxidative damage in plants [128]. Methyl-jasmonate a derivative of jasmomic acid precisely activated the production of indole glucosinolate, β-thujaplicin and terpenes indole alkaloids in
Various plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculum in conjunction with methyl jasmonate have been shown to enhance production of various secondary metabolites in
Elicitation of secondary metabolite synthesis by using substance of non-biological such as inorganic salts of heavy metals (VOSO4, NiSO4, CdCl2, AgNO3, CuCl2), UV-radiation, heat, light etc. is known as abiotic elicitation and the substance used are known as abiotic elicitors. Abiotic elicitors such as high temperature, salt, drought, light and heavy metals etc. have also been successfully used as physical and chemical stimuli to elicit the biosynthesis of medicinally important metabolites in various plants [122]. These abiotic elicitors have been successfully used either independently or in combination either by foliar spray, irrigation or as hydroponics under both open field or controlled conditions for secondary metabolite production in medicinally important plants [122]. Present section deciphers the functional mechanism by which these different abiotic based elicitors elicit the production of therapeutically important compounds.
Drought is one of the most prevalent abiotic stress that alter plant growth and productivity around the globe [108]. Researchers have also indicated that in order to cope up with drought induced oxidative stress, plants synthesise certain metabolites such as glycine betaine and proline as mean to strengthen their defence system [122]. Based on this notion, researchers are using mannitol, calcium chloride and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (chemical which are used to induce drought stress) as a physical elicitor to induce the production of terpene indole alkaloids up to 2-fold in treated
Salinity is also known to affect wide array of physiological and biochemical properties in plants thus affecting their growth and development [137]. Prolong exposure to salinity stress causes cellular dehydration and generation of oxidative stress in plants thus limiting their ion/osmotic homeostasis [122]. However, in order to withstand to salinity stress, plants synthesised various secondary metabolites like phenols, alkaloids and terpenes as an ameliorative mechanism to overcome oxidative damage. For instance, researchers observed significant increase in the biosynthesis of terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs) in
High light intensity and temperature are also able to alter the course of secondary metabolites production in plants [138]. Prolong exposure of both high light and temperature can induce oxidative stress in plants that can have adverse effect growth, ontology and development. High temperature can also lead to the induction of premature leaf senescence, stomatal closure and can stimulate transpiration rate to a greater extent [137]. Nonetheless, despite affecting plant’s growth these physical factors have also been reported to stimulate the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites in the root of
Increasing bioaccumulation of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co and Ag have significantly impacted the agricultural lands and productivity. These heavy metals when presence in excess amount adversely affects plant growth and development [137]. However, at low levels these heavy metals act as co-enzymes/co-factors in various cellular and metabolic pathways thus stimulating secondary metabolite production in plants [122]. Several researchers have well documented the role of heavy metals in stimulating oil content, shikonin/digitalin levels in
In the present era, hyacinth bean has been recognised as an omnipotent legume crop which has the ability to conquer malnutrition, food/hunger index and several chronic diseases all around the globe. Being rich source of genetic and genome resources, the information’s reviewed here can significantly contributes towards unravelling its structural, biochemical and molecular genomics which can lead to the identification of signalling pathways involve in the biosynthesis of important therapeutic metabolites/compounds. Furthermore, the implementation of multi “OMICS” techniques are the need of the hour which can transform hyacinth bean and other underutilised legume crops from being “orphan” to “model crop” by exploiting them in the breeding programs. These underutilised legumes hold the potential for developing sustainable agriculture which can lead to hunger and disease-free world in the era of global warming/pandemic. Therefore, synergistic use of multi OMICS tools are of ultimate requirement for expanding the current horizons of underutilised legume crops to address important problems relevant to Nations be it on health, nutrition and environment.
The authors are also thankful to DST (Department of Science and Technology), and DBT-ISLS facility, BHU, Govt. of India (Grant No. DST/BHU/PURSE 2017-2018 and DST/BHU/FIST 2016-2017) for financial support. KKR is also thankful for financial support in the form of Research Associate by National Academy of Sciences India, Prayagraj is gratefully acknowledged.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
",metaTitle:"Team",metaDescription:"Advancing discovery in Open Access for the scientists by the scientist",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/team",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:8616},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:7693},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:3005},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:15646},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1284},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:22554}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134466},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"7"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Habtamu Alem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian Sloboda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11774",title:"International Law - A Practical Manual",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c607e873911da868c0764770dc224313",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael Underdown",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11774.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"478218",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Underdown",slug:"michael-underdown",fullName:"Michael Underdown"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11775",title:"Global Peace and Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"131303f07b492463a5c4a7607fe46ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Norman Chivasa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11775.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"331566",title:"Dr.",name:"Norman",surname:"Chivasa",slug:"norman-chivasa",fullName:"Norman Chivasa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12133",title:"Agricultural Value Chain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19892b77680b500f259ea7a506365cdc",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12133.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12134",title:"Sustainable Tourism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb510c876f827a1df7960a523a4b5db3",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12134.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12138",title:"Online Advertising",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d1a7aaa841aba83e7199b564c4991cf1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12138.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12139",title:"Global Market and Trade",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa34af07c3a9657fa670404202f8cba5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr.Ing. Ireneusz Miciuła",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12139.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"243649",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ireneusz",surname:"Miciuła",slug:"ireneusz-miciula",fullName:"Ireneusz Miciuła"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12141",title:"Leadership - Advancing Great Leadership Practices and Good Leaders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85f77453916f1d80d80d88ee4fd2f2d1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Joseph Crawford",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12141.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"420133",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Crawford",slug:"joseph-crawford",fullName:"Joseph Crawford"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12239",title:"Topics on Globalization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"43443244d8385c57f1424d5d37c91788",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Elsadig Musa Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12239.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"268621",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsadig",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"elsadig-ahmed",fullName:"Elsadig Ahmed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:36},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:106},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:11},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4438},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11042",title:"Complementary Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9eb32ccbef95289a133a76e5808a525b",slug:"complementary-therapies",bookSignature:"Mario Bernardo-Filho, Redha Taiar, Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo and Adérito Seixas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11042.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"157376",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Bernardo-Filho",slug:"mario-bernardo-filho",fullName:"Mario Bernardo-Filho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ad1d3f637564a29cf1636759f5401994",slug:"thermoelectricity-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Guangzhao Qin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"188870",title:"Mr.",name:"Guangzhao",middleName:null,surname:"Qin",slug:"guangzhao-qin",fullName:"Guangzhao Qin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11357",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee41e09e4ad6a336ca9f0e5462da3904",slug:"sustainable-crop-production-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Vijay Singh Meena, Mahipal Choudhary, Ram Prakash Yadav and Sunita Kumari Meena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"420235",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"vijay-meena",fullName:"Vijay Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10863",title:"Cardiac Rhythm Management",subtitle:"Pacing, Ablation, Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a064ec49b85ebfc60585c9c3690af53a",slug:"cardiac-rhythm-management-pacing-ablation-devices",bookSignature:"Mart Min and Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10863.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"62780",title:"Prof.",name:"Mart",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"mart-min",fullName:"Mart Min"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10874",title:"Insights on Antimicrobial Peptides",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23ca26025e87356a7c2ffac365f73a22",slug:"insights-on-antimicrobial-peptides",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany, Jorge Masso-Silva and Anna Savitskaya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11137",title:"Mineralogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e0e4727c9f1f9b34d788f0dc70278f2b",slug:"mineralogy",bookSignature:"Miloš René",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11137.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"142108",title:"Dr.",name:"Miloš",middleName:null,surname:"René",slug:"milos-rene",fullName:"Miloš René"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"70c3ce4256324b3c58db970d446ddac4",slug:"smart-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Usama Ahmad, Md. Faheem Haider and Juber Akhtar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10885",title:"Snake Venom and Ecology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc4503ed9e56a7bcd9f2ca82b0c880a8",slug:"snake-venom-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Mohammad Manjur Shah, Umar Sharif, Tijjani Rufai Buhari and Tijjani Sabiu Imam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10885.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"94128",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Manjur",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"mohammad-manjur-shah",fullName:"Mohammad Manjur Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10381",title:"Electrocatalysis and Electrocatalysts for a Cleaner Environment",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9dbafb0b297cf5cbdb220707e022a228",slug:"electrocatalysis-and-electrocatalysts-for-a-cleaner-environment-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Lindiwe Eudora Khotseng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10381.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"236596",title:"Dr.",name:"Lindiwe Eudora",middleName:null,surname:"Khotseng",slug:"lindiwe-eudora-khotseng",fullName:"Lindiwe Eudora Khotseng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10900",title:"Prunus",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9261926500acb26c4ae5a29eee78f0db",slug:"prunus-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ayzin B. Küden and Ali Küden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"200365",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayzin B.",middleName:"B.",surname:"Küden",slug:"ayzin-b.-kuden",fullName:"Ayzin B. Küden"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"43",title:"Biochemistry",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-biochemistry",parent:{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"},numberOfBooks:27,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:668,numberOfWosCitations:533,numberOfCrossrefCitations:387,numberOfDimensionsCitations:894,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"43",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10219",title:"Fundamentals of Glycosylation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f1f82214d3d5460d3b52c4d8e87e3858",slug:"fundamentals-of-glycosylation",bookSignature:"Alok Raghav and Jamal Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10219.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",middleName:null,surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10369",title:"Applications of RNA-Seq in Biology and Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"62399ea4ed0544b946dcbd1853b2d1b8",slug:"applications-of-rna-seq-in-biology-and-medicine",bookSignature:"Irina Vlasova-St. Louis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10369.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211159",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Vlasova-St. Louis",slug:"irina-vlasova-st.-louis",fullName:"Irina Vlasova-St. Louis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10544",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:"Benefits, Sources, Mechanisms of Action",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe6b71d10cd19383975798a81e63e57b",slug:"antioxidants-benefits-sources-mechanisms-of-action",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10544.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10220",title:"Metabolomics",subtitle:"Methodology and Applications in Medical Sciences and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"521fce75254e23855ed5c3ff4a4f1ea1",slug:"metabolomics-methodology-and-applications-in-medical-sciences-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10220.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10429",title:"Trace Elements and Their Effects on Human Health and Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2da9976c604555053135b2b3abccef4",slug:"trace-elements-and-their-effects-on-human-health-and-diseases",bookSignature:"Daisy Joseph",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10429.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187281",title:"Dr.",name:"Daisy",middleName:null,surname:"Joseph",slug:"daisy-joseph",fullName:"Daisy Joseph"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9346",title:"Computational Biology and Chemistry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"badcbbb6482c3717b111d4a16b1fdac3",slug:"computational-biology-and-chemistry",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi and Nicola Bernabò",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9346.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9057",title:"Cellular Metabolism and Related Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e65b3987fb8ae8eb483224fadd5fac7",slug:"cellular-metabolism-and-related-disorders",bookSignature:"Jesmine Khan and Po-Shiuan Hsieh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9057.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"140755",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesmine",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"jesmine-khan",fullName:"Jesmine Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7004",title:"Metabolomics",subtitle:"New Insights into Biology and Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"35a30d8241442b716a4aab830b6de28f",slug:"metabolomics-new-insights-into-biology-and-medicine",bookSignature:"Wael N. Hozzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7004.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189233",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael N.",middleName:"Nabil",surname:"Hozzein",slug:"wael-n.-hozzein",fullName:"Wael N. Hozzein"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8176",title:"DNA Methylation Mechanism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de018af20c3e9916b5a9b4fed13a4ff",slug:"dna-methylation-mechanism",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Mustafa Yıldız",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8176.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8912",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",subtitle:"Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10a6269502e58eda525718afec8e667e",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",bookSignature:"Oana-Maria Boldura, Cornel Baltă and Nasser Sayed Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8912.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189429",title:"Prof.",name:"Oana-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Boldura",slug:"oana-maria-boldura",fullName:"Oana-Maria Boldura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10111",title:"Apolipoproteins, Triglycerides and Cholesterol",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29ed0d776c8e3b2af0e50b3c4cf5e415",slug:"apolipoproteins-triglycerides-and-cholesterol",bookSignature:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara and Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10111.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:27,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"38573",doi:"10.5772/51687",title:"Food Phenolic Compounds: Main Classes, Sources and Their Antioxidant Power",slug:"food-phenolic-compounds-main-classes-sources-and-their-antioxidant-power",totalDownloads:10230,totalCrossrefCites:41,totalDimensionsCites:114,abstract:null,book:{id:"3203",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-chronic-degenerative-diseases-a-role-for-antioxidants",title:"Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases",fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants"},signatures:"Maria de Lourdes Reis Giada",authors:[{id:"153687",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:"Reis",surname:"Giada",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-giada",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Giada"}]},{id:"66369",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84255",title:"General Perception of Liposomes: Formation, Manufacturing and Applications",slug:"general-perception-of-liposomes-formation-manufacturing-and-applications",totalDownloads:3287,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:"Liposomes are currently part of the most reputed carriers for various molecular species, from small and simple to large and complex molecules. Since their discovery, liposomes have been subject to extensive evolution, in terms of composition, manufacturing and applications, which led to several openings in both basic and applied life sciences. However, most of the advances in liposome research have been more devoted to launching new developments than improving the existing technology for potential implementation. For instance, the evolution of the conventional lipid hydration methods to novel microfluidic technologies has permitted upscale production, but with increase in manufacturing cost and persistent use of organic solvents. This chapter intends to present general concepts in liposome technology, highlighting some longstanding bottlenecks that remain challenging to the preparation, characterization and applications of liposomal systems. This would enhance the understanding of the gaps in the field and, hence, provide directions for future research and developments.",book:{id:"8095",slug:"liposomes-advances-and-perspectives",title:"Liposomes",fullTitle:"Liposomes - Advances and Perspectives"},signatures:"Christian Isalomboto Nkanga, Alain Murhimalika Bapolisi, Nnamdi Ikemefuna Okafor and Rui Werner Maçedo Krause",authors:[{id:"284670",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Krause",slug:"rui-krause",fullName:"Rui Krause"},{id:"284672",title:"Mr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Bapolisi",slug:"alain-bapolisi",fullName:"Alain Bapolisi"},{id:"284673",title:"MSc.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Nkanga",slug:"christian-nkanga",fullName:"Christian Nkanga"},{id:"284675",title:"Mr.",name:"Okafor",middleName:null,surname:"Nnamdi",slug:"okafor-nnamdi",fullName:"Okafor Nnamdi"}]},{id:"39159",doi:"10.5772/51788",title:"Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus and the Role Of Vitamins with Antioxidant Actions",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-diabetes-mellitus-and-the-role-of-vitamins-with-antioxidant-actions",totalDownloads:6313,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:40,abstract:null,book:{id:"3203",slug:"oxidative-stress-and-chronic-degenerative-diseases-a-role-for-antioxidants",title:"Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases",fullTitle:"Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants"},signatures:"Maria-Luisa Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy and Cristina Fernández-Mejía",authors:[{id:"46162",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria-Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Lazo-De-La-Vega-Monroy",slug:"maria-luisa-lazo-de-la-vega-monroy",fullName:"Maria-Luisa Lazo-De-La-Vega-Monroy"}]},{id:"52680",doi:"10.5772/65715",title:"Endogenous Antioxidants: A Review of their Role in Oxidative Stress",slug:"endogenous-antioxidants-a-review-of-their-role-in-oxidative-stress",totalDownloads:4039,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:"Oxidative stress (OxS) constitutes a disturbance caused by an imbalance between the generation of free radicals and antioxidant system, which causes damage to biomolecules. This, in turn, may lead the body to the occurrence of many chronic degenerative diseases. Therefore, it is very important to know the functioning of those endogenous (and exogenous) antioxidants systems to prevent such diseases. Due to evolutionary conditions in living beings, among other functions have been developed and selected defense systems against the deleterious action of free radicals. Such systems are intrinsic in cells (at level intracellular and extracellular) and act together with the dietary exogenous antioxidants. All these antioxidant systems have very important role in preserving the oxide/reduction equilibrium in the cell. To understand the role of the transcription factor Nrf2 in regulating the processes of antioxidant defense, it must also know the role of many of the endogenous antioxidants that occur because of its activation. Therefore, this chapter makes a literature review of the most important general aspects of endogenous antioxidant systems, which will provide another point of view from which to approach the study and treatment of many chronic degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and Parkinson.",book:{id:"5407",slug:"a-master-regulator-of-oxidative-stress-the-transcription-factor-nrf2",title:"The Transcription Factor Nrf2",fullTitle:"A Master Regulator of Oxidative Stress - The Transcription Factor Nrf2"},signatures:"Tomás Alejandro Fregoso Aguilar, Brenda Carolina Hernández\nNavarro and Jorge Alberto Mendoza Pérez",authors:[{id:"154732",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Pérez",slug:"jorge-a.-mendoza-perez",fullName:"Jorge A. Mendoza-Pérez"},{id:"154908",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomás A.",middleName:null,surname:"Fregoso-Aguilar",slug:"tomas-a.-fregoso-aguilar",fullName:"Tomás A. Fregoso-Aguilar"},{id:"194794",title:"Dr.",name:"Brenda Carolina",middleName:"Carolina",surname:"Hernandez Navarro",slug:"brenda-carolina-hernandez-navarro",fullName:"Brenda Carolina Hernandez Navarro"}]},{id:"52298",doi:"10.5772/65141",title:"NRF2 Rewires Cellular Metabolism to Support the Antioxidant Response",slug:"nrf2-rewires-cellular-metabolism-to-support-the-antioxidant-response",totalDownloads:3931,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"The transcription factor (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2, NRF2) is a master regulator of the cellular response to oxidative insults. While antioxidant response enzymes are well-characterized transcriptional targets of NRF2, it is recently becoming clear that NRF2 also supports cellular detoxification through metabolic rewiring to support the antioxidant systems. In this chapter, we discuss the regulation of NRF2 and how NRF2 activation promotes the antioxidant defense of cells. Furthermore, we discuss how reactive oxygen species influence cellular metabolism and how this affects antioxidant function. We also discuss how NRF2 reprograms cellular metabolism to support the antioxidant response and how this functions to funnel metabolic intermediates into antioxidant pathways. This chapter concludes by exploring how these factors may contribute to both normal physiology and disease.",book:{id:"5407",slug:"a-master-regulator-of-oxidative-stress-the-transcription-factor-nrf2",title:"The Transcription Factor Nrf2",fullTitle:"A Master Regulator of Oxidative Stress - The Transcription Factor Nrf2"},signatures:"Ting-Yu Lin, Lewis C. Cantley and Gina M. DeNicola",authors:[{id:"188337",title:"Dr.",name:"Lewis",middleName:null,surname:"Cantley",slug:"lewis-cantley",fullName:"Lewis Cantley"},{id:"188629",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"DeNicola",slug:"gina-denicola",fullName:"Gina DeNicola"},{id:"194683",title:"MSc.",name:"Ting-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"ting-yu-lin",fullName:"Ting-Yu Lin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69775",title:"Principles of Chromatography Method Development",slug:"principles-of-chromatography-method-development",totalDownloads:4227,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"This chapter aims to explain the key parameters of analytical method development using the chromatography techniques which are used for the identification, separation, purification, and quantitative estimation of complex mixtures of organic compounds. Mainly, the versatile techniques of ultra−/high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC/HPLC) are in use for the analysis of assay and organic impurities/related substances/degradation products of a drug substance or drug product or intermediate or raw material of pharmaceuticals. A suitable analytical method is developed only after evaluating the major and critical separation parameters of chromatography (examples for UPLC/HPLC are selection of diluent, wavelength, detector, stationary phase, column temperature, flow rate, solvent system, elution mode, and injection volume, etc.). The analytical method development is a process of proving the developed analytical method is suitable for its intended use for the quantitative estimation of the targeted analyte present in pharmaceutical drugs. And it mostly plays a vital role in the development and manufacture of pharmaceuticals drugs.",book:{id:"8912",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",fullTitle:"Biochemical Analysis Tools - Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies"},signatures:"Narasimha S. Lakka and Chandrasekar Kuppan",authors:[{id:"304950",title:"Prof.",name:"Chandrasekar",middleName:null,surname:"Kuppan",slug:"chandrasekar-kuppan",fullName:"Chandrasekar Kuppan"},{id:"309984",title:"Mr.",name:"Narasimha S",middleName:null,surname:"Lakka",slug:"narasimha-s-lakka",fullName:"Narasimha S Lakka"}]},{id:"72074",title:"The Chemistry Behind Plant DNA Isolation Protocols",slug:"the-chemistry-behind-plant-dna-isolation-protocols",totalDownloads:3691,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Various plant species are biochemically heterogeneous in nature, a single deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) isolation protocol may not be suitable. There have been continuous modification and standardization in DNA isolation protocols. Most of the plant DNA isolation protocols used today are modified versions of hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction procedure. Modification is usually performed in the concentration of chemicals used during the extraction procedure according to the plant species and plant part used. Thus, understanding the role of each chemical (viz. CTAB, NaCl, PVP, ethanol, and isopropanol) used during the DNA extraction procedure will benefit to set or modify protocols for more precisions. A review of the chemicals used in the CTAB method of DNA extraction and their probable functions on the highly evolved yet complex to students and researchers has been summarized.",book:{id:"8912",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",fullTitle:"Biochemical Analysis Tools - Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies"},signatures:"Jina Heikrujam, Rajkumar Kishor and Pranab Behari Mazumder",authors:[{id:"74521",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor",slug:"rajkumar-kishor",fullName:"Rajkumar Kishor"},{id:"309357",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranab Behari",middleName:null,surname:"Mazumder",slug:"pranab-behari-mazumder",fullName:"Pranab Behari Mazumder"},{id:"318351",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jina",middleName:null,surname:"Heikrujam",slug:"jina-heikrujam",fullName:"Jina Heikrujam"}]},{id:"64549",title:"Plant Lipid Metabolism",slug:"plant-lipid-metabolism",totalDownloads:2635,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"In plants, the synthesis of fatty acids takes place in the chloroplast and the fatty acid synthase is prokaryotic type. In plants, the structure of membrane lipids is different from that of eukaryotic cells. The membranes of the chloroplasts are essentially formed of galatolipids. This chapter will also focus on the structure and biosynthesis of fatty acids and membrane lipids in plants. Lipids of seeds are essentially composed of TAG; it would be interesting to describe their synthesis during the maturation of the seeds. Some plants contain in their reserve lipids unconventional fatty acids such as gamma linolenic acid in Borrago officinalis L., short-chain fatty acids C: 12 and C: 10, fatty acids with very long chains, and fatty acids that are cyclical. All of these fatty acids can have industrial and/or pharmaceutical applications.",book:{id:"7036",slug:"advances-in-lipid-metabolism",title:"Advances in Lipid Metabolism",fullTitle:"Advances in Lipid Metabolism"},signatures:"Fatiha AID",authors:[{id:"256576",title:"Prof.",name:"Fatiha",middleName:null,surname:"Aid",slug:"fatiha-aid",fullName:"Fatiha Aid"}]},{id:"66369",title:"General Perception of Liposomes: Formation, Manufacturing and Applications",slug:"general-perception-of-liposomes-formation-manufacturing-and-applications",totalDownloads:3283,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:"Liposomes are currently part of the most reputed carriers for various molecular species, from small and simple to large and complex molecules. Since their discovery, liposomes have been subject to extensive evolution, in terms of composition, manufacturing and applications, which led to several openings in both basic and applied life sciences. However, most of the advances in liposome research have been more devoted to launching new developments than improving the existing technology for potential implementation. For instance, the evolution of the conventional lipid hydration methods to novel microfluidic technologies has permitted upscale production, but with increase in manufacturing cost and persistent use of organic solvents. This chapter intends to present general concepts in liposome technology, highlighting some longstanding bottlenecks that remain challenging to the preparation, characterization and applications of liposomal systems. This would enhance the understanding of the gaps in the field and, hence, provide directions for future research and developments.",book:{id:"8095",slug:"liposomes-advances-and-perspectives",title:"Liposomes",fullTitle:"Liposomes - Advances and Perspectives"},signatures:"Christian Isalomboto Nkanga, Alain Murhimalika Bapolisi, Nnamdi Ikemefuna Okafor and Rui Werner Maçedo Krause",authors:[{id:"284670",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Krause",slug:"rui-krause",fullName:"Rui Krause"},{id:"284672",title:"Mr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Bapolisi",slug:"alain-bapolisi",fullName:"Alain Bapolisi"},{id:"284673",title:"MSc.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Nkanga",slug:"christian-nkanga",fullName:"Christian Nkanga"},{id:"284675",title:"Mr.",name:"Okafor",middleName:null,surname:"Nnamdi",slug:"okafor-nnamdi",fullName:"Okafor Nnamdi"}]},{id:"61865",title:"A Click Chemistry Approach to Tetrazoles: Recent Advances",slug:"a-click-chemistry-approach-to-tetrazoles-recent-advances",totalDownloads:2633,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Introduction to tetrazole and click chemistry approaches was briefed in a concise way in order to help the readers have a basic understanding. Tetrazole and its derivatives play very important role in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. The synthesis of tetrazole derivatives can be approached in ecofriendly approaches such as the use of water as solvent, moderate conditions, nontoxic, easy extractions, easy setup, low cost, etc. with good to excellent yields.",book:{id:"6365",slug:"molecular-docking",title:"Molecular Docking",fullTitle:"Molecular Docking"},signatures:"Ravi Varala and Bollikolla Hari Babu",authors:[{id:"212519",title:"Dr.",name:"Varala",middleName:null,surname:"Ravi",slug:"varala-ravi",fullName:"Varala Ravi"},{id:"221476",title:"Dr.",name:"Bollikolla",middleName:null,surname:"Hari Babu",slug:"bollikolla-hari-babu",fullName:"Bollikolla Hari Babu"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"43",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:15,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",biography:"Naceur M’HAMDI is Associate Professor at the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage. He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. He worked as assistant Professor of Genetic, biostatistics and animal biotechnology at INAT since 2013.",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Marketing",value:88,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:7,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Computational Neuroscience",value:23,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"313921",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan M.",middleName:null,surname:"Heshmati",slug:"hassan-m.-heshmati",fullName:"Hassan M. Heshmati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313921/images/system/313921.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hassan Massoud Heshmati is an endocrinologist with 46 years of experience in clinical research in academia (university-affiliated hospitals, Paris, France; Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA) and pharmaceutical companies (Sanofi, Malvern, PA, USA; Essentialis, Carlsbad, CA, USA; Gelesis, Boston, MA, USA). His research activity focuses on pituitary tumors, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancers, osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity. He has extensive knowledge in the development of anti-obesity products. Dr. Heshmati is the author of 299 abstracts, chapters, and articles related to endocrinology and metabolism. He is currently a consultant at Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC, Anthem, AZ, USA.",institutionString:"Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC",institution:null},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 270 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 4 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"428313",title:"Dr.",name:"Sambangi",middleName:null,surname:"Pratyusha",slug:"sambangi-pratyusha",fullName:"Sambangi Pratyusha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"CGIAR",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"2",type:"subseries",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",keywords:"Osseointegration, Hard tissue, Peri-implant soft tissue, Restorative materials, Prosthesis design, Prosthesis, Patient satisfaction, Rehabilitation",scope:"