",isbn:"978-1-80355-607-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-606-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-608-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"6cf0b844f6881c758c61cca10dc8b134",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Gülşen Akın Evingür and Dr. Önder Pekcan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11830.jpg",keywords:"Elasticity, Toughness, Modulus, Compression, Extension, Optical Properties, Swelling, Drying, Diffusion, Release, Transmission Loss, Sound Absorption Coefficient",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 15th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 14th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 1st 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"17 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Evingür is a researcher in polymer composites and a lecturer at a maritime university. She has edited 2 books and has had 5 chapters published in international books, and 3 international and 5 national projects, respectively.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Prof. Pekcan received their Ph.D. from the University of Wyoming, United States of America, in 1974. He has more than 362 SCI articles, 26 chapters, and 10 projects and is a member Science Academy in Turkey.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"180256",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Gülşen",middleName:null,surname:"Akın Evingür",slug:"gulsen-akin-evingur",fullName:"Gülşen Akın Evingür",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180256/images/system/180256.jpeg",biography:"Gülşen Akın Evingür graduated from Physics Department at the Yıldız Technical University (YTU, İstanbul, Turkey) in 1996. She completed her Master of Science degree in 2002 at the same department. The titled of her thesis was 'Electrical Properties of Polystyrene”. She received her PhD from Physics Engineering at İstanbul Technical University in 2011. The title of the thesis was 'Phase Transitions in Composite Gels”. She worked as an Assistant Professor between 2011 and 2018, and she is currently working as an Assosciate Professor at Pîrî Reis University, Istanbul, Turkey. She has been engaged in various academic studies in the fields of composites and their mechanical, optical, electrical, and acoustic properties. She has authored more than 60 SCI articles, 92 proceedings in national and international journals, respectively. She has edited \n 2 book, and has had 5 chapters published in international books, 3 international and 5 national projects, respectively.",institutionString:"Piri Reis University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Piri Reis University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"27949",title:"Dr.",name:"Önder",middleName:null,surname:"Pekcan",slug:"onder-pekcan",fullName:"Önder Pekcan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27949/images/system/27949.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Pekcan received his MS Degree in Physics at the University of Chicago in June 1971, and then in May 1974 his PhD thesis on solid state physics was accepted at the University of Wyoming. \n\nHe started his career at Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey as Assistant Professor in 1974. Habilitation thesis on solid state physics was accepted in 1979. He became Associate Professor at Hacettepe University in 1979. \nHe visited ICTP Trieste, Italy as Visiting Scientist between June and August 1980. Between 1980 and 1981 he was a Visiting Scientist at the Technical University of Gdansk, Poland. \nHe worked as Visiting Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada between 1981 and 1988. \nHe was appointed as full Professor at the Department of Physics, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey and worked there between 1988 and 2005. \nHe became an Elected Member of the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) in January 1995. \nHe became the Dean of School of Arts and Sciences at the Istanbul Technical University in 1997. \nHe received the Science Award from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) in 1998. Prof. Pekcan was elected as Member of the Council of TÜBA in 2001 and Scientific Board of TÜBİTAK in 2003, respectively. \nHe was Head of the Department of Physics, and then became Dean of School of Arts and Sciences at the Işık University between 2005 and 2008.\nHe worked as Dean at the School of Art and Sciences, Kadir Has University (2008—2012). \nNow he is Professor at the Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Kadir Has University. Since 2012 he is a member of Science Academy. In the last few years Prof. Pekcan’s work covers mostly the area of biopolymers and nanocomposites.",institutionString:"Kadir Has University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Kadir Has University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. Sglavo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6320.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17426",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo Maria",surname:"Sglavo",slug:"vincenzo-maria-sglavo",fullName:"Vincenzo Maria Sglavo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9393",title:"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d33466a3272f97353a6bf6d76d7512a5",slug:"engineering-steels-and-high-entropy-alloys",bookSignature:"Ashutosh Sharma, Zoia Duriagina, Sanjeev Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9393.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6802",title:"Graphene Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075b313e11be74c55a1f66be5dd56b40",slug:"graphene-oxide-applications-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ganesh Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Kamble"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6656",title:"Phase Change Materials and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b257f8386280bdde4633d36124787f2",slug:"phase-change-materials-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6805",title:"Electrical and Electronic Properties of Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6b6930e7ae9d0704f68b5c180526309",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-properties-of-materials",bookSignature:"Md. Kawsar Alam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199691",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Kawsar",surname:"Alam",slug:"md.-kawsar-alam",fullName:"Md. Kawsar Alam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8417",title:"Recent Advances in Boron-Containing Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3737be3f785ef9d8b318571ab474f407",slug:"recent-advances-in-boron-containing-materials",bookSignature:"Metin Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8417.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27070",title:"Prof.",name:"Metin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"metin-aydin",fullName:"Metin Aydin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8812",title:"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86c427901f631db034a54b22dd765d6a",slug:"contemporary-topics-about-phosphorus-in-biology-and-materials",bookSignature:"David G. Churchill, Maja Dutour Sikirić, Božana Čolović and Helga Füredi Milhofer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8812.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219335",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Churchill",slug:"david-churchill",fullName:"David Churchill"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6851",title:"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49e0ab8961c52c159da40dd3ec039be0",slug:"new-uses-of-micro-and-nanomaterials",bookSignature:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola, Jairo Useche Vivero and Andres Guillermo Marrugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112233",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Marcelo Rubén",surname:"Pagnola",slug:"marcelo-ruben-pagnola",fullName:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"13374",title:"Urban and Extra Urban Vehicles: Re-Thinking the Vehicle Design",doi:"10.5772/13445",slug:"urban-and-extra-urban-vehicles-re-thinking-the-vehicle-design",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/13374.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13374",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13374",totalDownloads:3042,totalViews:159,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:3,impactScorePercentile:89,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 30th 2010",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 8th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/13374",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/13374",book:{id:"19",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-automotive-system-engineering"},signatures:"Andrea Festini, Andrea Tonoli and Enrico Zenerino",authors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge",email:"marcello.chiaberge@polito.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13723/images/1615_n.jpg",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"14732",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Festini",fullName:"Andrea Festini",slug:"andrea-festini",email:"andrea.festini@polito.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"14733",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Enrico",middleName:null,surname:"Zenerino",fullName:"Enrico Zenerino",slug:"enrico-zenerino",email:"enrico.zenerino@polito.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"14734",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tonoli",fullName:"Andrea Tonoli",slug:"andrea-tonoli",email:"andrea.tonoli@polito.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"19",type:"book",title:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive System Engineering",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive System Engineering",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-automotive-system-engineering",publishedDate:"January 8th 2011",bookSignature:"Marcello Chiaberge",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/19.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-517-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4536-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:291,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"829"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"13344",type:"chapter",title:"Experimental Test of a Diesel Engine Using Envo-Diesel as an Alternative Fuel",slug:"experimental-test-of-a-diesel-engine-using-envo-diesel-as-an-alternative-fuel",totalDownloads:4279,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"M.A.Kalam and H.H. Masjuki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13349",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Abul",middleName:null,surname:"Kalam",fullName:"Md Abul Kalam",slug:"md-abul-kalam"}]},{id:"13345",type:"chapter",title:"Analytical Methods for Determining Automotive Fuel Composition",slug:"analytical-methods-for-determining-automotive-fuel-composition",totalDownloads:5067,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Jonas Gruber, Renata Lippi, Rosamaria W. C. Li and Adriano R. V. Benvenho",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13765",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonas",middleName:null,surname:"Gruber",fullName:"Jonas Gruber",slug:"jonas-gruber"},{id:"14795",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriano R. V.",middleName:null,surname:"Benvenho",fullName:"Adriano R. V. Benvenho",slug:"adriano-r.-v.-benvenho"},{id:"14796",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosamaria W. C.",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Rosamaria W. C. Li",slug:"rosamaria-w.-c.-li"},{id:"14797",title:"Prof.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Lippi",fullName:"Renata Lippi",slug:"renata-lippi"}]},{id:"13346",type:"chapter",title:"Automotive Fuel Consumption in Brazil: Applying Static and Dynamic Systems of Demand Equations",slug:"automotive-fuel-consumption-in-brazil-applying-static-and-dynamic-systems-of-demand-equations",totalDownloads:2409,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mariana Iootty, Helder Pinto Jr. and Francisco Ebeling",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13948",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ebeling",fullName:"Francisco Ebeling",slug:"francisco-ebeling"},{id:"13951",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Iootty",fullName:"Mariana Iootty",slug:"mariana-iootty"},{id:"13952",title:"Prof.",name:"Helder",middleName:"Queiroz",surname:"Pinto, Jr.",fullName:"Helder Pinto, Jr.",slug:"helder-pinto-jr."}]},{id:"13347",type:"chapter",title:"Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Forging Die Steels",slug:"fatigue-and-fracture-behavior-of-forging-die-steels",totalDownloads:7851,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ryuichiro Ebara",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13816",title:"Prof.",name:"Ryuichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Ebara",fullName:"Ryuichiro Ebara",slug:"ryuichiro-ebara"}]},{id:"13348",type:"chapter",title:"Optimization of Injection Moulded Polymer Automotive Components",slug:"optimization-of-injection-moulded-polymer-automotive-components",totalDownloads:4068,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ribeiro, C.J. and Viana, J.C.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15565",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Julio Viana",slug:"julio-viana"},{id:"17010",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro",fullName:"Carlos Ribeiro",slug:"carlos-ribeiro"}]},{id:"13349",type:"chapter",title:"High Mn TWIP Steels for Automotive Applications",slug:"high-mn-twip-steels-for-automotive-applications",totalDownloads:12717,totalCrossrefCites:53,signatures:"B. C. De Cooman, Kwang-geun Chin and Jinkyung Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16743",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno Charles",middleName:null,surname:"De Cooman",fullName:"Bruno Charles De Cooman",slug:"bruno-charles-de-cooman"}]},{id:"13350",type:"chapter",title:"Powder Injection Moulding - An Alternative Processing Method for Automotive Items",slug:"powder-injection-moulding-an-alternative-processing-method-for-automotive-items",totalDownloads:7367,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Berenika Hausnerova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13927",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenika",middleName:null,surname:"Hausnerova",fullName:"Berenika Hausnerova",slug:"berenika-hausnerova"}]},{id:"13351",type:"chapter",title:"Thermomechanical and Isothermal Fatigue Behavior of Gray Cast Iron for Automotive Brake Discs",slug:"thermomechanical-and-isothermal-fatigue-behavior-of-gray-cast-iron-for-automotive-brake-discs",totalDownloads:4094,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Omar Maluf, Jéferson Aparecido Moreto, Maurício Angeloni, Marco Antônio Colósio, José Carlos Santos, Waldek Wladimir Bose Filho and Dirceu Spinelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16423",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Maluf",fullName:"Omar Maluf",slug:"omar-maluf"},{id:"16672",title:"Dr.",name:"Jéferson Aparecido",middleName:null,surname:"Moreto",fullName:"Jéferson Aparecido Moreto",slug:"jeferson-aparecido-moreto"},{id:"16673",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antônio",middleName:null,surname:"Colósio",fullName:"Marco Antônio Colósio",slug:"marco-antonio-colosio"},{id:"16674",title:"MSc",name:"José Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",fullName:"José Carlos Santos",slug:"jose-carlos-santos"},{id:"16675",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldek Wladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Bose Filho",fullName:"Waldek Wladimir Bose Filho",slug:"waldek-wladimir-bose-filho"},{id:"16676",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirceu",middleName:null,surname:"Spinelli",fullName:"Dirceu Spinelli",slug:"dirceu-spinelli"},{id:"23757",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Angeloni",fullName:"Mauricio Angeloni",slug:"mauricio-angeloni"}]},{id:"13352",type:"chapter",title:"Advanced Robotic Radiative Process Control for Automotive Coatings",slug:"advanced-robotic-radiative-process-control-for-automotive-coatings",totalDownloads:2636,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fan Zeng and Beshah Ayalew",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14308",title:"Dr.",name:"Fan",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",fullName:"Fan Zeng",slug:"fan-zeng"},{id:"15317",title:"Dr.",name:"Beshah",middleName:null,surname:"Ayalew",fullName:"Beshah Ayalew",slug:"beshah-ayalew"}]},{id:"13353",type:"chapter",title:"DC/DC Step-Up Converters for Automotive Applications: a FPGA Based Approach",slug:"dc-dc-step-up-converters-for-automotive-applications-a-fpga-based-approach",totalDownloads:11056,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. Chiaberge, G. Botto and M. De Giuseppe",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge"},{id:"14730",title:"Prof.",name:"Gianluca",middleName:null,surname:"Botto",fullName:"Gianluca Botto",slug:"gianluca-botto"},{id:"14731",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"De Giuseppe",fullName:"Mirko De Giuseppe",slug:"mirko-de-giuseppe"}]},{id:"13354",type:"chapter",title:"The Thermo-Mechanical Behavior in Automotive Brake and Clutch Systems",slug:"the-thermo-mechanical-behavior-in-automotive-brake-and-clutch-systems",totalDownloads:4215,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abdullah M. Al-Shabibi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13352",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shabibi",fullName:"Abdullah Al-Shabibi",slug:"abdullah-al-shabibi"}]},{id:"13355",type:"chapter",title:"Dynamic Analysis of an Automobile Lower Suspension Arm Using Experiment and Numerical Technique",slug:"dynamic-analysis-of-an-automobile-lower-suspension-arm-using-experiment-and-numerical-technique",totalDownloads:6101,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"S. Abdullah, N.A. Kadhim, A.K. Ariffin and M. Hosseini",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14658",title:"Dr.",name:"N.",middleName:"A.",surname:"Kadhim",fullName:"N. Kadhim",slug:"n.-kadhim"},{id:"15142",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahrum",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",fullName:"Shahrum Abdullah",slug:"shahrum-abdullah"},{id:"15143",title:"Prof.",name:"A.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Ariffin",fullName:"A.K. Ariffin",slug:"a.k.-ariffin"}]},{id:"13356",type:"chapter",title:"Increased Cooling Power with Nucleate Boiling Flow in Automotive Engine Applications",slug:"increased-cooling-power-with-nucleate-boiling-flow-in-automotive-engine-applications",totalDownloads:4065,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Helfried Steiner, Günter Brenn, Franz Ramstorfer and Bernd Breitschädel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14874",title:"Dr.",name:"Helfried",middleName:null,surname:"Steiner",fullName:"Helfried Steiner",slug:"helfried-steiner"},{id:"14883",title:"Prof.",name:"Günter",middleName:null,surname:"Brenn",fullName:"Günter Brenn",slug:"gunter-brenn"},{id:"14884",title:"Dr.",name:"Franz",middleName:null,surname:"Ramstorfer",fullName:"Franz Ramstorfer",slug:"franz-ramstorfer"},{id:"14885",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernd",middleName:null,surname:"Breitschädel",fullName:"Bernd Breitschädel",slug:"bernd-breitschadel"}]},{id:"13357",type:"chapter",title:"The 'Equivalent Cable Bundle Method': an Efficient Multiconductor Reduction Technique to Model Industrial Cable Networks",slug:"the-equivalent-cable-bundle-method-an-efficient-multiconductor-reduction-technique-to-model-industri",totalDownloads:3148,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Guillaume Andrieu, Xavier Bunlon, Lamine Koné, Jean-Philippe Parmantier, Bernard Démoulin and Alain Reineixl",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13883",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",middleName:null,surname:"Andrieu",fullName:"Guillaume Andrieu",slug:"guillaume-andrieu"}]},{id:"13358",type:"chapter",title:"Fatigue Characteristics of Automotive Jounce Bumper",slug:"fatigue-characteristics-of-automotive-jounce-bumper",totalDownloads:6057,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Aidy Ali, R.S. Sidhu and M.S.A. Samad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13626",title:"Prof.",name:"Aidy",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",fullName:"Aidy Ali",slug:"aidy-ali"}]},{id:"13359",type:"chapter",title:"On the Control of Automotive Traction PEM Fuel Cell Systems",slug:"on-the-control-of-automotive-traction-pem-fuel-cell-systems",totalDownloads:2442,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ahmed Al-Durra, Stephen Yurkovich and Yann Guezennec",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13634",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Durra",fullName:"Ahmed Al-Durra",slug:"ahmed-al-durra"},{id:"14586",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Yurkovich",fullName:"Stephen Yurkovich",slug:"stephen-yurkovich"},{id:"14587",title:"Prof.",name:"Yann",middleName:null,surname:"Guezennec",fullName:"Yann Guezennec",slug:"yann-guezennec"}]},{id:"13360",type:"chapter",title:"An Adaptive Two-Stage Observer in the Control of a New Electromagnetic Valve Actuator for Camless Internal Combustion Engines",slug:"an-adaptive-two-stage-observer-in-the-control-of-a-new-electromagnetic-valve-actuator-for-camless-in",totalDownloads:3120,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Paolo Mercorelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13488",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Mercorelli",fullName:"Paolo Mercorelli",slug:"paolo-mercorelli"}]},{id:"13361",type:"chapter",title:"Integrated Controller Design for Automotive Semi-Active Suspension Considering Vehicle Behavior with Steering Input",slug:"integrated-controller-design-for-automotive-semi-active-suspension-considering-vehicle-behavior-with",totalDownloads:2304,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Masaki Takahashi, Takashi Kumamaru and Kazuo Yoshida",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"6184",title:"Prof.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",fullName:"Masaki Takahashi",slug:"masaki-takahashi"},{id:"17387",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kumamaru",fullName:"Takashi Kumamaru",slug:"takashi-kumamaru"},{id:"17388",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuo",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",fullName:"Kazuo Yoshida",slug:"kazuo-yoshida"}]},{id:"13362",type:"chapter",title:"Design of an Embedded Controller for Some Applications of an Automotives",slug:"design-of-an-embedded-controller-for-some-applications-of-an-automotives",totalDownloads:5989,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Preeti Bajaj and Dinesh Padole",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23615",title:"Dr.",name:"Preeti",middleName:null,surname:"Bajaj",fullName:"Preeti Bajaj",slug:"preeti-bajaj"},{id:"23618",title:"Prof.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Padole",fullName:"Dinesh Padole",slug:"dinesh-padole"}]},{id:"13363",type:"chapter",title:"Arbitration Schemes for Multiprocessor Shared Bus",slug:"arbitration-schemes-for-multiprocessor-shared-bus",totalDownloads:6819,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Preeti Bajaj and Dinesh Padole",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"23615",title:"Dr.",name:"Preeti",middleName:null,surname:"Bajaj",fullName:"Preeti Bajaj",slug:"preeti-bajaj"},{id:"23618",title:"Prof.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Padole",fullName:"Dinesh Padole",slug:"dinesh-padole"}]},{id:"13364",type:"chapter",title:"Towards Automotive Embedded Systems with Self-X Properties",slug:"towards-automotive-embedded-systems-with-self-x-properties",totalDownloads:3502,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Gereon Weiss, Marc Zeller and Dirk Eilers",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15139",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Gereon",middleName:null,surname:"Weiss",fullName:"Gereon Weiss",slug:"gereon-weiss"},{id:"15151",title:"MSc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Zeller",fullName:"Marc Zeller",slug:"marc-zeller"},{id:"15152",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Eilers",fullName:"Dirk Eilers",slug:"dirk-eilers"}]},{id:"13365",type:"chapter",title:"4D Ground Plane Estimation Algorithm for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems",slug:"4d-ground-plane-estimation-algorithm-for-advanced-driver-assistance-systems",totalDownloads:2920,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Faisal Mufti, Robert Mahony and Jochen Heinzmann",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14155",title:"Dr.",name:"Faisal",middleName:null,surname:"Mufti",fullName:"Faisal Mufti",slug:"faisal-mufti"},{id:"15158",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Mahony",fullName:"Robert Mahony",slug:"robert-mahony"},{id:"15159",title:"Dr.",name:"Jochen",middleName:null,surname:"Heinzmann",fullName:"Jochen Heinzmann",slug:"jochen-heinzmann"}]},{id:"13366",type:"chapter",title:"The Car Entertainment System",slug:"the-car-entertainment-system",totalDownloads:4047,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Niels Koch",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13732",title:"Dr.",name:"Niels",middleName:null,surname:"Koch",fullName:"Niels Koch",slug:"niels-koch"}]},{id:"13367",type:"chapter",title:"Information and Communication Support for Automotive Testing and Validation",slug:"information-and-communication-support-for-automotive-testing-and-validation",totalDownloads:3096,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mathias Johanson",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13572",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathias",middleName:null,surname:"Johanson",fullName:"Mathias Johanson",slug:"mathias-johanson"}]},{id:"13368",type:"chapter",title:"Trends Towards Automotive Electronic Vision Systems for Mitigation of Accidents in Safety Critical Situations",slug:"trends-towards-automotive-electronic-vision-systems-for-mitigation-of-accidents-in-safety-critical-s",totalDownloads:4285,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ciarán Hughes, Ronan O’Malley, Diarmaid O’Cualain, Martin Glavin and Edward Jones",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13452",title:"Dr.",name:"Ciaran",middleName:null,surname:"Hughes",fullName:"Ciaran Hughes",slug:"ciaran-hughes"},{id:"14934",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronan",middleName:null,surname:"O’Malley",fullName:"Ronan O’Malley",slug:"ronan-o'malley"},{id:"14935",title:"Mr",name:"Diarmaid",middleName:null,surname:"O'Cualain",fullName:"Diarmaid O'Cualain",slug:"diarmaid-o'cualain"},{id:"14936",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Glavin",fullName:"Martin Glavin",slug:"martin-glavin"},{id:"14937",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",fullName:"Edward Jones",slug:"edward-jones"}]},{id:"13369",type:"chapter",title:"Advancements in Automotive Antennas",slug:"advancements-in-automotive-antennas",totalDownloads:10975,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Brendan D. Pell, Edin Sulic, Wayne S. T. Rowe, Kamran Ghorbani and Sabu John",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14535",title:"Prof.",name:"Brendan",middleName:"David",surname:"Pell",fullName:"Brendan Pell",slug:"brendan-pell"},{id:"24315",title:"Dr.",name:"Wayne",middleName:null,surname:"Rowe",fullName:"Wayne Rowe",slug:"wayne-rowe"},{id:"24316",title:"Mr.",name:"Edin",middleName:null,surname:"sulic",fullName:"Edin sulic",slug:"edin-sulic"},{id:"24317",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",middleName:null,surname:"Ghorbani",fullName:"Kamran Ghorbani",slug:"kamran-ghorbani"},{id:"24318",title:"Prof.",name:"Sabu",middleName:null,surname:"John",fullName:"Sabu John",slug:"sabu-john"}]},{id:"13370",type:"chapter",title:"Automotive VHDL-AMS Electro-Mechanics Simulations",slug:"automotive-vhdl-ams-electro-mechanics-simulations",totalDownloads:3786,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Mariagrazia Graziano and Massimo Ruo Roch",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13960",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariagrazia",middleName:null,surname:"Graziano",fullName:"Mariagrazia Graziano",slug:"mariagrazia-graziano"},{id:"13961",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Ruo Roch",fullName:"Massimo Ruo Roch",slug:"massimo-ruo-roch"}]},{id:"13371",type:"chapter",title:"Potential and Drawbacks of Raman (Micro)spectrometry for the Understanding of Iron and Steel Corrosion",slug:"potential-and-drawbacks-of-raman-micro-spectrometry-for-the-understanding-of-iron-and-steel-corrosio",totalDownloads:6972,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Philippe Colomban",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"14026",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Colomban",fullName:"Philippe Colomban",slug:"philippe-colomban"}]},{id:"13372",type:"chapter",title:"Computational Techniques for Automotive Antenna Simulations",slug:"computational-techniques-for-automotive-antenna-simulations",totalDownloads:2665,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Faik Bogdanov, Roman Jobava, David Karkashadze, Paata Tsereteli, Anna Gheonjian, Ekaterina Yavolovskaya, Detlef Schleicher, Christoph Ullrich and Hicham Tazi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13734",title:"Prof.",name:"Faik",middleName:"G.",surname:"Bogdanov",fullName:"Faik Bogdanov",slug:"faik-bogdanov"},{id:"14889",title:"Prof.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Jobava",fullName:"Roman Jobava",slug:"roman-jobava"},{id:"17047",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Karkashadze",fullName:"David Karkashadze",slug:"david-karkashadze"},{id:"17050",title:"Dr.",name:"Paata",middleName:null,surname:"Tsereteli",fullName:"Paata Tsereteli",slug:"paata-tsereteli"},{id:"17052",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Gheonjian",fullName:"Anna Gheonjian",slug:"anna-gheonjian"},{id:"17053",title:"Ms.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Yavolovskaya",fullName:"Ekaterina Yavolovskaya",slug:"ekaterina-yavolovskaya"},{id:"17055",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Ullrich",fullName:"Christoph Ullrich",slug:"christoph-ullrich"},{id:"17056",title:"Ms.",name:"Hicham",middleName:null,surname:"Tazi",fullName:"Hicham Tazi",slug:"hicham-tazi"},{id:"17063",title:"Dr.",name:"Detlef",middleName:null,surname:"Schleicher",fullName:"Detlef Schleicher",slug:"detlef-schleicher"}]},{id:"13373",type:"chapter",title:"Voltage Stability Analysis of Automotive Power Nets based on Modeling and Experimental Results",slug:"voltage-stability-analysis-of-automotive-power-nets-based-on-modeling-and-experimental-results",totalDownloads:3079,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tom P. Kohler, Rainer Gehring, Joachim Froeschl, Dominik Buecherl and Hans-Georg Herzog",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13880",title:"Prof.",name:"Tom P.",middleName:null,surname:"Kohler",fullName:"Tom P. Kohler",slug:"tom-p.-kohler"},{id:"15218",title:"Mr.",name:"Rainer",middleName:null,surname:"Gehring",fullName:"Rainer Gehring",slug:"rainer-gehring"},{id:"15219",title:"Mr.",name:"Joachim",middleName:null,surname:"Froeschl",fullName:"Joachim Froeschl",slug:"joachim-froeschl"},{id:"15220",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominik",middleName:null,surname:"Buecherl",fullName:"Dominik Buecherl",slug:"dominik-buecherl"},{id:"15221",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans-Georg",middleName:null,surname:"Herzog",fullName:"Hans-Georg Herzog",slug:"hans-georg-herzog"}]},{id:"13374",type:"chapter",title:"Urban and Extra Urban Vehicles: Re-Thinking the Vehicle Design",slug:"urban-and-extra-urban-vehicles-re-thinking-the-vehicle-design",totalDownloads:3042,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Andrea Festini, Andrea Tonoli and Enrico Zenerino",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge"},{id:"14732",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Festini",fullName:"Andrea Festini",slug:"andrea-festini"},{id:"14733",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Enrico",middleName:null,surname:"Zenerino",fullName:"Enrico Zenerino",slug:"enrico-zenerino"},{id:"14734",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Tonoli",fullName:"Andrea Tonoli",slug:"andrea-tonoli"}]},{id:"13375",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis Approach of How University Automotive Competitions Help Students to Accelerate their Automotive Engineer Profile",slug:"analysis-approach-of-how-university-automotive-competitions-help-students-to-accelerate-their-automo",totalDownloads:2207,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Francisco J. Sánchez-Alejo, Miguel A. Álvarez, Francisco Aparicio and José M. López",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"10792",title:"Dr.",name:"José Mª",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",fullName:"José Mª Lopez",slug:"jose-ma-lopez"},{id:"13917",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Alejo",fullName:"Francisco J. Sánchez-Alejo",slug:"francisco-j.-sanchez-alejo"},{id:"15271",title:"Ing.",name:"Miguel A.",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez",fullName:"Miguel A. Alvarez",slug:"miguel-a.-alvarez"},{id:"15272",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Aparicio",fullName:"Francisco Aparicio",slug:"francisco-aparicio"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1355",title:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b4631db3fb79b4d2d95aa459e6a7bdb5",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-automotive-industry",bookSignature:"Marcello Chiaberge",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1355.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"13324",title:"Data Mining and Intelligent Agents for Supporting Mass Customization in the Automotive Industry",slug:"data-mining-and-intelligent-agents-for-supporting-mass-customization-in-the-automotive-industry",signatures:"Efthimia Mavridou, Dimitrios Tzovaras, Evangelos Beakiaris, Pavlos Spanidis, Maria Gemou and George Hassapis",authors:[{id:"986",title:"Dr.",name:"Evangelos",middleName:null,surname:"Bekiaris",fullName:"Evangelos Bekiaris",slug:"evangelos-bekiaris"},{id:"7758",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Gemou",fullName:"Maria Gemou",slug:"maria-gemou"},{id:"13906",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Tzovaras",fullName:"Dimitrios Tzovaras",slug:"dimitrios-tzovaras"},{id:"15042",title:"Prof.",name:"Efthimia",middleName:null,surname:"Mavridou",fullName:"Efthimia Mavridou",slug:"efthimia-mavridou"},{id:"15043",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavlos",middleName:null,surname:"Spanidis",fullName:"Pavlos Spanidis",slug:"pavlos-spanidis"},{id:"15044",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Hassapis",fullName:"George Hassapis",slug:"george-hassapis"}]},{id:"13325",title:"Automotive Testing in the German-Dutch Wind Tunnels",slug:"automotive-testing-in-the-german-dutch-wind-tunnels",signatures:"Eddy Willemsen, Kurt Pengel, Herman Holthusen and Albert Küpper",authors:[{id:"14030",title:"Dr.",name:"Eddy",middleName:null,surname:"Willemsen",fullName:"Eddy Willemsen",slug:"eddy-willemsen"}]},{id:"13326",title:"Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis in Manufacturing Processes in the Automotive Industry",slug:"monitoring-and-fault-diagnosis-in-manufacturing-processes-in-the-automotive-industry",signatures:"Roberto Arnanz Gómez, María A. Gallego de Santiago, Aníbal Reñones Domínguez, Javier Rodríguez Nieto and Sergio Saludes Rodil",authors:[{id:"14003",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Saludes Rodil",fullName:"Sergio Saludes Rodil",slug:"sergio-saludes-rodil"},{id:"14962",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Arnaz Gómez",fullName:"Roberto Arnaz Gómez",slug:"roberto-arnaz-gomez"},{id:"14963",title:"MSc.",name:"María Ángeles",middleName:null,surname:"Gallego De Santiago",fullName:"María Ángeles Gallego De Santiago",slug:"maria-angeles-gallego-de-santiago"},{id:"14964",title:"Dr.",name:"Aníbal",middleName:null,surname:"Reñones Domínguez",fullName:"Aníbal Reñones Domínguez",slug:"anibal-renones-dominguez"},{id:"14965",title:"MSc.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Nieto",fullName:"Javier Rodríguez Nieto",slug:"javier-rodriguez-nieto"}]},{id:"13327",title:"The Concurrent Role of Professional Training and Operations Management: Evidences from the after-Sales Services Information Systems Architecture in the Automotive Sector",slug:"the-concurrent-role-of-professional-training-and-operations-management-evidences-from-the-after-sale",signatures:"Nouha Taifi and Giuseppina Passiante",authors:[{id:"15273",title:"Prof.",name:"Nouha",middleName:null,surname:"Taifi",fullName:"Nouha Taifi",slug:"nouha-taifi"},{id:"16706",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppina",middleName:null,surname:"Passiante",fullName:"Giuseppina Passiante",slug:"giuseppina-passiante"}]},{id:"13328",title:"Human Factors and Ergonomics Model and Application in Automotive Industries: Focus on Job Satisfaction",slug:"human-factors-and-ergonomics-model-and-application-in-automotive-industries-focus-on-job-satisfactio",signatures:"Siti Zawiah Md Dawal, Zubaidah Ismail, and Zahari Taha",authors:[{id:"13713",title:"Dr.",name:"Siti Zawiah",middleName:null,surname:"Md Dawal",fullName:"Siti Zawiah Md Dawal",slug:"siti-zawiah-md-dawal"},{id:"53914",title:"Dr.",name:"Zubaidah",middleName:null,surname:"Ismail",fullName:"Zubaidah Ismail",slug:"zubaidah-ismail"},{id:"53915",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahari",middleName:null,surname:"Taha",fullName:"Zahari Taha",slug:"zahari-taha"}]},{id:"13329",title:"A Sustainable Services System in the Automotive Refinishing Industry",slug:"a-sustainable-services-system-in-the-automotive-refinishing-industry",signatures:"Andrea Zavala, Rafael Moure-Eraso, Nora Munguía and Luis Velázquez",authors:[{id:"15377",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Velázquez",fullName:"Luis Velázquez",slug:"luis-velazquez"}]},{id:"13330",title:"An Analysis of the Automaker-Systemist Supplier Relationship in an Automotive Industrial Condominium",slug:"an-analysis-of-the-automaker-systemist-supplier-relationship-in-an-automotive-industrial-condominium",signatures:"Mário Sacomano Neto and Sílvio R. I. Pires",authors:[{id:"14879",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Sacomano Neto",fullName:"Mario Sacomano Neto",slug:"mario-sacomano-neto"}]},{id:"13331",title:"Strategic Priorities and Lean Manufacturing Practices in Automotive Suppliers. Ten Years After",slug:"strategic-priorities-and-lean-manufacturing-practices-in-automotive-suppliers-ten-years-after",signatures:"Juan A. Marin-Garcia and Tomas Bonavia",authors:[{id:"14229",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan A.",middleName:null,surname:"Marin-Garcia",fullName:"Juan A. Marin-Garcia",slug:"juan-a.-marin-garcia"},{id:"14366",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Bonavia",fullName:"Tomas Bonavia",slug:"tomas-bonavia"}]},{id:"13332",title:"Identifying and Prioritizing Ecodesign Key Factors for the Automotive Industry",slug:"identifying-and-prioritizing-ecodesign-key-factors-for-the-automotive-industry",signatures:"Miriam Borchardt, Miguel Afonso Sellitto, Giancarlo Medeiros Pereira, Leonel Augusto Calliari Poltosi and Luciana Paulo Gomes",authors:[null]},{id:"13333",title:"Context Analysis for Situation Assessment in Automotive Applications",slug:"context-analysis-for-situation-assessment-in-automotive-applications",signatures:"L. Ciardelli, A. Beoldo and C. Regazzoni",authors:[{id:"14160",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Regazzoni",fullName:"Carlo Regazzoni",slug:"carlo-regazzoni"},{id:"15153",title:"Prof.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Ciardelli",fullName:"Lorenzo Ciardelli",slug:"lorenzo-ciardelli"},{id:"15155",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Beoldo",fullName:"Andrea Beoldo",slug:"andrea-beoldo"}]},{id:"13334",title:"New Concept in Automotive Manufacturing; a System-Based Manufacturing",slug:"new-concept-in-automotive-manufacturing-a-system-based-manufacturing",signatures:"Mohammad A. Omar",authors:[{id:"13368",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Omar",fullName:"Mohammad Omar",slug:"mohammad-omar"}]},{id:"13335",title:"Tomography Visualization Methods for Monitoring Gases in the Automotive Systems",slug:"tomography-visualization-methods-for-monitoring-gases-in-the-automotive-systems",signatures:"Krzysztof Polakowski",authors:[{id:"13421",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Polakowski",fullName:"Krzysztof Polakowski",slug:"krzysztof-polakowski"}]},{id:"13336",title:"FlexLean – Flexible Automation for Automotive Body Assembly",slug:"flexlean-flexible-automation-for-automotive-body-assembly",signatures:"Sven Soetebier, Nicolas Mauser, Fabrice Legeleux and Sönke Kock",authors:[{id:"14301",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Mauser",fullName:"Nicolas Mauser",slug:"nicolas-mauser"},{id:"14970",title:"Dr.",name:"Sven",middleName:null,surname:"Soetebier",fullName:"Sven Soetebier",slug:"sven-soetebier"},{id:"14971",title:"Dr.",name:"Sönke",middleName:null,surname:"Kock",fullName:"Sönke Kock",slug:"sonke-kock"},{id:"14972",title:"Mr.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Legeleux",fullName:"Fabrice Legeleux",slug:"fabrice-legeleux"}]},{id:"13337",title:"Sustainable Design of Automotive Components Through Jute Fiber Composites: an Integrated Approach",slug:"sustainable-design-of-automotive-components-through-jute-fiber-composites-an-integrated-approach",signatures:"Cristiano Alves, Arlindo Silva, Luis Reis, Paulo Ferrão and Manuel Freitas",authors:[{id:"13362",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Cristiano Alves",slug:"cristiano-alves"},{id:"14525",title:"Dr.",name:"Arlindo",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Arlindo Silva",slug:"arlindo-silva"},{id:"14526",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Reis",fullName:"Luis Reis",slug:"luis-reis"},{id:"14527",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrão",fullName:"Paulo Ferrão",slug:"paulo-ferrao"},{id:"14528",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",fullName:"Manuel Freitas",slug:"manuel-freitas"}]},{id:"13338",title:"Are Skill Design Structure Matrices New Tools for Automotive Design Managers?",slug:"are-skill-design-structure-matrices-new-tools-for-automotive-design-managers-",signatures:"Jean-Pierre Micaëlli and Éric Bonjour",authors:[{id:"14772",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Micaelli",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Micaelli",slug:"jean-pierre-micaelli"},{id:"15537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Micaelli",fullName:"Jean-Pierre Micaelli",slug:"jean-pierre-micaelli"}]},{id:"13339",title:"Effects of Environmental Conditions on Degradation of Automotive Coatings",slug:"effects-of-environmental-conditions-on-degradation-of-automotive-coatings",signatures:"Mohsen Mohseni, Bahram Ramezanzadeh and Hossain Yari",authors:[{id:"13348",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Mohseni",fullName:"Mohsen Mohseni",slug:"mohsen-mohseni"},{id:"14635",title:"Prof.",name:"Bahram",middleName:null,surname:"Ramezanzadeh",fullName:"Bahram Ramezanzadeh",slug:"bahram-ramezanzadeh"},{id:"14636",title:"Prof.",name:"Hossain",middleName:null,surname:"Yari",fullName:"Hossain Yari",slug:"hossain-yari"}]},{id:"13340",title:"Modern Automotive Gear Oils - Classification, Characteristics, Market Analysis, and Some Aspects of Lubrication",slug:"modern-automotive-gear-oils-classification-characteristics-market-analysis-and-some-aspects-of-lubri",signatures:"Waldemar Tuszynski, Remigiusz Michalczewski, Witold Piekoszewski and Marian Szczerek",authors:[{id:"13680",title:"Prof.",name:"Waldemar",middleName:null,surname:"Tuszynski",fullName:"Waldemar Tuszynski",slug:"waldemar-tuszynski"},{id:"14791",title:"Prof.",name:"Remigiusz",middleName:null,surname:"Michalczewski",fullName:"Remigiusz Michalczewski",slug:"remigiusz-michalczewski"},{id:"14792",title:"Dr.",name:"Witold",middleName:null,surname:"Piekoszewski",fullName:"Witold Piekoszewski",slug:"witold-piekoszewski"},{id:"14793",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Szczerek",fullName:"Marian Szczerek",slug:"marian-szczerek"}]},{id:"13341",title:"Development of a New 3D Nonwoven for Automotive Trim Applications",slug:"development-of-a-new-3d-nonwoven-for-automotive-trim-applications",signatures:"Nicole Njeugna, Laurence Schacher, Dominique C. Adolphe, Jean-Baptiste Schaffhauser and Patrick Strehle",authors:[{id:"13714",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Njeugna",fullName:"Nicole Njeugna",slug:"nicole-njeugna"},{id:"13716",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurence",middleName:null,surname:"Schacher",fullName:"Laurence Schacher",slug:"laurence-schacher"},{id:"13717",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominique C.",middleName:null,surname:"Adolphe",fullName:"Dominique C. Adolphe",slug:"dominique-c.-adolphe"},{id:"13718",title:"MSc.",name:"Jean-Baptiste",middleName:null,surname:"Schaffhauser",fullName:"Jean-Baptiste Schaffhauser",slug:"jean-baptiste-schaffhauser"},{id:"13719",title:"MSc.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Strehle",fullName:"Patrick Strehle",slug:"patrick-strehle"}]},{id:"13342",title:"Automotive Catalysts: Performance, Characterization and Development",slug:"automotive-catalysts-performance-characterization-and-development",signatures:"Nelcy Della Santina Mohallem, Marcelo Machado Viana and Ronald A. Silva",authors:[{id:"14332",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelcy",middleName:null,surname:"Della Santina Mohallem",fullName:"Nelcy Della Santina Mohallem",slug:"nelcy-della-santina-mohallem"},{id:"15179",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Ronald Silva",slug:"ronald-silva"},{id:"15180",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Machado Viana",fullName:"Marcelo Machado Viana",slug:"marcelo-machado-viana"}]},{id:"13343",title:"Materials in Automotive Application, State of the Art and Prospects",slug:"materials-in-automotive-application-state-of-the-art-and-prospects",signatures:"Elaheh Ghassemieh",authors:[{id:"13695",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaheh",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassemieh",fullName:"Elaheh Ghassemieh",slug:"elaheh-ghassemieh"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"19",title:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive System Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-automotive-system-engineering",bookSignature:"Marcello Chiaberge",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/19.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"192",title:"Electric Vehicles",subtitle:"The Benefits and Barriers",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5fe0038c2bc152ceade4d94902a795b9",slug:"electric-vehicles-the-benefits-and-barriers",bookSignature:"Seref Soylu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12153",title:"Dr.",name:"Seref",surname:"Soylu",slug:"seref-soylu",fullName:"Seref Soylu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"447",title:"Electric Vehicles",subtitle:"Modelling and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"electric-vehicles-modelling-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Seref Soylu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/447.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12153",title:"Dr.",name:"Seref",surname:"Soylu",slug:"seref-soylu",fullName:"Seref Soylu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1355",title:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b4631db3fb79b4d2d95aa459e6a7bdb5",slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-automotive-industry",bookSignature:"Marcello Chiaberge",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1355.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2157",title:"Fuel Injection in Automotive Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7a3cd8f6064235e6ee773c8c9c88692",slug:"fuel-injection-in-automotive-engineering",bookSignature:"Kazimierz Lejda and Pawel Wos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10571",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazimierz",surname:"Lejda",slug:"kazimierz-lejda",fullName:"Kazimierz Lejda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"19",title:"New Trends and Developments in Automotive System Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"new-trends-and-developments-in-automotive-system-engineering",bookSignature:"Marcello Chiaberge",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/19.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13723",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Chiaberge",slug:"marcello-chiaberge",fullName:"Marcello Chiaberge"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2405",title:"Smart Actuation and Sensing Systems",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Future Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e0ba43135d522bb9ad308c72f3fc932b",slug:"smart-actuation-and-sensing-systems-recent-advances-and-future-challenges",bookSignature:"Giovanni Berselli, Rocco Vertechy and Gabriele Vassura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2405.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"122191",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Berselli",slug:"giovanni-berselli",fullName:"Giovanni Berselli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7626",title:"Advanced Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fce5693499cb159b7d957e2838b7d13",slug:"advanced-thermoelectric-materials-for-energy-harvesting-applications",bookSignature:"Saim Memon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7626.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"235606",title:"Dr.",name:"Saim",surname:"Memon",slug:"saim-memon",fullName:"Saim Memon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78454",title:"Level of Antibody Response against Hepatitis B Virus after Vaccination and Seroprevalence of HBV in Children Addis Ababa, Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99970",slug:"level-of-antibody-response-against-hepatitis-b-virus-after-vaccination-and-seroprevalence-of-hbv-in-",body:'
1. Introduction
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global health concern. Around two billion people have been infected with HBV worldwide, and more than 257 million people are currently living with hepatitis B virus infection [1]. There are an estimated 600,000 deaths annually from complications of HBV-related liver diseases [2]. The highest numbers of HBsAg carriers are found in developing countries with limited medical facilities. Endemicity levels of chronic HBV infection are classified as high (>8%), intermediate (2-8%), or low (<2%). Based on this classification, sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia are considered regions of high endemicity [1].
HBV infection can be prevented by using the HBV vaccine. HBV vaccine has been commercially avail- able since the 1980s. In 1991, WHO recommended the integration of the HBV vaccine into the national immunization programs and by the end of 2005, the vaccine coverage was 82.3% globally [3, 4]. Hepatitis B vaccine for infants had been introduced in 183 countries by the end of 2013. In 2007, almost all sub-Saharan African countries had Hepatitis B vaccination in their national program [5]. HBV vaccine was introduced into the Ethiopian Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) in 2007 and national coverage had reached 86% by 2015 [6].
Immune response to the vaccine can be determined by measuring the concentration of antibodies against the HBsAg. Anti-HBs in vaccinated children decline with time, especially during the first few years of vaccination. Most children produce a high concentration of antibodies following vaccination; however, few children can have low or no response to the vaccine. The reason for this low or no response against the HBV vaccine is not well known. However, the site of injection and modes of administration are thought to be critical factors in achieving an optimal response [7]. Data on the level of immune responses against HBV vaccine in Ethiopia is very limited. This study was conducted to contribute to the base- line data needed for further monitoring of HBV vaccination effectiveness in Ethiopia and provides information on the level of immune responses against HBV vaccine among children in Addis Ababa.
2. Patients and methods
2.1 Study area and period
The study was conducted in Addis Ababa, which is the capital city of Ethiopia from April 2016 to May 2017. A total number of 450 children (5-8 years old) were recruited.
2.2 Study design
A prospective cross-sectional study design was used. Healthy appearing 5-8 years old children were included in the study following their parents’ consent. Vaccination status was used to include and exclude participants.
2.3 Sample size determination and sampling technique
The required samples size for this study was calculated using 50% of prevalence in vaccine response using the following formula:
n=Zα22pqd2E1
where, n = sample size
q = 1 – p
p = proportion
Z = confidence interval.
Using confidence interval of 95%, Z = 1.96
N=1.962∗0.5∗0.50.52=385E2
The total number of the samples with 10% non- respondents should come to 424. However, just to be safe we collected 450 samples.
2.4 Data collection
There was a structured questionnaire to collect all relevant information about the study participants. After the participant’s family agreed to take part in the study, they signed an in- formed consent form. 3-4 ml of blood sample was collected from each child and the serum was separated and stored at -20°C until further use.
2.5 Ethical clearance
Ethical clearance was obtained from the AHRI/ALERT Research Ethics Review Committee and the department of ethical research committee. A support letter was obtained from the Addis Ababa Health Bureau and from the health bureaus of each sub city. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant’s parent or guardian before enrollment.
2.6 Data analysis and interpretation
SPSS Software statistical package version 20.0 was used to analyze the data. Association was determined by Chi-square test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
2.7 Serological assays
Serum level HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HBsAg were determined using sandwich ELISA, where antigens/monoclonal antibodies were used both for capture and detection. All ELISA experiments were performed using BIO-RAD, Monolisa ELISA test kits, France. The test kits have a high sensitivity and specificity and each test procedure was undertaken according to the manufacturer’s instruction based on standard operating procedures.
2.8 Operational definitions
Hepatitis B virus: A DNA virus that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease.
HBsAg: It is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus. It indicates the presence of active hepatitis B infection.
Anti-HBsAg: An antibody that is produced against HBV infection or vaccination.
Anti-HBsAg: An antibody that indicates previous or ongoing infection with the hepatitis B virus in an undefined period.
3. Results
3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics
The mean age of the study participants was 7 ± 1 (SD) years. Among these, 244 (54.2%) were male and 383 (85.1%) had been vaccinated. Forty-nine (10.9%) children had a history of infectious disease, fifteen (3.3%) had a history of noninfectious disease, while three (0.7%) were HIV positive (Table 1).
Characteristics
Categories
Number (n)
Percentage
Sex
Male
204
54.2
Female
206
45.8
Age
5
95
21.1
6
130
28.9
7
124
27.6
8
101
22.4
Place of birth
Urban
422
93.8
Rural
28
6.2
Sub city
Gulele
45
10
Kirkos
92
20.4
Lideta
313
69.5
History of previous disease status
Yes
66
14.7
No
384
85.3
Infectious
49
10.9
Disease type
Non Infectious
15
3.3
Immunocompromised
3
0.7
None
383
85.1
Vaccination status
Vaccinated for HBV
383
85.1
Non vaccinated for HBV
67
14.9
Table 1.
Socio demographic characteristics of children between the age of 5 and 8 years old in Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
3.2 Vaccination status
383 (85.1%) out of 450 children had received HBV vaccination, of which 99.2% (380/383) of them had received the complete three doses of the vaccination. Only two (0.8%) children among the vaccinated had taken just two doses of the vaccine. There was no one who took only a single dose of the vaccine. The proportion of girls vaccinated (86.9%) is slightly higher than of boys (83.6%) as tabulated in Table 2.
Vaccination status
Sex
Male
Female
Total
P value
Frequency
%
Frequency
%
Vaccinated
204
83.6
179
86.9
383
0.33
Non-vaccinated
40
16.4
27
13.1
67
Total
244
100
306
100
450
Table 2.
The coverage of hepatitis B vaccination among 5-8 year-old children in Addis Ababa.
3.3 Level of anti HBsAg Ab
Anti-HBsAg concentration > 10mIU/ml was observed in 214 (47.6%) children, six of whom were unvaccinated. Among the 383 vaccinated children, 208 (54.3%) had a protective level of antibody concentration (anti-HBsAg concentration of >10mIU/ml), while the remaining 47.3% did not. Among 67 unvaccinated children, 61 (91%) had anti HBsAg <10mIU/ml. From the three HIV infected participants, two of them were vaccinated. However, they did not have protective level antibody response (anti-HBsAg <10mIU/ml) (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Antibody response against hepatitis B vaccine in children between 5 and 8 years, Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
Anti-HBsAg concentration by age: A protective level antibody response against HBV vaccine was observed in 52.6%, 60%, 43.5% and 37.1% of children at the ages of 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively. There was a significant association between age and the concentration of anti-HBsAg (p = 0.001). The levels of antibody concentration decreased as the age of the participant increased.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis B: From 450 children, only two (0.4%) were positive for HBsAg and 25 (5.6%) were positive for anti-HBc. 1 child (0.2%) was positive for both HBsAg and anti-HBc (Table 3). The two children who were positive for HBsAg were females, 5 years old, asymptomatic, and vaccinated for HBV.
Variables
Categories
Number (n)
Percent (%)
P value
Sex
Male
15(244)
6.1
0.551
Female
10(196)
4.9
Vaccination status
Vaccinated
10(383)
2.6
0.000
Not vaccinated
15(67)
22.4
Age
5
4(95)
4.2
0.03
6
3(130)
2.3
7
5(124)
4.0
8
13(101)
12.9
Previous disease status
Yes
5(66)
7.6
0.438
No
20(384)
5.2
Table 3.
Seroprevalence of anti-HBc in 5-8 years old children in Addis Ababa, 2016-2017.
Among anti-HBc positive children, 15 (6.1%) were male while 10 (4.9%) were female. There was no significant association between sex and anti-HBcAb (p = 0.551). Ten (2.6%) of anti-HBc positive children had received vaccination prior to this study. Among non-vaccinated children in this study, 15 (22.4%) were anti-HBc positive. There was a negative correlation between vaccination status and anti- HBc positivity (p = 0.000).
The seroprevalence of anti-HBc was 4.2%, 2.3%, 4% and 12.9% in 5, 6, 7 and 8 year old children, respectively. Age was significantly associated with anti- HBc seroprevalence (p = 0.03).
4. Discussion
The primary goal of vaccination against HBV is to generate an effective antibody response against the virus. The efficacy of HBV vaccine has not been determined in Ethiopia since its introduction in 2007. HBV vaccine coverage rate observed (85.1%) in our study is comparable with the estimated (86%) national coverage reported in 2015 [6]. Evidence has shown that the immune response against the vaccine decreases with increasing age. Our study observed a similar association between age and immune response against HBV vaccine.
In this study, 54.3% of vaccinated children had protective antibody response, as well as was obtained with low seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBc of 0.4% and 5.6%, respectively. This result is comparable with a study conducted in Yemen and in Iran, where 54.8% and 56.3% of the children had protective antibody responses, respectively [8, 9].
However, in other areas, higher proportions of children were reported with protective level antibody responses in comparison to our study. Studies con- ducted in different areas of Iran observed that 78% of 5-10 years old children [10], 84% of 5 to 7 years old children [11], and 87.6% of under 7 years old children [12] had a protective level antibody response against HBV. A study that was conducted in Spain also revealed that 85% of children at the age of seven had protective level antibody response to the vaccine [13]. The difference in these countries could be attributed to differences in dose, vaccine type, and vaccination route.
In contrast to our study, a lower proportion of children with protective level antibody responses were observed in other studies. For example, in a study conducted in Egypt, 39.3% of the children (6-12 years old) had protective level antibody responses [14]. In addition, in different areas of Iran, only 47.9% of 10-11 year old children [15], 48% of 7 to 9 year old children [16], and 30% of the 8 months to 15-year-old children [17] had between ages of 8 months and 15 years had protective level antibody responses against HBV vaccine. These differences may be due to sampling difference, type of vaccine, and different age for vaccine administration.
Seroprevalence of HBsAg among vaccinated children varies in different countries ranging from 0 to 2.5%. Seroprevalence of HBsAg was 1.8% in Yemen [8], 0.13% in Nepal [18], 2.3% in Papua New Guinea [19], 0.77% in Eastern China [20], 2.5% in northwest China [21], while it was 0.4% in our study. This difference in seroprevalence of HBV infection could be attributed to the difference in vaccine coverage and difference in vaccination schedule.
In our study, seroprevalence of anti-HBc was 5.6%, which is lower than anti-HBc seroprevalence observed in studies conducted in Gambia (17.7%) [22], China (14.1%) [21] and Iran (7.5%) [23]. These discrepancies in anti-HBc seroprevalence could be attributed to age difference, race, prevalence of HBV, and immune response level.
Nowadays, mutant hepatitis B viruses are spreading globally. Vaccination regime and vaccine type should also be considered when we administer the vaccine to the child. High seroprevalence of anti- HBc in vaccinated children may indicate the presence of an occult HBV infection, which is a concern for everyone that needs to be addressed [24].
4.1 Limitations of the study
Some children did not come with their vaccination card. Therefore, we had to use the words of their parents/guardians as evidence for vaccination, which is not always reliable. Other serological markers of active HBV infection, like HBeAg, were not examined in this study. Further, there was an unequal number of vaccinated and non-vaccinated children and the study design did not account for occult infections.
5. Conclusion and recommendation
The vaccine coverage observed in this study is similar to that of the national estimate in 2014. However, less than half of the children had a protective level of anti- body response against HBV vaccine. Further, a negative association between anti-HBsAg antibody concentration and age was observed. Serological markers for hepatitis B virus were low: 0.4% for HBsAg and 5.6% of anti-HBc.
Persistence of anti-HBs antibodies is necessary for the long-term protection against hepatitis B virus infection. Even if different factors can contribute to low antibody response against the vaccine, we need to follow up children after vaccination, in order to see the effect of the vaccine in producing the desired response over time.
Finally, further studies should be undertaken to determine the duration of antibody response against HBV vaccine that may help in which years the vaccine response becomes less and less. For those who did not respond to the vaccine, booster doses should be given to enhance immunological responses to the vaccine. This can be important to elevate the vaccine response. Follow up is needed for those children who are administered with booster doses to evaluate response against the vaccine in those children.
Acknowledgments
The Ministry of Health through the Clinical Research Capacity Building program at the Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) funded this study; therefore, we would like to extend our deepest gratitude to both institutions. We would also like to express our deepest appreciation to AHRI laboratory staff, study participants, health extension workers, and all others who supported us in every step of this work.
Conflict of interest
There was no conflict of interest among the authors or with any other parties.
\n',keywords:"HBV, antibody response level, vaccination status, HBsAg, Anti HBsAg, Anti HBc",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78454.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78454.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78454",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78454",totalDownloads:155,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"August 17th 2021",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2021",datePrePublished:"September 5th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"September 5th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Approximately 2 billion people worldwide are infected with HBV and more than 240 million are chronic carriers. The World Health Organization officially launched the introduction of the hepatitis B vaccine for children in 1980. Since then, different countries have determined the level of response to the vaccine. Since the introduction of the vaccine in Ethiopia in 2007, there have been few studies evaluating the antibody response to the HBV vaccine. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the HBV antibody response after hepatitis B vaccination and to evaluate the HBV seroprevalence of children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a multistage probability sampling technique. Four hundred and fifty children between the ages of five and eight living in Addis Ababa were enrolled. Socio-demographic characteristics were obtained through a structured questionnaire and three to four ml of blood was collected from each child. ELISA was performed to determine antibody levels against HBV. The average age is seven + one (SD) years. Anti-HBs were detected in 54.3% (208/450) of children, and girls 98 (54.7%) had a slightly higher level of protection than boys 110 did (53.9%). The overall coverage rate of the vaccine in this study was 85.1%. The proportion of children with protective levels (> 10 mIU / ml of anti-HBs antibodies) decreased with increasing age of the children: 5, 6, 7 and 8 years were 52.6%, 60%, 43.5% and 37.1%, respectively. The seroprevalence rate for HBsAg is 0.4% and the seroprevalence rate for anti-HBc is 5.6%. Age and antibody response level were negatively correlated (p = 0.001), while gender and history of HBV infection were not significantly correlated. Age was also significantly correlated with anti-HBc seropositivity (p = 0.003). HBV vaccine coverage for children is high, but the antibody response to the vaccine appears to be low. The seropositivity rate for the virus is also very low. Low levels of response to the vaccine should be a problem. For unresponsive children, revaccination or booster doses should be considered. More research needs to be done.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78454",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78454",signatures:"Habtamu Biazin Kebede and Seifegebriel Teshome",book:{id:"11029",type:"book",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-007-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-006-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-008-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Patients and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Study area and period",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Study design",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Sample size determination and sampling technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Data collection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Ethical clearance",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.6 Data analysis and interpretation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.7 Serological assays",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.8 Operational definitions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"3. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"3.2 Vaccination status",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.3 Level of anti HBsAg Ab",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"4. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"4.1 Limitations of the study",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17",title:"5. Conclusion and recommendation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'WHO. Fact sheets, Hepatitis B. Accessed on October 9, 2018. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b. 2018'},{id:"B2",body:'Gao S, Duan ZP, Coffin CS. Clinical relevance of hepatitis B virus variants. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(8):1086-1096'},{id:"B3",body:'WHO. Global Alert and Response. Hepatitis B. Prevention and treatment. Accessed by July 2, 2015. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/ whocdscsrlyo20022/ en/index5.html 2002'},{id:"B4",body:'WHO. Global immunization coverage. www.who.int/immunization/newsroom/ Global_immunizationdata October 2006.pdf.'},{id:"B5",body:'Françoisa G, Dochezb C, Mphahlelec MJ, Burnettd R, VanHala G, Meheus A. Hepatitis B vaccination in Africa: mission accomplished? The South Afri J Epid and Infect. 2008;23(1):24-28'},{id:"B6",body:'Ethiopia: WHO and UNICEF estimate of immunization coverage: 2015 revision, Available onURL:http// www.data.unicef.org. Accessed on July 2016'},{id:"B7",body:'Franco E, Bagnato B, Marino MG, Meleleo C, Serino L, Zaratti L. Hepatitis B: Epidemiology and preven- tion in developing countries. World J Hepatol 2012; 4(3): 74-80'},{id:"B8",body:'Al-Shamahy HA, Hanash SH, Rabbad IA, Al-Madhaji NM, Naser SM. Hepatitis B Vaccine Coverage and the Immune Response in Children under ten years old in Sana’a. Yemen: SQU Med J. 2011;11(1):77-82'},{id:"B9",body:'Norouzirad R, Shakurnia AH, Assarehzadegan MA, Serajian A, Khabazkhoob M. Serum Levels of Anti- Hepatitis B Surface Antibody among Vaccinated Population Aged 1 to 18 Years in Ahvaz City Southwest of Iran. Hepat Mon. 2014;14(1):1-5'},{id:"B10",body:'Rezaei M, Nooripoor S, Ghorbani R, Ramezanshams F, Mamishi S, Mahmoudi S. Seroprotection after hepatitis B vaccination in children aged 1 to 15 years in central province of Iran, Semnan. J PMH. 2014;55:1-3'},{id:"B11",body:'Yazdanpanah B, Safari M, Yazdanpanah S. Persistence of HBV Vac•cine\'s Protection and Response to Hepatitis B Booster Immuniza•tion in 5- to 7-Year-Old Children in the Kohgiloyeh and Boyerah•mad Province. Iran. Hepat Mon. 2010;10(1):17-21'},{id:"B12",body:'Esmaili M, Seyedkolal F. Evaluation of anti HBS levels in vacci•nated children against Hepatitis B, Amirkola Hospital, Babol. KAUMS J (FEYZ). 2003;6(4):45-49'},{id:"B13",body:'Gonzalez ML, Gonzalez JB, Salva F, Lardinois RA. 7-year follow-up of newborns vaccinated against hepatitis B. Vaccine. 1993;11:1033-1036'},{id:"B14",body:'Shaaban FA, Hassanin AI, Samy SM, Salama SI, Said ZN. Long term immunity to hepatitis B among a sample of fully vaccinated children in Cairo. Egypt. East Med Helth J. 2007;13(4):750-757'},{id:"B15",body:'Jafarzadeh A, Montazerifar SJ. Persistence of anti-HBs antibody and immunological memory in children vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine at birth. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2006;18:4-9'},{id:"B16",body:'Rafizade B, Kazemi AN, Amir Moghadami HR, MoosaviNasab N. Survey of Anti-HBs Serum Level in Vaccinated 7-9 Year-old Chil•dren in Zanjan City 2004. ZUMS J. 2004;12(47):49-55'},{id:"B17",body:'Aghakhani A, Banifazl M, Izadi N, McFarland W, Sofian M, Khadem-Sadegh A, et al. Persistence of an- tibody to hepatitis B surface antigen among vaccinated children in a low hepatitis B virus endemic area. World J Pediatr. 2011;7(4):358-360'},{id:"B18",body:'Upreti SR, Gurung S, Patel M, Dixit SM, Krause LK, Shakya G, et al. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection before and after implementation of a hepatitis B vaccination program among children in Nepal. Vaccine. 2014;32(34):4304-4309'},{id:"B19",body:'Kitau R, Datta SS, Minal K. Patel MK, Hennessey K, Wannemuehler K et al. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Seroprevalence among Children in Papua New Guinea, 2012-2013. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg 2015;92(3): 501-506'},{id:"B20",body:'Huang P, Zhu LG, Zhu YF, Yue M, Su J, Zhu FC, et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and impact of vaccination. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(25):7842-7850'},{id:"B21",body:'Ji Z, Wang T, Shao Z, Huang D, Wang A, Guo Z et al. A Population-Based Study Examining Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Immunization Rates in Northwest China. PLoS ONE 2014: 9(5)'},{id:"B22",body:'Van der Sande MAB, Waight PA, Mendy M, Zaman S, Kaye S, Sam O et al Long-Term Protection against HBV Chronic Carriage of Gambian Adolescents Vaccinated in Infancy and Immune Response in HBV Booster Trial in Adolescence. PLoS ONE 2007; 2(8): e753'},{id:"B23",body:'Jafarzadeh A, Montazerifar SJ. Persistence of anti-HBs antibody and immunological memory in children vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine at birth. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2006;18:4-9'},{id:"B24",body:'Zeinab NAS. An overview of occult hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(15):1927-1938'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Habtamu Biazin Kebede",address:"habtamu.biazin@aau.edu.et",affiliation:'
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11029",type:"book",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-007-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-006-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-008-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"56604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Markiewicz",email:"markiewj@wp.pl",fullName:"Tomasz Markiewicz",slug:"tomasz-markiewicz",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"19870",title:"Chronic Gastritis",slug:"chronic-gastritis",abstract:null,signatures:"Wojciech Kozlowski, Cezary Jochymski and Tomasz Markiewicz",authors:[{id:"56604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Markiewicz",fullName:"Tomasz Markiewicz",slug:"tomasz-markiewicz",email:"markiewj@wp.pl"},{id:"59539",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Kozlowski",fullName:"Wojciech Kozlowski",slug:"wojciech-kozlowski",email:"wojciechkozlowski@interia.pl"},{id:"59540",title:"Dr.",name:"Cezary",surname:"Jochymski",fullName:"Cezary Jochymski",slug:"cezary-jochymski",email:"cezaryjochymski@tlen.pl"}],book:{id:"351",title:"Gastritis and Gastric Cancer",slug:"gastritis-and-gastric-cancer-new-insights-in-gastroprotection-diagnosis-and-treatments",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"19871",title:"The Role of Morphometry in Diagnostic of Chronic Gastritis",slug:"the-role-of-morphometry-in-diagnostic-of-chronic-gastritis",abstract:null,signatures:"Tomasz Markiewicz, Wojciech Kozlowski and Cezary Jochymski",authors:[{id:"56604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Markiewicz",fullName:"Tomasz Markiewicz",slug:"tomasz-markiewicz",email:"markiewj@wp.pl"},{id:"59539",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Kozlowski",fullName:"Wojciech Kozlowski",slug:"wojciech-kozlowski",email:"wojciechkozlowski@interia.pl"},{id:"59540",title:"Dr.",name:"Cezary",surname:"Jochymski",fullName:"Cezary Jochymski",slug:"cezary-jochymski",email:"cezaryjochymski@tlen.pl"}],book:{id:"351",title:"Gastritis and Gastric Cancer",slug:"gastritis-and-gastric-cancer-new-insights-in-gastroprotection-diagnosis-and-treatments",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"54226",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasna",surname:"Dovhanj",slug:"jasna-dovhanj",fullName:"Jasna Dovhanj",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"54597",title:"Dr.",name:"Takafumi",surname:"Ichikawa",slug:"takafumi-ichikawa",fullName:"Takafumi Ichikawa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"58166",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuhiko",surname:"Ishihara",slug:"kazuhiko-ishihara",fullName:"Kazuhiko Ishihara",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"59428",title:"Prof.",name:"Chiang",surname:"Chien",slug:"chiang-chien",fullName:"Chiang Chien",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"59539",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Kozlowski",slug:"wojciech-kozlowski",fullName:"Wojciech Kozlowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"59789",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyh-Chin",surname:"Yang",slug:"jyh-chin-yang",fullName:"Jyh-Chin Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"60864",title:"Prof.",name:"Drazen",surname:"Svagelj",slug:"drazen-svagelj",fullName:"Drazen Svagelj",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"61825",title:"Prof.",name:"Imre",surname:"Szabó",slug:"imre-szabo",fullName:"Imre Szabó",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61825/images/5473_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Imre Szabó is a medical doctor holding Ph.D. (2004) and habilitation \n(2012) degrees in Gastroenterology from the University of Pécs (Hungary, \n2004), where he studied the mechanisms of cytoprotection and mucosal \nhealing processes in different regions of human gastrointestinal system. \nHe currently works as an Associate Professor at the First Department of Medicine, University of Pécs and has 12 years of experience in teaching Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology at graduate and postgraduate level. His research in the United States included the study of ulcer healing, nonsteroidal gastroenteropathy in animal models and their molecular mechanisms in isolated cells. He has published his work in several peer reviewed journals and given oral and poster presentations at national and international conferences. In addition he has authored Hungarian grants and participated in grants from U.S. Veteran’s Administration. His fields of special experience include gastrointestinal mucosal injury, defense and healing mechanisms.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"136294",title:"Dr.",name:"Andras",surname:"Dömötör",slug:"andras-domotor",fullName:"Andras Dömötör",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"WIS-cost",title:"What Does It Cost?",intro:"
Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.
",metaTitle:"What Does It Cost?",metaDescription:"Open Access publishing helps remove barriers and allows everyone to access valuable information, but article and book processing charges also exclude talented authors and editors who can’t afford to pay. The goal of our Women in Science program is to charge zero APCs, so none of our authors or editors have to pay for publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\\n\\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
European Commission
\\n\\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\\n\\t
Wellcome Trust
\\n\\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\\n\\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\\n\\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
We are currently in the process of collecting sponsorship. If you have any ideas or would like to help sponsor this ambitious program, we’d love to hear from you. Contact us at info@intechopen.com.
\n\n
All of our IntechOpen sponsors are in good company! The research in past IntechOpen books and chapters have been funded by:
\n\n
\n\t
European Commission
\n\t
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
\n\t
Wellcome Trust
\n\t
National Institute of Health (NIH)
\n\t
National Science Foundation (NSF)
\n\t
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
\n\t
Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK)
\n\t
Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)
\n\t
Chinese Academy of Sciences
\n\t
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
\n\t
German Research Foundation (DFG)
\n\t
Max Planck Institute
\n\t
Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
\n\t
Australian Research Council (ARC)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6630},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5913},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2404},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12563},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1009},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17575}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12563},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"156"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:128},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4387},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:"coding-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Sudev Naduvath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11348",title:"Mutagenesis and Mitochondrial-Associated Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001972b3c5b49367314b13025a449232",slug:"mutagenesis-and-mitochondrial-associated-pathologies",bookSignature:"Michael Fasullo and Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1c5447cf3b9d6c7688276ac30e80de6",slug:"epoxy-based-composites",bookSignature:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Ramesh Arthanari and M.R.Meera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10940",title:"Plant Hormones",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aae8a345f8047ed528914ff3491f643",slug:"plant-hormones-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"80",title:"Urban Economics",slug:"urban-economics",parent:{id:"7",title:"Business, Management and Economics",slug:"business-management-and-economics"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:53,numberOfWosCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitations:35,numberOfDimensionsCitations:73,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"80",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7624",title:"Smart Urban Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"455e3fe68e90610076558c6db2a591e1",slug:"smart-urban-development",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7624.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9359",title:"Urbanization in Northern Corridor Economic Region in Malaysia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5cad7092e96bcfc8de3e1dfae4a5e6",slug:"urbanization-in-northern-corridor-economic-region-in-malaysia",bookSignature:"Noraniza Yusoff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9359.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"290742",title:"Dr.",name:"Noraniza",middleName:null,surname:"Yusoff",slug:"noraniza-yusoff",fullName:"Noraniza Yusoff"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"7470",title:"An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf8ba0e06f5b39eebaeb6e0dec33d28e",slug:"an-overview-of-urban-and-regional-planning",bookSignature:"Yasar Bahri Ergen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7470.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167276",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yasar",middleName:"Bahri",surname:"Ergen",slug:"yasar-ergen",fullName:"Yasar Ergen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"905",title:"Urban Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"624f51e81d00fc386649ae34890144a4",slug:"urban-development",bookSignature:"Serafeim Polyzos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106057",title:"Dr.",name:"Serafeim",middleName:null,surname:"Polyzos",slug:"serafeim-polyzos",fullName:"Serafeim Polyzos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"34598",doi:"10.5772/35133",title:"Reappraising Urban Planning and Urban Sustainability in East Africa",slug:"reappraising-urban-planning-and-urban-sustainability-in-east-africa",totalDownloads:5296,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"905",slug:"urban-development",title:"Urban Development",fullTitle:"Urban Development"},signatures:"Shuaib Lwasa and Cecilia Kinuthia-Njenga",authors:[{id:"103098",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuaib",middleName:null,surname:"Lwasa",slug:"shuaib-lwasa",fullName:"Shuaib Lwasa"},{id:"115349",title:"MSc.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Kinuthia-Njenga",slug:"cecilia-kinuthia-njenga",fullName:"Cecilia Kinuthia-Njenga"}]},{id:"34611",doi:"10.5772/38884",title:"The Evolution and Spatial Dynamics of Coastal Cities in Greece",slug:"the-evolution-and-spatial-dynamics-of-coastal-cities-in-greece",totalDownloads:1934,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"905",slug:"urban-development",title:"Urban Development",fullTitle:"Urban Development"},signatures:"Serafeim Polyzos and Dimitrios Tsiotas",authors:[{id:"106057",title:"Dr.",name:"Serafeim",middleName:null,surname:"Polyzos",slug:"serafeim-polyzos",fullName:"Serafeim Polyzos"}]},{id:"68541",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88449",title:"Environmental Noise Mapping as a Smart Urban Tool Development",slug:"environmental-noise-mapping-as-a-smart-urban-tool-development",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Since the European Directive 2002/49, large transportation infrastructure along with large urban areas should have completed strategic noise maps (SNM) and the relative noise action plans (NAP). The majority of European Member States (MS) has enforced this directive and completed fully or, in some cases, partially, with European smart cities to use and share the same criteria and methodologies and along with transport operators to communicate to the public the relevant results and respective action plans by ensuring the citizen’s awareness about the environmental noise, the quality acoustic environment, and their effect to their professional and everyday lifestyle. Today, 18 years after its first edition, the European Directive 2002/49/EC is needed to be reformulated to take into account all defects that have been identified and to adapt as well as possible to contemporary constraints. New methodology tools have been developed especially regarding soundscaping and environmental acoustic rehabilitation of urban areas, and the respective chapter will describe the progress being made on these smart developments of cities and infrastructures. This chapter will also evoke criticisms of these smart tools and will present results from several—state of the art—case studies especially regarding the practical and theoretical limits they face.",book:{id:"7624",slug:"smart-urban-development",title:"Smart Urban Development",fullTitle:"Smart Urban Development"},signatures:"Konstantinos Vogiatzis and Nicolas Remy",authors:null},{id:"63405",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80810",title:"Restructuring Gauteng City Region in South Africa: Is a Transportation Solution the Answer?",slug:"restructuring-gauteng-city-region-in-south-africa-is-a-transportation-solution-the-answer-",totalDownloads:1856,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The Gauteng city region forms the economic hub of socio-economic development and growth in South Africa. The province itself includes the Johannesburg metropolitan city, Ekurhuleni metropolitan city as well as Tshwane municipality—key urban growth regions of Gauteng province, South Africa, and by extension Southern Africa. The region exhibits the rapid urbanisation challenges typical in any developing country city. Rural–urban migration, pressure on infrastructure demand, supply and capacity constraints and mismatches in urban governance structures with respect to service delivery have remained stubborn challenges. Initiatives and strategies to resolve urban traffic congestion such as through road construction and highway expansion (physical instrument), e-tolling of roads (financial instrument), innovative housing and waste management technology deployment (technology instruments) as well as presenting advanced spatial planning and development and management systems (planning and regulatory instruments) have been employed with mixed fortunes in attempts to (re)solve the urban problems in the study area. Making use of a thematic approach and technique, the major urbanisation issues are explored and solutions proffered. Recommendations revolve around the need to implement robust and progressive rafts of projects, programmes, activities, measures and actions to reverse spatial fragmentation and spatially inefficient transport induced and perpetuated disadvantages.",book:{id:"7470",slug:"an-overview-of-urban-and-regional-planning",title:"An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning",fullTitle:"An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning"},signatures:"James Chakwizira, Peter Bikam and Thompson A. Adeboyejo",authors:[{id:"250792",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Chakwizira",slug:"james-chakwizira",fullName:"James Chakwizira"},{id:"265387",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Bikam",slug:"peter-bikam",fullName:"Peter Bikam"},{id:"265388",title:"Prof.",name:"Thompson A",middleName:null,surname:"Adeboyejo",slug:"thompson-a-adeboyejo",fullName:"Thompson A Adeboyejo"}]},{id:"34605",doi:"10.5772/35274",title:"Rainwater Harvesting in Large Residential Buildings in Australia",slug:"rainwater-harvesting-in-large-residential-buildings-in-australia",totalDownloads:4864,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"905",slug:"urban-development",title:"Urban Development",fullTitle:"Urban Development"},signatures:"Ataur Rahman, Joseph Dbais, Sk Mazharul Islam, Erhan Eroksuz and Khaled Haddad",authors:[{id:"89217",title:"Dr.",name:"Ataur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ataur-rahman",fullName:"Ataur Rahman"},{id:"106643",title:"Mr.",name:"Erhan",middleName:null,surname:"Eroksuz",slug:"erhan-eroksuz",fullName:"Erhan Eroksuz"},{id:"106644",title:"Mr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Dbais",slug:"joseph-dbais",fullName:"Joseph Dbais"},{id:"106646",title:"Mr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Haddad",slug:"khaled-haddad",fullName:"Khaled Haddad"},{id:"106647",title:"Mr.",name:"Mazharul",middleName:null,surname:"Islam",slug:"mazharul-islam",fullName:"Mazharul Islam"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69772",title:"Smart Rainwater Management: New Technologies and Innovation",slug:"smart-rainwater-management-new-technologies-and-innovation",totalDownloads:2012,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"In a smart city, the following factors are very vital such as smart grid and e-health. A smart city is one of the burning topics of research. Although there is no particular definition of a smart city, it means smart grid, e-health, e-environmental monitoring, smart home, smart water quality, smart air quality, etc. integrated into a single application. Human civilization can’t be sustained and prosper with shortage of usable water. Hence, water has a vital share in human life even for those living in smart cities. This chapter describes about the smart water quality issues in a smart city and some of the research advances in handling those issues. Among them it investigates the rainwater harvesting technologies and some of their practical applications.",book:{id:"7624",slug:"smart-urban-development",title:"Smart Urban Development",fullTitle:"Smart Urban Development"},signatures:"Raseswari Pradhan and Jayaprakash Sahoo",authors:null},{id:"62066",title:"Urban Planning and Mega-Event Projects: Lessons from Expo 2010, Shanghai",slug:"urban-planning-and-mega-event-projects-lessons-from-expo-2010-shanghai",totalDownloads:1335,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"With the capitalist transformation from Fordist-Keynesianism to neoliberalism, mega-events such as Olympic Games and World Exposition have increasingly been incorporated into urban development plan to boost urban renewal. Seeking the role of mega-event in urban transformation and its related effects have practical significance as mega-event movements have become a worldwide phenomenon. Although the profile of world fairs is reduced and does not have the international impacts that they used to have, Shanghai Expo 2010, the first Expo ever held in a developing country is pinned hope on as the “Turn to Save the World Expo” and is unusually ambitious to bring opportunities in urban transformation. While much attention has been paid to how mega-events can be used in tourism development in previous literature, this research links mega-event to urban development. Specifically, it reviews planning history before Expo 2010, addresses how a mega-event is integrated into city’s overall transformation strategy and what possible challenges a mega-event strategy may encounter related to the ultimate goal of urban transformation. It finds that political added value of mega-events empowers Shanghai to advance its urban agenda and the role of urban planner is vital to deliver a sustainable mega-event.",book:{id:"7470",slug:"an-overview-of-urban-and-regional-planning",title:"An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning",fullTitle:"An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning"},signatures:"Lingyue Li",authors:[{id:"247599",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingyue",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"lingyue-li",fullName:"Lingyue Li"}]},{id:"67808",title:"Understanding Urban Mobility and Pedestrian Movement",slug:"understanding-urban-mobility-and-pedestrian-movement",totalDownloads:1371,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Urban environments continue to expand and mutate, both in terms of size of urban area and number of people commuting daily as well as the number of options for personal mobility. City layouts and infrastructure also change constantly, subject to both short-term and long-term imperatives. Transportation networks have attracted particular attention in recent years, due to efforts to incorporate “green” options, enabling positive lifestyle choices such as walking or cycling commutes. In this chapter we explore the pedestrian viewpoint, aids to familiarity with and ease of navigation in the urban environment, and the impact of novel modes of individual transport (as options such as smart urban bicycles and electric scooters increasingly become the norm). We discuss principal factors influencing rapid transit to daily and leisure destinations, such as schools, offices, parks, and entertainment venues, but also those which facilitate rapid evacuation and movement of large crowds from these locations, characterized by high occupation density or throughput. The focus of the chapter is on understanding and representing pedestrian behavior through the agent-based modeling paradigm, allowing both large numbers of individual actions with active awareness of the environment to be simulated and pedestrian group movements to be modeled on real urban networks, together with congestion and evacuation pattern visualization.",book:{id:"7624",slug:"smart-urban-development",title:"Smart Urban Development",fullTitle:"Smart Urban Development"},signatures:"Marija Bezbradica and Heather J. Ruskin",authors:null},{id:"63405",title:"Restructuring Gauteng City Region in South Africa: Is a Transportation Solution the Answer?",slug:"restructuring-gauteng-city-region-in-south-africa-is-a-transportation-solution-the-answer-",totalDownloads:1856,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The Gauteng city region forms the economic hub of socio-economic development and growth in South Africa. The province itself includes the Johannesburg metropolitan city, Ekurhuleni metropolitan city as well as Tshwane municipality—key urban growth regions of Gauteng province, South Africa, and by extension Southern Africa. The region exhibits the rapid urbanisation challenges typical in any developing country city. Rural–urban migration, pressure on infrastructure demand, supply and capacity constraints and mismatches in urban governance structures with respect to service delivery have remained stubborn challenges. Initiatives and strategies to resolve urban traffic congestion such as through road construction and highway expansion (physical instrument), e-tolling of roads (financial instrument), innovative housing and waste management technology deployment (technology instruments) as well as presenting advanced spatial planning and development and management systems (planning and regulatory instruments) have been employed with mixed fortunes in attempts to (re)solve the urban problems in the study area. Making use of a thematic approach and technique, the major urbanisation issues are explored and solutions proffered. Recommendations revolve around the need to implement robust and progressive rafts of projects, programmes, activities, measures and actions to reverse spatial fragmentation and spatially inefficient transport induced and perpetuated disadvantages.",book:{id:"7470",slug:"an-overview-of-urban-and-regional-planning",title:"An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning",fullTitle:"An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning"},signatures:"James Chakwizira, Peter Bikam and Thompson A. Adeboyejo",authors:[{id:"250792",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Chakwizira",slug:"james-chakwizira",fullName:"James Chakwizira"},{id:"265387",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Bikam",slug:"peter-bikam",fullName:"Peter Bikam"},{id:"265388",title:"Prof.",name:"Thompson A",middleName:null,surname:"Adeboyejo",slug:"thompson-a-adeboyejo",fullName:"Thompson A Adeboyejo"}]},{id:"62114",title:"Urban Noise as an Environmental Impact Factor in the Urban Planning Process",slug:"urban-noise-as-an-environmental-impact-factor-in-the-urban-planning-process",totalDownloads:1440,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This research focuses on an analysis of the perception of urban noise in the daily lives of the residents of two different areas: (1) a residential neighborhood and (2) a city center, respectively, considering (1) an acoustically ideal urban environment and (2) an acoustically polluted urban environment. To this end, a random sample of individuals from both areas was asked to fill out a questionnaire. Sound pressure levels were also measured in each of the evaluated areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers a quiet area as one in which the measured sound pressure level is up to 55 dB(A). The average measured sound pressure levels were 53.5 and 72.9 dB(A), respectively, in the quiet area and in the area considered acoustically polluted. Data were subjected to a multivariate factor analysis. The main complaints reported by the interviewees were as follows: headache, irritability, poor concentration and insomnia. Interviewees in the city center stated that street traffic noise was the main source of annoyance, while the residents of the residential area stated that the main source of discomfort was air traffic noise.",book:{id:"7470",slug:"an-overview-of-urban-and-regional-planning",title:"An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning",fullTitle:"An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning"},signatures:"Elaine Carvalho da Paz, Thomas Jeferson Vieira and Paulo Henrique Trombetta Zannin",authors:[{id:"66572",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo Henrique Trombetta",middleName:null,surname:"Zannin",slug:"paulo-henrique-trombetta-zannin",fullName:"Paulo Henrique Trombetta Zannin"},{id:"257807",title:"MSc.",name:"Elaine Carvalho",middleName:null,surname:"Da Paz",slug:"elaine-carvalho-da-paz",fullName:"Elaine Carvalho Da Paz"},{id:"257814",title:"Mrs.",name:"Thomas Jeferson",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",slug:"thomas-jeferson-vieira",fullName:"Thomas Jeferson Vieira"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"80",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:1,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 26th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:52,paginationItems:[{id:"80761",title:"Extractions Methods and Biological Applications of Essential Oils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102955",signatures:"Sonu Kumar Mahawer, Himani, Sushila Arya, Ravendra Kumar and Om Prakash",slug:"extractions-methods-and-biological-applications-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81545",title:"Physiochemical Properties of Essential Oils and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104112",signatures:"Sunil Kumar Yadav",slug:"physiochemical-properties-of-essential-oils-and-applications",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11576",title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",hash:"5a01644fb0b4ce24c2f947913d154abe",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"76041",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Paolo",surname:"Piccaluga",slug:"pier-paolo-piccaluga",fullName:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11577",title:"Tick-Borne Diseases - A Review and an Update of Knowledge on Infections in Human and Animal Population",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81576",title:"Carotenoids in Thermal Adaptation of Plants and Animals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104537",signatures:"Ivan M. Petyaev",slug:"carotenoids-in-thermal-adaptation-of-plants-and-animals",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Ivan",surname:"Petyaev"}],book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81358",title:"New Insights on Carotenoid Production by Gordonia alkanivorans Strain 1B",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103919",signatures:"Tiago P. Silva, Susana M. Paixão, Ana S. Fernandes, José C. Roseiro and Luís Alves",slug:"new-insights-on-carotenoid-production-by-gordonia-alkanivorans-strain-1b",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"81298",title:"Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Metastasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103798",signatures:"Eman Helmy Thabet",slug:"roles-of-extracellular-vesicles-in-cancer-metastasis",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Extracellular Vesicles - Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81246",title:"Role of Carotenoids in Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102750",signatures:"Arslan Ahmad, Sakhawat Riaz, Muhammad Shahzaib Nadeem, Umber Mubeen and Khadija Maham",slug:"role-of-carotenoids-in-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:25,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81999",title:"Climate Change, Rural Livelihoods, and Human Well-Being: Experiences from Kenya",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104965",signatures:"André J. Pelser and Rujeko Samanthia Chimukuche",slug:"climate-change-rural-livelihoods-and-human-well-being-experiences-from-kenya",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg",subseries:{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",annualVolume:11966,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",annualVolume:11968,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorialBoard:[{id:"220987",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:"Onofre",surname:"Soares",fullName:"António Soares",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNtzQAG/Profile_Picture_1644499672340",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Azores",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
",annualVolume:11969,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"216491",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",middleName:null,surname:"Skoulikaris",fullName:"Charalampos Skoulikaris",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRMsbQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-04-21T09:31:55.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"300124",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Shahady",fullName:"Thomas Shahady",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002kuIgmQAE/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:32:10.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lynchburg College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/13374",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"13374"},fullPath:"/chapters/13374",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()