Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
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This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
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We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
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Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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In the first section, there are four chapters covering autonomous mobile robot Emmy III, KCLBOT - mobile nonholonomic robot, and general overview of educational mobile robots. In the second section, the following themes are covered: walking support robots, control system for wheelchairs, leg-wheel mechanism as a mobile platform, micro mobile robot for abdominal use, and the influence of the robot size in the psychological treatment. In the third section, there are chapters about I2C bus system, vertical displacement service robots, quadruped robots - kinematics and dynamics model and Epi.q (hybrid) robots. Finally, in the last section, the following topics are covered: skid-steered vehicles, robotic exploration (new place recognition), omnidirectional mobile robots, ball-wheel mobile robots, and planetary wheeled mobile robots.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-716-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5623-9",doi:"10.5772/2305",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"mobile-robots-current-trends",numberOfPages:416,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"6f1ee45d3e50f6d5295a1d8c190b646c",bookSignature:"Zoran Gacovski",publishedDate:"October 26th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1881.jpg",numberOfDownloads:51664,numberOfWosCitations:49,numberOfCrossrefCitations:37,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:60,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:146,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 26th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 23rd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 30th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 30th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 27th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"89211",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Gacovski",slug:"zoran-gacovski",fullName:"Zoran Gacovski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89211/images/1894_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zoran Gacovski is an associate professor at FON – University, Skopje, Macedonia. His teaching subjects include Intelligent systems and Visual programming techniques, and his areas of research are: fuzzy systems, intelligent control, mobile robots, graphical models (Petri, Neural and Bayesian networks), machine learning, and human-computer interaction. He has earned his Ph.D. degree at Faculty of Electrical engineering, Skopje. In his career he was awarded the Fulbright postdoctoral fellowship (2002) for research stay at Rutgers University, USA. He has also earned best-paper award at the Baltic Olympiad for Automation control (2002), US NSF grant for conducting a specific research in the field of human-computer interaction at Rutgers University, USA (2003), and DAAD grant for research stay at University of Bremen, Germany (2008). \nHe took an active participation in the following projects: “A multimodal human-computer interaction and modelling of the user behaviour” (for Rutgers University, 2002-2003); „Development and implementation of algorithms for guidance, navigation and control of mobile objects“ (for Military Academy – Skopje, 1999-2002); “Analytical and non-analytical intelligent systems for deciding and control of uncertain complex processes“ (for Macedonian Ministry of Science, 1995-1998). 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\n
1. Introduction
\n
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have the important function of recognizing a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and consequently initiate the innate immune response. The well-known TLRs that are responsible for binding to PAMPs act as a bridge between innate and acquired immunity. Accordingly, they are not only involved in the production of cytokines and chemokines but also enhance phagocytosis and the process of killing parasites.
\n
Parasites are organisms that live on or inside an organism and benefit by deriving nutrients at the expense of the host. We herein review how protozoan and helminth parasites trigger differential activation of TLRs in order to regulate host immune cells. In some cases, the activation of these TLR receptors by PAMPs contributes to an effective control of the infection, while in other cases there is a negative regulation resulting in the exacerbation of the infection, as shown in distinct in vivo animal models. In patients with diverse clinical manifestations of parasitic infections, TLRs and cytokines play a key role in the host response to the disease. A better understanding of the role of TLRs and their ligands should certainly provide new therapeutic tools and perhaps allow for the development of vaccines to control parasitic infections.
\n
\n
\n
2. Protozoan parasites
\n
Among the many protozoan parasites, those presently examined are Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Naegleria fowleri, Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, Blastocystis spp., and Acanthamoeba spp.
\n
\n
2.1 Leishmania spp.
\n
Leishmaniasis, an infectious disease endemic in 88 countries representing 5 continents, is caused by parasitic protozoa in the genus Leishmania [1]. This parasite gives rise to a variety of disorders, ranging from cutaneous lesions to visceral disease [2]. The latter can be generated by Leishmania donovani, L. infantum, and L. chagasi [3].
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Regarding cutaneous lesions, the most pathogenic agents of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil are L. (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis, capable of inducing localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucosal leishmaniasis [4]. In Mexico, L. mexicana evokes a wide spectrum of cutaneous diseases. For instance, localized cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by ulcers at the site of parasite inoculation, while parasites in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis spread throughout the skin and form disfiguring nodules [5]. In Iran, cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in 18 of 31 provinces, and approximately one-fifth of the cases belong to anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, stemming from L. tropica [6]. L. panamensis, a member of the Viannia subgenus of Leishmania, is known to provoke mucosal leishmaniasis. It produces destructive lesions of the nasal, oral, and hypopharyngeal mucosa [1].
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2.2 Trypanosoma spp.
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The causal agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, was first described by the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas in 1909 [7]. This pathology is endemic in Central and South America, and evidence exists of some cases in the United States, Europe, and Japan due to travel and migration. The parasite is an intracellular protozoan of the Trypanosomatidae family, transmitted to humans by blood-feeding reduviid bugs.
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There are two phases of Chagas disease. The acute phase is generally asymptomatic, although some patients present symptoms such as fever, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and diarrhea [8]. In the chronic phase, infected individuals can remain asymptomatic for decades, although around 30% eventually develop cardiac or gastrointestinal complications characteristic of the disease.
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2.3 Other protozoans
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Naegleria fowleri is a protozoan that invades the central nervous system and provokes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. During the process of infection, it induces an important inflammatory response [9].
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Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amoebae found in lakes, rivers, swimming pools, thermal baths, and tap water [10]. They infect humans and animals as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised hosts [11]. These parasites are able to generate severe diseases, including amebic Acanthamoeba keratitis, a painful sight-threatening infection of the cornea, and granulomatous amebic encephalitis, a fatal disease of the central nervous system.
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Giardia lamblia, the causal agent of giardiasis, colonizes the lumen of the upper small intestine. The parasite adheres to the surface of enterocytes without traversing the enterocyte barrier [12].
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P. falciparum, the protozoan parasite responsible for malaria, is transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes. It results in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations during the vector-parasite-host interaction. The first asexual reproduction process occurs in the human liver [13].
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that infects the human genitourinary tract. It is the causative organism of trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases in the world [14].
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Entamoeba histolytica, the etiologic agent of amebiasis, is a pathogenic enteric protozoan. The manifestations of the disease range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery, with liver abscesses forming in rare cases [15].
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Blastocystis, an enteric parasite, colonizes the colonic epithelia of human and animal hosts [16]. Infection with this parasite gives rise to diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence, vomiting, and bloating [17].
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3. Helminth parasites
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The word helminth is derived from the Greek “helmins,” which means parasite worm. Helminth is an umbrella term that includes many species of worms from different genera, having parasitism in common. They are quite frequently found in the population. The immune response depends largely on the type of parasite and its interaction with the host.
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These large extracellular organisms have a complicated life cycle. They frequently migrate through blood vessels and tissues until reaching the definitive organ, such as the intestine, lungs, liver, or lymphatic organs. Some invade and colonize various cell types.
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Because helminths have developed strategies of evasion of the host immune response, they are often able to survive. Hence, they can weaken the immune response and survive for years in the infected host, establishing chronic infection [18]. When the host immune response is adequately activated, on the other hand, infections are eliminated quickly.
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Fasciola hepatica is a trematode worm that mainly affects livestock (e.g., cows, sheep, and goats) and humans. It is transmitted through the ingestion of aquatic plants contaminated with metacercaria. Ascaris lumbricoides, a parasitic intestinal worm, is transmitted by ingesting water contaminated with embryonic eggs. Trichuris trichiura and T. suis, other species of intestinal worms, remain in the large intestine of mammals in the form of adult larvae. The infection occurs after the ingestion of the eggs, which hatch in the small intestine and release the infective larvae [19]. Schistosoma mansoni are larvae of worms that live in waters and ponds contaminated by feces. They are able to penetrate the skin of people who bath or swim in contaminated pools. In the adult stage, these parasites produce eggs that are excreted through the stool [20]. Strongyloides stercoralis is an infection generated by the larvae. These are acquired through the skin and later lodge themselves in the intestine. Trichinella spiralis is a parasitic nematode, which infects the muscle tissue of practically all mammals. Toxocara canis, round worms found in dogs, can infect humans if ingested in the form of the infective eggs of Toxocara. The larvae migrate to the intestine, liver, or lungs.
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4. Molecules and protozoan and helminth parasites activate through TLRs
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4.1 Leishmania spp. protozoans
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L. major prompts the activation of the IL-1β promoter and mRNA expression in macrophages through the MyD88-pathway [21]. Additionally, L. major LPG upregulates the expression of TLR2 in NK cells and the production of cytokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and nuclear factor NFκB [22].
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Amastigotes from L. (V.) braziliensis reduce the expression of TLR4 on the membrane of macrophages. This receptor modulates the production of TNF-α and IL-10 [23]. L. infantum promastigotes stimulate the production of IFN-α/β in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the release of IL-12 by myeloid dendritic cells. Both these cytokines are dependent on TLR9 [24]. The expression of TLR9 and the production of TNF-α and IL-12 were observed in macrophages exposed to DNA from L. mexicana promastigotes [25]. Similarly, DNA from L. major was identified as the specific ligand that triggered TLR9-dependent activation of dendritic cells [26]. On the other hand, antigens of L. donovani stimulated the production of TNF-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ and increased TLR2 gene expression on RAW264.7 macrophages [27].
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L. panamensis infection upregulates the expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 and the production of TNF-α in human primary macrophages [28]. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, L. mexicana LPG fostered the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12 p40, IL-12 p70, and IL-10 and the expression of TLR2 and TLR4. The triggering of the latter TLRs led to phosphorylation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [29].
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4.2 Other protozoans
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Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), a molecule derived from trypomastigotes, was found to be a potent activator of TLR2 from human and mouse origin [30]. Another family of GPIs, glycoinositolphospholipid (GIPL), has been purified from epimastigotes and triggers NF-κB activation via TLR4 [31].
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Whether the recognition of different GPI anchors is mediated by TLR2 or TLR4 depends on their variable lipid moiety composition. There is one report of RA (high virulence) and K 98 (low virulence) strains of T. cruzi used to obtain total lipid extracts. The authors demonstrated that the total lipids from both strains promote the formation of lipid bodies and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, including cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α, and nitric oxide (NO) in macrophages as well as HEK cells, all through a TLR2/6-dependent pathway [32].
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P. falciparum GPI contributes to the pathology of malaria by inducing the release of cytokines. In vitro studies have shown that this molecule is recognized by TLR2 and to a lesser degree by TLR4 [33]. Hemozoin stimulates the production of IFN-γ and inflammatory cytokines by triggering TLR9 in dendritic cells [34].
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T. vaginalis parasites enhance TLR2 gene expression and activate NOD-like receptor type 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in mouse macrophages and THP-1 human macrophages, respectively [35]. They also regulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the activation of MAPK and NFκB p65 and prompt pyroptotic cell death through the release of IL-1β [36]. TLR4 upregulation has been reported in a prostate stromal cell line exposed to T. vaginalis [37].
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Profiling like molecules and heat shock protein 70 from T. gondii activates dendritic cells through TLR4 and TLR11 [38]. The lipopeptidophosphoglycan (LPPG) and DNA from E. histolytica are recognized by TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, triggering the release of IL-10, IL-12p40, TNF-α cytokines, and IL-8 from human monocytes [39, 40]. Unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) from the same parasite generate MMP-9 expression via the TLR9-dependent activation of ERK and p38 MAPK followed by the activation of NFκB [41]. G. lamblia trophozoites trigger TLR2, resulting in the activation of ERK and MAPK and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in peritoneal macrophages of wild-type mice [42]. Live Blastocystis spp. parasites and whole cell lysate alone cannot trigger TLRs in THP-1 human monocytes. ST4WR1 parasites inhibit LPS-mediated activation of NF-κB in these same cells [43]. N. fowleri elicits the expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and β-defensing-2, mainly through the canonical TLR4 pathway in a time-dependent manner [44].
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4.3 Helminths
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The host immune response mounted against helminth infections is activated through TLRs, which are triggered by the glycoproteins, secretion/excretion products, and various other molecules of the parasites [45].
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Cathepsin cysteine protease (FheCL1) of F. hepatica inhibits the secretion of various inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-12, and NO [46]. This is carried out by the null activation of macrophages through the degradation of TLR3 in the endosome in a TRIF-dependent pathway independent of MyD88 [47]. Glucans promote the production of high levels of IL-10 and IL-4, thus favoring a Th2 response. These glycoconjugates modulate the function and maturation of dendritic cells. In the process of phase changes, Fasciola employs an immunosuppressive mechanism that favors a Th2 response [48], in part by releasing various excretory/secretory substances that inhibit the maturation of dendritic cells and trigger TLRs via the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway.
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The excretory/secretory molecules of Taenia crassiceps initiate the phosphorylation of cRAF by means of MGL (lectins) and TLR2, as well as decreasing the maturation of dendritic cells and the production of IL-12 and TNF-α. These molecules also modulate the signaling pathways of NFκB p65 and p38 MAPK activated by LPS through TLR4 [49, 50] and regulate the type C receptor of lectin [51]. The carbohydrates of the parasite induce the production of IL-6 through TLRs [52].
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On the other hand, the lysophosphatidylserine and lipopolysaccharide of A. lumbricoides generate signaling through TLR2, modulate a Th2 response (leading to the secretion of IL-10), and promote phosphorylation of ERK 1/2. This helminth binds to hyaluronic acid (the main constituent of connective tissue), activates dendritic cells by TLR4 (in adult parasites, or in larvae depending on the larval concentration), and provokes inflammatory processes. Through its antioxidant properties, it can eliminate free radicals and act as a barrier to tissue degradation.
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Trichuris trichiura inhibits the function of TLR4 by suppressing LPS-induced production and the secretion of TNF-α [53]. Similarly, cathepsin B1 secreted by S. mansoni inhibits the recognition of TLR3 and TLR4 by inactivating the MyD88-independent pathway and modulating Th2 responses. Phospholipids and glycophosphatidylserine trigger TLR2 in dendritic cells, eliciting a Th2 response and the stimulation of Tregs to secrete IL-10.
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The soluble antigen of S. mansoni suppresses the production of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α as well as increases the secretion of TGF-β and the production of IL-10 in dendritic cells. Activated B cells augment the production of IL-10. Both processes are dependent on the triggering of TLR2 and activation of MyD88, the latter of which promotes ERK1/2 phosphorylation [20]. dsRNA from S. mansoni binds to TLR3 in dendritic cells, thus positively regulating the expression of IFN type 1 genes [54, 55, 56].
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Although the TLR4 receptor is not essential for killing the larva of S. stercoralis during the innate immune response, it is indeed crucial for killing the parasites during the adaptive immune response [57].
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Phosphorylcholine is a glycoprotein released by T. spiralis that binds to TLR4 [58]. Several TLRs decrease the susceptibility of effector T cells to Treg-mediated suppression [59]. During the first week of infection, the gene expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9 increases significantly in the intestinal and muscular phases [60]. Infection also activates dendritic cells through TLR2 and TLR4 [61]. Since the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway affects the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages, it may participate in immune suppression. In this sense, T. spiralis infection modulates the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 during different stages. Cytokine levels are regulated via TLR4-mediated signaling pathway, suggesting that TLR4 modulates host immunosuppression during infection [62].
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Infection with Toxocara prompts cells to produce cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which generate increased IgE levels [63]. Toxocara canis inhibits the response of TLR2 to the activation of dendritic cells and competes with the host for lectins, thus blocking host immunity [64]. The activation of TLRs pathways by PAMPs of protozoans and helminths is summarized in Figure 1.
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Figure 1.
TLR activation by PAMPs of parasites.
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5. TLRs contribute to the effective control of parasite infection
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5.1 Leishmania spp.
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Infection by L. major in TLR4-deficient mice proliferates and correlates with a higher activity of arginase. In contrast, the same infection in TLR4-competent mice leads to low parasite replication that correlates with higher levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Hence, TLR4 competence could resolve cutaneous lesions and control parasite growth [65, 66].
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TLR2 is unique among TLRs because it forms heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6 and modulates downstream signaling pathways. In peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice infected with L. major promastigotes, the expression of TLR1 and TLR2 increases but not that of TLR6. TLR2-TLR2 association increases but TLR2-TLR6 association diminishes. The disparity in the formation of heterodimers between TLR2 and TLR1 or TLR2 and TLR6 brings about a TLR2 functional duality [67]. Additionally, LPG from L. major participates in the modulation of TLR9 expression and function.
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The question arises as to whether the functional duality of TLR2 contributes to such modulation. The co-administration of CpG and the anti-TLR2 antibody reduces infection in susceptible BALB/c mice, establishing a relationship between LPG, TLR2, and TLR9 during an L. major infection [27]. In C57BL/6 mice deficient in either TLR2, 4, or 9, only the TLR9-deficient animals are more susceptible to infection with L. major. The deficiency of TLR9 inhibits the development of the curative Th1 response [26]. This effect has also been observed in TLR9-deficient mice infected with L. infantum. Therefore, TLR9 appears to play a key role in infections by L. major or L. infantum [2]. On the other hand, TLR11 and TLR12 play an important role in an L. major infection, evidenced by the fact that the silencing of these receptors reduces the parasite burden, enhances the level of IFN-γ, and diminishes the production of IL-4 [68].
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Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells of MyD88−/− and TLR2−/− mice were infected with L. braziliensis. Compared to control mice, the infected dendritic cells from MyD88−/− mice showed low levels of activation and decreased production of cytokine IL-12p40, leading to greater infection by L. braziliensis and a limited expansion of CD4+ T cells that produce IFN-γ and IL-17 during infection. In contrast, TLR2−/− mice were more resistant to infection than control mice, which was associated with increased production of IFN-γ. Thus, MyD88 seems to be essential for the recognition of L. braziliensis, and TLR2 apparently has a regulatory role in modulating the immune response to the same parasite [69]. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients infected with L. braziliensis, an evaluation was made of the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and TLR9. Monocytes decreased the expression of these co-stimulatory molecules, but their expression was higher when the cells were exposed to soluble Leishmania antigen [70].
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In the spleen of mice infected with L. chagasi, possible correlations were analyzed between TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression and the production of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). Whereas the mRNA expression of TLR2, TLR4, IL-17, TNF-α, and TGF-β increases in the early stage of infection, it decreases during the late stage, which correlates with parasite load. The mRNA expression of IFN-γ and IL-12 declines at the peak of infection [3].
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On the other hand, mice with the A20 protein silenced (a protein that inhibits NFκB activation by modulating the function of IKK, TRAF6, and NEMO) were infected with L. donovan, finding enhancement of the activation of NFκB and the host-protective pro-inflammatory response (compared to normal mice), which correlates with effective parasite clearance [71].
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5.2 Other protozoans
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Single-nucleotide polymorphisms have a role in innate immune responses and in susceptibility/resistance to infection. However, the genetic association of TLR4 and TNF-α polymorphisms is a determinant factor for the development of disease in Chagas disease. It has been reported the greatest parasite load exists in individuals with the C/C-Asp/Asp-Thr/Thr combination of homozygous genotypes at the TNF-α promoter 1031 and on the TLR4 polypeptide. The former homozygous genotype is represented by C/C. The latter homozygous genotypes encode Asp/Asp and Thr/Thr at codons 299 and 399, respectively [72]. Two TLR1 polymorphisms, rs4833095 (Asn248Ser) and rs5743618 (Ser602Ile), were assessed among 302 primiparous Ghanaian women for their association with P. falciparum infection and placental malaria and susceptibility to placental malaria [73]. It was found that TLR4-Asp299Gly and the TLR4-Thr399Ile variants confer greater risk of severe malaria in Ghanaian children [74]. The single-nucleotide polymorphism of TLR6 S249P may be a risk factor for the development of malaria [75]. Regarding TLR5, the single-nucleotide polymorphism of the TIR domain (TIRAP) S180 L provides protection against malaria, while the single-nucleotide polymorphism of R392 stop codon increases susceptibility to the same disease [76]. An rs4986790 polymorphism of the TLR4 gene can modulate the susceptibility toward a P. vivax infection. The AA genotype proved to be protective against the development of this parasite in a local population of Pakistan [77]. Additionally, TLR4 A299G, TLR6 S249, and TLR 9-1486C/T influence the levels of circulating cytokines IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-10, and IL-4 during a P. vivax infection [78].
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Mice deficient in the adaptor protein MyD88 and IL-18 were more susceptible to P. yoelii infection and increased parasitemia during the early phase of the infection. Greater lethality was observed in the MyD88-deficient animals. In mice deficient in IL-1R, parasitemia showed a slight increment during infection with P. yoelii [79]. During infection with the same parasite, there was a high level of parasite burden in TLR2−/− mice, which was closely associated with a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver [80].
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On the other hand, the TLR9 variant −1237C/C correlates with acute parasitemia during a P. vivax infection [81]. An endoplasmic reticulum resident protein, UNC93B1, is critical for host resistance to T. cruzi and T. gondii [80, 82]. Its function is the translocation of nucleotide-sensing TLRs from the endoplasmic reticulum to endolysosomes. Interestingly, TLR2−/− and AKT-blocked mice that are infected with Giardia display a decreased parasite burden, an increased weight gain rate, and a shorter parasite persistence compared to normal mice infected with the same protozoan [42].
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5.3 Helminths
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The immune responses against helminth infections do not efficiently protect the host. The immune system is unable to eliminate chronic infection, and the immune memory fails to protect against reinfection, even after a cure mediated by pharmacological treatment [83].
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For an S. mansoni or A. lumbricoides infection, dendritic cells are fundamental in the protection and activation of host defensive responses. When TLR receptors on the surface of dendritic cells bind to the ligands of the S. mansoni, A. lumbricoides, and T. trichiura parasites, there is an increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86) and synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-12 and TNF-α, that evoke a Th1 lymphocyte response [84, 85]. For intestinal parasites, the mRNA expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 is regulated in the early stages of infection. During the adult stage of an infection with T. spiralis, TLR1 and TLR4 activate the signaling pathway dependent on MyD88. Once newborn larvae appear, however, all expression of TLRs is inhibited, except for TLR2. The expression of TLR2/4 in the small intestine and muscle tissue during infection could be closely associated with immune responses mediated by Treg cells and greater expression of cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β [86, 87]. During an infection by S. mansoni, TLR2 and TLR4 limit the activation of the intestinal immune response. Consequently, the deficiency of these TLRs promotes the expulsion of adult worms. In the course of the first weeks of infection of animals with such deficiency, the expression of several TLRs increases, an active state that begins to decrease as of the fourth week. This favors an early activation of the immune response in the host and the prompt expulsion of the parasites [88].
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6. Negative regulation by TLRs
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6.1 Leishmania donovani, Giardia lamblia, and Schistosoma mansoni
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L. donovani infection results in a suppression of TLR2- and TLR4-stimulated production of IL-12p40 and an increase in IL-10 production. Additionally, the parasites modulated the MAPK pathway by suppressing TLR2-dependent MAPK and ERK phosphorylation [89].
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An in vitro infection with G. lamblia leads to a decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by activating the AKT signaling pathway via TLR2.
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Helminths are regulated by the expression of soluble antigens, which in parasites such as S. mansoni and F. hepatica exert an inhibitory effect on the maturation of dendritic cells induced by TLR ligands. The dendritic cells activated by soluble antigens produce a smaller amount of IL-12 than those activated only with the ligand for TLR4 [90, 91, 92]. The soluble antigen extracts of S. mansoni inhibit the ability of CpG, poly I:C, hyaluronic acid, and LPS to stimulate the production of IL-12 or increase the surface expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II in dendritic cells. Therefore, these extracts decrease the production of IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-α and the expression of co-stimulatory CD80/86 molecules, which in turn suppresses the Th1 response and favors the Th2 response elicited by LPS [93, 94]. The negative regulation of TLRs can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which could protect the host from autoimmune pathogenesis. The mechanism of this action is the regulation of the Th1/2 cell balance and the modulation of TLR4 expression [92, 95, 96].
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In order to adapt to the immune system, some helminth parasites activate and/or downregulate TLRs, as well as interfere with the expression of several genes related to the transduction pathway [86]. Several studies suggest that continuous exposure to helminth antigens may negatively regulate the response of cells to PAMPs derived from these parasites, implying a weakened immune response in individuals infected with helminths.
According to an in vitro assay, T. cruzi strains with low virulence cause relatively high expression of TLR4 and high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-α. Contrarily, virulent T. cruzi strains maintain a low expression of TLR4 and reduced production of TNF-α [97]. Likewise, at 2 days post-infection with Acanthamoeba strains Ac55 and Ac43, the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was elevated in the brain of mice (versus control animals) [98]. Compared to uninfected mice, moreover, Acanthamoeba sp. generated a high expression of the mRNA and high levels of TLR2 in the brain of animals at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 30 days post-infection [99].
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7. TLRs in the outcome of disease
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7.1 Leishmaniasis
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Splenic biopsies and peripheral blood samples (to obtain mononuclear cell isolates) were taken from patients with visceral leishmaniasis in India, detecting the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 but not TLR9. The mRNA expression of IL-10 and IFN-γ was greater in pre-treatment versus posttreatment splenic biopsies. Additionally, the levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNA were higher in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for pre-treatment versus posttreatment patients and healthy controls [100].
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In Brazil, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphocytes (CD14+ and CD3+) were analyzed in 13 patients diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis before and after treatment. Compared to healthy controls, there was a greater expression before treatment of TLR2 and TLR4 in lymphocytes and monocytes. Additionally, the levels of TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β increased, and those of IFN-γ, IL-17, and NO decreased. Although the expression of these two receptors did not change in lymphocytes after treatment, in monocytes they were found to be lower for TNF-α and IL-10 and higher for TGF-β, IFN-γ, IL-17, and NO [101].
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Samples of whole blood taken from patients in Eastern Sudan with visceral leishmaniasis were stimulated with live L. donovani promastigotes. The expression of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 was found, which correlated with the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 [102]. Similarly, the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, both those with healing and non-healing wounds, observing a significantly greater level in the macrophages of individuals with the healing versus non-healing lesions. This suggests a possible role of TLR2 and TLR4 in the outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions [103].
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It is known that L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis interact with these same TLRs to promote a differential T-cell immune response and cytokine expression in mucosal leishmaniasis and anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Biopsies taken from skin and mucosal lesions of infected patients were examined by immunohistochemistry, finding an important expression of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. Whereas tissues associated with L. (V.) braziliensis exhibited strong expression of TLR2 and TLR4, those tissues linked to L. (L.) amazonensis displayed similar results in relation to TLR9. The greatest expression of CD4+ T cells was encountered in mucosal leishmaniasis and the lowest in anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Similarly, CD8+ T cells showed their lowest expression in the latter disorder compared to the other forms of the disease. There was greater expression of TNF-α in anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis versus mucosal leishmaniasis and of IL-10 and TGF-β in mucosal leishmaniasis versus anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis [4].
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Although NK cells are detected in individuals infected with L. mexicana and suffering from localized cutaneous leishmaniasis as well as diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, the number of cells and the effector mechanisms differed drastically between the two groups. The number of NK cells, production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and expression of TLR2, TLR1, and TLR6 were all lower than normal in patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis while being normal in those with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. The altered protein expression found in NK cells of the former group correlated with the downregulation of IFN-γ gene expression in LPG-stimulated and non-stimulated cells. In conclusion, the lower number of NK cells and their limited activity in individuals with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, evidenced by reduced TLR expression and cytokine production, are likely involved in the severity of the disease [5].
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Peripheral blood was taken from patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, including those responsive and unresponsive to treatment as well as healthy controls. Some mononuclear cells from these blood samples were exposed to L. tropica and others unexposed. An evaluation was made of the gene expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, and TNF-α and the activity of iNOS and arginase in monocytes from patients unresponsive and responsive to Glucantime treatment. Upon comparing the monocytes exposed and unexposed to L. tropica, the former exhibited greater expression of all three TLRs and TNF-α and lower expression of iNOS in both groups of patients (responsive and unresponsive to treatment). Additionally, there was a significant downregulation of TLR2 and TNF-α expression and upregulation of TLR9 expression in isolates from unresponsive versus responsive individuals. Isolates from the former group also showed a significant increase in the level of arginase in monocytes stimulated with L. tropica and cultured promastigotes [6].
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7.2 Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC)
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Chagas disease has different clinical forms: indeterminate, digestive, and cardiodigestive. CCC is associated with greater expression of TLR2, IL-12, and TNF-α. However, the expression of MyD88 mRNA is greater in cardiodigestive than indeterminate and cardiac patients. Serum mRNA expression of IL-12 and TNF-α transcripts was found in cardiac patients, who showed a higher production of TLR-induced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-12) than indeterminate patients and uninfected individuals. Digestive and cardiodigestive clinical cases are correlated with elevated mRNA expression of TLR8 and IFN-β [104].
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7.3 Helminth infections
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During the interaction of S. mansoni with the host immune system, TLR4 activation provides a protective role against infection, while TLR2 activation is favorable for the parasite. The gene expression of the TLRs 1, 3, 7, and 8 is suppressed after infection. The antigens of A. lumbricoides promote the expression of TLR2 and thus engender a Th2 response [105, 106, 107, 108].
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8. Role of TLRs in strategies for the control of parasitic infections
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TLRs have potential as therapeutic targets, either alone or in combination with conventional immunotherapy and pharmacotherapy. In recent years, antagonists of TLRs or agonists of their negative regulators have been investigated as vaccine adjuvants to enhance an effective immune response against tumors, allergies, and infectious diseases [109].
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The vaccine adjuvant properties of TLR7 and/or TLR8 agonists imiquimod and R848 were tested in the model of infection by L. major, determining the immune response before and after infection. Protective immunity was generated following subcutaneous but not intramuscular vaccination [110]. In another study, the effect of L. major polyclonal anti-murine TLR2 and TLR4 antibodies was assessed on cutaneous leishmaniasis and inflammatory arthritis. Both antibodies suppressed the development of clinical parameters, accompanied by reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Hence, anti-TLR2 and TLR4 antibodies possibly have a synergistic therapeutic effect on inflammatory disease [111].
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In visceral leishmaniasis, evaluation was made of anti-Leishmania immune responses. The protective efficacy of the glycosphingophospholipid (GSPL) antigen of L. donovani parasites when acting as a ligand for β-(1-4)-galactose terminal NKT cells suggests an important role of TLR4. This receptor may function as an upstream sensor by GSPL and induce the intracellular inflammatory signaling necessary for killing parasites. Treatment with GSPL was able to cause a highly effective T-cell response that contributed to good control of infection. Therefore, the synergism of TLR4 and NKT cells prompted GSPL to evoke a host-protective immunological response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis [112].
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The collateral effects of a malaria infection during pregnancy correlate with immune activation in placental tissue. Since TLR4 plays a key role in this process, its blockage could be a potential strategy for therapeutic intervention to reduce the incidence of malaria-induced pathology both in the mother and the fetus [113].
\n
Skin scarification with the P. falciparum peptide vaccine in combination with a TLR agonist produces systemic neutralizing antibodies with the potential of blocking parasite egress from the skin (and thus avoiding the invasion of liver cells) [114].
\n
A good adjuvant formulation is crucial in the development of a successful vaccine. In the amebiasis model, the nanoliposome adjuvant containing synergistic TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists successfully elicited balanced systemic humoral and cellular immune responses. The immunization protected against infection with up to 55% efficacy [115].
\n
Since helminths use various molecules to regulate the host immune response, some of these may have potential therapeutic action against allergies and other inflammatory diseases. This anti-inflammatory strategy has been successful in treating diseases in animal models. Helminth-derived molecules are potent immunomodulators that could possibly be used for the design of new anti-inflammatory drugs. For example, the nematodes T. suis and T. spiralis induce a significant suppression of symptoms in autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model validated for multiple sclerosis. Therefore, infection with live nematodes is not a prerequisite for the suppression of inflammation [53, 116].
\n
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are closely related to inflammatory processes. Some therapies, such as the ingestion of eggs of T. suis, promote a TLR2- and TLR4-regulated decline in inflammatory activity as well as a reduction in adverse effects of inflammation. This is based on the ability of helminths to polarize the response of helper T cells to a Th2 type, which inhibits inflammation. F. hepatica, on the other hand, exerts influence on dendritic cells activated by CpG, thus fostering the development of Tregs and a decrease in the severity and incidence of the disease [117]. S. mansoni alleviates allergies and reduces inflammation in airways. A. suum diminishes ocular allergic disease and T. spiralis, by evoking a Th2 response, and inhibits the production of IFN-γ to relieve colitis. These results are interesting because they demonstrate the interference of a helminth infection with the establishment of an inflammatory immune response that favors other pathologies [118]. The aforementioned evidence of helminths regulating the immune response through TLRs could be instrumental in the development of therapeutic targets as well as in the inhibition or stimulation of their expression. Further research is needed to clarify the potential role of helminths in the modulation of the inflammatory response.
\n
\n
\n
9. Conclusion
\n
TLRs, one of the best characterized families of receptors, have a critical role in the host defense against infection. Additionally, they play a key role in the capacity of different protozoans and helminths to be able to generate a continuous activation of the host immune system by modulating the elements of the innate and/or adaptive response. Such intervention by these parasites in the immune response is aimed at promoting their survival inside the host. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TLRs participate importantly in increasing parasitemia in the host. However, agonists of TLRs can have a dual role. Whereas they may serve as adjuvants or vaccines to promote the maturation of dendritic cells and thus induce an adaptive immune response, they are also capable of triggering inflammatory cytokine production that has a pathogenic role in many diseases. Consequently, antibodies to TLRs and inhibitors of TLR signaling pathways have considerable potential as therapeutic agents. It is still necessary to clarify their mechanisms for modulating the response of these receptors to be able to design and develop innovative therapeutic targets.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
The authors are grateful to Bruce Allan Larsen for proofreading the manuscript, and also thank Omar A. Garcia Hernández and Ofelia Pérez Olvera for technical assistance. This work was supported by grants 284018 from CONACyT México and IN218619 from DGAPA-PAPIIT to MMAG.
\n
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"TLRs, protozoans, helminths, immune response, disease",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66162.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/66162.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66162",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66162",totalDownloads:1071,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:60,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"September 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"January 24th 2019",datePrePublished:"September 10th 2019",datePublished:"January 15th 2020",dateFinished:"March 14th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for the host immune response to a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These receptors become activated upon recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and thus initiate the innate immune response to the corresponding pathogen. A key aspect of TLRs is their activation of signaling that leads to cytokine production and an inflammatory response. Additionally, TLRs act as the bridge between innate and acquired immunity, enhancing phagocytosis and the process of killing parasites. We herein focus on how parasites (protozoans and helminths) and their derived products have the capability of stimulating or evading the host response by triggering or inhibiting TLR activation. Parasites often develop successful survival strategies that imply interference with the host immune response. Accordingly, many of these organisms have molecules that modulate inflammation and other aspects of host immunity. Taking advantage of such mechanisms, there are some anti-inflammatory therapies based on human infection with helminths. Helminths and protozoans influence the activity of various TLRs, especially TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. A better understanding of the role of TLRs and their parasite-derived ligands should certainly provide new therapeutic tools for combatting various parasitic and inflammatory diseases.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66162",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66162",book:{id:"8805",slug:"toll-like-receptors"},signatures:"M. Magdalena Aguirre-García, Araceli Rojas-Bernabé, A. Pamela Gómez-García and Alma R. Escalona-Montaño",authors:[{id:"227636",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Aguirre-García",fullName:"M. Magdalena Aguirre-García",slug:"m.-magdalena-aguirre-garcia",email:"maguirre@unam.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"239828",title:"MSc.",name:"Alma R.",middleName:null,surname:"Escalona-Montaño",fullName:"Alma R. Escalona-Montaño",slug:"alma-r.-escalona-montano",email:"almiusqfb23@yahoo.com.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"276682",title:"Dr.",name:"Araceli",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas-Bernabé",fullName:"Araceli Rojas-Bernabé",slug:"araceli-rojas-bernabe",email:"rara_arb@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"289754",title:"MSc.",name:"A. Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-García",fullName:"A. Pamela Gómez-García",slug:"a.-pamela-gomez-garcia",email:"pame_goga@live.com.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Protozoan parasites",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Leishmania spp.",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Trypanosoma spp.",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Other protozoans",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Helminth parasites",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Molecules and protozoan and helminth parasites activate through TLRs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.1 Leishmania spp. protozoans",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.2 Other protozoans",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.3 Helminths",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. TLRs contribute to the effective control of parasite infection",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.1 Leishmania spp.",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"5.2 Other protozoans",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"5.3 Helminths",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"6. Negative regulation by TLRs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"6.1 Leishmania donovani, Giardia lamblia, and Schistosoma mansoni",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"6.2 Highly virulent parasites downregulate TLR expression",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"7. TLRs in the outcome of disease",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"7.1 Leishmaniasis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"7.2 Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"7.3 Helminth infections",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22",title:"8. Role of TLRs in strategies for the control of parasitic infections",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23",title:"9. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_27",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Achtman JC, Ellis DL, Saylors B, Boh EE. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis in 2 travelers. JAAD Case Reports. 2016;2(2):95-97. 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División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Mexico
División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Mexico
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Alma R. Escalona-Montaño",address:null,affiliation:'
División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Mexico
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1. Introduction
Perspective direction of building of thermal cells with a high Z-factor is use nanomaterial’s and nanocomposite [1].
The quantity of works, theoretical and experimental, devoted to research thermoelectric nanomaterial’s, steadily grows. The received results are optimistically enough, at least, from the point of view of fundamental science.
The augmentation of thermoelectric quality factor in nanomaterial’s is bound to two physical phenomena [2]:
The thermal conductivity decreases, bound to presence of numerous borders of partition. And it is necessary to notice that basically such reduction is bound with фононной thermal conductivity and make small impact on electronic transport;
Augmentation of width of the forbidden area in ceramic наноматериалах with simultaneous augmentation of density of states about Fermi’s level. In this case there is an electric conductivity reduction. However thermal conductivity reduction, under certain conditions, can compensate such reduction and lead to quality factor augmentation.
For building of ceramic semi-conductor stuffs, instead of doping by certain impurities it is possible to use a furnacing method in a reducing atmosphere [3, 4]. Such method, together with use of stuffs with NTRC, will allow to raise quality factor of thermoelectric stuffs and to raise efficacy of thermal cells, especially in the field of high temperatures where ceramic stuffs, are the steadiest. Such method probably building n - and p - phylum of conductivity a choice of composition of gas atmosphere and furnacing temperatures in one shot.
2. Material’s
In thermoelectric nanocomposites the size of grain does not exceed several tens nanometers. It is obvious that for increasing of thermoelectric performance efficiency, the following condition is necessary: the size of grain should be less, than the average length of free run of phonons, but more than the average length of free run of charge carriers (electrons or holes). In this case phonons on intercrystallite borders, disperse more effectively and it leads to stronger reduction of thermal conductivity (at the expense of reduction of grid contribution), in comparison with electric conductivity reduction, providing total increase of thermoelectric quality factor.
It is obvious that in nanocomposites the lobe of intercrystallite borders will increase with the reduction of aggregate size, it will lead to consecutive depressing of thermal conductivity of the material. It is natural that dispersion of electrons on intercrystallite borders will take place leading to the reduction of their motility. However, the thermal conductivity reduction in volume nanocomposites can be more essential, than electric conductivity reduction. Thus, volume nanocomposites, consisting from nano the grains of the thermoelectric material that are divided by intercrystallite borders, can potentially possess high thermoelectric efficiency. They will have electric conductivity high and low thermal conductivity simultaneously.
Oxidic ceramic materials may be transferred into semiconductor state by means of process of operated valence. For this purpose, different methods are used, such as, a restoration method, i.e. ceramics furnacing in the regenerative medium [3, 4], unisovalent substitution are routinely used. In this case it is possible to receive comprehensible conductivity, at conservation of low thermal conductivity. In ceramic materials probably substantial growth of the dispersion mechanism, at low thermal conductivity, but it leads to quality factor augmentation.
So, for example, some series of spinel’s, at isomorphous substitution are transferred in to a state of the semi-conductor conductivity, possessing conductivity with NTRC (Figure 1) [5, 6, 7, 8].
Figure 1.
Typical resistance dependence on the temperature for a thermistor with NTCR.
Oxide doping of nickel by lithium leads to sharp augmentation of conductivity at the expense of changing lithium ions into nickel ions in octahedral positions. The formation of the solid solution with uncompensated charge allows to create different types of conductivity by the variation of lithium concentration.
x/2Li2O+1−xNiO+x/4O2→Ni2−1−2xLi+xNi3+xO
Similar reaction takes place when CO is replaced. If it is possible to omit superfluous oxygen, the solution of oxides receives the additional uncompensated charge in octahedrons spinel, and that process leads to conductivity augmentation. It follows that having combined doping with roasting in the recovery medium, it is possible to receive ceramic materials with adjustable conductivity. You should mind that thermal ceramic conductivity is defined by the phonon mechanism with characteristic wave length ∼ 5–10 microns, and creating necessary grain frame of ceramics it is possible to achieve substantial increase of quality factor of the material.
Joint roasting in the recovery medium of ferrite on the basis of spinel and dielectrics, such as solid solutions on the basis of perovskite families of titanates of barium, strontium and lead, allows to create multilayered frames [3].
Let us consider as model of spinels recovery NiMn2O4 and CoMn2O4 in a gaseous medium received by conversion СO2 and H2O over Carboneum. The calculation shows that such reactions happen in some stages. It is difficult to analysis all reactions, we will illustrate calculation on the reactions defining composition of a gaseous environment (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
The schema of installation for roasting in a reducing atmosphere.
Reaction СO2 + C → 2CO takes place with ΔZ0=43462+6,121TlgT-62,746 T – is potential change of Gibbs at temperature T and lgKp = − 9500 T−1 - 1,338lgT + 13.715 - an equilibrium constant. Reaction C + 2H2O→CO + H2 has with ΔZ0=35730+6,121TlgT-55,403 T and lgKp = − 7811 T−1 - 1,338lgT + 12.170 accordingly [6]. The joint analysis of the received expressions shows that thermodynamically reactions are resolved with Т ≈ 500К, and kineticly proceed with sufficient speed with Т ≈ 700К.
The recovery of nickel oxides and cobalt thermodynamically is possible with Т ≈ 700К. Thus, kineticly, recovery reactions take place in demanded atmosphere and there is no necessity of a pre-treatment of medium. Using diagrammes of Ellingem-Richardson-Dzheffez (Figure 3), we see that at the yielded temperatures cobalt and nickel recovery descends simultaneously. It allows to create simple adjustment of temperature necessary degree of restoration in spinels.
Figure 3.
Diagramme of Ellingem-Richardson-Dzheffez for equilibriums metal - metal oxide: Points of M and In - temperatures of elements phase changes.
It is necessary to notice that at such temperatures there is a restoration to manganese metal. Calculation shows that manganese is reduced to the bivalent state and does not variate the position in a grid. At the same time nickel and cobalt, are restored to a monovalent state and provide n and р conductivity accordingly.
Thus, it is possible to create semi-conductor branches of thermal cells with various types of conductivity in one technological process is possible.
It is obvious that when the size of grain will decrease, the area of borders of grains will increase. It will lead to higher degree of restoration of a ceramic material on border of grains. Accordingly, conductivity of borders will differ from conductivity actually grains. Naturally, dispersion electron’s in grain borders will take place, and their mobility will be reduced. However, on the average, change of conductivity of a material will not be so essential because of certain uniformity of a material. Thus, there is a possibility at the expense of essential reduction phonon’s heat conductivity to raise good quality of a material. Therefore, use of ceramic materials with NTCR allows to create high-temperature thermoelements with good quality [9].
3. Microscopic model
Known microscopic models of thermoelectric effect in semiconductors, to some extent, are grounded on the solution of the equation of Boltzmann’s.
Let us spot thermoelectromotive force (TEF) in the presence of a temperature lapse rate (∇Т≠0) from the stationary kinetic equation of Boltzmann’s in relaxation time approach:
V¯∇r¯f+1ℏF¯∇r¯f=−f−f0τk¯=−f1k¯τk¯.E1
were f−f0 = f1k¯, а F – exterior force, τk¯ – a relaxation time.
In case of the undegenerated semiconductor the equilibrium distribution function for electrons is accepted in a view:
fon=e−Е−μk0T for electrons,
fop=eμ′−Ek0T=e−E+μ+ΔЕk0T for electron defects.
Here μ′=−ΔЕ−μ, E=ℏ2k′22mp∗,.
Approving of the allowance to equilibrium function f1k¯ by a small, on the left of Eq. (1) exchange f на f0. Then we will have:
∇r¯f≈∇r¯f0=∂f0∂T∇T+∂f0∂μ∇μ=∂f0∂Eμ−ЕT∇T−∇μ,E2
∇k¯f≈∇k¯f0=∂f0∂E∇k¯Е=ℏ∂f0∂EV¯.E3
Substituting expressions (2) and (3) in the Eq. (1), and being restricted to a case when the electric field E¯=−∇φ, where φ - electrostatic potential, we will have for electrons operates only:
From relations (2)–(6) it is visible that the equilibrium distribution function is supposed nonuniform, i.e. in an equilibrium state there are processes of transport of heat and particles, and transport of particles is carried out not only at the expense of an external field. Usually it is considered that the dispersion mechanism can be considered through a relaxation time.
For example, dispersion of charge carriers is carried out at interaction with ultrasonic oscillations of a crystalline lattice. In this case the free length l=Vτ does not depend on energy of carriers, and it is possible to express a relaxation time through l:
τ=lV=mn∗lℏk−1.E7
Having entered a label Е=k0Tα, here α=dεdT – specific TEF, equal to the relation TEF to an individual difference of temperature.
Then
j¯n=nun∇μ−eϕ+2k0−μT∇T,E8
j¯p=pup∇μ−eϕ−2k0−μ+ΔЕT∇T.E9
In this expression 4el32πmn∗k0T12=unT – Mobility of electrons.
The full density of a current we will spot expression:
j¯=nun∇μ−eϕ+2k0−μT∇T+
pup∇μ−eϕ−2k0−μ+ΔЕT∇TE10
For a finding TEF it is necessary to spot a potential difference at a broken circuit. Having equated j¯=0, from (10) equality follows:
∇μe−ϕ=−k0e2−μk0T∇T.
Specific TEF α it is spotted as
α=∇ϕ−μe∇T.E11
For the natural semiconductor n = p = ni, μ=−ΔЕ2 and the relation (11) will look like:
α=k0b−1eb+12+ΔЕ2k0T.E12
here b=unup, ΔЕ2=μ.
From the gained relation (12) it is visible that quantity TEF for the natural semiconductor is spotted only by forbidden band breadth ΔE and a relation of mobility of charge carriers.
Expression (4) is gained, actually, in approach, when derivative of function much less than the function. It means that times much major, then warmth and charge relaxation times are considered. During too time presence of dependence of temperature and potential from co-ordinates specify in presence of interior lapse rates. Therefore, it is not absolutely correct use of an equilibrium distribution function as it corresponds to concept of an equilibrium state of local approach.
Consecutive viewing of transport of a charge and heat for the systems which are in lapse rates of temperature and potential can be spent a method of the nonequilibrium statistical operator [10].
The method of the nonequilibrium statistical operator allows to write down a uniform fashion the equations featuring a kinetics, taking into account a principle of impairment of correlations, and to gain expressions for relaxation times.
As method bottom the combined equations - the dilated equations Neumann’s background serves:
∂ρ∂t+iℏHρt=−ϵρt−ρeqtE13
where H - a Hamiltonian of system’s, ρeqt - the quasi-equilibrium statistical f operator, and ϵ – - the infinitesimal radiant providing irreversibility, which ϵ→0 after thermodynamic transition.
Here amk+amk- operators of a creation (annihilation) of electrons corresponding localized m (nonlocalized - k) to states, cq+c−q - operators of a creation (annihilation) of phonons with a wave vector q, Jmm′ - a matrix element of a jump between the localized states, Vq - potential of scatterers, Mq≈4πe2q2∑qΨ0∗pΨ0p+q,Rmkq≈4πe2q2eik+q∙RmΨ0k+q, Vkqm- - a matrix elements the interaction electron–phonon, obvious expression for which is spotted by the concrete mechanism of dispersion.
The formal solution (13) we will write down in a view:
Boundary conditions we will accept, in view of independence of a Hamiltonian of time, in a standard view [10]:
Trρeqnm=Trρnm=<am+am>,
Trρeqnk=Trρnk=<ak+ak>E16
At the initial moment of time <ak,m+ak,m>t=0 = eEk−μ/kT+1−1 - an equilibrium distribution function of electrons with temperature T.
Expressions for streams of a charge and heat we will choose in a view:
jrt=−2e2π3∫vkfkrtdk,E17
Wrt=22π3∫Ek−μvkfkrtdk,E18
where μ - chemical potential. It is necessary to score that in an equilibrium state when fkrt=f0kr – an equilibrium distribution function, streams are equal to zero. Thus, the problem solution consists in a finding and, after substitution, expressions for streams of a charge and warmth (17) and (18).
We choose a distribution function in a view:
fkrt=<ak+ak>+<am′+am>+<ak+am>+<am+ak>,E19
The select of a distribution function in the form of (19) is caused by majority carriers of a charge taking into account possibility of transition of electrons from non-local in the localized states. Actually, it means possibility of an interference of states in basic one-particle states [11]:
1=∑mm><m+∑kk><k
Such select is caused by definition of dynamic variables in method nonequilibrium statistical operator as these variables spot charge and warmth transport. At the expense of a phonon subsystem it is difficult to express transport of heat in the form of a stream. However, the shape of a Hamiltonian (14) allows to express <cq+cq> through <ak,m+ak,m> in the second order on a constant an interaction electron–phonon.
As it is known [11] to write down the transport equations relation performance is necessary:
Pk,H0=∑lcklPl
Using commutation relations of pairs of fermi-operators we will gain for a P11=ak+ak,P22=am′+am,P12=ak+am,P21=am+ak relation:
Thus from (20) it is visible that in processes of transport the dominant role is played by <ak+am>,<am+ak>,<ak+ak> addends and serves as the tank having the temperature and chemical potential, depending on co-ordinates and time. Therefore, it is possible to spot from the kinetic equations and coefficients from (17) to (18).
Let us write down system of the kinetic equations for <P12> and <P21> in a view:
Where Hint=H1+H2. Similar equation registers and for <P21> to within transposition of coefficients.
Carrying out commutated in collisional members, we will gain the kinetic equations for <P12> and <P21> in the second order on force constants and quadratic on <P12>, <P21>.
Thus writing down the kinetic equation for and carrying out integration on p we will gain the Eq. (21) in which the right part is spotted through.
Without giving bulky expressions for streams, taking into account dispersion mechanisms, we will give dependences of relaxation times for the elementary case of transfer in the first order.
As the free length usually, I use various relaxation times enters into relations for mobilities. At high temperatures i.e. when energy of a phonon ℏω0 is much less than energy of an electron k0T dispersion it is possible to consider elastic. Considering that at dispersion on ultrasonic phonons ℏω0<<k0T also we will gain:
τ=24πMa3ℏω02Е12Z2e4m∗12k0T.E22
Free length
l=τV=V2πMm∗ℏω0Ze2a2Еk0T,E23
Were V – velocity of an electron.
In case of low temperatures, ℏω0>>k0T, The electron–phonon interaction becomes inelastic. In this case processes of uptake of phonons are possible only, and to enter a relaxation time it is impossible. But in case of low temperatures if to consider a requirement ℏω0>>k0T, the majority of the electrons immersing energy of a phonon, transfer in an energy interval from ℏω0 to 2ℏω0. Such electrons will almost instantaneous let out phonons, since the relation of probability of emission to probability of uptake Nq+1Nq≈expℏω0k0T>>1. As a result of such uptake energy of an electron does not change almost. It allows to view interaction of an electron with optical oscillations of a lattice at very low temperatures as elastic and to enter a relaxation time.
Calculation for a relaxation time gives view expression [12]:
τоп=324πMa3ℏω032Z2e4m∗12eℏω0k0T.E24
From (15) it is visible that at low temperatures the relaxation time on optical phonons does not depend on energy, and on temperature depends exponentially.
Free length
l=τV=3a2πMm∗hω0Ze2a2ehω0k0TЕk0T.E25
It is necessary to score that because of presence expℏω0k0T free length always more than interatomic distance, i.e. l >>a.
From the presented analysis follows that charge relaxation times have essentially non-linear temperature dependence and the dispersion mechanism. All it demands the approach which is distinct from the traditional.
4. A method of the extended irreversible thermodynamics
In the standard approach of modeling of distribution of warmth in a thermoelement [4] as a rule, the classical equations of balance of transport of warmth are used:
q=αjT−j2rL2E26
where q - a specific heating capacity, T - temperature теплоотдающей mediums, α, r - TEF and a thermomaterial specific resistance, j - current density, L - thermobranch length.
Prominent feature of model (26) is lack of a time dependence q and temperature ρ. In case of use as a branch of a thermoelement of a material with NTCR [6], the temperature dependence is essential and demands the account at modeling of parameters of a thermoelement. The consecutive account of relaxation processes can lead to occurrence of waves of warmth and essentially changes character of distribution of heat at an initial stage of process.
Other feature of modeling is comparison of effects of model with experiment. Enough compound circuit of excitation and temperature measuring’s is observationally used. The most attractive the plan with use as a radiant of warmth and a charge of an impulse of a current (Figure 4) looks.
Figure 4.
Plan of modeling of a thermobranch.
In this case, measuring temperatures in points Ti, at excitation by a current impulse (point T1) it is possible to realize the direct plan of distribution of warmth along a thermoelement branch.
As it was already specified earlier, use of classical thermodynamics invokes certain fundamental problems because of presence in system of a thermal cell of streams of heat and a charge. Therefore, the thermodynamic approach possesses intrinsic discrepancy. Such problems can be avoided, using the approach of extended irreversible thermodynamics [13]. Extended irreversible thermodynamics far from local balance uses as new explanatory variables dissipation streams, i.e. heat stream q, mass flux J and stress tensor P. Thus, in nonequilibrium system entropy S is function not only classical variable, but also dissipation streams:
S=SUxtvxtCxtqxtIxt.
Introduction of streams as explanatory variables quite defensible from the physical point of view. Really, if in system there is any stream it means the directed locomotion of carriers of heat or mass. Hence, entropy which, as it is known, is a measure of affinity to an equilibrium state, specifies directions of locomotion of all system. Extended irreversible thermodynamics, in difference from classical is irreciprocal, introduces into processes time, as a variable that leads to the differential equations for dissipation streams of evolutionary (relaxation) phylum. In the elementary case relaxation times enter into such equations (Maksvella-Kataneo), in our case of heat and a charge.
Hence using methods of extended irreversible thermodynamics and the relaxation times, received from modeling representations about interactions in stuffs, it is possible to construct the consistent theory of the thermoelectric phenomena.
The initial combined equations can be written down in a view [13].
q+τT∂q∂t=−λ∇T+q0txE27
τe∂i∂t=−i−σE′E28
where: q0tx – source of heat, λ is the thermal conductivity coefficient, E′=E−T∇T−1μe, Е is the electric field strength, μe is the chemical potential, τT, τe is the relaxation time of heat and charge, σe is conductivity, T is temperature.
Thus, the inclusion of dissipative flows in the series of independent variables leads to the fact that these flows are no longer determined by the gradient of the corresponding transfer potential, as in the classical local-equilibrium case, but they are solutions of the evolution Eqs. (27) and (28). These equations describe the process of relaxation of dissipative flows to their local-equilibrium values.
While analyzing the system of Eqs. (27) and (28), we use the following approximations. We assume that the coefficient of thermal conductivity and the relaxation time of the heat are constant and temperature is independent. Such assumption is correct in connection with the fact that the calculation of the heat relaxation time must be carried out taking into account the propagation of heat in the system. In other words, in the case of the heat propagation, the problem is self-consistent. Taking into account that the distribution of the heat and charge front may be considered in a single grain, we can assume that the spread of non-locality is rather weak, and the process describes the approach of the permanent τT and λ.
The τe - is an expression for the relaxation time of conduction electrons of a nondegenerate atomic semiconductor τe∼ε−1/2 Т−1 [12], where ε is an energy of the width order of the forbidden band of the semiconductor. Such an expression for the charge relaxation time is an approximation that has a temperature dependence. It is necessary to solve the kinetic equation for the charge propagation taking into account the dispersion law in the conduction mechanism [8]. However, in our case, such task is complicated by the fact that it is necessary to consider the flow of the charge along the grain surface. It complicates the solution of the kinetic equation, which must be solved taking into consideration the percolation flow model.
Let us converse (28) considering communication of reciprocity coefficients of Onsager’s with phenomenological relations [13]:
∇T−1=1λT2q−μe−αTλT2i;E29
E−∇μe=αλq−αμe−αTλ−ri;E30
Here Thomson’s relation is used αT=−P, were P – сcoefficient of Pelte. As a result of (28) transfers in
τTτe∂i∂τ=−μe−αTrλTq+μe−αT2rλTiE31
Time scale in (31) we will choose concerning relaxation times [10]. Here in expression (31) replacement is yielded tτe=τTτeτ;τ=tτT. Thus, the time dependence scale is spotted by the relation of relaxation times of warmth and a charge [12]. Conformity introduction between a return relaxation time and a thermal conductivity τT−1`∼λλq2, were λq = 2 l – the doubled path length λq=τV=3aπMm∗ℏω0Ze2a2eℏω0k0TЕk0T, λ – thermal conductivity. E′=E−T∇T−1μe, τe – charge relaxation time, σ – conductivity, μe – chemical potential, Е – electric intensity, T – temperature, ε− energy of the order of breadth of a forbidden band of a material.
Similarly, we will converse the Eqs. (27) and (31). We use a relation (29) and having presented λ∇T=−λT2∇T−1, let us gain:
τT∂q∂t=−μe−αTi+q0txE32
τTτe∂i∂τ=μe−αTr∇TTE33
Further we use the law of conservation of energy and (32). It is as a result had:
1τT∂2T∂τ2=−αcvρi∇T+1cvρ∂∂τq0τxE34
were ρ – material density, cv - specific heat capacity.
Thus, the Eqs. (33) and (34) feature distribution of a charge and temperature allocation to a thermoelement under the influence of a current impulse.
Warmth radiant we will choose in a view:
q0tx=ri2E35
I.e. a radiant is Joule heat. Thus, we consider that the current does not depend on co-ordinate and is spotted only by dependence from τ. Carrying out differentiation on τ and using (33), we will gain:
1τT∂2T∂τ2=1cvργμe−1+γαTi∇TTE36
were γ =τe/τT.
As a result, we gain the combined equations featuring model of allocation of temperature along the sample at excitation by an impulse of a current.
∂i∂τ=γμe−αTr∇TTE37
1τT∂2T∂τ2=−icvρα∇T−γμe−αT∇TT
Prominent feature of model (37) is presence of the addends proportional to the relation of relaxation times of a charge and heat γ which acts as natural parameter little. The system (37) looks like a series development on, to the first order though at its deduction of any guesses about little it was not supposed. Thus, in the equation for change of temperature the addend of the zero order on γ is spotted by a thermoelectric stream of warmth. It shows that in the course of warmth distribution, to the initial moment of time, there is a heating at the expense of a current, as the most prompt.
Initial and boundary conditions for system we will choose in a view
i0=I;E38
T00=T1;T0L=T2;∂T∂τ00=0.E39
The predominant model of the conductivity of thermistors with NTCR is a model of hopping conductivity in the approximation of the “nonadiabatic” polaron of a small radius leading to the temperature dependence of conductivity [6]:
σ=π32e2l2J2E−1/2hkT2exp−E/kTE40
where: l is an effective hopping length, J is a parameter of jamping, E is an energy of hop activation, T is a temperature. Such nonlinear temperature dependence of electrical conductivity leads to a substantial nonequilibrium process of the heat and charge transfer in the branches of the thermoelement. It should be noted that in the case of a thermoelectric effect the process has a nonlocal character both in the coordinate and time. It is usually assumed that the chemical potential does not depend on temperature and is approximately equal to the Fermi energy. However, for a nondegenerate semiconductor with a temperature conductivity dependence (40), essentially nonlinear, it is necessary to consider the temperature dependence of the chemical potential [12], which has a logarithmic temperature dependence:
μe=kTln43πεkT32<0E41
where k is a Boltzmann constant.
Thus, the problem of calculating the heat transfer in this system is nonstationary. To solve it, we assume the model to be one-dimensional, and dismiss the second-order terms in the temperature gradients. The initial and boundary conditions are assumed to be standard [14]. Such assumptions allow us to make a qualitative analysis of the nature of the propagation of heat and charge in the system. We examine the model at the distances of the grain size order. The generalization of the sample dimensions requires the establishment of an averaging procedure, which differs from the standard method i.e. the introduction of certain average or effective parameters requires additional considerations and cannot be carried out by simple averaging.
5. A construction and manufacturing of thermoelements
For manufacturing of structural thermoelements it is convenient to use the known production technology of chips-inductances.
Formation of structure of chips-thermoelements is carried out by level-by-level drawing ferrite and conductor layers. On a surface of a flat substrate superimpose thin (to several tens micron) a stratum of paste on the basis of the dielectric powder immixed with a binding material and solvents. On a surface of the dried stratum shape a printing expedient current-carrying (ferrite NiMn2O4 and CoMn2O4) drawing in the form of a semicoil, then superimpose the stratum coating 1/2 areas of preparation and leaving unclosed extremity of a semicoil. The following part of current-carrying drawing (semicoil) is superimposed so that the extremities of conductors were imposed against each other. Similar operations are iterated the necessary number of times that spending drawings in the form of semicoils were joined consistently, forming a spiral (Figure 5). Deficiencies of a “stage” expedient of manufacturing concern low reliability of switching of coils in places of transition of spending paste from the inferior plane on the upper.
Figure 5.
The plan of the making up switching through a step.
Other, simpler plan of switching of the extremities of semicoils through a hole in the dielectric stratum (Figure 6) is developed also.
Figure 6.
The plan of the making up switching through a hole.
As linking of semicoils is yielded each time on half of interturn distance that twice reduces probability of formation of flaws on this critical site, thanks to the free diffluence of paste linking of coils trustier, structural structure trustier.
Structural thermoelements devices are made by a group expedient, i.e. simultaneously agglomerated a considerable quantity of devices on a substrate by the area 100×100 mm. After the termination of the making up the group package is slited on separate devices which are exposed to sintering.
Making of regenerative atmosphere allows to spend formation of a firm solution to furnaces with not compensated charge that leads to various type of conductivity depending on an initial composition.
The intermixture of gases СО - СО2 can be gained two expedients. The first is grounded on interaction of gases СО2 and the prosir-butanovoj of an intermixture, the second expedient - on restoration СО2 at its gear transmission through a stratum of the heated coal. According to the first variant regenerative medium gained by conversion the prosir-butanovoj of an intermixture and СО2. It occurs at temperature 800–1000°С. Formation of gases is accompanied by following responses:
The conducted examinations have shown that most full responses proceed at temperature 1000°С.
Advantage of the given method is that the rate of flux of gases is simply enough set with the help concentration of gas metter. However, enough high temperature is necessary for making of demanded atmosphere with an optimum exit of gases ∼1000°С and the materials applied at manufacturing of the converter, should possess ability to work in regenerative medium (the quartz, special high-temperature grades of a steel). Besides, in this case takes place many-stage chemical responses that demands application of the special data units checking a composition of atmosphere on an exit of the converter.
On the second expedient a gas intermixture gained by gear transmission СО2 through the ceramic pipe filled with heated coal. There is an oxidizing of coal and restoration СО2 on response:
СО2+С→2СО
In an equilibrium state at atmospheric pressure in a gas intermixture on a converter exit the following concentration СО in % contains: 2; 15; 58; 94; 99,3 accordingly at temperature 300, 500, 600, 700, 800°С. Advantage of this method is the low temperature at which there is a formation of regenerative medium. In our case it makes 650–700°С. Regulation of a composition of medium is carried out by change of temperature of the converter. It is necessary to carry necessity of a periodic fill of the converter to deficiencies coal.
Advantage of this method is the low temperature at which there is a formation of regenerative medium. In our case it makes 650–700°С. Regulation of a composition of medium is carried out by change of temperature of the converter. It is necessary to carry necessity of a periodic fill of the converter to deficiencies coal.
As builders it is possible to use restoration шпинелей NiMn2O4 and CoMn2O4 in the gas medium gained by conversion СO2 and H2O over carbon.
The offered procedure allows with sufficient repeatability to gain ceramic semiconductor materials with n and p conductivity types at simultaneous roasting.
6. Results and discussion
The results of numerical simulation are shown in Figure 7. The system analysis (37) was carried out for various relations τT/τe and the dimensionless time t/τT was used.
Figure 7.
Distribution of heat in a thermoelements for various ratios τT, τe, L.
The result of the simulation is presented on Figure 7a, provided that the times of relaxation of heat and charge are close. In this case, the propagation of heat occurs almost simultaneously with the charge density. It has a character close to a solitary wave. Such result is quite obvious, since in this case Joule heat is released simultaneously with heat transfer and the increase of the charge current occurs with the velocity that is close to the velocity of propagation of heat V1. A characteristic feature of such propagation is a formation of the wave on the length of the conductivity hop.
In the case when there is τT >>τe (Figure 7b), the break of propagation front happens and the Joule heat wave V2 outpaces the actual heat transfer wave due to the temperature gradient. Thus, in this case two waves are formed, which are spatially separated. At the same time, the relaxation of the heat does not occur during the hopping of the charge, and the system is in a locally nonequilibrium state. In other words, charge transfer generates a locally nonequilibrium state in which the charge flow is a fast variable.
In the case when there is τT<<τe (Figure 7c), the heat relaxation occurs faster than the charge transfer, and a heat propagation front coinciding with the charge transfer is formed. It should be noted here that the steepness of the front is determined by the mechanism of hopping conductivity and the approximations in the calculation. When there is more correct calculation there will be no gaps on the front.
The mode of heat transfer will be especially manifested in functional gradient materials [3], especially along the grain boundaries. By creating a regular structure with the required relaxation time ratios, it is possible to achieve the wave character of the heat transfer and charge transfer. It will allow to create devices that simultaneously measure and regulate the temperature.
Investigating movement of a charging and temperature wave it is possible to estimate the relation of times of a relaxation. It will allow, at qualitative level to draw certain conclusions about the carrying over mechanism. Such possibility is very actual for ceramic materials.
The first and obvious expedient of pinch of thermoelectric quality factor ZT of materials is optimization of their properties spotting thermoelectric efficiency. Such expedient allows to raise, though and is in most cases inappreciable, thermoelectric properties of traditional thermoelectric materials which are well studied and for which the physical analogues allowing purposefully to spot a direction of optimization of properties of materials are developed. As the basic directions of such optimization it is possible to ooze:
Optimization of concentration of charge carriers;
Optimization of breadth of a forbidden band;
Optimization of a chemical compound of a material.
Optimum concentration of charge carriers (i.e., a select of an optimum level of a doping in the course of synthesis of a thermoelectric material) allows to provide the peak value of a thermoelectric quality factor. Physically, existence of optimum concentration of charge carriers is related by that at magnification of concentration the direct-current conductivity σ grows, and value termo-EDS, on the contrary, decreases. Dependence σ from concentration of charge carriers n is obvious and directly follows from direct-current conductivity definition.
Dependence termo-EDS from concentration of charge carriers is caused by a gas degeneracy of carriers at magnification of concentration of the item. For degenerated electronic gas Fermi level EF gets to a conduction band (for the electronic semiconductor), and requirement Ef-Ec> kT, where EC - energy of a bottom of conduction band, k - a Boltzmann constant is satisfied.
In this case energy and velocity of electrons are spotted by value of a Fermi level and practically do not depend on temperature. For such semiconductor, in the presence of a lapse rate of temperatures on its opposite extremities, streams of electrons from the cold and hot extremities feebly differ, hence, volume termo-EDS will be inappreciable. Termo-EDS, and, hence, and a thermoelectric quality factor, it is possible to achieve pinch in semiconductors and semimetals in requirements when there is the strong degeneration, but concentration of charge carriers is great enough.
Optimization of breadth of forbidden band Eg is fundamental parameter of an electronic spectrum of the semiconductors which change allows to optimize their thermoelectric properties. As a result of a series of examinations [15] it has been shown that from the point of view of reception of a material with the best thermoelectric performances (for the unregenerate semiconductor) performance of following requirements is necessary:
The forbidden band breadth should surpass essentially thermal energy кТ,
The Fermi level should settle down near to a bottom of an allowed band of majority carriers of a charge.
7. Conclusion
For the first time features of carrying over of warmth and a charge in semi-conductor branches of a thermoelement are considered. The model of ceramic semi-conductor branches is constructed of materials with negative temperature factor of resistance for thermoelements. Methods of the expanded irreversible thermodynamics spend modeling of distribution of temperature along the sample. On the basis of the spent modeling the technique of registration of impulses of temperature and definition of the relation of times of a relaxation in materials with negative temperature factor of resistance is offered. It is received that depending on a parity of times of a relaxation of processes of carrying over of a charge and warmth, various operating modes of a thermoelement can be realized.
It is offered to use by manufacture of thermobatteries the known production technology the chips-inductances. Feature of the specified technology is packing of separate elements in assemblage which then is divided into separate elements. Thus, instead of the semi-conductor materials containing rare and often ecologically dangerous materials, it is offered to use oxides ceramics. Roasting in regenerative atmosphere of the furnace allows to make layered thermoelements for one cycle of roasting.
Modeling of thermoelements from the ceramic materials possessing negative temperature in factor of resistance is spent.
\n',keywords:"thermoelement, ferrites, thermistor, nanoceramics, model",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77670.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77670.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77670",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77670",totalDownloads:75,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"January 20th 2021",dateReviewed:"June 11th 2021",datePrePublished:"December 22nd 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"July 24th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The method of manufacturing of ceramic materials on the basis of ferrites of nickel and cobalt by synthesis and sintering in controllable regenerative atmosphere is presented. As the generator of regenerative atmosphere the method of conversion of carbonic gas is offered. Calculation of regenerative atmosphere for simultaneous sintering of ceramic ferrites of nickel and cobalt is carried out. It is offered, methods of the dilated nonequilibrium thermodynamics to view process of distribution of a charge and heat along a thermoelement branch. The model of a thermoelement taking into account various relaxation times of a charge and warmth is constructed.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77670",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77670",signatures:"Yuri Bokhan",book:{id:"10037",type:"book",title:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Mr. Guangzhao Qin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83962-610-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-382-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-611-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"188870",title:"Mr.",name:"Guangzhao",middleName:null,surname:"Qin",slug:"guangzhao-qin",fullName:"Guangzhao Qin"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Material’s",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Microscopic model",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. A method of the extended irreversible thermodynamics",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. A construction and manufacturing of thermoelements",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Rowe D.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics. CRC. Boca Ration.-1995. - 701 p.'},{id:"B2",body:'Rowe D.M. (ed.) Thermoelectrics handbook: macro to nano. CRC Press. Taylor & Francis group. 2006. - 954 p.'},{id:"B3",body:'Anatychuk, L.I. Current Status and some prospects of Thermoelectricity// Journal of Thermoelectricity. 2007. №2. P.7-20.'},{id:"B4",body:'Dmitriev, A.V., Zvyagin, I.P. Current trends in the physics of thermoelectric materials // Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. 2010. Vol. 180. №8. P. 821–838. DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0180.201008b.0821'},{id:"B5",body:'Clarke, D.R. Oxide Thermoelectric Devices: A Major Opportunity for the Global Ceramics Community. // 5th International Congress on Ceramics, Beijing, August 2014.'},{id:"B6",body:'Feteira, A. Negative Temperature Coefficient Resistance (NTSR) Ceramic Thermistors: An Industrial Perspective. // J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2009. vol.92. №5. p.967-983. DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009. 02990.x'},{id:"B7",body:'Koshi Takenaka Negative thermal expansion materials: technological key for control of thermal expansion // Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2012. Vol. 13. P. 1-10. DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/1/013001/'},{id:"B8",body:'Terasaki, I. High-temperature oxide thermoelectrics. //J.Appl. Phys. 2011.- 110.- 053705.'},{id:"B9",body:'Bokhan, Y. I., Varnava, A. A. Roasting of Ceramic Materials with the Negative Temperature Resistance Coefficient of Recovery Atmosphere. // Journal of Materials Sciences and Applications. 2018.Vol 4. No 3. p. 47-50. ISSN: 2381-1005 (Online)'},{id:"B10",body:'Röpke, G. Electrical Conductivity of Charged Particle Systems and Zubarev’s Nonequilibrium Statistical Operator Method. Theor. Math. Phys.2018.194. p. 74–104. Doi:10.1134/S0040577918010063'},{id:"B11",body:'Röpke, G. Electrical conductivity of a system of localized and delocalized electrons. Theor. Math. Phys.1981. 46. p. 184–190 Doi:10.1007/BF01030854.'},{id:"B12",body:'Veljko Zlatic, Rene Monnier Modern Theory of Thermoelectricity. Oxford. University Press. 2014. 289 p.'},{id:"B13",body:'Jou D., Casas-Vázquez J. and Lebon G. Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics, 3rd ed. Springer, Berlin. 2001.– 571 p.'},{id:"B14",body:'Bokhan, Y. I., Varnava, A. A. Thermoelectric ceramic element with a negative temperature factor of resistance //Journal of Thermoelectricity. 2018. No 1.p. 40-47.'},{id:"B15",body:'Melnikov, A.A., Kostishin, V.G., Alenkov, V.V. Dimensionless Model of a Thermoelectric Cooling Device Operating at Real Heat Transfer Conditions: Maximum Cooling Capacity Mode.// Journal of Electronic Materials, 2017.Vol. 46. No. 5. p.2737-2742. DOI: 10.1007/s11664-016-4952-0.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Yuri Bokhan",address:"yuibokhan@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Vitebsk Branch Educational Establishment, The Belarus State Academy of Communication, Vitebsk, Belarus
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Without sacrificing the quality of carefully edited and produced peer-reviewed content, Compacts are published as part of IntechOpen’s book collection but on a faster schedule, typically 4-6 weeks after acceptance. With an average of 132,000 visitors per week, publishing in Compacts not only guarantees high visibility but also facilitates international content sharing. As a fully Open Access publisher, the utilization of a CC BY NC 4.0 license means that other researchers will never have to pay permission fees and can adapt, use, and further build upon the material published in Compacts, eliminating any barriers to the further development of scientific research.
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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Ciurean, Dagmar Schröter and Thomas Glade",authors:[{id:"163703",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Glade",slug:"thomas-glade",fullName:"Thomas Glade"},{id:"164141",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Roxana",middleName:"Liliana",surname:"Ciurean",slug:"roxana-ciurean",fullName:"Roxana Ciurean"},{id:"164142",title:"Dr.",name:"Dagmar",middleName:null,surname:"Schroeter",slug:"dagmar-schroeter",fullName:"Dagmar Schroeter"}]},{id:"59705",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74943",title:"Augmented Reality Trends in Education between 2016 and 2017 Years",slug:"augmented-reality-trends-in-education-between-2016-and-2017-years",totalDownloads:2464,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to review literature regarding using augmented reality (AR) in education articles published in between 2016 and 2017 years. The literature source was Web of Science and SSCI, SCI-EXPANDED, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, and ESCI indexes. Fifty-two articles were reviewed; however, 14 of them were not been included in the study. As a result, 38 articles were examined. Level of education, field of education, and material types of AR used in education and reported educational advantages of AR have been investigated. All articles are categorized according to target groups, which are early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, high school education, graduate education, and others. AR technology has been mostly carried out in primary and graduate education. “Science education” is the most explored field of education. Mobile applications and marker-based materials on paper have been mostly preferred. The major advantages indicated in the articles are “Learning/Academic Achievement,” “Motivation,” and “Attitude”.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]},{id:"44219",doi:"10.5772/54973",title:"Disaster Management Discourse in Bangladesh: A Shift from Post-Event Response to the Preparedness and Mitigation Approach Through Institutional Partnerships",slug:"disaster-management-discourse-in-bangladesh-a-shift-from-post-event-response-to-the-preparedness-and",totalDownloads:4096,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:null,book:{id:"3054",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters"},signatures:"C. Emdad Haque and M. Salim Uddin",authors:[{id:"163390",title:"Dr.",name:"C. Emdad",middleName:null,surname:"Haque",slug:"c.-emdad-haque",fullName:"C. Emdad Haque"},{id:"168399",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammed S",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"mohammed-s-uddin",fullName:"Mohammed S Uddin"}]},{id:"45760",doi:"10.5772/56967",title:"Parenting and Culture – Evidence from Some African Communities",slug:"parenting-and-culture-evidence-from-some-african-communities",totalDownloads:9581,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"3440",slug:"parenting-in-south-american-and-african-contexts",title:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts",fullTitle:"Parenting in South American and African Contexts"},signatures:"Patricia Mawusi Amos",authors:[{id:"162496",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Mawusi",surname:"Amos",slug:"patricia-amos",fullName:"Patricia Amos"}]},{id:"63707",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80780",title:"Drinking Water Treatment and Challenges in Developing Countries",slug:"drinking-water-treatment-and-challenges-in-developing-countries",totalDownloads:7977,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Safe drinking water remains inaccessible to many humans in the developing countries. Research continuously innovates to develop efficient and cheap methods to sustain clean water for developing countries. Developing nations are a broad term that includes countries that are less industrialised and have lower per capita income levels than developed countries. This chapter will discuss clean water for drinking water purposes. Pollution concerns of water in developing countries will be categorised in terms of physical, chemical and biological pollutants such as turbidity, organic matter and bacteria. Natural and anthropogenic pollution concerns linking with seasonal factors will be outlined. The multi-barrier approach to drinking water treatment will be discussed. Abstraction points used will be researched. Water treatment systems, medium- to small-scale approaches, will be discussed. The processes involved in removing the contaminants including physical processes such as sedimentation, filtration such as slow-sand filtration, coagulation and flocculation, and disinfectant processes such as chlorination will be reviewed. Other important methods including solar disinfection, hybrid filtration methods and arsenic removal technologies using innovative solid phase materials will be included in this chapter. Rainwater harvesting technologies are reviewed. Safe storage options for treated water are outlined. Challenges of water treatment in rural and urban areas will be outlined.",book:{id:"6682",slug:"the-relevance-of-hygiene-to-health-in-developing-countries",title:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Josephine Treacy",authors:[{id:"238173",title:"Dr.",name:"Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Treacy",slug:"josephine-treacy",fullName:"Josephine Treacy"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:13759,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]},{id:"74550",title:"School Conflicts: Causes and Management Strategies in Classroom Relationships",slug:"school-conflicts-causes-and-management-strategies-in-classroom-relationships",totalDownloads:2204,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Conflicts cannot cease to exist, as they are intrinsic to human beings, forming an integral part of their moral and emotional growth. Likewise, they exist in all schools. The school is inserted in a space where the conflict manifests itself daily and assumes relevance, being the result of the multiple interpersonal relationships that occur in the school context. Thus, conflict is part of school life, which implies that teachers must have the skills to manage conflict constructively. Recognizing the diversity of school conflicts, this chapter aimed to present its causes, highlighting the main ones in the classroom, in the teacher-student relationship. It is important to conflict face and resolve it with skills to manage it properly and constructively, establishing cooperative relationships, and producing integrative solutions. Harmony and appreciation should coexist in a classroom environment and conflict should not interfere, negatively, in the teaching and learning process. This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:null,title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:null},{id:"52475",title:"Teenage Pregnancies: A Worldwide Social and Medical Problem",slug:"teenage-pregnancies-a-worldwide-social-and-medical-problem",totalDownloads:8225,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood are a cause for concern worldwide. From a historical point of view, teenage pregnancies are nothing new. For much of human history, it was absolutely common that girls married during their late adolescence and experienced first birth during their second decade of life. This kind of reproductive behavior was socially desired and considered as normal. Nowadays, however, the prevention of teenage pregnancies and teenage motherhood is a priority for public health in nearly all developed and increasingly in developing countries. For a long time, teenage pregnancies were associated with severe medical problems; however, most of data supporting this viewpoint have been collected some decades ago and reflect mainly the situation of per se socially disadvantaged teenage mothers. According to more recent studies, teenage pregnancies are not per se risky ones. A clear risk group are extremely young teenage mothers (younger than 15 years) who are confronted with various medical risks, such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and small for gestational age newborns but also marked social disadvantage, such as poverty, unemployment, low educational level, and single parenting. In the present study, the prevalence and outcome of teenage pregnancies in Austria are focused on.",book:{id:"5392",slug:"an-analysis-of-contemporary-social-welfare-issues",title:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues",fullTitle:"An Analysis of Contemporary Social Welfare Issues"},signatures:"Sylvia Kirchengast",authors:[{id:"188289",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kirchengast",slug:"sylvia-kirchengast",fullName:"Sylvia Kirchengast"}]},{id:"58060",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8743,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"58894",title:"Research Ethics",slug:"research-ethics",totalDownloads:3341,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Research ethics is closely related to the ethical principles of social responsibility. This research covers a wide context of working with people, so the researchers raised a task not only to gain confidence in the respondents’ eyes, to receive reliable data, but also to ensure the transparency of the science. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical topics of research, after evaluation of which ethical principles of organization and conducting the research are presented. There is a detailed description of how and what ethical principles were followed on the different stages of the research.",book:{id:"5791",slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility"},signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"23",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",abstract:"Project-based learning and future-based pedagogy are important and effective tools for teaching and learning in the twenty-first century. They are especially suited to instilling social activism among students, which is extremely valuable in today’s multicultural society. This study examined the impact of such learning among Arab and Jewish students and teachers in Israel. Following a collaborative program on social activism, in which students from different sectors worked together via digital platforms and face-to-face encounters, the impact of the program and its pedagogical tools were examined. The program, called Living in a Multicultural Society, reflects the mosaic of different people and communities, living side by side yet separated by religion, culture, and language. Through this program, students who may not have otherwise met worked together to learn, research, and create. This study was conducted using the mixed-method approach, whereby the qualitative data were gathered via interviews, and the quantitative data were collected through questionnaires. The findings show that this project-based learning program led to significant encounters, understandings, and co-operations between different sectors, and to meaningful end-products relating to social activism. This study enhances the concept that significant pedagogical processes increase students’ motivation, in-depth learning, and outcomes.",book:{id:"11481",title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg"},signatures:"Anat Raviv"},{id:"81785",title:"Social Distancing Disbanding Learner Groupings: A Case on Language Development",slug:"social-distancing-disbanding-learner-groupings-a-case-on-language-development",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104893",abstract:"Information sharing is a fundamental aspect in learning an unfamiliar, yet, an additional language, with specific regards to reading comprehension. Language teachers are faced with a task to monitor development, performance, and effectiveness in learner reading proficiencies. This chapter aims to measure if disbanding learner groupings as per the social distancing protocols brought about by COVID-19 restrictions has any impact on language enhancement. Henceforth, there are limited suggestions by literature in relation to disbanding learner groupings, yet improved reading proficiency is one of the crucial language aspects to be mastered for one to be a successful scholar. Nonetheless, this chapter aims to provide teaching strategies applied by English language teachers to necessitate transmitted learning in accordance with information sharing as learners are dependent on one another for language enhancement, thus leading to academic achievement.",book:{id:"10912",title:"Psychosocial, Educational, and Economic Impacts of COVID-19",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10912.jpg"},signatures:"Bulelwa Makena and Thandiswa Mpiti"},{id:"82173",title:"Integral Ecology and Spiritual Dialogues",slug:"integral-ecology-and-spiritual-dialogues",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105126",abstract:"The essay has as its starting point, a brief awareness of the accelerated degradation and depletion of Planet Earth and the incompetent or insensitive economies toward the scandalous increase of social inequalities and situations of human waste in the world. Next, come some core points of the Church’s Social Teaching under Pope Francis, highlighting integral ecology and dialogue, as well as some relevant aspects in the debate of global ethical standards and new perceptions of the paths of spirituality. With this broad framework, the central focus of the text synthesizes a proposal for a concept of promoting justice considered coherent and operative within this context, emphasizing the relevance of spiritual dialogues as a transforming practice within the complexity that questions and challenges us. Even without directly addressing the concept of sustainability, by focusing on integral ecology and spiritual dialogues, the essay’s main horizon is to suggest paths to sustainable societies.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"José Ivo Follmann"},{id:"82295",title:"Religious Self and Sustainability Ideation: Islamic Perspective and Indonesian Context",slug:"religious-self-and-sustainability-ideation-islamic-perspective-and-indonesian-context",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105127",abstract:"This chapter describes the role of the religious self in relation to sustainability ideation. The religious self that can foster sustainability ideation is the genuine religious self. The process is to realize the duty of humans as a caliphate and learn the science of God’s creation as part of human obedience to God. The traditional perspective of religiosity that separates the science of religion from the general science, and considers the general science has nothing to do with religiosity, needs to be retheorized. Retheorization is necessary. Thinking about religiosity provides the opportunity to a Muslim who studies the natural sciences and other sciences to carry out the human duties as caliph, namely guarding the earth.",book:{id:"11429",title:"Sustainability, Ecology, and Religions of the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11429.jpg"},signatures:"Retno Hanggarani Ninin and Noer Fauzi Rachman"},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",abstract:"Among the multi-dimensional social aspects of aging, intergenerational contacts and relationships between older and younger people will be the focus of this chapter. Underpinned by a study that sought to address and reduce ageism, this chapter discusses the respective roles of direct and indirect intergenerational contacts and their associations with the attitude and prosocial behavior of younger people towards older people. This chapter aims to provide initial evidence about the related processes, mechanisms and relationships involving the older individuals and young people in our society. Valuable insights and synergistic efforts will be provided in how the governments, schools, private and community groups, and the media will all have an integral part to play in applying the knowledge of intergenerational contact to combat ageism towards older people. Future research is needed to better integrate the processes, mechanisms and changing relationships between generations to serve the aging population of Hong Kong.",book:{id:"11479",title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg"},signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong"},{id:"82239",title:"Impact of Dialogic Argumentation Pedagogy on Grade 8 students’ Epistemic Knowledge of Science",slug:"impact-of-dialogic-argumentation-pedagogy-on-grade-8-students-epistemic-knowledge-of-science",totalDownloads:25,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104536",abstract:"This study explores the effect of dialogic argumentation on grade 8 students’ epistemic knowledge of science in physics. A quasi-experimental design was employed to compare experimental (239) and control (240) groups’ epistemic knowledge of science. A pre-intervention and post-intervention physics reasoning test was administered, and small group classroom discussions were also video recorded. Physics teachers in the intervention group had trained for three days about dialogic argumentation and Talking Physics Students Activities manual was also distributed and used in this yearlong intervention. Mann-Whitney U test results indicated that the post-test scores of grade 8 students in the argumentation lessons significantly increased in their level of epistemic knowledge compared to the non-argumentation groups, z =−4.509, p = .000, and r = .21, but not in the pre-test scores, z =−1.038 and p = .299. However, both pre- and post-test scores of both groups were relatively low. The intervention groups showed significant improvements in the quality of their argumentation on the ASAC scale, z = 2.111, p = .035, and r = .56, but not the control groups, z = 1.068 and p = .285. The study found evidence that argumentation-based lessons improved both the epistemic knowledge and the quality of dialogic argumentations of grade 8 students and that students’ level of epistemic knowledge and the quality of their dialogic argumentations were strongly correlated.",book:{id:"11279",title:"Advances in Research in STEM Education",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11279.jpg"},signatures:"Getachew Tarekegn, Jonathan Osborne and Mesfin Tadesse"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:144},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. 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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral health, Dental care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic imaging, Early diagnosis, Oral cancer, Conservative treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive dental care, Complementary therapies, Holistic health",scope:"
\r\n This topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11397,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218"},editorialBoard:[{id:"267724",title:"Dr.",name:"Febronia",middleName:null,surname:"Kahabuka",slug:"febronia-kahabuka",fullName:"Febronia Kahabuka",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZpJQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-06-27T12:00:42.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. 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He has been working for several renowned academic societies and enjoys early career in research.",institutionString:"Brno University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:"2753-894X",scope:"
\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},subseries:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",keywords:"Demographic shifts, Innovation, Technology, Next-gen leaders, Worldwide environmental issues and clean technology, Uncertainty and political risks, Radical adjacency, Emergence of new business ecosystem type, Emergence of different leader and leader values types, Universal connector, Elastic enterprise, Business platform, Supply chain complexity",scope:"
\r\n\tThe Business and Management series topic focuses on the most pressing issues confronting organizations today and in the future. Businesses are trying to figure out how to lead in a time of global uncertainty. In emerging markets, issues such as ill-defined or unstable policies, as well as corrupt practices, can be hugely problematic. Changes in governments can result in new policy, regulations, and interest rates, all of which can be detrimental to foreign businesses and investments. A growing trend towards economic nationalism also makes the current global political landscape potentially hostile towards international businesses.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe demographic shifts are creating interesting challenges. People are living longer, resulting to an aging demographic. We have a large population of older workers and retirees who are living longer lives, combined with a declining birthrate in most parts of the world. Businesses of all types are looking at how technology is affecting their operations. Several questions arise, such as: How is technology changing what we do? How is it transforming us internally, how is it influencing our clients and our business strategy? It is about leveraging technology to improve efficiency, connect with customers more effectively, and drive innovation. The majority of innovative companies are technology-driven businesses. Realizing digital transformation is today’s top issue and will remain so for the next five years. Improving organizational agility, expanding portfolios of products and services, creating, and maintaining a culture of innovation, and developing next -generation leaders were also identified as top challenges in terms of both current and future issues.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe most sustained profitable growth occurs when a company expands its core business into an adjacent space. This has significant implications for management because innovation in business ecosystems differs from traditional, vertically integrated firms. Every organization in the ecosystem must be aware of the bigger picture. Innovation in ecosystems necessitates collaborative action to invent and appraise, efficient, cross-organizational knowledge flows, modular architectures, and good stewardship of legacy systems. It is built on multiple, interconnected platforms. Environmental factors have already had a significant impact in the West and will continue to have an impact globally. Businesses must take into account the environmental impact of their daily operations. The advantage of this market is that it is expected to grow more rapidly than the overall economy. Another significant challenge is preparing the next generation of leaders to elevate this to the number one priority within the next five years. There can be no culture of innovation unless there is diverse leadership or development of the next generation of leaders; and these diverse, next-generation leaders are the ones who will truly understand the digital strategies that will drive digital transformation.
",annualVolume:11970,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"114318",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Rodeiro",fullName:"David Rodeiro",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2a8QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-22T08:29:52.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Santiago de Compostela",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"114073",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg",middleName:null,surname:"Freiling",fullName:"Jörg Freiling",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2UPQA0/Profile_Picture_1642580983875",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Bremen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"202681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Duh",fullName:"Mojca Duh",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD2dQAG/Profile_Picture_1644907300283",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"103802",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Zizlavsky",fullName:"Ondrej Zizlavsky",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQJQA0/Profile_Picture_1643100292225",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"190913",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert M.X.",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Robert M.X. Wu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190913/images/system/190913.jpg",institutionString:"Central Queensland University",institution:{name:"Central Queensland University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"87",title:"Economics",keywords:"Globalization, Economic integration, Growth and development, International trade, Environmental development, Developed countries, Developing countries, Technical innovation, Knowledge management, Political economy analysis, Banking and financial markets",scope:"
\r\n\tThe topic on Economics is designed to disseminate knowledge around broad global economic issues. Original submissions will be accepted in English for applied and theoretical articles, case studies and reviews about the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the economies and markets around the world. The authors are encouraged to apply rigorous economic analysis with significant policy implications for developed and developing countries. Examples of subjects of interest will include, but are not limited to globalization, economic integration, growth and development, international trade, environmental development, country specific comparative analysis, technical innovation and knowledge management, political economy analysis, and banking and financial markets.
",annualVolume:11971,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104262/images/system/104262.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236659/images/system/236659.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babeș-Bolyai University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",middleName:null,surname:"Verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"107745",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Panagiotis E.",middleName:null,surname:"Petrakis",fullName:"Panagiotis E. Petrakis",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRzzaQAC/Profile_Picture_1644221136992",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196259/images/system/196259.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Institute for Economic Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",keywords:"Consumer trends, Consumer needs, Media, Pricing, Distribution, Branding, Innovation, Neuromarketing",scope:"
\r\n\tMarketing is an important aspect in the functioning of all types of organizations. The external environment is characterized by constant and dynamic changes, that pose risks to the company. It is associated with changes in macroeconomic, political, legal, and demographic, as well as new consumer trends. It is necessary to carefully plan marketing activities in order to provide the market with products that satisfy consumers' needs and desires, provide them with value, and bring satisfaction and contentment. Therefore, in this topic, we focus on overall marketing efforts, including marketing communications through traditional and social media, pricing strategies, distribution strategies, branding, innovation, and new product launches, as well as researching the current market and consumer trends. We also analyze the latest trends and tendencies in marketing, such as product placement and neuromarketing.
",annualVolume:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",editor:{id:"203609",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hanna",middleName:null,surname:"Gorska-Warsewicz",fullName:"Hanna Gorska-Warsewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD9pQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-14T11:58:32.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Warsaw University of Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"202495",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Elisa Martinelli",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD14QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:34:15.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"304707",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"František",middleName:null,surname:"Pollák",fullName:"František Pollák",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/304707/images/system/304707.jpg",institutionString:"University of Economics in Bratislava",institution:{name:"University of Economics in Bratislava",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}},{id:"179600",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Popoli",fullName:"Paolo Popoli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179600/images/6377_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:null}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/146509",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"146509"},fullPath:"/profiles/146509",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()