",isbn:"978-1-83768-132-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-131-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-133-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"8e41aab8223c29ce69c00e8c8f6f560d",bookSignature:"Prof. Vlassios Hrissanthou and Assistant Prof. Vasilis Bellos",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12059.jpg",keywords:"Reservoir, Check Dam, River Flow, River Sediment Transport, Stilling Basin, Weir, Bridge Pier, Scouring, Reservoir Volume Capacity, Dimensioning Flood, Dimensioning Hydrograph, Length of Spillway",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 20th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 21st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 19th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 8th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 6th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Prof. Hrissanthou is the author and co-author of 48 publications in scientific journals, 88 publications in conference proceedings, and 12 book chapters published in English, Greek, and German. He is a member of the Hellenic Hydrotechical Association, the Deutsche Vereinigung fur Wasserwirtschaft, the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), and the International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR).",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Vasilis Bellos is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece. Dr. Bello's research interest includes integrated water resources management focusing on the design and the environmental management of hydraulic works.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/37707/images/system/37707.png",biography:"Dr.-Ing. Vlassios Hrissanthou is an Emeritus Professor at the Civil Engineering Department of Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Xanthi, Greece. He studied Civil Engineering at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), Greece, obtaining the diploma of Civil Engineer in 1972. He then undertook postgraduate and doctoral studies on Hydrology and Hydraulic Structures at the University of Karlsruhe (KIT), Germany. Subsequently, he completed a postdoctoral study on Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structures at the University of the Armed Forces Munich (UniBw München), Germany. 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1. Introduction
Nowadays, manganese (Mn) ferrite nanoparticles have been used for great potential applications such as absorbing electromagnetic waves, storage media, and water treatment catalysts [1, 2, 3, 4]. Many researchers focused on the fabrication of spinel ferrite nanoparticles due to their exceptional electrical and magnetic properties [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. To a progressively essential degree, the expanded scaling down and data storage devices of new devices require the utilization of nanosized magnetic attractive particles [10, 11]. Manganese spinel ferrite nanoparticles have gotten expanding consideration for their surprising magnetic properties, such as moderate saturation magnetization (Ms) and low coercivity with a mechanical hardness, high permeability, and good chemical stability [12, 13]. The significance of thick manganese (Mn) spinel ferrites additionally lies in their potential application, for example, transformers, core materials for coils, information and communication devices, and so forth. The MnFe2O4 nanoparticles have a spinel cubic structure having the general formula AB2O4, where the A sites are occupied by the Mn2+ ions and B sites by the Fe3+ ions. In a unit cell of manganese ferrites, there are 8 divalent Mn2+ ions, 16 trivalent Fe3+ ions, and 32 oxygen ions [14].
The spinel MnFe2O4 nanoparticles were prepared by synthesis methods such as sonochemical technique, co-precipitation, sol-gel method, and solution combustion method [15, 16, 17]. In the current work, the solution combustion method is often chosen because it is safe, cheap, and easy and it requires less time and energy for the preparation of nanoparticles. It also produces a high-purity product. In this method, the crystallite size, particle size, purity, surface area, degree of nature, and porosity can be influenced by the fuel (F) type [18]. However, for the preparation of nanoparticles, there is no requirement for complex tools, high-temperature furnaces, and reaction chambers in the synthesis process.
In the present work, the Bi3+-substituted MnFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles were prepared by a solution combustion method using a mixture of fuels such as glucose and urea. The structural, microstructural, dielectrical, and magnetic properties of Bi-doped manganese spinel ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized and investigated through XRD, SEM, EDS, and dielectric and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) for photonic applications.
2. Experimental details
2.1 Materials
For the preparation of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles, Mn(NO3)2.4H2O (manganese nitrate) (Sigma-Aldrich; molecular weight 251.01 g/mol, purity 99.0%), Bi(NO3)3·5H2O (bismuth nitrate) (Leica, Sigma-Aldrich; purity 98 + %, molecular weight 485.07 g/mol), and Fe(NO3)2.9H2O (ferric nitrate) (Merck; purity 99.0%, molecular weight 404 g/mol) are used as oxidizers (O) and NH2CONH2 (carbamide) (Fisher Scientific; purity 99.0%, molecular weight 60.06 g/mol) and C6H12O6 (glucose) (Glucomin-D; purity 99.4%, molecular weight 180.156 g/mol) as fuels. Further based on the oxidizer’s and fuel’s valences of the compounds, the oxidizer-and-fuel ratio is maintained to unity.
2.2 Synthesis method
The Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) spinel nanoparticles were prepared by the solution combustion method using a stoichiometric amount of O and a mixture of F proportions taken as one. Stoichiometric amounts of manganese nitrate (Mn(NO3)2·4H2O), bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O), ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)3·9H2O), carbamide (NH2CONH2), and glucose (C6H12O6) are carried and put in a 500-ml Borosil glass beaker, which is then diluted with a double distilled water. The mixture solution was kept on magnetic stirrer about 60 min to get a homogeneous solution. This homogeneous solution was kept in a pre-warmed suppress heater at 450°C. Within 20 min, the burning process was finished. Then, the obtained powder was grained about 30 min using agate mortar and pestle. The flow chart of the Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) solution combustion is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The flow chart of the solution combustion method for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
2.3 Characterizations
The XRD patterns were gotten by using CuKα radiation having a wavelength (λ) = 1.5406 Å, and the 2θ values run from 10° to 80° under the step size of 0.02°. The crystalline nature and phase structure can be understood from the XRD patterns. The SEM and EDS micrographs were collected by using JEOL (model JSM-840) to obtain the surface morphology and elemental composition of the samples. To study the electrical properties, the samples are made into pellets using a hydraulic press under the 5-ton pressure using an 11-mm die set. The prepared pellets are sintered at 650°C for 3 h. The sintered pellets are silver coated for a good electrical contact. The electrical properties of all samples are tested at room temperature in the frequency up to 20 MHz using the Wayne Kerr 6500B Series Impedance Analyzer. The magnetic properties were measured at room temperature using a physical properties measurement system (PPMS; Quantum Design, Inc.) up to a field of 20 kOe.
3. Results and discussions
3.1 Phase, crystallinity, and structural elucidation
Figure 2 depicts the refined XRD patterns of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) as synthesized ferrite samples were plotted using a WinPLOTR program. The Bragg diffraction peaks corresponding to angular positions were indexed as (220) (311) (222) (400) (331) (422) (511) (440). Rietveld refinement was employed using a FullProf program for structural refinements. The parameters obtained from refinement, such as weighted (Rp) and unweighted (Rwp) profile factor ratio (Rwp/Rp), which is less than one, and goodness-of-fit factor (χ2), which is low, are given in Table 1. The refined XRD patterns confirm the single phase with a spinel cubic structure having a space further without any additional impurity peaks. The indexed (hkl) values are well matched with the Joint Committee of Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card number 74-2400. Figure 3 clearly shows that the lattice parameters increase with the increase of Bi3+ concentration due to the difference in ionic radius of Mn2+ and Bi3+ ions. The ionic radius of Mn2+ (0.83 Å) is less than the ionic radius of Bi3+ (1.03 Å). The average crystallite size was calculated by using the equation below [19]:
Figure 2.
Rietveld-refined XRD patterns of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
Bi3+ content
Lattice parameters (Å)
Crystallite size D in (nm)
Volume (Å3)
Internal strain Є 10−2 (%)
X-ray density (Δ) g/cm3
Hoping length (Å)
LA
LB
0.0
8.3612
13.7
584.52
88
5.2406
3.6025
2.9561
0.05
8.3658
11.9
585.49
95
5.4068
3.6225
2.9577
0.10
8.3845
10.8
589.42
96
5.5443
3.6306
2.9643
0.15
8.3874
10.6
590.04
105
5.7117
3.6319
2.9654
0.20
8.3932
9.2
591.26
131
5.8731
3.6343
2.9674
Table 1.
Crystallite size, lattice constant, strain, X-ray density, magnetic hoping length data of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
Figure 3.
Variation of crystallite size (nm) and lattice parameter (a°) with Bi3+ doping concentration of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
D=kλβcosθnmE1
where k is the Scherrer constant (k = 0.9), λ is the wavelength of Cu-kα radiation, β is the full width half maximum, and θ is the angle of diffraction. The estimated crystallite size decreases with the increase of Bi3+ concentration (Figure 3). Further internal strain, X-ray density, and hopping length were increased with Bi3+ concentration increasing (Figure 4). The lattice parameters, average crystallite size, internal strain, X-ray density, and hopping lengths were tabulated in Table 1.
Figure 4.
Variation of internal strain (%) and density (gm/cm3) of (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles with Bi3+ doping concentration.
3.2 SEM and EDS
Figures 5 and 6 show the SEM and EDS of Bi3+-doped MnFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) ferrite samples synthesized, respectively. All SEM micrographs reveal the highly porous nature of the samples [20]. All the samples show the dry foamy powder due to the combustion. The average grain size cannot be observed due to the high porous nature of the sample. The density of samples increases with Bi3+ concentration. The EDS images clearly reveal that Mn, Fe, and O peaks are clearly visible in all samples. The Bi3+ peak is visible in all samples except at 0 mol % Bi3+ sample. The stoichiometry of constituent elements present in the Mn1-xBixFe2O4 with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 ferrite nanoparticles estimated from EDS spectrum is shown in Table 2. The estimated stoichiometry as listed in Table 3 is very near to the composition of theoretical values.
Figure 5.
SEM micrograph images of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles with x = 0.0 (MnFe2O4), x = 0.05 (Mn0.95Bi0.05Fe2O4), x = 0.1 (Mn0.9Bi0.1Fe2O4), x = 0.15 (Mn0.85Bi0.15Fe2O4), and x = 0.2 (Mn0.8Bi0.2Fe2O4).
Figure 6.
EDS patterns of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles with x = 0.0 (MnFe2O4), x = 0.05 (Mn0.95Bi0.05Fe2O4), x = 0.1 (Mn0.9Bi0.1Fe2O4), 0.15 (Mn0.85Bi0.15Fe2O4), and x = 0.2 (Mn0.8Bi0.2Fe2O4).
x
Atomic abundance of elements (%)
Mn
Bi
Fe
O
Total
0.0
17.92
0.0
32.13
49.96
100
0.05
20.45
0.96
29.07
49.52
100
0.1
18.59
1.75
30.53
49.12
100
0.15
19.37
3.11
29.08
48.44
100
0.2
20.02
4.30
27.83
47.85
100
Table 2.
The stoichiometry of constituent elements present in the Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles estimated from EDS spectrum.
Bi3+ concentration (x)
Element
Composition of theoretical values
Composition from EDX analysis
Mn
1
0.99
0
Bi
0
0
Fe
1
1
Mn
0.95
0.955
0.05
Bi
0.05
0.045
Fe
1
1
Mn
0.9
0.914
0.1
Bi
0.1
0.086
Fe
1
1
Mn
0.85
0.862
0.15
Bi
0.15
0.138
Fe
1
1
Mn
0.8
0.823
0.2
Bi
0.2
0.177
Fe
1
1
Table 3.
Summary of EDS analysis of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
3.3 Dielectric studies
3.3.1 Real (ε′) and imaginary (ε′′) parts of dielectric constant
The real (ε′) and imaginary (ε′′) parts of the dielectric constant as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles are depicted in Figure 7(a) and Figure 7(b), respectively. At low frequency, the real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants show the dispersion for all samples. The dielectric constant values sharply decrease with increasing in frequency, and it is due to Maxwell-Wagner interfacial-type polarization according to Koop’s phenomenological theory [21]. At the lower-frequency region, the interfacial polarization contributes to the dispersion. A systematic variation is observed due to the dispersion of dielectric constant with substitution. At the higher-frequency region, it cannot follow the alternating electric field, so real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants are independent of frequency at that region. In ferrites, the maximum dielectric constant is observed in samples having higher Fe2+ content. At the lower-frequency region, the hopping (exchange of electron) between Fe2+ and Fe3+ at octahedral sites follows the alternating electric field. Many literatures on AB2O4 ferrites indicate that high-temperature sintering leads to the exchange of the Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ ions at octahedral sites to some degree [22]. However, the hopping process, involving between the Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions, is attributed to the dielectric properties of the samples. Thus, the increase of Bi3+ concentration results in the increase of dielectric constant. The grain size also influences the dielectric properties, since, in ferrite samples, the dielectric constant of the poorly conducting grain boundary is less than the dielectric constant of highly conducting grains. Thus, size reduction introduces more grain boundaries and hence increases changes in electron polarization at the grain boundaries. Since the size decreases with bismuth substitution increasing, it also increases the dielectric constant.
Figure 7.
(a) The real (ε′) and (b) imaginary (ε′′) parts of the dielectric constant as a function of frequency at room temperature, respectively, for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
3.3.2 Dielectric loss tangent (tan δ)
The dielectric loss tangent as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles is shown in Figure 8. The figure shows the dielectric loss tangent decreases with the increase of the frequency. The dielectric loss tangent is a result of the string in polarization in accordance with the applied external electric field. The materials with high dielectric loss tangent are engaged for manufacturing high-frequency heating devices. The tan δ was calculated using the relation tan δ = ε′/ε″, where ε′ and ε″ are the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant, respectively [23].
Figure 8.
The dielectric loss tangent as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
The tan δ decreases with the increase of the frequency, and then it becomes constant at higher frequencies for all samples. The dielectric loss tangent depends on a number of factors, such as homogeneity, stoichiometry, synthesis method, ferric content, and composition. The frequency increases with the decrease of the dielectric loss tangent; it may be characterized by the Maxwell-Wagner polarization and conduction mechanism in ferrites.
3.3.3 AC conductivity (σac)
The variation of σac as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles is shown in Figure 9. From the figure, it may well be seen that at first the conductivity stays steady in the low frequencies, bit by bit increments in the middle of the road frequencies, and afterward shows scattering for high frequencies in consistence with the Jonscher power law. The AC conductivity was calculated by using the equationσac=2πfɛ0×tanδ, where ɛ0 is the permittivity of free space, f is the frequency, and tan δ is the dielectric loss tangent. Here, the figure shows that σac increases with the increase of the frequency according to the hopping model [24]. In the lower frequencies, grain limits are increasingly adequate; thus the recurrence-free conducts are accomplished. Be that as it may, at high-frequency system, the increase in σac is credited to the increased hopping of charge bearers between the Fe2+ and Fe3+ particles and Mn2+ and Mn3+ particles at the octahedral site and further as a result of grain impact. With increasing substitution of Bi3+ by Mn2+ particles, it very well may be seen that at first conductivity diminishes because of the decrease in the quantity of Mn2+-Mn3+ particles which confines the portability of charge transporters at the octahedral destinations.
Figure 9.
The AC conductivity as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
3.3.4 Real and imaginary parts of complex impedance
Figure 10(a) and (b) shows the real and imaginary parts of complex impedance as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles, respectively. These types of frequency dependence complex impedance have been used for the study of the contribution of grains and grain boundaries on the electrical properties of nanoferrites. The obtained results showed the complex impedance versus frequency for the cobalt ferrites. Figure 10(a) indicates that the magnitude of the real part of dielectric constant Z′ decreased with the increase of frequency. The real part of dielectric constant curves tended to merge in the high-frequency region. Such behavior is related to the effect of space charge polarization in the material [25]. Figure 10(b) indicates that the imaginary part of dielectric constant Z′′ reached a maximum value at the low-frequency region and then decreased with further increasing of the frequency, approaching a small value at high-frequency region. Further, it was observed that the height of the peak curve decreased with the concentration increasing, indicating a decrease in the relaxation time. The observed relaxation peak in the magnitude of Z′′ demonstrated the existence of space charge relaxation.
Figure 10.
(a) and (b) The real and imaginary parts of complex impedance as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
3.3.5 Cole-Cole plot
Figure 11 shows the Cole-Cole plots of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles at room temperature. Cole-Cole plot shows the real part complex impedance (Z′) and the imaginary part of complex impedance (Z′′) along x-axis and y-axis, respectively. Figure 11 clearly shows one semicircle was obtained for each of the samples, due to the grain boundary effect. The effects of grain boundary of the material are contributed by the parallel combination of grain boundary resistance and capacitance. However, the radius of curvature of each semicircular arc is reasonably shifted from the magnitude of Z′ when the concentration increased, which is attributed to the presence of a non-Debye type of relaxation phenomenon [26]. Further, the radius of curvature of each semicircular arc is indirectly proportional to the electrical conductance of the material and directly proportional to the electrical resistance. The position of the semicircular arc depends on its relaxation times.
Figure 11.
The Cole-Cole plots of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles at room temperature.
3.3.6 The real (M′) and imaginary (M′′) parts of electric modulus
Figure 12(a) and (b) shows the real (M′) and imaginary (M′′) parts of electric modulus as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles, respectively. M′ approaches zero in lower-frequency district and shows constant scattering moving in midfrequency area, while it displays a level sort conduct in higher frequency. This sort of conduct is emerged from the unimportant electrode polarization in lower frequencies and short-range and long-range versatility of charge transporters contributing for the conduction wonders in midfrequencies and recurrence-free electrical conduction in higher frequencies, individually [27]. Also, the focus increment M′′ shows the unwinding tops from lower-frequency area to higher-frequency area. The relaxation tops moving plainly demonstrate the spread of relaxation time of the material. The presence of relaxation tops at lower-, center-, and higher-frequency areas is ascribed to the commitment of capacitance to the grain limit, structural, and grain stage attributes, separately, which is very much concurred with the revealed writing.
Figure 12.
(a) and (b) The real (M′) and imaginary (M′′) parts of electric modulus as a function of frequency at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles.
3.3.7 Nyquist plot
Figure 13 gives out the variation of complex electric modulus spectrum (Nyquist plot) (M′ vs. M′′) at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles, and it shows the single semicircular segment for all samples, which is beginning from the grain limit commitments of the material. The Nyquist plot reveals the presence of a non-Debye type of relaxation phenomenon, which is further validated from the electrical modulus analysis [28]. Also, each crescent bend is almost overlapped with each other and no variety is observed, which calls attention to the nearness of electrical unwinding process in the material.
Figure 13.
Nyquist plot of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles at room temperature.
3.4 Magnetic properties
At room temperature, magnetic hysteresis (M-H) curves of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles show very narrow hysteresis loops, which confirms the soft magnetic material nature as depicted in Figure 14. The magnetization measurement was done by using VSM mounted with maximum applied field of 2 T at room temperature.
Figure 14.
M-H loops measured at room temperature for Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (MBF) ferrite nanoparticles with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 nanoparticles.
The remanent magnetization (Mr) and Ms was estimated by the M-H loop of the y-axis (magnetization axis). The coercivity field (Hc) was estimated by the M-H loop of the x-axis (field axis). The remanence ratio (S) was calculated by using equation S = MrMs. The magneton number (ηB) was calculated by using equation ηB = M.WXMs5585. The cubic anisotropy (Kc) was calculated by using the equation Kc=HcXMs0.64. The uniaxial anisotropy (Ku) was calculated by using the equation Ku=HcXMs0.985 [8, 29]. At room temperature, the magnetic parameters such as Mr, Ms, Hc, S, ηB, Kc, and Ku decrease with the increase of Bi3+ concentration (Figures 15–17). In ferrites, the coercive force is gotten by inversion of the direction of the divider development and that of domain turning around the bearing of the applied field. Generally, the successful sticking for domain wall causes the coercivity; it is understood that the greater grain size reduces HC [30]. In the present examination, the coercive values are low; thus, the likelihood of domain rotation is lower. The materials with bigger grain size have been used to accomplish lower core loss. Strikingly, as anticipated, the estimation of the reduced remanence value was found to be the lowest for x = 0.20 concentration sample (Table 4). We observed S esteems began interestingly from the higher super paramagnetic and the monotonic decrease in S with increase in Bi3+ concentration. Thus, it is expected that the observed impact is overwhelmed by the surface pinning and the change in intrinsic magnetic anisotropy of the particles because of Bi doping.
Figure 15.
Variation of MS and Mr of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 ferrite nanoparticles with Bi3+ doping concentration.
Figure 16.
Variation of HC and ηB of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 ferrite nanoparticles with Bi3+ doping concentration.
Figure 17.
Variation of KC and Ku of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 with x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 ferrite nanoparticles with Bi3+ doping concentration.
Bi3+ concentration (x)
MS (emu/g)
Mr (emu/g)
Hc (Oe)
S = Mr/MS
Ku (erg/cm3)
Kc (erg/cm3)
ηB (μB)
0.00
33.42
2.994
14.14
0.0896
472.55
738.37
1.4259
0.05
24.11
1.705
12.15
0.0707
297.93
457.71
1.0123
0.10
22.98
0.947
7.52
0.0412
172.80
270.02
0.9959
0.15
21.38
0.548
7.18
0.0256
155.84
239.86
0.9713
0.20
17.89
0.337
6.10
0.0189
110.79
170.49
0.8373
Table 4.
Room temperature magnetic parameters of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2), i.e., MS, Mr, reduced S, (Hc), Ku, cubic anisotropy constant (Kc), and ηB.
4. Conclusion
The Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles are synthesized by the solution combustion method using a mixture of fuels as carbamide and glucose. The crystallite sizes were found in nanometer, and the crystallite size decreases with the increase of Bi3+ concentration. The lattice parameter increases with the increase of Bi3+ concentration due to the difference in ionic radius of Mn2+ and Bi3+ ions. The porous nature of the samples was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The elemental composition was analyzed by EDS composition. The dielectric parameters such as real part and imaginary parts of dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent decrease with the increase of frequency, and this behavior could be explained by a Maxwell-Wagner interfacial-type polarization. All dielectric parameters increase with the increase of Bi3+ concentration. The AC conductivity increases with the increase of frequency according to the hopping model. The real part of complex impedance decreases with the increase of frequency. The observed relaxation peak in the magnitude of imaginary part of complex impedance Z′′ demonstrated the existence of space charge relaxation. The Cole-Cole plot reveals one semicircle was obtained for each of the samples, due to the grain boundary effect. It is attributed to the presence of a non-Debye type of relaxation phenomenon. The real and imaginary parts of electric modulus vary with frequency. The Nyquist plot reveals the presence of a non-Debye type of relaxation phenomenon, which is further validated from the electrical modulus analysis. The magnetic hysteresis curves of all samples reveal the soft magnetic material nature. The magnetic parameters such as remanent magnetization, saturation magnetization, and coercivity field were decreased with the increase of Bi3+ concentration. Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles have great potential for photonic applications.
\n',keywords:"Maxwell-Wagner interfacial type of polarization, Cole-Cole plots, soft magnetic material, solution combustion method",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72254.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72254.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72254",totalDownloads:632,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:5,impactScorePercentile:94,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 5th 2020",dateReviewed:"April 9th 2020",datePrePublished:"May 20th 2020",datePublished:"December 2nd 2020",dateFinished:"May 20th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The structural, microstructural, and magnetic properties of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles prepared by solution combustion method were investigated. Rietveld-refined X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the single-phase formation with space group Fd3m having spinel cubic structure. The porous nature of the samples was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Composition values of the theoretical stoichiometry and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) composition values are well matched for all samples. The dielectric parameters such as real part of dielectric constant, imaginary part of dielectric constant, and dielectric loss tangent decrease with the increase in frequency. The AC conductivity increases with increase in the Bi3+ concentration. The real part of complex impedance decreases with the increase in frequency. Cole-Cole plots reveal that one semicircle was obtained for each of the samples. The real and imaginary parts of electric modulus vary with frequency. The magnetic hysteresis curves of all samples reveal the soft magnetic material nature. We observed S esteems began uniquely from the higher superparamagnetic, we would have watched the monotonic decrease in S with increase in Bi3+ concentration. Furthermore, the magnetic parameters were estimated.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72254",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72254",book:{id:"8787",slug:"bismuth-fundamentals-and-optoelectronic-applications"},signatures:"V. Jagadeesha Angadi, H.R. Lakshmiprasanna and K. Manjunatha",authors:[{id:"266255",title:"Dr.",name:"Veerabhadrappa",middleName:null,surname:"Jagadeesha Angadi",fullName:"Veerabhadrappa Jagadeesha Angadi",slug:"veerabhadrappa-jagadeesha-angadi",email:"jagadeeshbub@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Experimental details",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Materials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Synthesis method",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Characterizations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Results and discussions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1 Phase, crystallinity, and structural elucidation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 SEM and EDS",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.3 Dielectric studies",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"3.3.1 Real (ε′) and imaginary (ε′′) parts of dielectric constant",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"3.3.2 Dielectric loss tangent (tan δ)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.3.3 AC conductivity (σac)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"3.3.4 Real and imaginary parts of complex impedance",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"3.3.5 Cole-Cole plot",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"3.3.6 The real (M′) and imaginary (M′′) parts of electric modulus",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"3.3.7 Nyquist plot",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"3.4 Magnetic properties",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Amighian J, Mozaffari M, Nasr B. 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Influence of fuel to oxidizer ratio on LPG sensing performance of MgFe2O4 nanoparticles. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2015;161:135-141'},{id:"B14",body:'Manjunatha K, Sathish IC, Kubrin SP, Kozakov AT, Lastovina TA, Nikolskii AV, et al. X‑ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low temperature Mössbauer study of Ce3+ substituted MnFe2O4. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2019;30:10162-10171'},{id:"B15",body:'Dutta DP, Manjanna J, Tyagi AK. Magnetic properties of sonochemically synthesized CoCr2O4 nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Physics. 2009;106:043915'},{id:"B16",body:'Durgesh K, Nemkovski K, Su Y, Rath C. Enhancement of Curie- and spin-spiral temperatures with doping Fe in multiferroic CoCr2O4 nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2019;488:165378'},{id:"B17",body:'Younis M, Saleem M, Atiq S, Naseem S. Magnetic phase transition and magneto-dielectric analysis of spinel chromites: MCr2O4 (M = Fe, Co and Ni). 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Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 2016;98:20-27'},{id:"B25",body:'Mangalaraja RV, Ananthakumar S, Manohar P, Gnanam FD. Magnetic, electrical and dielectric behaviour of Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 prepared through flash combustion technique. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2002;253:56'},{id:"B26",body:'Tsay C-Y, Lin Y-H, Wang Y-M, Chang H-Y, Lei C-M, Jen S-U. Electrical transport properties of CoMn0.2−xGaxFe1.8O4 ferrites using complex impedance spectroscopy. AIP Advances. 2016;6:055909'},{id:"B27",body:'Badapanda T, Sarangi S, Parida S, Behera B, Ojha B, Anwar S. Frequency and temperature dependence dielectric study of strontium modified barium zirconium titanate ceramics obtained by mechanochemical synthesis. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2015;26:3069'},{id:"B28",body:'Sakthisabarimoorthi A, Dhas SAMB, Robert R, Influence of erbium doping on the electrical behaviour of CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics probed by impedance spectroscopy analysis. Jose M. Materials Research Bulletin. 2018;106:81-92'},{id:"B29",body:'Manjunatha K, Jagadeesha Angadi V, Ribeiro RAP, Longo E, Oliveira MC, Bomio MRD, et al. Structural, electronic, vibrational and magnetic properties of Zn2+ substituted MnCr2O4 nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2020;502:166595'},{id:"B30",body:'JagadeeshaAngadi V, Rudraswamy B, Sadhana K, Praveena K. Structural and magnetic properties of manganese zinc ferrite nanoparticles prepared by solution combustion method using mixture of fuels. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2016;409:111-115'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"V. Jagadeesha Angadi",address:"jagadeeshbub@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Physics, P.C. Jabin Science College, India
Department of Physics, School of Engineering, Presidency University, India
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1. Introduction
Preventing or minimising water infiltration from the reservoir is crucial for the behavior of a dam because, over time, persistent seepage can make the dam deviate from its design conditions, ultimately jeopardizing its integrity. To ensure safe operation over their service life, dams are built to be intrinsically watertight or to have an upstream or an internal water barrier.
In 1959, synthetic watertight materials were first adopted in dams to substitute traditional water barriers such as concrete or clay. With a few exceptions (geotextiles impregnated in-situ with bitumen), these synthetic materials are factory-produced in form of thin continuous flexible sheets. In 1977 Dr J. P. Giroud proposed to name them “geomembranes” [1], which is the terminology internationally adopted ever since. When installed in dams, the thickness of geomembranes is in the range of 2 to 3.5–4 mm.
Several types of geomembranes are available, with different characteristics and different behavior in service, depending on the components, the formulation, and on the type of reinforcement if any. The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) has extensively addressed these issues [2], also giving information on the number, type, and years of installation for the different types of geomembranes adopted in dams. Plasticised polyvinylchloride (PVC) geomembranes resulted to be by far the ones most used in dams. In the majority of applications, the PVC geomembrane is heat-bonded at fabrication to an anti-puncture geotextile, to form a “composite geomembrane”, widely albeit inappropriately known as “geocomposite”. Although the term “geocomposite” is a general term indicating a geosynthetic composed of two different materials, not necessarily including a geomembrane, within this chapter the term “geocomposite” will indicate a composite geomembrane.
PVC geocomposites and geomembranes are preferred among other types of geomembranes for dams due to their favorable tensile behavior and puncture resistance. In particular, when it comes to resistance to differential settlements, a study by Giroud and Soderman [3] has shown that an appropriate combination of tensile strength and strain is essential. This optimum combination depends on the shape of the tension-strain curve of the geomembrane, which should show a monotone behavior with possibly no yielding peak, a low modulus, and a large elongation capacity. The suitability of a geomembrane to resist differential settlements can be quantified in terms of Co-Energy, a rationale defined by Giroud [3, 4]. The Co-Energy represents the ability of a geomembrane to withstand a combination of stress and elongation, which can be representative, for instance, of an in-field occurrence of differential settlements. The Co-Energy is determined by the area between the tension-strain curve and the tension axis (i.e., the vertical axis) and expressed as energy per unit area of the geomembrane. The larger the area, the higher the capability to resist differential settlements. Figure 1 shows the definition of the Co-Energy in the monotone increasing portion of the tension-strain curve of two considered geomembranes: a 3 mm thick SIBELON® geocomposite (SIBELON® PVC geomembrane heat-bonded to a non-woven geotextile), up to the geotextile break tension, and a 3 mm thick High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane, up to the characteristic yielding peak.
Figure 1.
Comparison between co-energy of a 3 mm thick HDPE geomembrane—the darker area—and of the geocomposite SIBELON® CNT 4400 (3 mm thick SIBELON® geomembrane heat bonded during fabrication to a 500 g/m2 nonwoven geotextile)—the red area.
Figure 1 clearly shows that the maximum allowable Co-Energy associated with the SIBELON® geocomposite is significantly greater than the Co-Energy associated with the HDPE geomembrane. As a result, the factor of safety with respect to a potential differential settlement is significantly higher for a SIBELON® geocomposite than for an HDPE geomembrane. It is important to note that a different geomembrane thickness would not produce a different result.
Successful performance of a geomembrane system depends on the physical and mechanical characteristics of the geomembrane, but also on the design and on the quality of the installation. A material with potentially optimal characteristics will still perform badly if the geomembrane system is not properly designed and installed. Bulletin 135 [2], provides guidelines for the design of geomembrane systems in different types of applications, and makes recommendations for Quality Control, installation procedures, specifications, and contracts, with the objective of ensuring long-lasting efficient water barrier. The sections that follow give an up-to-date overview of the various types of applications in new construction and in rehabilitation.
2. Design considerations
The design of a geomembrane system is closely connected to the characteristics of the dam and of its environment. In addition to the specific competencies related to geomembranes, the designer of the geomembrane system should have a thorough knowledge and understanding of the behavior of the dam and of the loads that will be acting on the geomembrane and possibly work in cooperation with the designer of the dam in case of new construction, and with the owner in case of rehabilitation.
“Environmental” loads, such as ultra-violet radiation, chemical attack by substances diluted in the water of the reservoir or by flora and fauna, and vandalism, influence the selection of the geomembrane type, thickness, and reinforcement, and to a certain extent the choice of whether to leave the geomembrane exposed or to cover it. The mechanical loads are the basis for the calculation of the anchorage system, which in turn is influenced by the type and thickness of the selected geomembrane.
2.1 Exposed geomembranes
The design of exposed geomembrane systems is based on the concept of keeping the geomembrane stable, taut to the dam face to avoid an insurgence of wrinkles and folds where stress concentration can occur, and capable of sustaining the applied loads. The static load of the water in the reservoir, associated with the conditions of the surface on which the geomembrane is laid, and the gravity load due to the weight of the geomembrane itself, will steer the selection of a material capable to resist puncture, burst, and tensile stresses. The dynamic loads due to uplift by wind when the reservoir is empty or lowered, by waves, differential deformations, and by earthquakes, are the parameters for designing the face anchorage system and the perimeter seals.
In the majority of cases, the worst-case scenario is uplift by wind, which will cause a deformation of the geomembrane and resulting stress on the face anchorage system. The equations developed for the face anchorage system [5–7] are based on the scheme shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Schematic representation of an uplifted geomembrane (from Giroud, 1995 and 1997).
Based on the scheme of Figure 2, being L the length of the undeformed geomembrane (Geomembrane before uplift) between adjacent anchorage points A and B, and 2θ the angle of the arc of the deformed geomembrane (Geomembrane after uplift), the equations are used to estimate, depending on the properties of the geomembrane used, the force Se applied to a unit width of lining between the two adjacent anchorage points, the displacement and subsequent strain T experienced by the geomembrane lining, and the resulting perpendicular and tangential stresses applied to the anchorage points.
When designing face anchorage systems for dams located in highly seismic areas, the worst-case scenario can be the maximum expected seismic event causing opening/widening of a crack when the reservoir is full, and the water pressure will force the geomembrane from its initial “supported” configuration into a deformed configuration, which must be verified to ensure that the strains in the geomembrane stay within the acceptable limits. An approach used by geomembrane systems designers assimilates the phenomenon of deformation due to water pressure to the phenomenon of deformation due to wind uplift. This same approach is used to verify the capability of external water stops to resist the displacements at joints between monolith blocks in RCC dams, and at peripheral joints and vertical joints between face slabs in Concrete Face Rockfill Dams (CFRDs).
Another critical component is the perimeter seal, which must maintain its watertightness against the applied water head, under any operating condition. Means to verify the watertightness of tie-down seals in static conditions in the laboratory and in the field are available. In case the area of the seal is susceptible to differential settlements (i.e., in dynamic conditions) since at present a test to verify watertightness in dynamic conditions has not yet been developed, design must use the available calculation methods to ensure that the seal is compatible with the expected event and that the geomembrane can bridge the differential settlement without sustaining the initial deformations and tensions induced by it, but only the deformations and tensions due to the hydrostatic pressure. To analyse at best which geomembrane can better perform in this respect, the concept of Co-Energy can be used, as mentioned in section 1.
Perimeter seals of the embedded type require a different approach: the watertightness of the seal cannot be verified nor calculated and shall rely on the engineering judgment of the designer for dimensioning the seal, and on the experience, craftsmanship, and Quality Control procedures of the installer for executing a correct seal. To achieve a watertight barrier, in case of a trench filled with low permeability material (e.g., clay) it will be necessary to correctly execute excavation, filling, and compaction of the trench, while in case of a slot filled with watertight resin, testing for pull-out, and control of correct filling of the slot and correct polymerisation of the resin, will be needed.
2.2 Covered geomembranes
Totally covered geomembranes are theoretically protected from environmental loads, with the possible exception of chemical attacks. For partially covered geomembranes, generally adopted for aesthetical reasons or to protect against fall of rocks at the abutments or vandalism in accessible areas, a face anchorage system may be needed where the geomembrane is exposed to wind action, depending on the extent of the exposed area and on the wind speed.
The type and thickness of the cover layer, different depending on the type of dam, are discussed in section 3. The design shall consider the uplift actions, and, in the case of embankment dams, the puncture loads exerted by the cover layer and the stability at sliding of the overall cover system, as further discussed. For the perimeter seals, the considerations made for the exposed systems generally apply.
3. Applications
Sections 3.1 to 3.3 address the waterproofing of the various categories of dams. Since the concepts and components are essentially the same, what is discussed here for full-face waterproofing applies also to waterproofing of parts of the dam where the leakage is expected/experienced. Section 3.4 discusses waterproofing of joints, and section 3.5 a special solution for underwater placement.
Geomembrane systems are the most sustainable waterproofing technology for dams: for all types of applications, the components have small volume and lightweight, and their installation does not require heavy equipment, so no large areas are required for site organisation, construction, or processing plants for materials. The environment and the communities will not be affected by excavations or by heavy transport, and transport to remote sites not accessible by vehicles will be feasible even by helicopter at sustainable costs. Since installation is quick and can be carried out in almost any weather condition, the project will be completed, the dam put in operation, and the site restored to its foreseen final conditions, or to its initial conditions in case of rehabilitation, in shorter times.
3.1 RCC dams
In new RCC dams, geomembranes are adopted as a water barrier for dams using an RCC mix with low cementitious content, assuming that the RCC provides the stability and the geomembrane placed at the upstream face permanently grants watertightness to the bulk RCC material, to the lift joints and construction joints, and to any thermal cracks or cracks that may develop due to other causes. With this philosophy of separating the static function from the waterproofing function, the cementitious content can be reduced, pozzolan and fly ash even eliminated, and requirements for placement and quality control of the RCC body can in general be relaxed. Lower cement content results in lower production of hydration heat, therefore the need to control the temperature with expensive cooling devices is reduced. GEVC (Grout Enriched Vibrated Concrete) or GE-RCC (Grout Enriched RCC) or CVC (Conventional Vibrated Concrete) at the upstream face can be deleted from the design, and horizontal joint treatment or the bedding mix on lift surface areas can be reduced. It is thus possible to place one RCC mix over the entire cross-section of the dam without the interferences caused by placement of bedding mix/CVC. The treatment of the lift joints may still be needed but only for shear strength and dam stability. Vertical waterstops and drains can also be eliminated because they are included in the geomembrane waterproofing and full-face drainage system. Local material more easily available and aggregates of less stringent properties can be used for the RCC mix, and less stringent construction and QA/QC procedures can be implemented. The overall result is that construction costs and construction time are remarkably reduced, and quicker filling and operation of the facility can be achieved.
The geomembrane can be installed on the completed upstream face and left in contact with the water of the reservoir (exposed geomembrane, first project in 1990), or the geomembrane can be embedded in precast concrete panels used as permanent formworks to build the dam (covered geomembrane sandwiched between the concrete of the panels and the RCC, first application in 1984).
3.1.1 Exposed geomembrane
The exposed configuration is the most frequently adopted worldwide and has been installed on very high RCC dams like Miel I (188 m, Colombia), Balambano (99.5 m, Indonesia), Olivenhain (97 m, USA), and Susu (90 m, Malaysia). The geomembrane liner must be kept stable and taut on the upstream face to avoid it being uplifted by wind and waves, and to minimise folds and wrinkles where stress concentration can occur. The state-of-the-art face anchorage system, discussed also in Bulletin 135 [2], consists of two stainless-steel profiles, the first one in the shape of a U that is secured to the upstream face, and the second one in a shape similar to the Greek letter Omega, which is installed at the overlapping of two adjacent vertical geomembrane sheets, fastened to the underlying U profile, and waterproofed by a geomembrane cover strip heat-seamed on the liner. In older projects, the U profile was embedded in the RCC lifts as they were being placed, so that one component of the anchorage system was already in place when the dam body had been completed. However, this method presented some drawbacks, and it was gradually substituted: since 2007, the U profiles are generally installed after RCC placement has been completed. The case history that follows discusses the typical details for face anchorage, peripheral anchorage, and drainage and monitoring systems of a recent project on a high RCC dam.
Susu dam in Malaysia is part of the Ulu Jelai Hydroelectric project commissioned by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), the largest power utility in Malaysia, for meeting the surge in demand for electricity at peak hours of the day. Susu RCC dam, 90 m high and about 512 m long at crest, was designed with an RCC mix of medium-low cementitious content (100 kg/m3 of cement and 80 kg/m3 of fly ash) and an upstream PVC geomembrane embedded in pre-cast concrete panels used as formworks to place the RCC (covered geomembrane system). This covered geomembrane solution had been used for the first time at Winchester dam, in Kentucky, in 1984. The major advantage of the covered geomembrane system is that the geomembrane is permanently shielded against potential environmental damage during its service life. However, the geomembrane is not shielded against the risk of damage during construction, which actually has been found to be the highest risk for the integrity of a geomembrane, and the exposed configuration has some additional advantages over the covered configuration: its efficient face drainage system at the design stage allows reducing uplift, and during service, it allows removing infiltration and saturation water behind the waterproofing liner, so that saturation levels and pore pressures in the dam are lowered, with beneficial effects on uplift pressures, on safety factors, on AAR phenomena, and on appearance at the downstream face. The drainage system, through measurement of drained water, allows monitoring of the performance of the waterproofing system on a continuous basis and can be associated with other systems (Optical Fibre Cables, piezometers) to refine the assessment of the overall behavior of the geomembrane barrier. An exposed geomembrane liner can be inspected, controlled, and if needed repaired from accidental damages, even underwater, over its service life. Based on these considerations, the original design was modified to an exposed drained geomembrane system, which allowed reducing the cement content and removing the fly ash.
The geomembrane liner is a SIBELON®CNT 4400 composite geomembrane, formed by a 3 mm thick SIBELON® geomembrane heat-bonded at fabrication to a 500 g/m2 non-woven needle-punched polypropylene geotextile. The geocomposite is fastened to the dam face along vertical lines of the well-known and afore discussed patented tensioning system of stainless-steel profiles, at regular 5.70 m spacing; like in all recent projects, the U profile is fastened by stainless-steel anchor rods embedded in chemical phials. The components of the drainage system are then installed: a high transmissivity drainage geonet is placed over the entire upstream face of the dam, and an additional band of geonet, 1 m high, is placed along the bottom perimeter of each of the three horizontal drainage sections, to act as drainage collector. Drainage discharge pipes and ventilation pipes are constructed to reach the two drainage galleries at elevations 470 m a.s.l. and 518 m a.s.l., and at crest. In total 10 drainage compartments, 13 drainage pipes, and 30 ventilation pipes maintain the drainage geonet at atmospheric pressure. The waterproofing liner is placed over the geonet and secured with the Omega profiles, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Susu RCC dam. From right to left, the vertical U profiles fastened to the dam, the black drainage geonet placed between them on the upstream face, the waterproofing liner being placed on the geonet, some Omega profiles providing temporary anchorage against wind uplift, and at the extreme left the Omega profiles permanently fastened.
The drainage system constitutes Susu the monitoring system for the behavior of the geomembrane liner.
The geomembrane system, which extends from crest at elevation 547.90 m a.s.l. down to the grouting plinth, is divided into three horizontal sections terminating at elevation 519.00 m a.s.l., at elevation 471.00 m a.s.l., and at the intersection with the grouting plinth, respectively. In the section below elevation 474 m a.s.l., which is covered with backfill, the waterproofing geocomposite was protected with a double layer of geotextile for preventing damage during placement of the backfill.
The geomembrane liner must be sealed at peripheries by a watertight anchorage preventing water infiltration under the liner. The seal is watertight against water in pressure around the submersible perimeter, and against rain waves and snowmelt at crest. In RCC dams, submersible seals are of the tie-down type and made on conventional concrete: typically, they consist of a stainless-steel batten strip fastened with chemical anchors at 150 mm spacing, rubber gaskets and epoxy resin between the batten strips and the subgrade, and stainless-steel splice plates at abutting batten strips - at Susu, they are 80x8 mm in section and were placed along the spillway, the grouting plinth, the diversion conduits wall, and around the trash rack. At crest, the seals are more flexible stainless-steel batten strips, 50x3 mm, fastened with expansion anchors at 200 mm spacing, with a neoprene gasket placed between the subgrade and the waterproofing geocomposite - at Susu, they were placed at crest out of the spillway section and at the two junctions between adjacent horizontal sections, where watertightness was provided with a cover strip of a 3.00 mm thick SIBELON® C 3900 geomembrane, the same used to waterproof the Omega profiles.
Placement of the RCC, for a total of 731,000 m3, started in March 2014 and was completed in September 2015. Installation of the geomembrane system started in June 2015 and was completed in January 2016. Completion of the geomembrane system, for a total of 27,510 m2, was longer than usual because the installation was planned to match the construction schedule of the dam, therefore performed in three separate phases: in the first phase, prior to starting of construction of the dam body, the grouting plinth was waterproofed with a geocomposite that was later watertight connected to the geocomposite lining the upstream face, so to create a continuous impervious barrier down to the grout curtain; in the second phase, once construction of the dam body had been completed, the geomembrane system was installed on the dam face; finally, in the third phase installation of the geomembrane system was completed at the spillway, upon construction of the concrete ogee crest (Figure 4 at left). The reservoir was impounded shortly after the waterproofing works were completed.
Figure 4.
View of the upstream face of Susu RCC dam at completion of the geomembrane system at spillway (left), and at start of impoundment (right).
3.1.2 Covered geomembranes
The covered configuration is used mainly in the USA where it was first conceived. During fabrication of the precast concrete panels that will be used as permanent formworks to place the RCC, the waterproofing geocomposite is placed on the fresh concrete, the geotextile side in contact with the panel, and vibrated (Figure 5 at left) to make the concrete impregnate the geotextile and thus attach the geocomposite to the panel. The geotextile also has an anti-friction function in case of differential movements, when if stresses are high it can detach from the geomembrane layer avoiding possible damage to the water barrier.
Figure 5.
Vibrating the concrete to attach the geocomposite to the precast panel (left), and Rizzanese RCC dam seen from the upstream: the bottom inclined section has not yet been lined, placement of RCC against the panels with embedded geocomposite + protection geotextile at the vertical section is ongoing (right).
After the first row of starter panels, watertight connected to the plinth, has been placed, a few rows of formwork panels are erected, and their junctions are waterproofed by strips of geomembrane of the same type used for the panels. A protection geotextile is then placed on the geocomposite, and the spreading and compacting of the RCC + upstream additional layers (GEVC, COV, or other) if any starts.
An interesting example, with a mixed configuration to the author’s knowledge adopted for the first time ever, is Rizzanese, a 40.5 m high RCC dam in the island of Corsica owned by EDF and used for hydropower. The dam has a central curved spillway section, made in RCC up to elevation 534 m, and in CVC at spillway and chute, and two lateral sections made entirely in RCC up to crest at elevation 546.5 m. The upstream face is inclined 1H/1V in the bottom part up to elevation 520 m, and vertical up to crest. EDF designed an RCC mix with 80 kg/m3 of cement, and a PVC geocomposite as an upstream water barrier on the entire upstream face. At the inclined section under elevation 520 m, the upstream face was made with prefabricated concrete elements, on which a geocomposite SIBELON® CNT 3750 (2.5 mm thick SIBELON® geomembrane heat-bonded at fabrication to a 500 g/m2 non-woven needle-punched polypropylene geotextile), was placed and covered by backfill placed on a 1000 g/m2 anti-puncture geotextile. At the vertical section above elevation 520 m, the upstream face was formed by the precast concrete panels discussed before, embedding a SIBELON® CNT 2800 geocomposite (2 mm thick SIBELON®geomembrane + a 200 g/m2 non-woven needle-punched polypropylene geotextile).
A 30 cm thick layer of CVC was placed between the panels and the RCC. At the spillway, the waterproofing system is prolonged to waterproof part of the vertical sides and the spillway sill, where it is covered by a sacrificial geomembrane to protect it against possible damage due to the heavy reinforcement and to concreting. The plinth has been waterproofed at the inclined section on its downstream and horizontal sides by SIBELON® C 3250, a 2.5 mm thick geomembrane, and at the vertical section only at the joints, with a Carpi patented external water stop system. Due to construction issues of the main contractor, the waterproofing system at the inclined section had to be installed after the vertical section had been completed. Waterproofing works were accordingly carried out in 2011 at the plinth and at the vertical section (Figure 5 at right) and in 2012 at the inclined section (Figure 6 at left).
Figure 6.
Rizzanese dam. Placing the geocomposite at the inclined section before covering it with anti-puncture geotextile and backfill (left), and the impounded dam.
In total, the waterproofing system includes 1162 m2 at the inclined section and 2124 m2 at the vertical section.
3.2 Embankment and hardfill dams
In new embankment dams, the design concepts are to substitute a rigid upstream water barrier (e.g., concrete), or a traditional core (e.g., clay), with a highly deformable geomembrane, to construct a Geomembrane Facing Rockfill Dam/a Geomembrane Facing Earthfill Dam (GFRD or GFED), or a dam with a geomembrane core. Due to their tensile properties, geomembranes can make possible projects that would not be feasible with other systems, due for example to their capability to accommodating deformations that would exceed the resistance of a rigid water Barrier, or resisting differential movements occurring between the deformable dam body and the rigid ancillary structures maintaining the watertightness of the joints dam/concrete appurtenant structures.
An upstream geomembrane can enormously simplify the design of an embankment dam project: the dam can be constructed on highly deformable foundations, zoning of the dam can be modified to some extent, the upstream face can be constructed steeper so that the volume of fill is lesser, the diversion tunnel can be shorter and smaller, multiple lines of waterstops (case of CFRDs) can be reduced or eliminated, connections to concrete structures can be designed to accommodate large differential movements. Also, a geomembrane is an asset when suitable materials are not available at the site at acceptable costs (case of clay core dams).
Geomembranes provide additional advantages in terms of reduction of construction times, constraints, and costs. For example, installation/construction of the reinforced concrete face slabs in a CFRD, and placement of copper and PVC waterstops, can have a considerable impact on the overall construction schedule. In dams with clay or bituminous concrete cores, since the construction of the dam body and of the core are strictly related, the constraints imposed by the weather conditions, or any disruption in the placement of the filter material, or in placement/compaction of the impervious core, will affect the overall rate of construction of the dam. On the contrary, installation of a geomembrane system is practically unaffected by weather and can be scheduled in function of the schedule of construction and operation of the dam: the geomembrane can be installed when the dam is completed, or in the lower completed part of the dam while construction of the fill is ongoing in the upper part. In case of floods during construction, the already waterproofed lower part of the dam will be a barrier against the flood, increasing the safety of the project.
3.2.1 Exposed geomembranes
With an exposed system, zoning is not strictly required, a single fill material can be used, the thickness of the drainage layer can generally be reduced, and, depending on the design of the dam, it can act also as a base/anchorage layer for the waterproofing geocomposite. To maintain the liner stable on the upstream face there are basically three available configurations for the face anchorage system, depending on if the dam is raised with extruded porous concrete curbs as a finishing layer (Itá method), or if a traditional embankment is constructed.
When the upstream finishing layer is made by extruded porous concrete curbs, the face anchorage system is constructed by embedding in the curbs, while they are being raised, geocomposite anchor strips of the same type constituting the waterproofing liner. An anchor strip fixed to one curb overlaps the anchor strip fixed to the preceding curb, and the overlapping strips are heat-seamed to form continuous anchor lines. When the embankment has been raised to the final or pre-established height (case of staged construction), the waterproofing geocomposite sheets are deployed over the anchor strips and heat-seamed to them, to form a continuous watertight lining (Figure 7).
Figure 7.
Face anchorage with SIBELON® CNT geocomposite anchor strips embedded in curbs. At right the geocomposite being placed on the anchor strips at Nam Ou VI 88 m high rockfill dam in Laos.
This system has been applied in several projects, such as Nam Ou pictured below, Las Bambas GFRD in Peru (Figure 8), whose staged installation has so far reached 173 m, at the top part of Runcu 91 m high GFRD in Romania, at the top part of Rogun cofferdam in Tajikistan, whose staged installation has so far reached 80 m, and which will be incorporated in a 335 m high rockfill dam.
Figure 8.
Staged installation on curbs at Las Bambas dam, now reaching 173 m.
In dams where the finishing layer is not formed by extruded porous concrete curbs, depending on site-specific construction methods and type of supporting layers, the face anchorage system can be made by trenches or by deep anchors (Figure 9), positioned according to site-specific patterns that are a function of the uplift loads. If trenches are used, geocomposite anchor bands are embedded in trenches excavated in the compacted base layer, forming continuous anchorage lines. The trenches are generally backfilled with draining material (porous concrete or granular material), and the waterproofing geocomposite is heat-seamed to the anchor bands. The deep anchors face anchorage system consists of grouted anchors or earth “Duckbill” anchors that are driven into the embankment to provide the required pull-out resistance. The waterproofing geocomposite is anchored to the dam face by punching/clamping it over the anchors. A stainless-steel disk, an anti-puncture geotextile, and a geomembrane cover strip ensure watertightness where the anchors cross the waterproofing geocomposite.
Figure 9.
Face anchorage by trenches and by deep grouted anchors.
The perimeter seals preventing water infiltration under the liner are as described for RCC dams when made on concrete. The bottom perimeter seal can also be made by embedding the waterproofing geocomposite in a trench that is then backfilled with low permeability material. The drainage system is site-specific and also in function of the construction procedure for the dam.
Examples of applications of anchorage by trenches are the bottom part of Runcu 91 m high GFRD in Romania, Murdhari 36 m high dam in Albania, Pico da Urze 31 m high dam in Portugal (Figure 10), Bulga 17 m high dam in Australia, and new reservoirs for pumped storage schemes in the Middle East and Morocco. Examples of applications of deep anchors are Filiatrinos 55 m high hardfill dam in Greece, Ambarau 21 m high hardfill dam in Congo and a section of the new Panama Canal 18 water-saving basins.
Figure 10.
Installation of waterproofing liner over anchor trenches at Pico da Urze dam.
3.2.2 Covered geomembranes
In the covered system, the geomembrane can be placed at the upstream face and be covered with concrete or granular ballast that will provide the face anchorage, or it can be embedded in the dam as a zigzag central core or upstream inclined core. The design shall allow the waterproofing geomembrane to freely deform, minimising tensions due to movements in the subgrade on which the geomembrane rests. The puncture loads exerted by the cover layer, and the stability at sliding of the overall cover system shall be considered. The geomembrane is generally sandwiched between two geosynthetic layers that act as anti-friction layers and provide anti-puncture protection from the adjacent materials.
Examples of upstream covered systems are Bovilla 91 m high dam in Albania (Figure 11 at left, unreinforced concrete cover), and Adret des Tuffes-Les Arcs 21 m high dam and reservoir in France (granular cover). A geomembrane core has been installed at Gibe III 50 m high rockfill cofferdam in Ethiopia, zigzag central geomembrane (Figure 11 at right) that was preferred to a clay core and to a concrete or asphalt concrete facing respectively because of lack of local availability of material suitable for an impervious core, for sake of safety, simplicity (it would allow the realization of an embankment of homogeneous rockfill, with optimization in construction times and costs), and timing, as it would allow completing the construction within a very short construction period. An upstream inclined core waterproofs the bottom 65 m high section of Rogun cofferdam in Tajikistan.
Figure 11.
At left Bovilla dam, at right Gibe III 50 m high cofferdam.
3.3 Concrete and masonry dams
In concrete and masonry dams, geomembranes are used to restore watertightness. They are always installed at the upstream face, in an exposed position unless site conditions require a partial cover layer. The state-of-the-art face anchorage system is the tensioning system described for exposed geomembranes in RCC dams. What is already discussed for these dams about perimeter sealing and drainage and monitoring systems applies also to these projects. Geomembrane systems that can be installed underwater are available for total and partial repair. They can be installed at any depth and provide long-term solutions when total or partial dewatering is not feasible or too costly.
3.4 Joints
Geomembrane systems can be conceived also for localised sealing, in form of “external waterstops”, in new construction, and as a repair method.
In new construction, external waterstops are applied over the monolith joints of RCC dams and over the peripheral and vertical joints of CFRDs. The main technical advantage as compared to conventional embedded waterstops is that, thanks to a typical 40-50 cm width of waterproofing geocomposite free to slide and distribute stresses, they can bridge large openings providing permanent protection against localised leakage.
The design of external waterstops generally includes one or more geosynthetic layers, of different kinds and thicknesses depending on the extent of the movements expected by the designers of the dam and on the maximum water pressure. A typical external waterstop (Figure 12) comprises
A single or multi-layered site-specific support/anti-puncture/drainage system, placed over the joint, in the area of the possible opening
A waterproofing layer, typically the geocomposite already discussed in the previous sections, placed over the support layer, and anchored independently from it, to cover the joint, over an area exceeding by at least 200–250 mm on each side the area of possible opening of the joint
A watertight perimeter seal of the tie-down type.
Figure 12.
Scheme of external waterstop (excerpt of ICOLD Bulletin 135).
The support/anti-puncture/drainage layers (Figure 13) avoid that the waterproofing geomembrane layer in contact with the water of the reservoir can be forced by the water pressure to intrude in the open joint. In dams located in seismic areas, the extent and frequency of the seismic cycles play an important role because they can cause an increase in water pressure that must be estimated and duly considered when designing the waterstop so that the admissible geomembrane elongation is not exceeded during and following the seismic event.
Figure 13.
Detail and view of external waterstops installed at monolith joints of Platanovryssi 95 m high RCC dam in Greece.
The most critical scenarios generally occur at the joints between a deformable embankment dam body and a rigid concrete appurtenance, or at construction joints of adjacent structures that may be subject to differential displacements, or in new CFRDs where the peripheral joint between the plinth and the face slabs is expected to have openings that will exceed the strength of the embedded waterstop, and therefore an additional waterproofing barrier is needed for safe operation. At such locations, it may be necessary to allow for an additional length of material so that the geomembrane liner can bridge the joint without sustaining the initial deformations and tensions induced by the opening of the joint, but only the deformations and tensions due to the hydrostatic pressure. The extra length can be created by placing under the waterproofing geomembrane liner a thick double-folded geotextile, or by inserting the external waterstop into a slot/recess formed at the joint. The extra length reduces the strain on the waterproofing geomembrane and ensures that the waterstop deforms sufficiently to remain in contact with the surface on which it rests. In case the expected openings are very large, say in the order of tens of centimeters, the support layer is a high-tech textile (Figure 14) with a high modulus of elasticity and high tensile strength, which develops minimum elongations and high tensions, and thus restrains the deformation and consequently the tensions in the overlying waterproofing geomembrane.
Figure 14.
High-tech support textile and waterproofing geocomposite at Angostura 32 m high 1.6 km long concrete face gravel dam, Chile. External waterstop on peripheral and vertical joints designed to resist joint openings up to 300 mm.
The same concept (support/anti-puncture/drainage layers + waterproofing layer + watertight perimeter sealing) is used in the repair of failings joints and cracks, where conventional sealing methods, such as grouting and injections, often require recurrent interventions and put a strain on the maintenance costs and may not be adequate in case of large openings, which on the contrary geomembrane systems can accept.
Similar to other repair methods with geomembranes, also external waterstops have been adapted for underwater applications.
3.5 Special solution for underwater placement
A special solution for underwater placement, recently developed for repair of canals without stopping or reducing the water flow, is applicable also in new construction. This innovative system, the SIBELONMAT®, consists of two geomembranes connected to form a mattress, which is placed underwater covering the whole embankment to be watertightened, is temporarily anchored, and then filled with cement grout. The bottom geomembrane provides watertightness, the cement grout provides permanent anchorage by ballast, and the upper geomembrane provides containment for the fresh grout and enhances the hydraulic efficiency of the mattress due to its smoothness. The mattresses, prefabricated in panels of 10 m width and predefined length (Figure 15 at left), are connected underwater by watertight heavy-duty zippers. The system has proven its efficiency in a few pioneer pilot projects in flowing water (Figure 15 at right), which have shown that as more experience is acquired, improved design can be developed. Already under study are new components and equipment to improve and industrialise the system, with the objective of reducing installation times and costs. Such a system could be used for underwater lining of embankment dams and for blanketing, opening new scenarios that can potentially provide huge savings to the owners.
Figure 15.
The SIBELONMAT® panels under fabrication (at left) and injected and sealed at Kembs dike, part of the Grand Canal d’Alsace navigation canal in France.
4. Conclusions
Geomembrane systems are designed to allow the construction of safe dams, including dams of considerable height, with simple procedures that accommodate demanding scenarios and schedules, with sustainable environment-friendly solutions. They allow completing the waterproofing system for the dam in a shorter time and at lower costs than traditional water barriers. In form of external waterstops, they provide and maintain watertightness under loading conditions that would not be acceptable for embedded waterstops. They are a mature and reliable technology, as proven in hundreds of projects worldwide. They can be installed underwater, providing a long-term solution with no environmental impact.
Geomembrane systems are used to provide, enhance, or restore watertightness in dams since 1959. In new construction, they are installed on embankment dams, RCC dams, and cofferdams, while in rehabilitation they are used on all types of dams. They can be installed as a full-face liner, or to line parts of the dam where a higher risk of infiltration is expected, or as external water stop at peripheral and vertical joints and at contraction joints. They can be exposed to the water of the reservoir or be covered by a ballast layer; a watertight seal at all peripheries prevents water infiltration underneath the geomembrane liner. A geomembrane water barrier is a technically and cost-effective sustainable solution. The chapter discusses the design of the state-of-the-art solutions, the technical and economic advantages, installation aspects, performance, and references, with significant examples of all available options. A recent solution for underwater placement, developed for repair but applicable also in new construction, will be presented.
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Crossref is the official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency for scholarly and professional publications with a goal of making scholarly communications more effective. IntechOpen deposits metadata and registers DOIs for all content using the Crossref System. IntechOpen also deposits its references and uses the Crossref Cited-by service that enables researchers to track citation statistics.
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Altmetric and Dimensions from Digital Science
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Digital Science is a technology company serving the needs of scientific and research communities at key points along the full cycle of research. They support innovative businesses and technologies that make all parts of the research process more open, efficient and effective. IntechOpen integrates tools such as Altmetric to enable our researchers to track and measure the activity around their academic research and Dimensions, to ease access to the most relevant information and better understand and analyze the global research landscape.
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CLOCKSS
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CLOCKSS preserves scholarly publications in original formats, ensuring that they always remain available and openly accessible to everyone.
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Counter
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COUNTER provides the Code of Practice that enables publishers and vendors to report usage of their electronic resources in a consistent way. This enables libraries to compare data received from different publishers and vendors.
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DORA
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DORA is a worldwide initiative covering all scholarly disciplines which recognizes the need to improve the ways in which the outputs of scholarly research are evaluated and seeks to develop and promote best practice. To date it has been signed by over 1500 organizations and around 14,700 individuals.
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iThenticate
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\\n\\t
iThenticate is the leading provider of professional plagiarism detection and prevention technology and is used worldwide by scholarly publishers and research institutions to ensure the originality of written work before publication. IntechOpen uses the iThenticate plagiarism software to ensure content originality and the research integrity of our published work.
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Enago
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IntechOpen collaborates with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. Their services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in the language they understand.
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IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit https://www.enago.com/intech
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Straive
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Straive is the market leader in technology-driven solutions for the extraction, enrichment and transformation of content assets. IntechOpen publishing services are designed to meet the unique needs of Authors. As part of our commitment to that objective, we have an ongoing partnership agreement for production solutions.
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Amazon
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\\n\\t
Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer and cloud services provider. IntechOpen books have been available on Amazon since 2017, guaranteeing more visibility for our Authors and Academic Editors.
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DHL
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IntechOpen has partnered with DHL since 2011 to ensure the fastest delivery of Print on Demand books.
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United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact
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The Compact is designed to inspire action among publishers. Launched in collaboration with the International Publishers Association, the Compact aims to accelerate progress to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Signatories aspire to develop sustainable practices and act as champions of the SDGs during the Decade of Action (2020-2030), publishing books and journals that will help inform, develop, and inspire action in that direction. Learn more here
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River Valley Technology
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River Valley Technology is the world’s first XML-based publishing solution from submission to peer review to production and to final hosting, giving full control to publishers, with full transparency of data.
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Figshare
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\\n\\t
Figshare is an online open access repository where researchers can preserve and share their research outputs, including figures, datasets, images, and videos. It is free to upload content and free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data.
The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) is the largest association of scholarly and professional publishers in the world. Its mission is to connect, inform, develop and represent the international scholarly and professional publishing community. IntechOpen has been a member of ALPSP since 2016 and has consequently stayed informed about industry trends through connecting with peers and developing jointly.
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OASPA
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\n\t
The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) was established in 2008 to represent the interests of Open Access (OA) publishers globally in all scientific, technical and scholarly disciplines. Its mission is carried out through exchange of information, the setting of standards, advancing models, advocacy, education, and the promotion of innovation.
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STM
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\n\t
The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers (STM) is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. As a member, IntechOpen has not only made a commitment to STM's Ethical Principles.
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COPE
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\n\t
The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases of misconduct in research and publication. IntechOpen has been a member of COPE since 2013 and adheres to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines, ensuring that we maintain the highest ethical standards.
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Creative Commons
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Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. IntechOpen uses the CC BY 3.0 license for chapters, meaning Authors retain copyright and their work can be reused and adapted as long as the source is properly cited and Authors are acknowledged.
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Crossref
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\n\t
Crossref is the official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency for scholarly and professional publications with a goal of making scholarly communications more effective. IntechOpen deposits metadata and registers DOIs for all content using the Crossref System. IntechOpen also deposits its references and uses the Crossref Cited-by service that enables researchers to track citation statistics.
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Altmetric and Dimensions from Digital Science
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\n\t
Digital Science is a technology company serving the needs of scientific and research communities at key points along the full cycle of research. They support innovative businesses and technologies that make all parts of the research process more open, efficient and effective. IntechOpen integrates tools such as Altmetric to enable our researchers to track and measure the activity around their academic research and Dimensions, to ease access to the most relevant information and better understand and analyze the global research landscape.
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CLOCKSS
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\n\t
CLOCKSS preserves scholarly publications in original formats, ensuring that they always remain available and openly accessible to everyone.
\n
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Counter
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COUNTER provides the Code of Practice that enables publishers and vendors to report usage of their electronic resources in a consistent way. This enables libraries to compare data received from different publishers and vendors.
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DORA
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\n\t
DORA is a worldwide initiative covering all scholarly disciplines which recognizes the need to improve the ways in which the outputs of scholarly research are evaluated and seeks to develop and promote best practice. To date it has been signed by over 1500 organizations and around 14,700 individuals.
\n
\n\n
iThenticate
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\n\t
iThenticate is the leading provider of professional plagiarism detection and prevention technology and is used worldwide by scholarly publishers and research institutions to ensure the originality of written work before publication. IntechOpen uses the iThenticate plagiarism software to ensure content originality and the research integrity of our published work.
\n
\n\n
Enago
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen collaborates with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. Their services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in the language they understand.
\n\t
IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit https://www.enago.com/intech
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\n\n
Straive
\n\n
\n\t
Straive is the market leader in technology-driven solutions for the extraction, enrichment and transformation of content assets. IntechOpen publishing services are designed to meet the unique needs of Authors. As part of our commitment to that objective, we have an ongoing partnership agreement for production solutions.
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\n\n
Amazon
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\n\t
Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer and cloud services provider. IntechOpen books have been available on Amazon since 2017, guaranteeing more visibility for our Authors and Academic Editors.
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DHL
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\n\t
IntechOpen has partnered with DHL since 2011 to ensure the fastest delivery of Print on Demand books.
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United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact
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\n\t
The Compact is designed to inspire action among publishers. Launched in collaboration with the International Publishers Association, the Compact aims to accelerate progress to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Signatories aspire to develop sustainable practices and act as champions of the SDGs during the Decade of Action (2020-2030), publishing books and journals that will help inform, develop, and inspire action in that direction. Learn more here
\n
\n\n
River Valley Technology
\n\n
\n\t
River Valley Technology is the world’s first XML-based publishing solution from submission to peer review to production and to final hosting, giving full control to publishers, with full transparency of data.
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\n\n
Figshare
\n\n
\n\t
Figshare is an online open access repository where researchers can preserve and share their research outputs, including figures, datasets, images, and videos. It is free to upload content and free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools"},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Infectious Diseases",id:"6"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/142213",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"142213"},fullPath:"/profiles/142213",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()