Subtypes of multiple pregnancy.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"43",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Telemedicine: Technologies, Enabling Factors and Scenarios",title:"Advances in Telemedicine",subtitle:"Technologies, Enabling Factors and Scenarios",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'Innovative developments in information and communication technologies (ICT) irrevocably change our lives and enable new possibilities for society. Telemedicine, which can be defined as novel ICT-enabled medical services that help to overcome classical barriers in space and time, definitely profits from this trend. Through Telemedicine patients can access medical expertise that may not be available at the patient\'s site. Telemedicine services can range from simply sending a fax message to a colleague to the use of broadband networks with multimodal video- and data streaming for second opinioning as well as medical telepresence. Telemedicine is more and more evolving into a multidisciplinary approach. This book project "Advances in Telemedicine" has been conceived to reflect this broad view and therefore has been split into two volumes, each covering specific themes: Volume 1: Technologies, Enabling Factors and Scenarios; Volume 2: Applications in Various Medical Disciplines and Geographical Regions. The current Volume 1 is structured into the following thematic sections: Fundamental Technologies; Applied Technologies; Enabling Factors; Scenarios.',isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-159-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6424-1",doi:"10.5772/575",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"advances-in-telemedicine-technologies-enabling-factors-and-scenarios",numberOfPages:428,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"45f56e0955035bdce490c5383a06792f",bookSignature:"Georgi Graschew and Theo A. 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Following his research studies at the Department for Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Technical University Dresden (Germany) he gained his Ph.D. there in 1974. After research appointments at various international sites he became in 1987 co-founder of the Research Unit OP 2000 at the German Cancer Research Center DKFZ in Heidelberg (Germany), where he acted as its Scientific Coordinator until its transfer to Berlin. He made major contribution to numerous leading national and international telemedicine projects: SICONET, PANORAMA, GALENOS, DELTASS, MEDASHIP, EMISPHER. He has co-authored more than 360 scientific publications and presentations and holds 18 patents in Germany, the European Union, Japan and USA.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Charité",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"19129",title:"Dr.",name:"Theo A.",middleName:null,surname:"Roelofs",slug:"theo-a.-roelofs",fullName:"Theo A. Roelofs",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19129/images/1575_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Theo A. Roelofs has been working since 1999 as Research Associate & Project Manager at the Surgical Research Unit OP 2000 of the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine and the Experimental and Clinical Research Center of Charité – University Medicine Berlin (Germany). He also contributed to various international Telemedicine projects (GALENOS, DELTASS, MEDASHIP) and acted as manager of the EMISPHER project. Following his studies in Molecular Sciences at the Wageningen University (Netherlands) and his Ph.D. in Biophysics (Max-Planck-Institute for Radiation Chemistry, Germany, and Free University at Amsterdam, Netherlands) he was a visiting research associate at the Chemical Biodynamics Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA, 1992-1994) and a research & education associate at the Physics Department of the Free University at Berlin (DE, 1994-1999). 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\r\n\r\n\tThis volume attempts to explore the practical aspects of econometrics to economics, and other social sciences that use econometric methods. This volume is expected to cover a broad range of topics that include but are not limited to spatial econometrics, time series, forecasting, and machine learning, This volume hopes to attract dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models which are gaining prominence in applied macroeconomics. This proposed volume could serve as a reference for academicians, researchers, policy-makers, graduate students, and very abled undergraduate students who are seeking current research on the various applications of econometrics as used in research and to answer specific policy questions.
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Also, a skilled communicator who excels at interacting with students and motivating them to achieve their educational and career goals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/452331/images/system/452331.jpg",biography:"Professional Profile Accredited as an Accredited Professional Statistician™ (PSTAT) by the American Statistical Association (ASA). Reaccredited through Aug.2022.\n\nComputer-proficient researcher skilled in statistical and econometric software, including E-Views, STATA, SPSS, and SAS Studio®. Working knowledge of MATHLAB and Dynare.\n\nResearch Fellow, Global Labor Organization (GLO), Oct.2017 to present\nAcademic and Professional Profiles \nResearch gate Profile:https: // www. researchgate. net/ profile/ Brian_ Sloboda\nORCID:https: // orcid. org/ 0000-0003-0007-1725\nGoogle Scholar Profile https: // scholar. google. com/ citations? user= RSLTrCsAAAAJ&hl= en\nEducation: Ph.D. Economics, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale,1997.\nThesis: The Economic Impact of Southern Illinois University on the State of Illinois: The Human Capital Approach\nM.S. Economics, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale,1992.\nB.A. Economics, Rowan University,1990.Minor: Mathematics.\nFields of Interest: Regional Economics, Economic Growth, Labor Economics, Economic and Statistical Education",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Global Campus",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"7",title:"Business, Management and Economics",slug:"business-management-and-economics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"429339",firstName:"Jelena",lastName:"Vrdoljak",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429339/images/20012_n.jpg",email:"jelena.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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The first discovery of quantum dot-like nanocarbons can be dated back to 2004, when carbon nanoparticles with sizes at about 1 nm were isolated by Xu et al. [1] as a byproduct of preparation of single-walled carbon nanotubes, separated from carbon soot produced by arc discharge. However, it was until 2 years later, these new kind of nanocarbons have been documented as “carbon quantum dots” (CQDs) and boosted widespread interests, since the synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles with diameter less than 10 nm from Sun’s group [2].
Distinct from other well developed nanocarbons, such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, CQDs show their unique advantages, including isotropic shapes, ultrafine dimensions, tunable surface functionalities as well as the simple, fast and cheap preparations, which are attractive for a host of applications. Meanwhile, as a new member of quantum dot materials, CQDs also show potential as replacement for traditional toxic metal-based quantum dots currently in use, benefiting from their highly hydrophilic surface, high resistance to photobleaching, easy functionalization, chemical inertness, low toxicity and good biocompatibility. Until now, the applications of CQDs have been widely demonstrated in several fields, ranging from sensing, bioimaging to catalysis and energy conversion/storage.
This chapter will start with a brief overview about the preparation routes of CQDs, followed by a quick snapshot of their crystalline and electronic structure as well as the structure-induced optical properties. Then, the role of CQDs as an active component in modern visible light photocatalysis will be discussed in detail, based on a short review about works published in recent years.
The preparation of CQDs can be generally classified into “top-down” and “bottom-up” routes (Figure 1). The former involves breaking down of carbonaceous materials via chemical, electrochemical or physical approaches. On the contrary, the latter is realized by carbonization of small organic molecules followed by chemical fusion. A detailed review about the preparation of CQDs can be found in several review articles [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], and only a brief overview of recent progresses about the CQDs preparation will be given here.
Schematic illustration of CQD preparation via “top-down” and“bottom-up” approaches.
The first reported CQDs that isolated by chance from arc-discharged soot were produced by the top-down method, in which the carbonaceous soot was cleaved through nitric acid oxidation, followed by gel electrophoresis separation to extract CQDs [1]. Subsequently, laser ablation of graphite using Ar as a carrier gas in the presence of water vapor was proved to be effective for the preparation of CQDs by means of the top-down route [2]. To date, CQDs have already been produced from graphite [10], graphene [11], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [12] and other materials with sp2 carbon structure as a product of dimension reduction, meanwhile, through various physicochemical processes, including arc discharge [1], laser ablation [2], electrochemical exfoliation [13, 14] and chemical oxidation [15, 16]. However, to break down the chemical inert carbon structure of sp2 covalence bonds, the top-down process is invariably complicated with harsh conditions, some may be environmentally harmful, and thus not suitable for a large-scale production. In addition, effective control over the particle size of CQDs product is often difficult to realize in such top-down processes.
On the contrary, the bottom-up methods offer opportunities to control the growth of CQDs by using organic molecular as carbon precursors. Carbonization reaction can be applied to various kinds of molecules, followed by aggregation in solution to produce CQDs. Pulsed laser irradiation of toluene [17], hydrothermal treatment of citric acid [18], electrochemical carbonization of low-molecular-weight alcohols [19] and microwave-assisted pyrolysis of citric acid formamide solution [20] have already been utilized for the preparation of CQDs. Recently, biomass molecules, such as sucrose [21], glucose [22], cellulose [23] and amino acid [24], have attracted great attentions as suitable precursors for the preparation of CQDs via dehydrate and further carbonize. Moreover, raw biomass is also suitable precursor for the preparation of CQDs, as a strategy potential for large-scale production. For instance, Sahu et al. [25] prepared 0.4 g of CQDs from a mixture of orange juice with ethanol by hydrothermal treatment at 120°C for 2.5 h (Figure 2A). While using chicken eggs as raw material, Chen and coworkers [26] prepared CQDs via plasma-induced pyrolysis with a yield up to 10 g, suitable for applications as fluorescent inks (Figure 2B). In comparison with the liquid biomass as precursor, solid biomass may provide a more practical solution to scale up the synthesis of CQDs due to their much longer shelf life. For example, hair can be used as carbon source for the synthesis of CQDs, in utilization of its main component of keratin. A one-step thermal treatment of hair at 200°C for about 24 h was reported by Guo et al. to obtain CQDs, with the yield estimated to be about 95% [27]. Thanks to the diversity and plenty of biomass, the large-scale synthesis of CQDs from biomass is of great potential especially in view of practical applications.
(A) Illustration of the formation of CQDs from orange juice by hydrothermal treatment. (B) Fabrication of CQDs from chicken egg and their application as fluorescent carbon inks. Reprinted with permission [
Generally, CQDs are quasi-spherical nanoparticles with diameter less than 10 nm, which can be amorphous or crystalline nanoparticles built up with sp2 carbon clusters. A typical fringe spacing of 0.34 nm can readily be distinguished from the high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images of well crystalized CQDs, corresponding to the (002) interlayer spacing of graphite (Figure 3A) [28]. While as a special example of CQDs, graphene quantum dots (G-CQDs) usually possess a good crystallinity and layered structure (composed by less than 4, mostly a single graphene layer), with a crystal lattice spacing of 0.24 nm, corresponding to the (100) in-plane lattice parameter of graphene (Figure 3B) [29].
(A) TEM images of CQDs. (B) HR-TEM image of sp2 domains G-CQDs. (C) LUMO-HOMO gap dependence on the size of CQDs. (D) Energy diagrams of CQDs functionalized with different groups. (E) The proposed energy level diagram of S-doped CQDs. Reprinted with permission [
The modulated electronic structure of CQDs is unique among carbonaceous materials, which is dramatically size dependent. According to the quantum confinement effect (QCE), a reduced band gap of CQDs can be expected when the dot size increases. Li et al. [30] performed theoretical calculations to investigate the relationship between luminescence and cluster size of CQDs, who confirmed that the band gap reduced gradually as the size of CQDs increased (Figure 3C). Meanwhile, variable functional groups (such as hydroxyl and carboxyl) anchored on the surface of CQDs are indispensable for their excellent aqueous solubility, which can also greatly affect the electronic structure of CQDs. It has been demonstrated that different functional groups (either electron withdrawing or electron donating) simultaneously modulate the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels of CQDs, however, with relative small change in the band gap [31]. For instance, an electron donating group could raise both the HOMO and LUMO levels to higher energy, while an electron withdrawing group would cause a prominent down-shift of the total energy levels (Figure 3D). In addition, doping with heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur were found to alter the electronic structures of CQDs significantly. The incorporation of ∼1 at% of S into CQDs could effectively modify their electronic structure by introducing S-related energy levels between π and π* orbitals of CQDs, which would diversify the electron transition pathways and facilitate inter band crossing of electrons (Figure 3E) [32].
Overall, the diversity of modulations for CQDs, from size control to surface functional groups exchange and heteroatom doping, makes it possible in the delicate control over their electronic structures and optical properties, showing potential as active components in light harvesting and utilizations.
Most notable, unique optical properties are discovered with CQDs, including wide-spectrum light harvesting from ultraviolet to near-infrared (NIR), tunable photoluminescence (PL) and efficient multiphoton up-conversion, all of which can be effectively tailored by the artificial control of the size, shape, surface and doping, based on the remarkable quantum confinement effect (QCE), surface effect and edge effect.
CQDs are effective photon-harvesting agents especially in short-wavelength region, due to the π-π* transition of C═C bonds. Typically, CQDs show strong optical absorption in the UV region (260–320 nm) with a tail extending into the visible range, in which a maximum peak around 230 nm is assigned to the π-π* transition of aromatic C═C bonds and a shoulder at 300 nm is assigned to the n-π* transition of C═O bonds or other surface groups [33]. In addition, the surface functional groups may also greatly contribute to the absorption at the UV-visible region, since a gradual red-shifted absorption can be observed after modification with some passivating agents. For instance, the absorbance of CQDs was found to increase to longer wavelength in the range of 350–550 nm after surface passivation with 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine (TTDDA) [34]. Moreover, doping with heteroatom is also effective to tailor the absorption of CQDs. As reported by Qu et al. [35], the absorption band of S,N-co-doped CQDs moved into the visible region of 550–595 nm, showing potential as visible light-harvesting agent.
Tunable photoluminescence, with an emission peak ranging from deep ultraviolet to visible or even NIR region, is one of the most fascinating features of CQDs. Usually, these observed tunable PL properties are in close relationship with the QCE or surface effects of CQDs.
It is wildly accepted that the PL of CQDs originates from the emissive surface energy traps upon stabilization, since surface passivation is often indispensable for photoluminescent CQDs with high quantum yield (Figure 4A) [36]. Meanwhile, some researchers suggested that the PL in CQDs may be a result of radiative recombination of surface-confined electrons and holes, based on the observation that PL of CQDs can be effectively quenched by both electron donors and acceptors [37]. Significantly, this notion indicates that photo-excited CQDs are both good electron acceptors and electron donors. While in some cases, quantum size effect is the main reason for the observed size-dependent optical properties of CQDs. As reported by Li et al. [30], CQDs emitted blue, green, yellow, and orange, respectively, along with increased dot size under identical λex (Figure 4B). Since no appreciable change in the PL spectra after further H2 plasma treatment to remove surface oxygen species, the luminescence emissions of CQDs was attributed to the quantum-sized graphite structure rather than the carbon-oxygen surface. However, contradict results also existed, as Bao et al. [28] observed a red-shifted PL emission peak when the sizes of CQDs decreased at the same λex. Based on the assumption that smaller CQDs were easily oxidized to take on more oxygen-related surface states, they suggested the red-shifted PL of CQDs was a result of variations in surface states rather than a size effect.
(A) UV/vis absorption (Abs) and PL emission spectra (recorded for progressively longer excitation wavelengths from 320 to 520 nm) of PEG1500N passivated CQDs. (B) Optical images of CQDs illuminated under while (above, daylight lamp) and UV light (bottom, 365 nm). (C) UCPL spectra of CQDs under the excitation of a femtosecond pulsed laser at 800 nm. (D) Schematic illustration of various typical electronic transition processes of CQDs. Normal PL of small size (a) and large size (b); UCPL of large size (c) and large size (d). Reprinted with permission [
Therefore, the origin of the displayed optical properties of CQDs is still in debate, which may be probably in relationship with the competition between the emissive sites and non-radiative trap sites on the surface, as well as the quantum confinement effects determined by particle sizes.
In contrary to the conventional down-conversion fluorescence emissions (Stokes PL), certain CQDs are also found to display up-conversion fluorescence emissions (anti-Stokes PL), with the emission wavelength shorter than the excitation wavelength, arising from the simultaneous absorption of two or multiple longer wavelength photons. UCPL is an attractive optical property of CQDs, which enables many promising applications, especially for photocatalysis in the visible to NIR spectrum.
The visible emission of ∼5 nm CQDs under the excitation of 800 nm femtosecond pulsed laser was first recorded by Cao et al. [38], who proposed a two-photon mechanism for the up-conversion emission. Later, several other groups observed similar UCPL from CQDs prepared via different synthetic routes. For instance, Gan et al. [39] demonstrated that blue light centered at 450 nm was emitted from CQDs under an excitation of 800 nm femtosecond pulsed laser, and the UCPL intensity was found to relate to the excitation power density (Figure 4C).
However, it was still under debate whether the multiphoton-active process was sufficient to explain the UCPL phenomenon of CQDs. In view of the practically constant energy difference of 1.1 eV between the excitation and emission, Shen et al. [40] proposed an anti-stokes transition mechanism using the energy level structural model, who postulated that low energy photons could excite π electrons (in intermediate levels) to LUMO followed by relaxation into σ orbital (HOMO) for the emission of a shorter wavelength photon (Figure 4D). Therefore, the constant energy difference here between excitation and emission light is ascribed to the energy gap between π and σ orbitals.
Moreover, Wen et al. [41] recently argued that the observed multiphoton excitation properties in some CQDs might be artificial and could originate from the normal fluorescence, which was excited by the second diffraction leaking in the monochromator of the fluorescence spectrophotometer. Therefore, great cautions should be paid to the observed UCPL of CQDs, and it was suggested that the exact up-conversion from CQDs would be excited under a high enough power density from a femtosecond pulsed laser.
Based on the generation of charge carriers such as electrons and holes induced by photon absorption, photocatalysis has found great potentials in the application of both environmental remediation and energy conversion, ranging from pollutant degradation to H2 generation and CO2 reduction. To generate carriers with sufficient redox potentials, wide band gap semiconductors (such as TiO2) are often used as photocatalysts, but at the cost of limited utilization of only high energy UV irradiation (~5% of sunlight). At the same time, recombination of charge carriers pervasively exists during their migration through the bulk to the surface in semiconductor particles, where to initiate photocatalytic reactions. Therefore, evolutions of photocatalytic system to overcome the low-usage of sunlight as well as high recombination rate of the photo-induced charge carriers is still an urgent need to improve the overall quantum efficiency for practical applications. Interestingly, all of the optical and structural properties of the CQDs mentioned above meet with the requirement of photocatalytic reactions (such as utilization toward solar spectrum, fast migration of charge carriers and efficient surface redox reactions), indicating the promising application of CQDs in photocatalysis. As a matter of fact, CQDs have shown their importance as a versatile component especially in visible light-driven photocatalysis since their discovery, ascribing to the tunable optical properties (such as absorbance, PL and UCPL) for excellent solar spectrum utilizations, also due to the electron accepting and transporting features of carbon nanomaterials that can direct the flow of photogenerated charge carriers. Therefore, CQDs can act not only as an efficient photocatalyst alone, but also as a multifunctional constituent in the design of photocatalyst for broadened light response and promoted electron-hole separation. In this section, we will summarize the fundamentally multifaceted roles of CQDs as an important component in visible light-driven photocatalysis.
Photon-induced charge carriers with a sufficient amount that can migrate to the surface of semiconductors are at the core of photocatalytic reactions. Since charge carriers can easily be traps by various random defects, to collect or mediate the flow of charge carriers for efficient separation is necessary for an effective photocatalyst design. Noble metals with a large work function are commonly deposited onto the surface of semiconductors to act as an electron sink and help in an efficient separation of charge carriers. However, the use of noble metals shows a main drawback of poor economic viability due to their high expense. As a potential electron mediator in placement of noble metals for new design of photocatalysts, CQDs show excellent electron conductivity as well as large electron-storage capacity, benefiting from the inherent sp2 graphitic carbon compositions.
On the one hand, CQDs can act as conductors for efficient charge carrier transport between adjacent semiconductors, due to the electron conductivity from the Ohmic contact at the semiconductor-CQDs interfaces. Miao et al. [42] fabricated a ternary visible light-driven photocatalyst with the construction of g-C3N4/CQDs/AgBr, by the in-situ growth of AgBr nanoparticles on CQDs modified g-C3N4 nanosheets. The nanocomposite exhibited improved photocatalytic efficiency for RhB degradation under visible irradiation (>420 nm), which was about 4.0, 5.3 and 2.3 times higher than that of AgBr, g-C3N4 and g-C3N4/AgBr, respectively. Due to the thermodynamically favorable electron transfer upon band alignment, CQDs was believed to act as mediators to promote the electron transfer from g-C3N4 to AgBr for an improved separation of electron-hole pairs, responsible for the improved photocatalysis (Figure 5A).
(A) CQDs as electron conductor at the interface of C3N4 and AgBr. (B) CQDs as electron sink at the surface of ZnFe2O4. Reprinted with permission [
On the other hand, CQDs can act as electron sink to accept photogenerated electrons from adjacent semiconductors, and thus to suppress the electron-hole recombination, benefiting from the large electron-storage capacity of carbon nanostructures. Huang et al. [43] obtained CQDs/ZnFe2O4 photocatalysts via a simple hydrothermal route, which showed eight times larger transient photocurrent response in comparison with that of ZnFe2O4 alone under visible irradiation (λ > 420 nm). In a possible photocatalytic mechanism, the authors inferred that CQDs could function as an electron reservoir and transporter over CQDs/ZnFe2O4 hybrids, to improve both the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers (Figure 5B). Wu et al. [44] demonstrated a case of a bi-quantum dot (QD) photocatalyst for overall water splitting, in which CQDs and BiVO4 QDs were combined together. Without any co-catalysts or sacrificial reagents but under solar light irradiation, H2 evolution of 0.92 μmol h−1 was achieved with such hybrids, about four times that of BiVO4 QDs. In such a two-electron pathway reaction, CQDs and BiVO4 QDs were believed to be reduction and oxidation reaction center, respectively. As an effective electron acceptor, CQDs received electrons from VB of BiVO4 before transferring to surface-adsorbed water for hydrogen production.
Therefore, as electron mediators, CQDs show noble metal comparable ability as both conductor and sink for an efficient charge separation in association with semiconductor photocatalysts. At the same time, the relative low cost and easy preparation make CQDs an available alternative to the expensive noble metal as electron mediators in new design of photocatalysts.
Extending light harvesting, especially by increasing the absorbance of visible photons, has been a popular strategy to achieve improved efficiency for modern photocatalysis. While the extended absorption spectrum of semiconductors usually means narrowed bandgap and thus decreased redox ability, which often obstructs the design of visible light-driven photocatalysts. Using visible light photosensitizers that can transfer photogenerated electrons to the CB of semiconductor in contact has been widely employed to address this conflict. Quantum dots of CdS, CdSe, PbS, are well known photosensitizers with a relative narrow bandgap to achieve good light harvesting efficiency, however, still suffer from some inherent drawbacks, including high cost, instability against photocorrosion and dissolution of toxic heavy-metal ions. Recently discovered CQDs, as an intriguing member of the nanocarbon family, have shown great potentials as photosensitizers due to their broad absorption spectra and large absorption coefficients.
Zhang et al. [45] prepared CQDs with tunable size of 2–5 nm from graphitic polymeric micelles, which showed high water solubility due to the surface decorated carboxyl groups. The obtained CQDs were then loaded onto the surface of P25 TiO2 through a facial dispersion-evaporation route, followed by thermal treatment at 300°C in air to remove organic passivation layer for a close contact at hetero interfaces. The cooperation of CQDs and TiO2 was believed to be responsible for the visible light photocatalytic degradation of MB, since either CQDs or TiO2 alone showed negligible activities. CQDs probably acted as a photosensitizer in the CQDs/TiO2 hybrid, which injected visible light excited electrons into the CB of TiO2, responsible for the remarkably enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity (Figure 6A). Wu et al. [46] suggested that the surface groups of CQDs were not necessarily removed before using as photosensitizers. CQDs with an average size of 30 nm were prepared through hydrothermal carbonization of pentosan, followed by the preparation of CQDs/TiO2 composite through directly drying from the suspension of TiO2 in a CQDs aqueous solution. The CQDs with abundant oxygen-containing groups could act as a photosensitizer to absorb visible light, with excited electrons transferred to the CB of TiO2. These sensitized electrons then reacted with O2 adsorbed on TiO2 surface to produce active oxygen radicals (O2−), which were responsible for the observed MB degradation. In another case, Yu et al. [47] reported the efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution activity of CQDs/P25 composite under both UV-vis and visible light (λ > 450 nm) irradiation without the aid of any noble metal cocatalyst. Different from pure P25, CQDs/P25 exhibited visible light-driven photocatalytic activity for H2 production, ascribing to the photosensitizing ability of CQDs. Just like organic dyes, CQDs sensitized P25 into a visible light responsive “dyade” structure through the newly formed Ti─O─C bond, in which photo-induced electrons transferred from the excited CQDs to CB states of TiO2, followed by reactions with protons for H2 production (Figure 6B).
(A) TEM image of the TiO2/CQDs hybrids and MB concentration (C/C0) versus photocatalytic reaction time. (B) Schematic illustration for the H2 production mechanism on the CQDs/TiO2 under UV and visible light (λ > 450 nm), and photocatalytic H2 evolution rates on CQDs/TiO2 with varied CQDs contents under visible (λ > 450 nm) irradiation. (C) Schematic illustration of the C3N4/CQDs composites, and the phototcatalytic performance of C3N4 and 0.2 wt%-CQDs/C3N4 for the H2 evolution rate under visible (λ > 420 nm) irradiation. Reprinted with permission [
The characterized sp2 carbon composition of CQDs also contributes to the charge transfer ability as photosensitizers. In a recent report of Liu et al. [48], CQDs synthesized from bee pollens were used to couple with g-C3N4 nanosheets for a 2D/0D type photocatalysts via hydrothermal treatment. The composite has overcome the limited visible light absorption of C3N4, showing an optimal H2 evolution of 88.1 μmol/h, 3.02 folds of pristine C3N4 nanosheets. Well dispersed CQDs uniformly anchored to the C3N4 nanosheets network via π-π stacking interactions were suggested to effectively expand the visible light absorption via photosensitization and hence suppress the recombination of photo-induced carriers (Figure 6C).
Overall, due to the excellent light harvesting ability over a broad spectrum, as well as the effective chemical binding toward semiconductor surface, carbon dots have shown their potential as alternatives to the scarce and toxic heavy-metal compounds that are currently used as photosensitizer for visible light harvesting.
The UCPL of CQDs is of particular interests in this context, promising an emission of shorter wavelength photons upon the simultaneous absorption of two or multiple longer wavelength photons. Such a spectral converting ability of CQDs provides an attractive strategy for the design of visible light- or even NIR-responsive photocatalysts. A large number of recent work concerning about the photocatalytic applications of CQDs have suggested the contribution of their UCPL properties. Ke et al. [49] used TiO2 photocatalysts modified with CQDs to obtain a 3.6 times higher rate of MB degradation under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) when compared with pure TiO2, and the enhanced photocatalysis was mainly ascribed to the increased amount of oxidative radicals in hypothesis of the up-conversion process from CQDs (Figure 7A). Similar results have also been observed with CQDs/g-C3N4 hybrids, as shown by Zhang et al. [50]. After impregnation of CQDs into g-C3N4, a 3.7-fold enhancement in phenol degradation rate constant can be obtained compared with that of the pristine g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). As suggested by the authors, light of λ > 550 nm could be converted to λ < 460 nm photons by CQDs, and subsequently excited g-C3N4 to generate electron-hole pairs (Figure 7B). UCPL character of CQDs that enhanced the production of excitons by extending the visible light-absorption region was supposed to be one important contribution to the observed enhanced photocatalysis, along with the efficient charge separation arising from the band structure alignment.
(A) UV-vis absorption spectra of TiO2 and CQDs/TiO2 hybrid, and the EPR spectra of hydroxyl radicals over the CQDs/TiO2 hybrid under visible irradiation (λ > 420 nm). (B) Apparent rate constants of phenol degradation over CQDs modified C3N4 photocatalysts with varied loading amount, and the schematic illustration of the possible photocatalytic process on the C3N4/CQDs hybrid under visible light (λ > 400 nm). (C) Transient photocurrent responses at an applied potential of 0 V under visible irradiation (λ > 500 nm) for photocatalysts with different composition, and the schematic energy band diagram of the RhB/CQDs/Ag3PO4 nanocomposite. Reprinted with permission [
However, some researchers clarified that UCPL of CQDs might not be the main reason for the improved photocatalytic activity after CQDs introduction. In a recent work of Di et al. [51], improved photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin on N-CQDs/BiPO4 composite was observed under UV irradiation, but only with negligible efficiency under visible light. Subsequently, the authors proposed that the up-converted PL may not play the crucial role for the improved activity in this system, instead, molecular oxygen activated by the oxygen defects on the surface of N-CQDs may be responsible for the organic removal under UV irradiation.
In fact, no direct evidence has been provided to confirm the contribution of UCPL to the improved photocatalytic activities postulated in many CQDs based photocatalytic systems. The generally poor efficiency of up-conversion process in most cases, if such an effect exists, may lead to its small influence compared to other optoelectronic contributions. Yu et al. [52] magnified the UCPL of CQDs by means of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-assisted up-conversion process, in which rhodamine B (RhB) was combined with naked CQDs of 3.4 nm to make a FRET pair. The FRET effect was used to magnify the up-conversion of CQDs, with the up-converted photons subsequently sensitized Ag3PO4 particles and thus generating 18 times higher photocurrent at λ > 500 nm than those without RhB molecules (Figure 7C).
The origin of light absorption in CQDs stems from π-π* (C═C) and n-π* (C═O) transitions in the core and on the surface of the particles, respectively, which means that the optoelectronic properties of CQDs will be readily tuned by both size modulation and chemical modification. The size effect largely arises from the confinement, causing a separation of π and π* orbitals prominently when the domain size is less than 10 nm. At the same time, CQDs rich in surface oxygen groups are usually p-doped due to the larger electronegativity of oxygen atoms relative to carbon atoms. Replacing oxygen functional groups on the CQDs surface with nitrogen-containing groups can readily transform CQDs into an n-type semiconductor. In addition to surface modification, direct substitution with heteroatoms in the graphene lattice also greatly affects the optical and electronic properties of CQDs. These excellent properties have gained CDs with an adjustable band structure together with broadband light-absorption ability, which inspire their applications as efficient photocatalyst.
Although CQDs alone as photocatalysts show great potential, relatively few examples of CQDs solely with satisfying photocatalytic activity have been recorded to date, partially due to the relative poor electron transfer inside the CQDs. Doping with heteroatoms has been proved to be an effective way to promote electron transfer and thus the performance of the CQDs as photocatalyst. Cu–N co-doping of CQDs was achieved by Wu et al. [53] through an one-step pyrolytic synthesis with Na2[Cu(EDTA)] as precursor (Figure 8A). As a result of the Cu─N doping, the electron accepting and donating abilities of CQDs could be both enhanced, together with the increased electric conductivity. These merits ultimately facilitated the entire electron-transfer process in CQDs and further improved the photocatalytic oxidation of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (1,4-DHP). In another case provided by Martindale et al. [54], N doped CQDs were synthesized by pyrolysis of aspartic acid (Asp) in air at 320°C. CQDs with N doping showed increased specific activity of 7950 μmolH2 (gCD)−1 h−1 in the solar (AM1.5G) photocatalytic H2 evolution system, with an order of magnitude improvement realized compared to undoped CQDs (Figure 8B). The authors suggested that nitrogen doping in CQDs increased the efficiency of hole-scavenging through electron donor effect and thereby significantly extended the lifetime of the photogenerated electrons.
(A) (a) The synthetic procedure, (b) TEM images and (c) UV/vis absorption spectra of doped CQDs. (B) (a) UV/vis absorption spectra of N doped CQDs (g-N-CD), graphite CQDs (g-CD) and amorphous CQDs (a-CD), (b) photocatalytic H2 generation with various amounts of CQDs (0.1–1 mg) under simulated solar irradiation (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm−2). Reprinted with permission [
Moreover, the electronic structure of CQDs can also be dramatically changed after heteroatomic doping. By treating GO in NH3 at 500°C followed by oxidation with a modified Hummers’ method, Yeh et al. [55] obtained N doped CQDs and applied as visible light (λ > 420 nm) driven photocatalyst for the overall water-splitting. Based on the electrochemical Mott-Schottky analysis, N doped CDs showed both p- and n-type conductivities, with the n-conductivity caused by embedding nitrogen atoms in the graphene frame and the p-conductivity by grafting oxygen functionalities on the graphene surface. The inherent sp2 clusters of CQDs served as the junction between the p- and n-domains to form buitin p-n diodes, which were responsible for an internal Z-scheme charge transfer at the QD interface, similar to that of biological photosynthesis (Figure 8C).
Therefore, by suitably adjusting the size, defect densities, atom doping and surface functional groups, it is possible to tune the electronic structure of CQDs and thus the optical response over a wide spectrum, allowing the potential application as effective photocatalysts with full utilization of the solar light.
After a decade of extensive investigation, CQDs have already been developed to be one of the most important members of modern nanocarbon family. Unexpected optoelectronic properties have been observed with this initially emergent nanocarbon material, including UV-visible absorbance, tunable PL and unique UCPL, together with electronic conductivity, showing the opportunity of further adjustment through surface functionalization and heteroatom doping. Specially, the excellent light harvesting capability and efficient photo-induced electron transfer ability make CQDs an exceptional candidate in visible light-driven photocatalytic applications, which play multifaceted roles as electron mediator, photosensitizer, spectral converter, or photocatalyst. Characterized by low cost, easy preparation, water soluble and nontoxic, CQDs have served as a common replacement for toxic heavy metal-based QDs and high-expense noble metals as co-catalysts. In addition, benefiting from the generally simple and economic synthesis of CQDs out of a wide spectrum of biomass carbon sources, the application of CQDs as photocatalytic component is of great potential in view of large-scale production especially for technological purpose.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51372266, 51572286, and 21503266) and the Outstanding Youth Fund of Jiangsu Province (BK20160011).
Multiple pregnancy refers to a pregnancy with more than one embryo. The embryos may grow in the same uterine pregnancy as a result of either two or three separate ova were fertilized or one ovum fertilized, and the embryo divided two or more embryos developed. Where two or more ova are fertilized individually the resultant pregnancy is called dizygous if two ova were fertilized and multizygous multiple pregnancy if three or more ova were fertilized. The implantation site also determines the naming of the type of multiple pregnancy. The dizygous or multizygous multiple pregnancies result in each embryo having its own placenta and amniotic sac and are independent of each other. Where one ovum is fertilized, and the embryo divides it is called monozygous multiple pregnancy. Zygosity is the degree of identity in the genome.
The incidence of multiple pregnancy is increasing as a result of increasing use of assisted reproductive technology [1, 2]. Twin pregnancy account for 2–4% of the total number of births. Spontaneous twin pregnancy rates vary worldwide [3]. The incidence of higher order multiple pregnancy is not fully reported but there are lot of case reports noted. The incidence of triplet pregnancies has been estimated to be one in thousand pregnancies [4]. Different types of multiple pregnancy will be discussed.
Dizygotic multiple pregnancy is derived from fertilization of two ova by two sperms and they may be of same sex or different sex. Their genetic composition is different because it comes from different ova and different sperms. These are just two siblings in the same patient. Dizygotic multiple pregnancy contributes two thirds of all multiple pregnancies. The implantation may be at the same site or different sites. Each of the embryo has its own chorion (placenta) and amniotic membrane as in Figure 1. They are also called fraternal multiple pregnancy [5]. Fertilization may occur during the same sexual activity or different sexual activities during the same menstrual cycle. Fertilization of the second ovum during different sexual exposure is called superfecundation. This means that fertilization of the ovum when there is an existing early embryo. If fertilization of the second ovum and implantation occurs in subsequent menstrual cycle, this is superfetation. Upregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis by luteal progesterone and then placental progesterone in the first trimester of pregnancy suppresses ovulation and makes the possibilities of superfetation unlikely [5, 6]. The physiology of superfetation is not well understood.
Site of implantation of dizygotic multiple pregnancy.
Implantation of all the embryos inside the endometrial cavity. This is the most common type of all multiple pregnancies. There may be two or more fetuses. The naming of the subtype depends on the number of fetuses (see Table 1).
One fetus | singleton |
Two fetuses | Twins |
Three fetuses | Triplets |
Four fetuses | Quadruplets |
Five fetuses | Quintuplets |
Six fetuses | Sextuplets |
Seven fetuses | Septuplets |
Eight fetuses | Octuplets |
Nine fetuses | Nonuplets |
Ten fetuses | decuplets |
Subtypes of multiple pregnancy.
This is a type of multiple pregnancy occurring in a woman with embryological developmental malformation of the Mullerian or Wolffian ducts, characterized by complete failure of Mullerian ducts to fuse, resulting in two separate uterine cavities and cervices (Figures 2 and 3). There may associated vaginal anomalies like septum which may be longitudinal or transverse [7]. The anomalies may of different degrees with either fully developed or under developed and each with separate fallopian tube and endometrial cavity [8, 9]. Both uterine horns achieve a pregnancy at the same time when double ovulation has taken place (Figure 4). This only follows dizygotic multiple pregnancy and not possible with monozygotic pregnancy.
Uterine didelphus.
Uterine anomaly.
Pregnancy on each uterus.
This refers to the occurrence of two pregnancies in different implantation sites simultaneously, mostly manifested as intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies 9ampullary in 80%). Heterotopic pregnancy is rare and estimated to occur in about 1 per 30,000 (0.006%–0.001%) spontaneous pregnancies while a higher prevalence may occur in assisted reproductive techniques that may reach up to 1 case per 100 cases (1–3%) (Figure 5) [10, 11].
Heterotopic oregnancy.
Another rare combination of heterotopic pregnancy is a combination of intrauterine and ovarian [12]. The occurrence of an ovarian heterotopic pregnancy is a singular event as it comprises only 2.35 of all heterotopic pregnancies. However, in the last decade there has been a significant increase of ectopic pregnancy and subsequent increase in heterotopic pregnancy. This increase has been attributed to higher incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease and the extended use of assisted reproductive technologies [12]. The implantation outside the endometrial cavity can be anywhere including any part of the fallopian tube, ovary and any part of peritoneal cavity as indicated on Figure 6.
Different sites for heterotopic pregnancy.
In ectopic pregnancy, the implantation occurs outside the uterine cavity post fertilization, either in singleton or multi-gestational ectopic pregnancy. The incidence of twin ectopic pregnancies is quite rare and is estimated to be 1 in 125,000 pregnancies and that of twin tubal pregnancies to be 1 in 200 ectopic pregnancies (Figure 7) [13, 14, 15].
Twin ectopic pregnancy.
Monozygotic (MZ) twins, also called identical twins, occur when a single egg cell is fertilized by a single sperm cell. The resulting zygote splits into two very early in development, leading to the formation of two separate embryos. MZ twins occur in 3–4 per 1000 births worldwide. Research suggests that most cases of MZ twinning are not caused by genetic factors. However, a few families with a larger-than-expected number of MZ twins have been reported, which indicates that genetics may play a role. It is possible that genes involved in sticking cells together (cell adhesion) may contribute to MZ twinning, although this hypothesis has not been confirmed. Most of the time, the cause of MZ twinning is unknown [16].
The theory proposes that monozygotic twin are formed when the blastocyst contains two inner cell masses, each of which lead to a separate fetus rather than by the embryo splitting while hatching from the zona pellucida. Monozygotic twins may be created artificially by embryo splitting. Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and are always of the same sex unless there has been a mutation during development [16]. The timing of the division determines the chorionicity and amnionicity. Chorionicity refers to the placenta and amnionicity to amniotic sac on whether they are shared by the twins or not as indicated on Figure 8.
Dichorionic diamniotic multiple pregnancy from monozygotic twins.
When the division occurs within 3 days of fertilization, a dichorionic twin pregnancy results, when the division occurs between 4 and 8 days a monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy develops and when division occurs from day 8 until day 12 or 13 the monochorionic mono amniotic twin pregnancy develops. After day 13 the division leads to conjoined twins. All this means is that the placenta is determined within 3 days otherwise no further division could take place after this period in regard to the placenta. Amniotic sac is determined between day 4 and day 8 after fertilization and complete fetal division within 12–13 days [17].
Monozygotic multiple pregnancies are not genetically inherited. The twinning is random, due to the splitting of the embryo, so all parents have equal chance of conceiving these types of twins [18]. The rate of monozygotic twins is 2,25 times higher in assisted conceptions than natural conceptions. Monozygotic twins have a chorionicity that relates to how early the fertilized egg divides. Of the live born twins 70–75% are monochorionic diamniotic, 25–30% are dichorionic diamniotic and 1% are monochorionic monoamniotic [19, 20].
Division of the fertilized ovum occurs within 3 days. Placental development is independent of each other, though genetic material is identical. This constitutes 25 to 30 percent of monozygotic twins [19].
This is the commonest type of twin pregnancy arising from monozygotic multiple pregnancy as its occurrence is 70–75%. The fetuses share a placenta but have different amniotic sacs. The division takes place between 4 and 8 days after fertilization. Overall 1 in 3 spontaneous twins or 1 in 300 pregnancies become monochorioninic diamniotic.
This is the least common type of multiple pregnancies as it is just around 1% of all monochorionic multiple pregnancies. This type of multiple pregnancy is associated the highest rate of congenital anomalies starting with vascular malformation to conjoined twins.
Multiple pregnancy refers to conception with more than one embryo. There are different types of multiple pregnancy depending on the site of implantation and the number of embryos. Multiple pregnancy can develop from fertilization of more than one embryo (dizygotic) or from division of a single fertilized embryo (monozygotic). Dizygotic embryos have different genetic makeup while monozygotic embryos have almost the same genetic makeup unless mutation has taken place during development. Dizygotic multiple pregnancy is more common than monozygotic pregnancies because of assisted reproductive technology. The division of the embryo is guided by the time of division to achieve a particular type of monozygotic multiple pregnancy. Monochorionic multiple pregnancy is the commonest type of monozygotic multiple pregnancy compared to dichorionic and monoamniotic types.
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The influence of Eu3+ on the structural, morphological, dielectrical, and humidity sensing study is recorded. The XRD pattern peaks of the as-prepared CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticle confirm the polycrystalline spinel cubic structure with a small amount of CuO impurity phase at 38.87° and 48.96°. Surface morphology of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the nanoparticles, and their respective average grain size was estimated using Image software. Chemical composition of all prepared samples was analyzed by EDS spectra. The dielectric parameters of AC conductivity, electric modulus, and impedance of the samples were measured over a range of frequencies from 0.1 KHz to 1 MHz at room temperature. Europium-doped copper ferrite samples showed good humidity sensing response, response and recover times, and stability over a %RH range of 11–91%. These types of samples are very useful for sensor application, battery applications, electronic applications, and automotive applications.",book:{id:"9247",slug:"mineralogy-significance-and-applications",title:"Mineralogy",fullTitle:"Mineralogy - Significance and Applications"},signatures:"I.C. Sathisha, K. Manjunatha, V. Jagadeesha Angadi, B. Chethan, Y.T. Ravikiran, Vinayaka K. Pattar, S.O. Manjunatha and Shidaling Matteppanavar",authors:[{id:"266255",title:"Dr.",name:"Veerabhadrappa",middleName:null,surname:"Jagadeesha Angadi",slug:"veerabhadrappa-jagadeesha-angadi",fullName:"Veerabhadrappa Jagadeesha Angadi"},{id:"321561",title:"Dr.",name:"I.C.",middleName:null,surname:"Sathisha",slug:"i.c.-sathisha",fullName:"I.C. Sathisha"},{id:"321562",title:"Dr.",name:"K.",middleName:null,surname:"Manjunatha",slug:"k.-manjunatha",fullName:"K. Manjunatha"},{id:"321564",title:"Dr.",name:"B.",middleName:null,surname:"Chethan",slug:"b.-chethan",fullName:"B. Chethan"},{id:"321565",title:"Dr.",name:"Y.T.",middleName:null,surname:"Ravikiran",slug:"y.t.-ravikiran",fullName:"Y.T. Ravikiran"},{id:"321566",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayaka K.",middleName:null,surname:"Pattar",slug:"vinayaka-k.-pattar",fullName:"Vinayaka K. Pattar"},{id:"321567",title:"Dr.",name:"S.O.",middleName:null,surname:"Manjunatha",slug:"s.o.-manjunatha",fullName:"S.O. Manjunatha"},{id:"321568",title:"Dr.",name:"Shidaling",middleName:null,surname:"Matteppanavar",slug:"shidaling-matteppanavar",fullName:"Shidaling Matteppanavar"}]},{id:"68162",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87260",title:"A Review of the Role of Natural Clay Minerals as Effective Adsorbents and an Alternative Source of Minerals",slug:"a-review-of-the-role-of-natural-clay-minerals-as-effective-adsorbents-and-an-alternative-source-of-m",totalDownloads:1006,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The minerals with unique properties such as natural clay minerals (NCMs) have promising approach in environmental and industrial sphere. In fact, under some specific conditions the NCMs could be used either as effective adsorbent material or alternative source of minerals. This chapter presents an outline of a general review of factors that affect the application ability of NCMs and a descriptive analysis of NH4+ and REE adsorption behavior and extraction of rare earth elements (REE) by an ion-exchange with NH4+ ions onto NCMs. Clays and NCMs both effectively remove various contaminants from aqueous solution and serve as alternative sources of minerals, as extensively discussed in this chapter. This review compiles thorough literature of current research and highlights the key findings of adsorption (NH4+ and REE) that use different NCMs as adsorbents or alternative sources of minerals (i.e., REE). The review confirmed that NCMs excellently remove different cations pollutants and have significant potential as alternative source of REE. However, modification and further development of NCMs applications for getting the best adsorption and the best extraction of REE onto NCMs, which would enhance pollution control and leaching system is still needed.",book:{id:"7315",slug:"minerals",title:"Minerals",fullTitle:"Minerals"},signatures:"Aref Alshameri, Xinghu Wei, Hailong Wang, Yang Fuguo, Xin Chen, Hongping He, Chunjie Yan and Feng Xu",authors:[{id:"172947",title:"Prof.",name:"Xin",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"xin-chen",fullName:"Xin Chen"},{id:"250327",title:"Dr.",name:"Aref",middleName:null,surname:"Alshameri",slug:"aref-alshameri",fullName:"Aref Alshameri"},{id:"306625",title:"Dr.",name:"Aref",middleName:null,surname:"Alshameri",slug:"aref-alshameri",fullName:"Aref Alshameri"},{id:"306656",title:"Prof.",name:"Fuguo",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"fuguo-yang",fullName:"Fuguo Yang"},{id:"306658",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Xinghu",slug:"wei-xinghu",fullName:"Wei Xinghu"},{id:"306660",title:"Prof.",name:"Wang",middleName:null,surname:"Hailong",slug:"wang-hailong",fullName:"Wang Hailong"},{id:"306664",title:"Prof.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Chunjie",slug:"yan-chunjie",fullName:"Yan Chunjie"},{id:"306665",title:"Dr.",name:"Xu",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",slug:"xu-feng",fullName:"Xu Feng"},{id:"306671",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Hongping",slug:"he-hongping",fullName:"He Hongping"}]},{id:"27435",doi:"10.5772/34861",title:"A Review of Pathological Biomineral Analysis Techniques and Classification Schemes",slug:"a-review-of-pathological-biomineral-analysis-techniques-and-classification-schemes",totalDownloads:4347,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"1600",slug:"an-introduction-to-the-study-of-mineralogy",title:"An Introduction to the Study of Mineralogy",fullTitle:"An Introduction to the Study of Mineralogy"},signatures:"Maria Luigia Giannossi and Vito Summa",authors:[{id:"101919",title:"PhD.",name:"Maria Luigia",middleName:null,surname:"Giannossi",slug:"maria-luigia-giannossi",fullName:"Maria Luigia Giannossi"},{id:"108348",title:"Dr.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Summa",slug:"vito-summa",fullName:"Vito Summa"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71052",title:"Enhanced Humidity Sensing Response in Eu3+-Doped Iron-Rich CuFe2O4: A Detailed Study of Structural, Microstructural, Sensing, and Dielectric Properties",slug:"enhanced-humidity-sensing-response-in-eu-sup-3-sup-doped-iron-rich-cufe-sub-2-sub-o-sub-4-sub-a-deta",totalDownloads:608,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles are synthesized by solution combustion method. The influence of Eu3+ on the structural, morphological, dielectrical, and humidity sensing study is recorded. The XRD pattern peaks of the as-prepared CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticle confirm the polycrystalline spinel cubic structure with a small amount of CuO impurity phase at 38.87° and 48.96°. Surface morphology of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the nanoparticles, and their respective average grain size was estimated using Image software. Chemical composition of all prepared samples was analyzed by EDS spectra. The dielectric parameters of AC conductivity, electric modulus, and impedance of the samples were measured over a range of frequencies from 0.1 KHz to 1 MHz at room temperature. Europium-doped copper ferrite samples showed good humidity sensing response, response and recover times, and stability over a %RH range of 11–91%. These types of samples are very useful for sensor application, battery applications, electronic applications, and automotive applications.",book:{id:"9247",slug:"mineralogy-significance-and-applications",title:"Mineralogy",fullTitle:"Mineralogy - Significance and Applications"},signatures:"I.C. Sathisha, K. Manjunatha, V. Jagadeesha Angadi, B. Chethan, Y.T. Ravikiran, Vinayaka K. Pattar, S.O. Manjunatha and Shidaling Matteppanavar",authors:[{id:"266255",title:"Dr.",name:"Veerabhadrappa",middleName:null,surname:"Jagadeesha Angadi",slug:"veerabhadrappa-jagadeesha-angadi",fullName:"Veerabhadrappa Jagadeesha Angadi"},{id:"321561",title:"Dr.",name:"I.C.",middleName:null,surname:"Sathisha",slug:"i.c.-sathisha",fullName:"I.C. Sathisha"},{id:"321562",title:"Dr.",name:"K.",middleName:null,surname:"Manjunatha",slug:"k.-manjunatha",fullName:"K. Manjunatha"},{id:"321564",title:"Dr.",name:"B.",middleName:null,surname:"Chethan",slug:"b.-chethan",fullName:"B. 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Essa and Marc Munschy",authors:[{id:"102766",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalid S.",middleName:null,surname:"Essa",slug:"khalid-s.-essa",fullName:"Khalid S. Essa"},{id:"292929",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Munschy",slug:"marc-munschy",fullName:"Marc Munschy"}]},{id:"69811",title:"Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of Luminescent Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications",slug:"chemical-synthesis-and-characterization-of-luminescent-iron-oxide-nanoparticles-and-their-biomedical",totalDownloads:588,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The syntheses and characterizations of biocompatible luminescent magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles has drawn particular attention as diagnostic and drug delivery tools for treatment of cancer and many other diseases. This chapter focuses on the chemical synthetic methods, magnetic and luminescent properties, including the biomedical applications of iron oxide nanomaterials and luminescent magnetic iron oxide-based nanocomposite materials. The influences of functionalizing with short ligands such as dopamine and L-cysteine on the magnetic properties of synthesized nanoparticles are described. The chapter contains some data on necessary reagents and protocols for bioconjugation aimed at cell culture and step by step the MTT assays used to evaluate cytotoxicity are also presented. In the final section of the chapter, we focus on the biomedical applications specifically for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer treatment. This chapter also investigates the application of various characterization techniques for analysis of the structural, optical and magnetic properties of the iron oxide nanoparticles and as their nanocomposites.",book:{id:"9247",slug:"mineralogy-significance-and-applications",title:"Mineralogy",fullTitle:"Mineralogy - Significance and Applications"},signatures:"Martin Onani, Leandre Brandt and Zuraan Paulsen",authors:[{id:"258023",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Onani",slug:"martin-onani",fullName:"Martin Onani"},{id:"302723",title:"Dr.",name:"Leandré Bianca",middleName:null,surname:"Brandt",slug:"leandre-bianca-brandt",fullName:"Leandré Bianca Brandt"},{id:"302725",title:"MSc.",name:"Zuraan",middleName:null,surname:"Paulsen",slug:"zuraan-paulsen",fullName:"Zuraan Paulsen"}]},{id:"27429",title:"An Introduction to 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. 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In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. 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He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. 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Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Computational Neuroscience",value:23,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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