\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4503",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Applications of Quantum Mechanics",title:"Selected Topics in Applications of Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book has two sections. The section Selected Topics in Applications of Quantum Mechanics provides seven chapters about different applications of quantum mechanics in science and technology.\nThe section Selected Topics in Foundations of Quantum Mechanics provides seven chapters about the foundations of quantum mechanics.\nThis book is written by a community of expert scientists from different research institutes and universities from all over the world. \nWithout a doubt, quantum mechanics is the greatest discovery of the 20th century. Therefore, its history and foundations are of great interest to scientists and students. This book covers some of the applications of quantum mechanics in nuclear physics, medical science, information technology, atomic physics and material science, as well as selected topics of quantum mechanics through different bases and ideas about quantum mechanics. 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He received his BSc from the Ferdowsi University of Mashad, MSc from the Tehran University and PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay-Mumbai India in experimental nuclear physics. He occupied the faculty member position in August 1991 and continued his duties as a professor in the Department of Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences - University of Mazandaran, Iran since. He has published more than 100 papers in ISI journals, mostly in Physical Review C, European physical journal A, International journal of modern physics A, Journal of physics G. 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Perspectives and Application",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tWireless power transfer is the process of transmitting electrical energy using electromagnetic waves. With the advent of wireless power transfer, energy can therefore be collected without the physical need of connecting a device to a power source. This technology certainly provides great convenience to mankind, since the hassle of using wires to connect a load to the power grid can be saved. The advantage of wireless power transfer is particularly evident in desolated rural areas where electricity is a scarce luxury to the residents. In general, electrical energy can be transmitted wireless via near-field and far-field mechanisms. The near-field or non-radiative method employs inductive coupling between coils of wires or capacitive coupling between metallic electrodes to realize the purpose of energy charging. The far-field or radiative method, on the other hand, transfers electrical energy via wave radiation. The concept is somewhat similar to that of a wireless telecommunication device. Instead of transmitting and receiving information, however, the far-field approach makes use of antennas to harvest energy. Despite the prevailing advancement of wireless power transfer technology, there are still open issues yet to be solved.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will give a detailed elucidation of some of the latest technologies used for wireless power transfer. The challenges faced by researchers working in this field and ways to overcome them are also discussed.
\r\n\t
The notion of “dark matter” emerged from several astronomical observations concerning the structure of galaxies, the rotation of stars and neutral hydrogen gas in spiral galaxies, the motions of clusters of galaxies, and so on. These observations could not be described in terms of Newton’s universal law of gravitation and the visible ordinary atomic matter within the galactic systems. This chapter reviews the progress made over many decades in the understanding of these cosmological observations that indicated a serious breakdown of Newton’s universal law of gravitation unless there existed additional unseen matter that was named “dark matter.” The only alternative to “dark matter” was to modify Newtonian gravity.
\nThis chapter presents a critical review of the two main approaches to providing the additional gravity required to understand the puzzling astronomical observations: (1) the “dark matter” hypothesis providing additional unseen mass and (2) modification of Newton’s universal law of gravity such that there is a stronger gravitational field at larger distances. Both Milgrom’s modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) theory and Robson’s recent quantum theory of gravity provided by the generation model (GM) of particle physics are discussed.
\nThe notion of “dark matter” emerged from observations of large astronomical objects such as galaxies and clusters of galaxies, which displayed gravitational effects that could not be accounted for by the visible matter: stars, gas, and so on, assuming the validity of Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
\nIt was concluded that such observations could only be described satisfactorily if there existed stronger gravitational fields than those provided by the visible matter and Newtonian gravity. Such gravitational fields required either more mass or an appropriate modification of Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
\nEarly preliminary evidence for such a “mass discrepancy” was observed in 1933 by Zwicky [1] for the Coma cluster of galaxies. He estimated that the cluster contained considerably more “dark matter” than the visible galactic matter in order to account for the fast motions of the galaxies within the cluster and also to hold the cluster together.
\nAdditional preliminary evidence for the mass discrepancy was found by Babcock [2] in 1939 and Rubin and Ford [3] in 1970 by measuring the
In 1970, Freeman [4] found rotation curves for several galaxies that disagreed with expectation based upon the assumption that the galaxies consisted of stars, gas, and nothing else. Freeman suggested that these galaxies, like the Coma cluster observed much earlier by Zwicky, contained considerably more invisible “dark matter” than the luminous matter. In 1973, Roberts and Rots [5], using 21-cm line data, obtained neutral hydrogen rotation curves of three nearby spiral galaxies. These rotation curves extended to considerably larger distances from the centers of the galaxies than the corresponding rotation curves for the stars. In each case, the complete rotation curve was essentially “flat” out to the edge of the 21-cm data.
\nIn 1974, Ostriker et al. [6] stated that the current observed rotation curves strongly indicated that the mass of a spiral galaxy increases approximately linearly with radius to about 1 Mpc so that the ratio of the total mass to the observed visible mass was large. They concluded that the rotation curves could most plausibly be understood if the spiral galaxy was embedded in a giant spherical halo of invisible “dark matter.”
\nFurther evidence for the dark matter hypothesis in many spiral galaxies was obtained in the 1970s by Rubin et al. [7], who measured high-quality optical rotation curves for the luminous matter and Bosma [8], who compiled 21-cm rotation curves for the neutral hydrogen gas that extended far beyond the luminous matter of each galaxy. In all these cases, the complete rotation curve was essentially “flat” out to the edge of the 21-cm data.
\nBy 1980, the conclusive observation from the rotation curves of spiral galaxies was that there existed a major “mass discrepancy” that was greater if larger distance scales were involved. This implied that if Newton’s universal law of gravitation was approximately valid, as in the Solar System, considerably more mass was required to be present in each galaxy. This invisible matter was termed “dark matter” with the introduction of the
Thus, the notion of “dark matter” essentially emerged from the observed rotation curves of spiral galaxies that provided convincing evidence for a mass discrepancy within the galaxy. The only alternative to “dark matter” seemed to be a significant modification of Newton’s universal law of gravitation to provide the required stronger gravitational field at larger distance scales. However, at that time, such a modification of Newtonian gravity was not considered a viable alternative.
\nThe dark matter hypothesis was essentially established in 1974 by Ostriker et al. [6], who concluded that the rotation curves of spiral galaxies could most plausibly be understood if the spiral galaxy was embedded in a giant spherical halo of invisible “dark matter.” In the conventional cosmological model of spiral galaxies [9], each spiral galaxy is considered to be surrounded by a giant halo of invisible (dark) matter that provides a large contribution to the gravitational field at large distances from the center of the galaxy.
\nStandard model of cosmology [10] assumes that the universe is now composed of about \n
The hypothesis of a dark matter spherical halo surrounding a spiral galaxy to account for the observed flat rotation curve of the galaxy has yet to be verified. One of the main difficulties is that the nature of the proposed dark matter is
Initially, massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), were searched for within the outer regions of galaxies, using microlensing techniques [11]. The conclusion from these observations was that at most \n
The only other known candidates for dark matter are the three neutrinos of the standard model (SM) of particle physics [12]. However, it was demonstrated in 1983 [13] that if dark matter consisted entirely of neutrinos, the large-scale structure of the universe would significantly
The existence of dark matter in the universe suggests that one requires new physics beyond the SM. Three such particles have been searched for without success: (1) axions, (2) weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPS), and (3) sterile neutrinos. These three particles are all
The axion was postulated in 1977 by Peccei and Quinn [15] in an attempt to understand the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). To date various experiments have been carried out but
A weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) is considered to be a new elementary particle, which only interacts via gravity and any other weak force. The basic goal of direct detection of a (WIMP) is to measure the energy deposited when it interacts with nuclei in a detector, transferring energy to nuclei. Such direct-detection experiments need to be carried out deep underground to prevent them being swamped by unwanted noise from cosmic ray particles.
\nThe most favored (WIMP) is the lightest neutral stable particle, the
However, there has been one claim of direct detection of dark matter from the DAMA-LIBRA experiment at the Gran Sasso laboratory [16]. This experiment has observed a possible dark matter event rate that modulates annually as the Earth travels around the Sun, while the Solar System moves within the disk of the Milky Way and hence through the hypothesized galactic dark matter halo. The count rate is expected to depend upon the relative velocity of the detector and undergoes a modulation that peaks in June, when the relative velocity is at its maximum.
\nThis observation of the DAMA-LIBRA experiment is controversial, since it has been excluded by observations from several direct-detection experiments, including perhaps the most sensitive one, the LUX experiment. In order to test the DAMA-LIBRA claim, a more sensitive direct-detection experiment, SABRE, is being undertaken with improved but similar equipment in Australia [17].
\nSterile neutrinos are also hypothetical neutral particles that emerged from the development of the electroweak theory by Glashow [18, 19], who separated the neutrinos into left-handed and right-handed particles. The left-handed neutrinos interact via the left-handed weak interaction, while the right-handed neutrinos do not and only interact via gravity. The right-handed neutrinos correspond to the so-called sterile neutrinos.
\nThe possible existence of sterile neutrinos arose in the development of the SM at a time when the neutrinos were considered to be
In view of the considerable uncertainties concerning the existence and nature of the proposed dark matter, there have been several attempts to modify Newton’s universal law of gravitation instead of introducing dark matter.
\nIn 1983, Milgrom [20] developed a modification of Newtonian dynamics known as the MOND theory, as a possible alternative to dark matter. This theory is based upon describing two astronomical observations: (1) the flat rotational curves of spiral galaxies at large distances from their centers and (2) the Tully-Fisher empirical relation [21], which states that the intrinsic luminosity \n
where \n
In order to describe both the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies and the Tully-Fisher relation, Milgrom suggested that gravity varies from the prediction of Newtonian dynamics for
in gross disagreement with the Tully-Fisher relation.
\nThe modified law of gravity in terms of \n
where the first term corresponds to distances for which the acceleration is \n
which, if the mass to luminosity ratio, \n
To summarize: MOND is an empirical modification of Newton’s gravitational interaction that is designed to provide agreement with two overarching observational facts: (1) the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies and (2) the Tully-Fisher relation. It achieves this aim by causing the gravitational interaction to change from \n
However, MOND is
The generation model (GM) [23] of particle physics has been developed over many years as a viable alternative to the standard model (SM) [12] of particle physics. The SM is considered by the majority of physicists to be
The GM overcomes the
The development of the GM, primarily to describe the three generations of leptons and quarks of the SM [25], employing a
Thus, the essential difference between the GM and the SM is that in the GM the leptons, quarks, and weak bosons are
In the GM, the leptons, quarks, and weak bosons consist of massless spin-1/2 particles called rishons and/or their antiparticles (antirishons). Each rishon carries a single color charge—red, green or blue—and each antirishon carries an anticolor charge—antired, antigreen or antiblue.
\nThe first generation of leptons and quarks comprising the electron, the electron neutrino, the up quark, and the down quark are composed of two kinds of rishons: a \n
The second and third generations of leptons and quarks are composed of the same “core” rishons and/or antirishons as the first generation plus the addition of one and two rishon-antirishon pair(s), \n
and the \n
The constituents of the leptons and quarks are bound together by a strong QCD color-type interaction [27], corresponding to a local gauged \n
The nature of the hypergluon fields acting between the rishons and/or antirishons of the composite leptons and quarks are analogous to the gluon fields acting between quarks and/or antiquarks in the SM. In particular, the nature of the hypergluon fields is such that they lead to a runaway growth of the fields surrounding an isolated color charge, implying that an isolated rishon or antirishon would have an infinite energy associated with it [28]. Nature requires such infinities to be essentially canceled or at least made finite. It does this for the composite systems of rishons and/or antirishons by requiring that the composite particle be
In the GM, each lepton of the first generation is
The second and third generations are identical to the first generation plus one and two
Within the framework of the GM, the assumption that the elementary particles of the SM—the six leptons, six quarks, and three weak bosons—are all
In 1905, Einstein concluded [31] that the mass of a body \n
In the SM, the mass of a hadron arises mainly from the energy content of its constituent quarks and gluons, in agreement with Einstein’s conclusion. However, the masses of the elementary particles—the leptons, quarks, and weak bosons—are interpreted [33] in a completely different way involving a Higgs field [34, 35]. Thus, the SM does not provide a
In the GM, the elementary particles of the SM are
Since, to date, there is no direct evidence for any substructure of leptons or quarks, it is expected that the rishons and/or antirishons of each lepton or quark are localized within a very small volume of space by the strong “intrafermion” color interactions, acting between the colored rishons and/or antirishons.
\nIn the GM, the mass hierarchy of the three generations arises from the substructures of the leptons and quarks. The mass of a composite particle will be
On the other hand, the SM, involving the Higgs field to generate the masses of its elementary leptons and quarks, is unable to provide any understanding of the mass hierarchy of the three generations. As Lyre [36] has pointed out, the introduction of the Higgs field into the SM simply corresponds mathematically to putting in “by hand” the masses of the elementary particles of the SM.
\nThe GM also provides a quantum theory of gravity. Gravitational interaction acts between particles with mass. Such particles are composed of rishons and/or antirishons that carry colored or anticolored charges and hence are required to be
In the GM, the constituent electrons, neutrons, and protons of ordinary matter are all
In the GM, gravity essentially emerges from the residual color forces between all electrons, neutrons, and protons. This leads [22, 39] to a
where Newton’s gravitational constant is replaced by a function of \n
Both the fundamental intrafermion and the residual interfermion color interactions possess two properties arising from the
The antiscreening effects arising from the self-interactions of the hypergluons cause the color interactions to become stronger for larger separations of the color charges. In the case of the fundamental intrafermion interactions, this results in an increase in the characteristic energy and hence the mass of a composite particle that is less localized, as discussed earlier. In the case of the residual interfermion (gravitational) interactions acting between two masses, it leads to an increase in the strength of the gravitational interaction for larger separations so that \n
It is known from particle physics that the strong color interactions tend to increase with the separation of color charges, and for large separations, this increase is approximately a linear function of \n
where G is Newton’s gravitational constant, \n
Thus, the modified law of gravity in the GM may be written as:
\nEq. (8) is very similar to Eq. (3) of the MOND theory and one can relate the modified terms in the two gravitational acceleration expressions to obtain:
\nThus, the scale length \n
To summarize: gravity in the GM is identified with the very weak, universal, and attractive residual color interactions acting between the particles of ordinary matter. This gravitational interaction is mediated by hypergluons, which self-interact, leading to a significant modification of Newton’s universal law of gravitation, especially at galactic distance scales. However, the self-interactions of the hypergluons
Eq. (8) describes both the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies and also the Tully-Fisher relation [22]. This modification of Newton’s universal law of gravitation is essentially equivalent to that of the MOND theory, in that both describe these two overarching observational facts. However, the GM is based upon a quantum field theory of gravity, which provides a general underlying theory of gravity and hence a more physical understanding of the MOND results. Furthermore, unlike the MOND theory, the quantum theory of gravity provides a possible understanding of the observed “accelerating” expansion of the universe [41, 42].
\nIn 1980, the conclusive observation from the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies was that there existed a significant “mass discrepancy” in spiral galaxies, which was greater if larger distance scales were involved. The flat rotation curves indicated that either Newton’s universal law of gravitation and hence the General Theory of Relativity [43] required modification at galactic distances or significantly more mass than the visible mass was required to be present within each galaxy.
\nThe possible mass discrepancy within a galaxy led to the
Initially, the dark matter hypothesis was favored, since, at that time, a significant modification of Newtonian gravity was not considered a viable alternative. However, the dark matter hypothesis has several problems: (1) the
Several hypothetical particles have been suggested for the nonbaryonic component of dark matter but, to date, no clear evidence for the existence of any of these particles (axions, WIMPS, or sterile neutrinos) has been obtained.
\nMore recently, modified gravity theories such as the MOND theory have gained popularity, since they overcome most of the problems associated with the dark matter hypothesis. In particular, Mond theory describes the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies without fine-tuning, and the globular clusters’ lack of dark matter is expected to arise from their much smaller size relative to a dwarf galaxy.
\nThe gravitational interaction of the GM, identified with the very weak, universal, and attractive
The continuing success [44, 45] of the MOND theory together with the underlying GM quantum field theory of gravity is a strong argument against the existence of undetected dark matter halos consisting of unknown matter embedding galaxies.
\nHowever, a direct empirical proof of the existence of dark matter is claimed to be provided by two colliding galaxies known as the “bullet cluster” [46]. Observations of the bullet cluster indicate that during the merging process, the dark matter, deduced from gravitational lensing, has passed through the collision point, while the baryonic component of matter, deduced from X-ray emission, has slowed down due to friction and has coalesced within a central region of the combined cluster. This separation of the two kinds of matter is claimed to provide evidence for dark matter. Unfortunately, a similar separation of the regions of non-Newtonian gravity in the MOND and GM gravity theories are expected to occur in the merging of two galaxies such as the bullet cluster, so that these modified gravity theories also describe the merging of the bullet cluster.
\nWhile factors such as trade growth, ease of global travel, and technological progress affect health positively, on the other hand, changes in lifestyle, such as especially stress, unhealthy nutrition, and a decrease in physical activity, have caused health to be negatively affected. Besides, factors such as the increase in natural disasters, financial crises, and security threats are other conditions that negatively affect health. Today, the disease burden has increased significantly with the prolongation of a lifetime with the increase of infectious diseases and noncommunicable chronic diseases that have become active again with the effect of mass population movements, such as migration [1, 2].
Parallel to the social developments in this age, the changing necessities of individuals and communities have also changed the perspective on health, so a health-centered care approach that protects, maintains, and improves the health of the individual, family, and society has gained importance today. This understanding is based on enabling the individual to acquire behaviors that will protect and improve their well-being and make the right decisions about their own health [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as “not only the absence of disease or disability but also a complete well-being in terms of physical, mental, and social” [3]. Health is a fundamental human right. In the Ottawa Convention, it is emphasized that to be healthy, there must be food, shelter, peace, as well as sufficient economic resources, a coherent ecosystem, and sustainable resources to maintain health. The acceptance of these prerequisites suggests the relationships between factors such as physical environment, economy, lifestyle, and health. These correlates provide a basis for a health holistic approach at the heart of the definition of health promotion [3, 4].
Health promotion is effective in improving the well-being of individuals physically, psychologically, educationally, and professionally, thanks to preventing health problems, encouraging healthy lifestyles, and facilitating access to health services. Besides, health promotion plays an important role in controlling overall health costs and making families, communities, workplaces, and organizations healthier [5]. Today, the health system and all professions serving in this field need to transform their laws and regulations, vocational training, and practices in a way that will help people to reach optimal health, which is defined as complete well-being in terms of physical, mental, social, emotional, and intellectual [6]. This situation maybe mediated through activities, such as lifestyle changes, raising awareness, changing behavior, and creating environments that support healthy behaviors. It is also the process of enabling individuals to increase control over and improve their own health [7]. Many health behaviors and health promotion theories have been adapted from social learning and behavioral theories and applied to epidemiology, biology, and health sciences. Art and creativity were often excluded from them. Nonetheless, today’s understanding of health requires the integration of concepts, such as creative thinking, intuitive and aesthetic knowledge, spiritual awareness, integration, and maturation, which are extremely important in the development of health [8]. The examination of the processes of making and creating art and the development of aesthetic sensations that occur at the end of this process play an important role in both the development of health, the growth and maturation of the individual, and the recovery and repair of illness [9, 10]. Art activities not only support holistic health but also act as a source of motivation for well-being. The inclusion of art in health care services has positive effects on society from the more broad perspective of health professionals, patients, and their families [11]. WHO [9] states that art therapy has an important effect on preventing diseases and finding solutions in the management of diseases.
The best-known definition of health promotion is the definition in WHO’s Ottawa Convention. Health promotion in the Ottawa Convention is stated as “a process that aims to increase people’s control on their health and creates opportunities for them to promote their health” [9, 12]. Health promotion is a process that uses biological, environmental, psychological, and physical components to create impacts on health and prevent illness, disability, and premature death through educational-oriented voluntary behavior change activities [12]. The promotion of health occurs by means of being realized comprehensively without considering each other separately of the social, cultural, political, and economic processes in the society. This process aims to change or improve the characteristics, feelings and thoughts, actions of people, as well as to positively change the health behaviors, possessed environmental and economic conditions in the society [1, 6]. Health has entered into the process of radical change and promotion through the awareness-raising of health promotion and the worldwide adoption of the importance of the concept. The common purpose of health policies particular to each country is to increase the number of healthy individuals in society and to promote public health [1, 2]. The main source of promoting health and reaching the targeted community criteria in health is to increase the "protective and preventive" activities, which are qualified as the first step in the health sector [5, 6]. In this context, ways to promote health may be specified as strengthening the health system, empowering the individual, empowering the society, forming healthy society policies and cooperating between sectors in health for implementing, and increasing the capacity to improve health [7]. One of the methods of improving health and empowering the individual can be through art. Art therapy began to be widely used, especially in the rehabilitation works carried out in the second world war. The term “Art Therapy” was first used by Adrian Hill in 1942 when he was teaching painting at the King Edward VII Sanatorium. Expressive art therapy is used for therapy that uses all art disciplines. Therapists practicing the discipline of expressive art therapy mostly determine their own therapy methods by integrating one or more of the limited areas of psychotherapy methods, such as painting therapy, reading therapy, dance therapy, drama therapy, music therapy, poetry therapy, and psychodrama. Since expressionist art therapy is a practice that took shape in the last half of the 20th century, it still continues to develop and continues to expand its scope and definition [8, 13]. People have benefited from art for centuries to eliminate mental and physical ailments and they still continue to use it as a treatment method. Many different cultures have embraced the idea that creative expression can make a powerful contribution to the healing process. Throughout recorded history, painting, stories, dance, and music have been part of people’s lives as healing rituals. Considering the physiological and psychological effects of art, many applications have been made as a method specific to the disorder [14]. Art, which is the way people express themselves, is a way of expressing their feelings, thoughts, and ideas with the help of artistic expressions. On this path, there is psychological relaxation, spiritual rest, and emotional calmness. With the materials used while doing this, it enables people to reflect their weakness, stress, and anxiety, in short, their negative feelings or positive feelings in the opposite direction, or what individuals want to tell, with shapes and symbols that they reveal through art [15]. Art therapy is to reveal the creative process by using art materials therapeutically together with an instructor who has received art therapy training to make individuals feel good. With this method, people rediscover their feelings and themselves, express their thoughts, make them question themselves, provide psychological relief, acquire the ability to manage their own behavior, gain skills, develop self-confidence, reduce stress and anxiety levels, and provide satisfaction, relaxation and comfort.
In all known societies in the world since prehistoric and primitive societies, artistic activities, such as temples, houses, painting, sculpture, and weaving, were carried out. Looking at ancient Greece, medicine and art have been accepted as an inseparable whole. It was believed that healing is spiritual as well as physical and this is possible with art. In the kingdom of Apollo, science and art were referred to as an indispensable part of human health as a whole. In other words, art has taken place in social life starting from an early age. Birth, death, marriage, harvest or crop ceremonies, and religious, spiritual and physical healing rituals were intertwined with art. Ancient people made art a part of their lives by singing, dancing, drumming, drawing, or telling stories [13, 15]. In general, art has an important contribution to human health. Since antiquity, music, painting, theater, and similar human creations have had a healing effect not only on sick individuals but also on normal people. Aside from the healing power of art in people with mental disorders, the positive effects it has on the morale of people, in general, have continued throughout human history [8]. Margaret Naumberg made the first definition of art therapy as a profession in America. She defined it in 1915 at the school where she was the principal and started to implement it. The discovery of the therapeutic power of art dates back to the 1940s. Its professional use began in the 1960s. Adrian Hill claimed that the drawings and paintings they made with tuberculosis patients not only allowed them to evaluate time but also allowed people to express their emotions and traumatic experiences. In 1958, the first art therapy course was opened at New York University, which also taught his methods and principles [8, 13, 15].
Art has taken place in social life starting from ancient times. Birth, death, marriage, harvest or crop ceremonies and religious, spiritual and physical healing rituals were performed with artistic activities. Ancient people made art a part of their lives by singing, dancing, drumming, drawing, or telling stories [10, 11]. In a general manner, art has an important contribution to human health. Since ancient times, music, drawing, theater, and similar human creations have had a healing effect not only on sick individuals but also on normal people. In other respects, the healing power of art in people with mental disorders, and the positive effects it has on the morale of people, in general, have continued throughout human history [8, 16].
Art therapy has been used as a therapeutic method, which is characterized as a power to increase health and well-being since the beginning of the 21st century [8]. Art therapy, which is defined as the use of art to improve and strengthen the physical, mental, and emotional health of individuals, benefits from the creative, productive, and dynamic effect of art through artistic activities. Accordingly, art therapy is based on the belief that this creative process, which includes artistic self-expression, helps people resolve conflicts and troubles, improve interpersonal skills, reduce stress, manage behavior, increase self-esteem and self-awareness, and gain insight [17]. In other words, it is the use of performing art by professionals, as a developer and therapeutic, for people who experience disease, trauma, or life difficulties, or who only demand personal development. Performing and using art has been validated to overcome art and other traumatic experiences, improve cognitive skills, and increase getting pleasure in life [8, 13, 18].
The American Art Therapy Association defines art therapy as a mental health profession that uses the creative process of making art to heal and enhance the mental, physical, and emotional well-being of individuals of all ages [17]. The American Art Therapy Association considers this process as the process of making art in a professional relationship with individuals who have mental disorders, experience traumatic processes, and are exposed to difficult living conditions. Individuals’ awareness can be improved with the process of making art and what is reflected in the art product, and individuals with mental disorders can better cope with the symptoms caused by their illness. The art creation process provides support to clients in terms of increasing cognitive functions and life satisfaction. According to the Canadian Art Therapy Association, art psychotherapy is the use of what the client reflects on the art product to increase mental, physical, and emotional well-being in the creative process.
Art therapy is a means of creating psychological maturation in individuals by benefiting the power of imagination to create insight, integrity, and healing using art materials. Art therapy is a quite successful and effective means of expressing repressed emotions and underlying conflicts through verbal language. Art therapy is a treatment method used in many spiritual, developmental, neurological, mental, and behavioral disorders. Art therapy is a treatment method used in many spiritual, developmental, neurological, mental, and behavioral disorders. Many art therapists agree that the creative process has a healing power itself [8, 9, 10, 11]. For example, a Cochrane review looked at the impact of dance/movement therapy on psychological and physical outcomes in people with cancer. It was determined that dance/movement therapy may have beneficial effects on quality of life and somatization [19]. In another study, which included 421 people and examined nine studies, it was determined that music therapy reduced depressive symptoms and anxiety and supported individuals to continue their daily activities [20]. In a study on Alzheimer’s disease testing the feasibility and effectiveness of a multidimensional visual arts intervention called Art, Colors, and Emotions therapy (ACE-t), they reported an improvement in the management of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia and a significantly higher measured quality of life [21]. In a study conducted on 55 cancer patients, it was found that there was a significant decrease in pain, fatigue, and anxiety levels after art therapy sessions [22]. Ataseven (2018) applied a 10-week art therapy program to schizophrenic patients receiving inpatient treatment, and it was found that it was beneficial in improving symptom profile, subjective well-being, and insight levels in schizophrenic patients who attended the sessions [23]. According to the findings of another study conducted to improve the psycho-emotional and motor skills of the elderly, using dance and theater elements in art therapy is effective in the treatment and rehabilitation of nervous system and musculoskeletal system diseases and injuries of the elderly, getting away from different problems and gaining new skills [24]. Art therapy enables individuals to express themselves creatively using art and to communicate differently with themselves, others, and their reality. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for psychosis and schizophrenia emphasize that art therapies, including art therapy, improve negative symptoms of psychosis. As a result of the review of 18 articles on the subject, it was determined that art therapy is a useful, meaningful, and acceptable intervention for patients with schizophrenia. For this reason, NICE guidelines recommend art therapy for all patients with schizophrenia, especially for symptom relief [25, 26].
The art therapy process is based on the discovery that our most basic thoughts and emotions are engraved in the subconscious, and that reaching their full expression will be through shapes rather than words. The aim of art therapy is not to eliminate one’s fears, anxieties, restlessness, and unhappiness, but to transform these negative emotions into honest expressions using some creative ways and forms [8, 27]. The aims of art therapy are as follows [27]:
To resolve after reaching the "I" phenomenon and the trouble by the individual’s self-expression, creativity, and ability method, to put the emotions and troubles that are difficult to express verbally on paper through art, and to overcome the formidable interferences between the specialist and the patient in a safe environment. The patient individual actually draws his troubles.
To solve the potential of the individual with natural expressions, the purpose here is to make easy access of the specialist to the troubles and to establish a bridge between the drawn picture, the person who draws, and the specialist. It helps to resolve emotions and thoughts that are formidable to overcome, thanks to therapy.
Through this practice, the person has the opportunity to think and compare by experiencing the trouble and emotions the person has experienced over and over again. Thus, a person beholds by relating between the past and the future, and he learns to take the right steps by choosing how he will react in the same situations he will encounter in the future, with the experience he has gotten as a result of his experiences.
The most important feature of art therapy is to compare by confronting the emotions and the unconscious subconscious through the active imagination.
The therapeutic functions of art therapy are listed below [8, 23, 28]:
Art therapy can be used for people with different needs and challenges. By sharing thoughts and feelings through a visual, a person can experience risk-taking in a supportive relationship. Art therapy provides the emotional maturation of the person, increases self-esteem, and provides psychological and social integration.
Externalizing the experience by creating images and objects makes it possible to talk through the embodied artwork.
Some clients can control emotions that they cannot cope with through the images and objects they create.
The symbols created in art therapy and the interpretation of this symbolic content lay the groundwork for self-understanding and emotional development.
The work of art that emerges in the art therapy process with its color, shape, and stylistic aspects is permanent. The permanence of the artwork – as opposed to the temporary nature of oral expression – enables art therapists and clients, in particular, to follow and reflect on the changes that occur during therapy. It helps build a sense of focus and continuity that can be difficult to maintain in therapy.
Art therapists offer a creative “helping” environment to their beneficiaries by integrating the types of artistic expression with helping techniques for humans. The inclusion of art therapy in health promotion practices has been known to be beneficial for so long [8, 27, 29]. Findings show that art-based practices are effective in the formation of general well-being and the improvement of mental health [30, 31]. Art practices contribute to the improvement of individuals’ health and increase their awareness of themselves and their well-being. According to WHO [9], art contributes significantly to the development of children, the prevention of health-related problems, the provision of quality care, and the formation of health-promoting behaviors. Besides, it may be possible to prevent dementia and aging-specific problems, treat stress, depression, and anxiety, and also prevent situations such as discrimination, social isolation, and loneliness, which are risk factors for mental health with the use of art therapy in health promotion programs. While it is necessary to be at least a literacy level in health education, which is important in the promotion of health, it has contributed to the improvement of individuals’ health by overcoming this interference with many practices of art therapy [32].
Art therapy has been used in clinics for more than a century and is professionally maintained. In recent years, the healing effects, benefits, and significant contributions of art to the healing process have been revealed through systematic and controlled studies, and these studies are becoming increasingly common. The art therapy method, which has been proven in Europe and America and later all over the world with scientific studies and data, has been accepted within the framework of Alternative Medicine practices in the CAMBRELLA study carried out within the European Union, in the American National Health Institute and the World Health Organization (WHO) 2014–2023 strategy document [33]. With the development of technology, it is seen that the ways of applying art therapy are diversified today. In recent years, potential possibilities for art therapy have been tried to be developed using digital technology. Interest in digital technology-based studies and applications is increasing day by day. A review was published on this topic, which included 12 studies with more than 400 records scanned. In this review, it was determined that the possibility of sharing images online and applying art therapy digitally increased by art therapists. It also concluded that technology can increase the relevance and reach of art therapy without compromising the core principles of the profession [14]. In another study examining a total of 563 works on art therapy in the visual arts, it was determined that painting, painting, and photography were the most used modalities in the field of visual arts for art therapy purposes. In these studies, it was concluded that art therapy had effects that improve rehabilitation and reduce psychological distress in patients [34]. Different clinical guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) include art therapy as an indication with recommended evidence. Evidence-based practices related to art therapy are included in different guidelines. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) presents art therapy as an indication with evidence. Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) has accepted art therapy as a nursing intervention since the beginning of the 21st century [34, 35].
Art therapy can serve as a link through which individuals can explore past and present experiences, review one’s life, cope with, adapt to and adapt to age-related changes, and receive support or physical care during an emotional crisis, such as the loss of an organ, memory, or mobility. Art therapy is especially applied in oncology, dementia, and mental care. Oncological patients are one of the patient groups in which art therapies are most frequently used. Kaimal et al. (2019) applied art therapy to cancer patients and their caregivers. In this study, they reported that art therapy demonstrated positive behaviors, such as pleasure, relaxation, and creative problem solving, in cancer patients and caregivers after treatment. Thus, they showed that short-term art interventions can be beneficial for cancer patients and their stressed caregivers [36].
It is stated that symptoms that affect physical integrity, such as pain, are reduced in cancer patients who are treated with art therapy, the psychosocial process is positively affected, and fatigue and anxiety are reduced [36, 37]. Nainis et al. (2016) evaluated the symptoms of patients after art therapy in their study with cancer patients and observed a reduction in eight of the nine symptoms present in the patients [22].
One of the diseases in which art therapy is widely used is dementia. The NICE guideline for dementia (2016) highlights the value of art therapy for different stages and symptoms of dementia, including non-pharmacological treatments. It also discusses the value of interventions that acknowledge the complexity of the situation and address the person as a whole, including their physical, emotional, social, and cognitive processes [37]. Dementia patients often experience neuropsychiatric symptoms that reduce their quality of life. The pharmacological treatment efficacy of these symptoms is limited. People with this diagnosis need treatment that improve neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life. Art therapy has been found to be beneficial in dementia as a result of examining the current 45 literature. With the appropriate structure, dementia patients can produce and evaluate visual art. When a few sample art therapy studies were examined, it was observed that patients enjoyed and improved their neuropsychiatric symptoms, social behavior, and self-esteem. The use of art therapy is recommended for Alzheimer’s and other dementia disorders. In a study [38], it was found that art therapy had significant effects on improving attention and some other cognitive functions in dementia patients. In addition, it has been revealed that art therapy methods have many benefits, such as reducing behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with dementia and their caregivers, improving the social skills of patients, and relieving the burden of dementia caregivers. In a study on another neurological problem, it was determined that art therapy improved perceptual symptoms by acting as a restorative behavior training in Parkinson’s patients [39].
Art therapy also has different effects on other health problems. For example, it enables people with disabilities to understand and express their emotions through artistic creation and creative thinking, thereby promoting self-awareness, relaxation, confidence, and self-efficacy. Blomdahl et al., (2018) reveal in their study that the patient contributes to more knowledge by deepening the understanding of the importance of talking to himself in an internal dialogue that occurs when the patient participates in the image, art materials, and art-making process [40]. According to Holmqvist et al., (2017), art therapy has proven that there are situations in which an internal change can be observed in patients by affecting consciousness, self-awareness, and ego-strength, which concerns the work in the therapeutic process [41]. On the other hand, Wahlbeck et al., (2018) proved in their study that the therapy acts as a catalyst for the healing process in women using art therapy. Art therapy has been accepted by women, and by creating visible images, they have shared the burdens of fear, gaining hope and self-confidence in the face of their upcoming birth [42].
In a Health Evidence Network synthesis report from the World Health Organization [43], they determined that there is evidence that the arts play an important role in promoting health, preventing a variety of mental and physical health conditions, and treating or managing conditions that occur throughout life.
Different modalities of art therapies, such as visual arts, music therapy, dance therapy, and drama therapy, are also used as complementary treatments for cognitive and psychological disorders of depression, stress, anxiety, or some neurological symptoms that occur with stroke [44]. In addition, art therapy methods are used to reduce the negative effects of chronic diseases, such as diabetes on the individual [45].
Art therapy as a therapeutic process is an interdisciplinary practice that uses art as an expressive process for self-knowledge and expression of conflicts and inner feelings. It is a therapeutic resource that absorbs different knowledge from many disciplines and therefore aims to heal the individual as a whole through processes of self-knowledge and transformation. Studies show that art therapy has significant effects on health promotion. A mixed-method study was conducted to examine the effects of art therapy on smoking cessation in Taiwanese young smokers. The need for smoking, nicotine addiction, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and smoking cessation were examined. Art therapy reduced adolescents’ attachment relationships and the need for an ego identity found by smoking together [46]. The intervention also improved participants’ self-efficacy, motivated their willingness to draw, and gave them the opportunity to share challenges and befriend others. Art therapy intervention in youth improved self-efficacy and self-esteem [47]. Roy and Manley (2017) conducted a dance and movement session with people in the UK who were recovering from substance abuse. They found that these activities helped establish therapeutic relationships, friendships, and bonds [48]. The value of incorporating arts-based approaches into health promotion programs has long been recognized as beneficial in influencing change. Such approaches have been used in many Australian schools and have been found to improve general well-being and mental health [29]. According to Silva (2019), the cathartic function of painting, the fluidity of the paint, and the energetic movement of the painting liberates and expands consciousness, allowing the elderly to know more about motor coordination, alertness, awakening sensitivity, intuition, creative and creative spirit, themselves and the world, and provides the expansion of perception [49]. In another study, the effect of art therapy on healthy aging was investigated and it was determined that artistic programs increased the quality of life, decreased negative emotions, anxiety, and increased self-esteem [50].
Art and health can meet in effective coping with crisis situations in a region or the world. As a matter of fact, during the COVID-19 pandemic, art therapy methods were used a lot. The World Health Organization and a coalition of cultural partners called for action to mobilize the arts in the fight against isolation, anxiety, and mourning against the mental health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Organizations such as University College London, the Tate galleries, Italy’s Castello di Rivoli Contemporary Art Museum, England’s newly established National Center for Culture and Arts, Hospital Rooms charity and Saudi philanthropic Art Museum have united under the umbrella of the UK’s Healing Arts 2021. From 2 to 26 March, these organizations and the UK’s National Center for Culture and Arts arranged weekly virtual meetings and events [51]. In addition, the event “Visions And Voices Of A Healthy Planet: The Healing Arts for World Health Day 2022” drew attention to human-induced climate change. It was emphasized that this climate change poses a threat to the survival of people. It was also stated that climate change significantly changed people’s understanding of their own health, well-being, and place in the world. For this purpose, events, where health professionals and artists came together in times of crisis, were organized. To this end, Christopher Bailey, the Art and Health leader of the World Health Organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, focuses on mobilizing the global media to support the health benefits of art in everyday life. On the other hand, they are mapping the evidence for the physical, mental, and social health benefits of arts and art therapies for the World Health Organization, with a commission from the New York University (NYU) Creative Arts Therapies Consortium and the International Research Alliance [52].
People have benefited from art for centuries to eliminate mental and physical ailments and they still continue to use it as a treatment method. Many different cultures have embraced the idea that creative expression can make a powerful contribution to the healing process. Throughout recorded history, painting, stories, dance, and music have been part of people’s lives as healing rituals. Considering the physiological and psychological effects of art, many applications have been made as a method specific to the disorder. As explained below, many ideas have been put forward and studies have been made about the contribution of art to the healing process [53]. In the art therapy process, in addition to applying the expression of only one of the different art branches, it is possible to switch from one art branch to another with an intermodel expressive approach. Major art therapy techniques are music therapy, dance therapy, poetry therapy, visual arts therapy, and drama therapy.
This method is also a method that has been used since ancient times, shamanism. It is a widely used therapy method in the world and especially in our country. “Music has influenced people by creating a trance and time has directed the masses. Because especially music has a feature that intensifies emotions, it has been used as a quite common method in many civilizations to strengthen religious feelings and to treat diseases [8, 54]. The music therapist helps basically treat the patient’s health by reaching the treatment methods and goals through using their musical experiences (improvisation, singing, lyricising, listening and discussing music, and moving with music) in various fields, such as cognitive functions, motor skills, emotional and effective development, behavior and social abilities, and quality of life [55]. Music therapy involves using music in a therapeutic relationship to address clients’ physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs. Music therapy, according to the World Federation of Music Therapy [54], is defined as “the use of music and/or musical elements (sound, rhythm, melody, and harmony) to develop and increase the communication, relationship, learning, expression, mobilization, organization, and the other related therapeutic effectiveness, which they need, after designed by a trained music therapist for the purpose of physical, emotional, social, and cognitive requirements of one person or a group.” Music therapy provides different ways of communication for people who have difficulty expressing themselves with words. Research on music therapy has demonstrated the effectiveness of treatment by focusing on many areas,s such as general physical rehabilitation, increasing motivation for treatment compliance, providing emotional support to clients and their families, and providing an outlet for the expression of emotions [15, 27, 53].
In the early 1800s, music was used as a therapeutic practice to maintain and improve comfort, and music therapy was defined as a part of the healing process. In the literature, it has been emphasized that music therapy affects individuals positively by establishing a connection between their physical and cognitive characteristics. In many studies, it was found that music therapy has positive effects on health. In the meta-analysis study of Amaral et al. [55], it was found that music lowers blood pressure. In the study by Ekinci and Gökalp [56], it has been found that music therapy reduces the effect of the neuroendocrine response to stress. In the study of Zander et al. [57], it was found that the psychological and physiological health of university students who took music education for 2 years improved and the students showed healthy behaviors. In another study, it was concluded that music strengthens the body’s immune system and reduces stress level [58]. In addition, it has been reported in the literature that music therapy supports neuroplasticity in functional brain network organization [59].
Bradt et al (2021) published the results of a review called music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in people with cancer. This study included 81 studies with 5576 participants. Of the 81 studies, 74 included adults and seven included children. This systematic review showed that, compared to standard care, music interventions can have beneficial effects on anxiety, depression, hope, pain, and fatigue in adults with cancer. It was concluded that music therapy, but not music medicine interventions, can improve adult patients’ quality of life and fatigue levels [60]. A meta-analysis of nine studies with a total of 421 people from any age group (adolescents to the elderly) found that music therapy was more effective than standard therapy alone. In this study, it was determined that music therapy reduced depressive symptoms and anxiety and helped to improve functioning as well as maintaining participation in work, activities, and relationships [61].
In movie group therapy, the film or documentary selected by the specialist is watched and discussed and commented on it with the specialist. The people who watch the movie talk about the characters of the movie among themselves, identify with them, and reveal their similar emotions. Thus, individuals experience a non-verbal relief, seriously dwell on the troubles and the causes they watch and think about the measures they can take to solve their troubles by establishing a connection between these and their own troubles, starting from the solutions in the movie. While the synthesis and the discussion of the movie are made, the troubles that are engraved in the subconscious of the individual unwittingly arise [31, 62].
It has been reported in the literature that important learning environments for health promotion can be created by using film therapy [63]. In a study conducted with 24 elderly people, it was found that film therapy had positive effects on happiness and quality of life in elderly individuals. Similarly, another study states that film therapy is an important approach to improve the health of the elderly [36]. It was contributed significantly to the promote the health of individuals with a movie therapy practice organized with 15 young women doing the sex trade. Together with this practice, it was observed that women’s sense of branding decreased and there were positive changes in the personal and professional lives of individuals [62]. In a study conducted in the United States, movie therapy was applied to enable schooled youth to have healthy sexual intercourse and to promote health in this direction. As a result of the study, it was reported that young people developed positive knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward sexuality [64].
Visual art is a field that allows people to reveal their journeys to their inner worlds with lines and colors. This expressive feature of visual arts helps individuals to discover themselves and develop their inner perceptions. These non-verbal and expressive supports enable people to be treated psychologically. This functional dimension of visual arts serves as a bridge established in the field of health [8, 17]. The American Art Therapy Association, which carries out studies on art therapy and health, has defined visual art therapy as helping individuals develop interpersonal skills in solving conflicts or individual troubles, directing behavior, reducing stress, increasing self-worth and individual awareness, and self-realization of the individual [17]. Visual art therapy is performed with dry paint, such as pastel and colored pencils; wet paint, such as gouache, marbling, oil paint, and acrylic; sculpture materials, such as play dough, clay, wire, and colored papers, that can be used for assemblage and collage; and art materials that can be prepared with recyclable wastes collected from the environment [65, 66].
Visual art therapy works with a therapist to gain awareness with the expressions that the individual creates, to cope with anxiety, depression, trauma or chronic diseases, and build self-confidence. With the use of lines and colors in visual art therapy, the person transfers his inner world to paper and works with the emotions conveyed by the therapist. The product embodied gains meaning in the therapeutic intermediate area, accompanied by the therapist. The supportive relationship of the therapist plays an important role in the meaning-making process. The unconscious material symbolized by the picture strengthens the ego [66]. In the literature, a study was conducted on women to improve breast health by using the visual art therapy method. As a result of the study, it was found that visual art is an innovative and quite suitable approach to improving breast health [65]. It was found that the stress and anxiety levels of the caregivers decreased, their positive emotions increased, and their satisfaction with handmade arts improved during the 6-month visual art therapy intervention, which was conducted with the caregivers of cancer patients. Besides, it has been reported that positive communication between caregivers, individuals with cancer, and health professionals has increased by means of visual art therapy [67]. The visual art therapy method was used in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases through health education among high school youth. At the end of the study, it was concluded that visual art therapy is an innovative method to engage young people and that individuals’ knowledge and attitudes toward preventing hepatitis and HIV have increased [68]. In another study, it was reported that visual art therapy practiced with old persons helps individuals to age healthy and increases their well-being and quality of life [69]. Visual art therapy was included in health promotion practices, and as a result, it was observed that students’ awareness of health behaviors and their level of well-being increased in his study that Mckay and McKenzie conducted for school-age students [29].
The feature of dance as an integrative and healing art dates back to ancient cultures. Dance therapy is a psychotherapy method that helps the individual’s social life and physical and emotional development [70]. Dance therapy, according to the definition of Dance and Movement Psychotherapy Institution [71], is the experience of the individual’s personal, emotional, physical, and social development and awareness of art within the framework of a creative process with the psychotherapeutic practice of movements and dance. The basis of dance therapy is based on the principle that a person’s movements reflect his thought system and emotions. As a result of perceiving and recognizing the movements of the person and expanding the movement repertoire, the dance therapist who witnesses this process helps to increase the awareness of the person, create new movement perceptions, and thus develop new communication mechanisms in their emotions and verbal communication [70].
In one study, healthy women aged 50 years and older were given a 15-week jazz dance program once a week, and significant improvements were observed in the static balance of women as a result of the study [72]. In another study using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) in people with dementia, POMS was administered to 36 people with dementia. POMS was applied to individuals with dementia before and after four therapeutic creative dance sessions, and the scores were analyzed. After the therapeutic creative dance sessions, the patients’ stress, depression and confusion decreased, the vitality factor increased significantly. Thus, it was concluded that therapeutic creative dance can provide emotional benefits to dementia patients [73]. In another study, it was found that individuals reached a higher range of motion and knee torque values, and therefore, the risk of falling of individuals decreased with the low-impact dance program performed with 26 middle-aged and old individuals [74]. In the study of Kim et al. [75], a 3-month health promotion program was conducted with old individuals to examine changes in health behaviors, cardiovascular risk factors, and life satisfaction. It has been reported that Korean traditional dance figures practiced by elderly individuals for 3 months are effective in improving health behaviors, increasing life satisfaction, and reducing cardiovascular risk factors in the study. A Greek traditional dance program was practiced for 24 weeks in the study conducted with women with 27 breast cancer survivors. In the study, it was found that dance could be an alternative physical activity option for breast cancer survivors and could provide significant improvements in strength, physical function, and mood [76]. In the study of Argiriadou et al. [77], a Greek traditional dance program was practiced by middle-aged women. It has been concluded that dance significantly improved the subjective health of middle-aged women in the study.
Combining science and art, psychoballet makes use of artistic activities, such as dance, ballet, and theatre. It is aimed to improve the quality of life of people with psychiatric problems or people with disabilities, through artistic activities, such as dance and ballet, and they are rehabilitated, thus helping them to integrate with society and not be socially disconnected. With psychoballet, its effectiveness has been confirmed in people with body image and eating disorders, chronic diseases (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and breast cancer), fibromyalgia, and people with disabilities [78].
In another study, Cernuda and Andrés (2019) studied the benefits of Cuban psychoballet in Alzheimer’s patients. In this study, psychobalding by Alzheimer’s patients had effects such as delaying neurodegeneration and recovering cognitive memories in them [79]. The results of this study revealed that psychobalene is an important and useful non-pharmacological method in patients with Alzheimer’s and other dementias.
The aim of drama therapy is to show the emotions, thoughts, and characters undertaken in the closest possible way to reality. Individuals are offered the opportunity to judge their own emotions and thoughts and the events they experience from a different perspective [8, 80]. It has been proven that theater is a quite effective and enjoyable practice in promoting health, developing healthy lifestyle behaviors, and strengthening positive health perceptions in the literature [18, 80]. The content of theatrical production in any drama therapy aimed at improving health should be prepared by taking into account the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of individuals. In the content, the situations that prevent individuals from changing their behavior should be analyzed and this area should be especially focused on. Individuals to ask questions, discuss, and being allowed for role play about the current trouble enables them to experience behavioral change toward these troubles with this therapy method [32]. In drama therapy, especially socially isolated and shy individuals open up, and the importance they attach to group values and interpersonal relationships begins to increase. Since the client knows that he is pretending, he gets rid of the anxiety caused by revealing himself. Even if individuals pretend, they will start to be themselves after a while, so the problems and conflicts they experience outside begin to be seen during the game. Drama therapy is a very useful method in both diagnosis and treatment. It also has significant effects on older individuals.
In one study, an intergenerational theater group was formed of older adults and university students. As a result of the study, it was reported that the theater improved intergenerational relations and age discrimination decreased. Besides, it has been reported that this practice contributes to the development of health by helping to build self-esteem and confidence, and the development of empathy, social justice, and support feeling between university students and older adults [81]. In Wimpenney’s study [82], a theater group was formed from individuals over 50 years of age. It has been stated that this practice provides healing to the health and well-being of individuals. Drama therapy was performed with individuals 6 and 7-year-old in the literature. As a result of the therapy, it was observed that the children began to speak fluently, their mental lexicon improved, and their creativity and concentration increased. Moreover, children’s self-confidence and motivation have increased and their communication skills have improved, thanks to this practice [80].
Poetry therapy, based on the healing power of words, offers unique opportunities for individuals to improvise and exhibit creative behaviors. Poetry has a healing power in itself; therefore, it is used efficiently and effectively for the purpose of establishing therapeutic relationships with individuals. Reading and writing poetry positively affect both the personal and interpersonal aspects of the individual. Poetry therapy contributes to becoming clear in the individual’s perception of himself and others; increased creativity, self-confidence, and self-expression skills; relieving stress by putting intense emotions on paper; creating new meanings by synthesizing new ideas, insights, and information; to the development of mature coping skills that will enable change in behavior and attitudes [8, 11, 83]. Poetry is used as a tool for the expression of emotions that are difficult to express. This method allows individuals to express themselves, increase self-awareness, help individuals understand their own world, redefine their situations by opening new ways of perceiving reality, and enable therapists to gain deeper knowledge about their clients.
It has been proven that poetry therapy is important for end-stage individuals receiving palliative care treatment, their caregivers, and health professionals in a study in the literature. In this study, it was determined that the feeling of loneliness was reduced and the quality of personal care increased with poetry treatment [11]. It is stated the importance of using poetry therapy by health professionals in a health promotion program for health education in another study [83]. In another study, it was reported that poetry therapy is an effective method to eliminate the loneliness in society and to establish social interaction between individuals during pandemic periods [84].
Mandala is a circle consisting of geometric or organic forms, starting with a point and continuing indefinitely. In nature, sunflowers, tree trunks, and animal patterns, many examples can be seen. Man-made mandalas reflect symbols of eastern and western cultures that have different meanings together. In art therapy, the mandala has a different place because it helps to heal and develops consciousness. Starting with a point in the center and continuing, this technique grows as you draw, creating a meditative effect on individuals. It relaxes them, relaxes them, increases creativity and individual awareness. Mandala is a method of concentration. While drawing, all attention should be given to the drawn lines. Thus, it is ensured that the person stays in the moment. This helps the person to keep himself away from stress, worry, and anxiety [53]. Mandala making in art therapy is used to help patients feel at the center of their lives, to express themselves, and to help people discover who they are in the group [85].
As a result, the increase in communicable diseases and noncommunicable chronic diseases has provided preventive and preventive studies gain importance. This situation reveals the necessity of integrating art therapy into health promotion practices. By means of integrated art-based approaches, individuals gain and maintain health-promoting knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. In this study, it has been proven that healthy life and well-being for individuals of all ages, which is the main purpose of health promotion programs, is possible with art therapy practices. Despite the critical importance of art therapy in the health promotion program, studies on this field in the literature are insufficient. Therefore, health professionals and disciplines in the field of art should direct their work together, and increase the health and well-being of society by increasing the evidence on this subject.
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. 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Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. 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Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"57717",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71923",title:"In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability Assays: Principles, Advantages, and Disadvantages",slug:"in-vitro-cytotoxicity-and-cell-viability-assays-principles-advantages-and-disadvantages",totalDownloads:14778,totalCrossrefCites:75,totalDimensionsCites:146,abstract:"Cytotoxicity is one of the most important indicators for biological evaluation in vitro studies. In vitro, chemicals such as drugs and pesticides have different cytotoxicity mechanisms such as destruction of cell membranes, prevention of protein synthesis, irreversible binding to receptors etc. In order to determine the cell death caused by these damages, there is a need for cheap, reliable and reproducible short-term cytotoxicity and cell viability assays. Cytotoxicity and cell viability assays are based on various cell functions. A broad spectrum of cytotoxicity assays is currently used in the fields of toxicology and pharmacology. There are different classifications for these assays: (i) dye exclusion assays; (ii) colorimetric assays; (iii) fluorometric assays; and (iv) luminometric assays. Choosing the appropriate method among these assays is important for obtaining accurate and reliable results. When selecting the cytotoxicity and cell viability assays to be used in the study, different parameters have to be considered such as the availability in the laboratory where the study is to be performed, test compounds, detection mechanism, specificity, and sensitivity. In this chapter, information will be given about in vitro cytotoxicity and viability assays, these assays will be classified and their advantages and disadvantages will be emphasized. The aim of this chapter is to guide the researcher interested in this subject to select the appropriate assay for their study.",book:{id:"6310",slug:"genotoxicity-a-predictable-risk-to-our-actual-world",title:"Genotoxicity",fullTitle:"Genotoxicity - A Predictable Risk to Our Actual World"},signatures:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk",authors:[{id:"211212",title:"Dr.",name:"Özlem Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Aslantürk",slug:"ozlem-sultan-aslanturk",fullName:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk"}]},{id:"66259",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85270",title:"Antioxidant Compounds and Their Antioxidant Mechanism",slug:"antioxidant-compounds-and-their-antioxidant-mechanism",totalDownloads:7502,totalCrossrefCites:54,totalDimensionsCites:138,abstract:"An antioxidant is a substance that at low concentrations delays or prevents oxidation of a substrate. Antioxidant compounds act through several chemical mechanisms: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer (SET), and the ability to chelate transition metals. The importance of antioxidant mechanisms is to understand the biological meaning of antioxidants, their possible uses, their production by organic synthesis or biotechnological methods, or for the standardization of the determination of antioxidant activity. In general, antioxidant molecules can react either by multiple mechanisms or by a predominant mechanism. The chemical structure of the antioxidant substance allows understanding of the antioxidant reaction mechanism. This chapter reviews the in vitro antioxidant reaction mechanisms of organic compounds polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins C against free radicals (FR) and prooxidant compounds under diverse conditions, as well as the most commonly used methods to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these compounds according to the mechanism involved in the reaction with free radicals and the methods of in vitro antioxidant evaluation that are used frequently depending on the reaction mechanism of the antioxidant.",book:{id:"8008",slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez, Raúl Salas-Coronado, Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo and Beatriz Hernández-Carlos",authors:[{id:"143354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Salas-Coronado",slug:"raul-salas-coronado",fullName:"Raúl Salas-Coronado"},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez"},{id:"193718",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Carlos",slug:"beatriz-hernandez-carlos",fullName:"Beatriz Hernández-Carlos"},{id:"278133",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva-Cañongo",slug:"claudia-villanueva-canongo",fullName:"Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo"}]},{id:"40253",doi:"10.5772/50486",title:"Lipid Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: A Revolution in Dosage Form Design and Development",slug:"lipid-nanoparticulate-drug-delivery-systems-a-revolution-in-dosage-form-design-and-development",totalDownloads:11251,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:103,abstract:null,book:{id:"2509",slug:"recent-advances-in-novel-drug-carrier-systems",title:"Recent Advances in Novel Drug Carrier Systems",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Novel Drug Carrier Systems"},signatures:"Anthony A. Attama, Mumuni A. Momoh and Philip F. Builders",authors:[{id:"142947",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Attama",slug:"anthony-attama",fullName:"Anthony Attama"}]},{id:"42016",doi:"10.5772/55187",title:"Why are Early Life Stages of Aquatic Organisms more Sensitive to Toxicants than Adults?",slug:"why-are-early-life-stages-of-aquatic-organisms-more-sensitive-to-toxicants-than-adults-",totalDownloads:3482,totalCrossrefCites:37,totalDimensionsCites:100,abstract:null,book:{id:"3408",slug:"new-insights-into-toxicity-and-drug-testing",title:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing",fullTitle:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing"},signatures:"Azad Mohammed",authors:[{id:"147061",title:"Dr.",name:"Azad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"azad-mohammed",fullName:"Azad Mohammed"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64762",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:10236,totalCrossrefCites:100,totalDimensionsCites:229,abstract:"Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"49459",title:"Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Following IV Bolus, IV Infusion, and Oral Administration",slug:"pharmacokinetics-of-drugs-following-iv-bolus-iv-infusion-and-oral-administration",totalDownloads:15401,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:null,book:{id:"4491",slug:"basic-pharmacokinetic-concepts-and-some-clinical-applications",title:"Basic Pharmacokinetic Concepts and Some Clinical Applications",fullTitle:"Basic Pharmacokinetic Concepts and Some Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Tarek A. Ahmed",authors:[{id:"175649",title:"Dr.",name:"Tarek A",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"tarek-a-ahmed",fullName:"Tarek A Ahmed"}]},{id:"29240",title:"Oral Absorption, Intestinal Metabolism and Human Oral Bioavailability",slug:"oral-absorption-intestinal-metabolism-and-human-oral-bioavailability-",totalDownloads:27075,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:57,abstract:null,book:{id:"672",slug:"topics-on-drug-metabolism",title:"Topics on Drug Metabolism",fullTitle:"Topics on Drug Metabolism"},signatures:"Ayman El-Kattan and Manthena Varma",authors:[{id:"85539",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"El-Kattan",slug:"ayman-el-kattan",fullName:"Ayman El-Kattan"},{id:"88221",title:"Dr.",name:"Manthena",middleName:null,surname:"Varma",slug:"manthena-varma",fullName:"Manthena Varma"}]},{id:"66259",title:"Antioxidant Compounds and Their Antioxidant Mechanism",slug:"antioxidant-compounds-and-their-antioxidant-mechanism",totalDownloads:7490,totalCrossrefCites:53,totalDimensionsCites:135,abstract:"An antioxidant is a substance that at low concentrations delays or prevents oxidation of a substrate. Antioxidant compounds act through several chemical mechanisms: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer (SET), and the ability to chelate transition metals. The importance of antioxidant mechanisms is to understand the biological meaning of antioxidants, their possible uses, their production by organic synthesis or biotechnological methods, or for the standardization of the determination of antioxidant activity. In general, antioxidant molecules can react either by multiple mechanisms or by a predominant mechanism. The chemical structure of the antioxidant substance allows understanding of the antioxidant reaction mechanism. This chapter reviews the in vitro antioxidant reaction mechanisms of organic compounds polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins C against free radicals (FR) and prooxidant compounds under diverse conditions, as well as the most commonly used methods to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these compounds according to the mechanism involved in the reaction with free radicals and the methods of in vitro antioxidant evaluation that are used frequently depending on the reaction mechanism of the antioxidant.",book:{id:"8008",slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez, Raúl Salas-Coronado, Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo and Beatriz Hernández-Carlos",authors:[{id:"143354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Salas-Coronado",slug:"raul-salas-coronado",fullName:"Raúl Salas-Coronado"},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez"},{id:"193718",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Carlos",slug:"beatriz-hernandez-carlos",fullName:"Beatriz Hernández-Carlos"},{id:"278133",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva-Cañongo",slug:"claudia-villanueva-canongo",fullName:"Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo"}]},{id:"66742",title:"Introductory Chapter: Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature and for Human Life",slug:"introductory-chapter-alkaloids-their-importance-in-nature-and-for-human-life",totalDownloads:4035,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"6828",slug:"alkaloids-their-importance-in-nature-and-human-life",title:"Alkaloids",fullTitle:"Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature and Human Life"},signatures:"Joanna Kurek",authors:[{id:"214632",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Kurek",slug:"joanna-kurek",fullName:"Joanna Kurek"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"19",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82439",title:"Cellular Cytotoxicity and Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"cellular-cytotoxicity-and-multiple-sclerosis",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105681",abstract:"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which discrete central nervous system lesions result from perivascular immune cell infiltration associated with damage to myelin (demyelination), oligodendrocytes and neurons. This culminates in debilitating neurological symptoms, primarily affecting women in their child-bearing years. Both the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system have been implicated in disease initiation and progression, and although the underlying cause remains elusive, there is compelling evidence for a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, leading to inflammation and neurodegeneration. Both direct cellular toxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) involving several cell types have been identified in playing major roles. These cells and their interactions in the pathogenesis of MS will be discussed.",book:{id:"11678",title:"Cytotoxicity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11678.jpg"},signatures:"Annie M.L. Willson and Margaret A. Jordan"},{id:"82226",title:"Early Signal Detection: Data Mining of Mental Disorders with Statins",slug:"early-signal-detection-data-mining-of-mental-disorders-with-statins",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105504",abstract:"Statins are widely prescribed to treat dyslipidemias. It is well-known adverse reaction of these active ingredients related to rhabdomyolysis and myalgia, but there are other signals to be aware of, such as mental disorders. Pharmacovigilance tools help to trace known risks and detect early other unknown effects that appear over time. Data of all the reported suspected adverse drug reactions for statins from the international World Health Organization (WHO) repository Vigibase were analyzed with an adaptation of data mining Bayesian methodology to search for positive signals, threshold of false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05, and listed candidates for priority clinical investigation. Among positive mental signals observed, some were currently stated as adverse reactions in technical factsheets as insomnia, depression, dementia, and nightmares, but others have not reached this condition as bipolar, psychotic, and emotional disorders or symptoms and suicide. Other diverse central positive signals that can be confounded with mental conditions obtained and not stated were senses impairment, such as blindness, deafness, balance disorder, and events related to suicide. Worrying positive signals proposed as candidates to further investigation are insomnia for pitavastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin; dementia for atorvastatin and rosuvastatin; and suicide and psychotic disorders for atorvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin.",book:{id:"11679",title:"Pharmacovigilance and Regulations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11679.jpg"},signatures:"Maria-Isabel Jimenez-Serrania"},{id:"82398",title:"Computer-Aided Drug Design and Development: An Integrated Approach",slug:"computer-aided-drug-design-and-development-an-integrated-approach",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105003",abstract:"Drug discovery and development is a very time- and resource-consuming process. Comprehensive knowledge of chemistry has been integrated with information technology to streamline drug discovery, design, development, and optimization. Computer-aided drug design is being utilized to expedite and facilitate hit identification, hit-to-lead selection, and optimize the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity profile. Regulatory organizations and the pharmaceutical industry are continuously involved in the development of computational techniques that will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the drug discovery process while decreasing the use of animals, cost, and time and increasing predictability. The present chapter will provide an overview of computational tools, such as structure-based and receptor-based drug designing, and how the coupling of these tools with a rational drug design process has led to the discovery of small molecules as therapeutic agents for numerous human disease conditions duly approved by the Food and Drug Administration. It is expected that the power of CADD will grow as the technology continues to evolve.",book:{id:"11091",title:"Drug Development Life Cycle",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11091.jpg"},signatures:"Neelima Dhingra"},{id:"81186",title:"Germicidal and Antineoplastic Activities of Curcumin and Curcumin-Derived Nanoparticles",slug:"germicidal-and-antineoplastic-activities-of-curcumin-and-curcumin-derived-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103076",abstract:"Curcumin is a major constituent of turmeric and has been shown to have a plethora of health benefits, which include, among many, antimicrobial, anticancer, and reduction of cholesterol. However, it has also been reported that curcumin has less bioaccumulation and is quickly metabolized and cleared from the body. Nanoparticle formulations are known to increase curcumin biocompatibility and targeting. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of curcumin has been extensively studied and the mechanism of action provides clues for the development of new drugs for drug-resistant microbes. Thus, this chapter will review the biomedical application of curcumin and its nanoformulations against different microbes and other diseases, including cancer.",book:{id:"11323",title:"Antimicrobial and Pharmacological Aspects of Curcumin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11323.jpg"},signatures:"Lilian Makgoo and Zukile Mbita"},{id:"82304",title:"Nonbiodegradable Hospital Waste Burden and Implications",slug:"nonbiodegradable-hospital-waste-burden-and-implications",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105009",abstract:"Hospitals and other healthcare facilities are very essential for the cure and care of persons suffering from health issues and also to promote health in society. As the health care services are improving and increasing their reach even in underdeveloped countries, so is the problem of health care waste (HCW) as hospitals generate a relatively huge amount of HCW, which consists of general as well as hazardous waste. The persons handling HCW are at immediate risk, followed by persons residing near HCW dumping/processing areas and the general public. Infectious HCW is a major threat to the health of humans and animals as it has the potential to spread various infectious diseases to the human and animal population. Due to the uncontrolled use of disposable nonbiodegradable materials by healthcare systems and their processing or lack of it, the HCW has emerged as one of the major sources of environmental pollution including the emission of the significant amount of greenhouse gases, which stands from 3 to 10% of total emissions of nations. HCW also leads to leaching chemicals, heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Cr, radioactive substances, and even generating carcinogens like dioxin in the environment contaminating air, soil, and water in general and especially in areas surrounding HCW dumping or processing affecting health and quality of life of not only of humans but cohabiting flora and fauna in those areas. Thus, the HCW is becoming one of the major sources of environmental pollution and collectively contributing to the problem of global warming. The HCW needs to be given the desired attention and priority in actions and policy. The chapter focuses on sources, types, and various environmental and health hazards related to HCW, its global environmental impact and management strategies for minimum effects with an eco-friendly and sustainable approach.",book:{id:"11329",title:"The Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11329.jpg"},signatures:"Deepak S. Khobragade"},{id:"82246",title:"Heavy Metal Contamination of Water and Their Toxic Effect on Living Organisms",slug:"heavy-metal-contamination-of-water-and-their-toxic-effect-on-living-organisms",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105075",abstract:"Water has become a major threat in today’s world. Collection of heavy metals, a few of them, is potentially toxic and these get distributed to different areas through different pathways. With an increase in the earth’s population, development and industrialization are taking place rapidly and these get the major source of water contamination. With heavy metals in lakes, rivers, groundwater, and various water sources, water gets polluted by the increased concentration of heavy metals and metalloids through release from the suddenly mine tailings, disposal of high metal wastes, growing industrial areas, leaded gasoline and paints, usage of fertilizers inland, animal manures, E-waste, sewage sludge, pesticides, wastewater irrigation, coal, etc. Exposure to heavy metals has been linked to chronic and acute toxicity, which develops retardation; neurotoxicity can damage the kidneys, lead to the development of different cancers, damage the liver and lungs; bones can become fragile; and there are even chances of death in case of huge amount of exposure. This chapter mainly focuses on heavy metal pollution in water and its toxic effect on living organisms.",book:{id:"11329",title:"The Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11329.jpg"},signatures:"Anubhav Singh, Anuj Sharma, Rohit K. Verma, Rushikesh L. Chopade, Pritam P. Pandit, Varad Nagar, Vinay Aseri, Sumit K. Choudhary, Garima Awasthi, Kumud K. Awasthi and Mahipal S. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",slug:"felix-bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. 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