Sample and user distribution by transport means in Santiago de Querétaro. Own elaboration by the distribution data from Ref. [27].
\r\n\tThus, we call for research and review papers on the chemistry and physics of dyes, pigments, and their intermediates, including chemical constituents, spectroscopic aspects, surface, solution, crystal formation, photochemical, and ecological or biological properties. The book will be of interest to a wide variety of researchers worldwide whose work involves various fields of activity such as dyes and pigment synthesis, imaging, sensor, energy, medicine, polymers, food product, toxicological properties, etc.
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Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. 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Shell [3] exposes “Improving road education involves an analysis of human behavior, where both classroom instruction on safety issues, laws and regulations, vehicle operation, and those factors affecting driving are combined.” It is for these reasons that “the vast majority of road education exams have focused on accidents.” [4] The factors in these studies include age, income, and driver’s attitude.
In relation to the implementation of any road safety system, Ker
This study analyzed together the socioeconomic and road knowledge characteristics of these users to determine the probabilities of being involved in a road accident. This issue arises from the research that has been done [3], which informs us that those who have knowledge of road education are less likely to be involved in accidents or to carry out traffic violations. Whereas Factor
It is worth mentioning that the present research aims to develop a methodology to create, step by step, a model that determines which socioeconomic variables and road education are significant to determine the probability of being involved in a road accident, which was applied to a case study in the city of Santiago de Querétaro.
This is why it is important to analyze the behavior of drivers on public roads since one of the main factors of road accidents is the lack of education and knowledge that these users may have about road safety. Not only does lack of knowledge influence road safety but also social factors, such as differing cultures, social behavior, the age of a driver, and the socioeconomic status of the drivers. This is an explanation as to the importance of doing the study because knowing these aspects that were previously mentioned, are all aspects that can attribute to a driver’s performance when operating a vehicle.
When examining the number of road mishaps as a meaning of a given country’s economic level, Xu
These accidents affect different social areas, and for this reason the subject of road education is a responsibility that belongs to a whole society, which encompasses pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, drivers of vehicles, passengers, and transportation. Improving road education involves an analysis of human behavior, where both classroom instruction on safety issues, laws and regulations, vehicle operation, and those factors affecting driving, as well as vehicle driving practice are combined with a trained instructor [3]. It is for these reasons that the vast majority of road education exams have focused on accidents [4].
Regarding age, on the other hand, much of the road safety literature focuses on high-risk drivers, often being young, low-income men with low education [17]. It is recognized that older people appear to be more safety-conscious [18].
In terms of income, it should be noted that per capita income has been identified as a determinant of overall injury mortality [19]. Based on research conducted by Zmud and Arce [20, 21], it is ensured that lower-middle income groups may be at increased risk of occupant motor vehicle injuries. Attitude is a very important factor in road education, which also predicts longitudinally an unsafe driver [22].
For this process, three decision-making models are discussed that are based on the manipulation of the simple related data that provide the means to develop indicators in a systematic way [23]. These decision-making criteria represent a multi-criteria approach, which must be compared with other processes of several criteria such as the qualification model, the hierarchical analytical process (AHP), and the multiple attribute utility theory. The AHP method is a method that has been applied to deal with problems in different areas, matching the sentences of intangible qualitative criteria with tangible quantitative criteria [24]. The AHP method was initially developed by Saaty [25], with the objective of determining the relative importance of a set of alternatives in a multi-criteria decision problem. There are three main steps in the AHP: design of the hierarchy, a prioritization procedure, and the calculation of the results.
Recent road safety research focuses on the need to improve the “behavior” of drivers [7]. In this sense, we did not give the task of evaluating 5 (five) road users, such as pedestrian, cyclist, motorcyclist, vehicle driver, and freight truck driver.
The study consisted of an evaluation of the previously mentioned users determined by a sample size as a significant representation; this evaluation was applied through a questionnaire designed for each type of user, which was divided into two parts; the first containing information such as general data, socioeconomic level, age and origin of acquired knowledge and accident, second is designed with information such as regulations or recommendations, traffic signals, current situation in road safety and human factors, infrastructure, courtesy and urbanity and applied situations. It should be noted that because each questionnaire was designed by user type there are variants in some questions.
This research also has an important message for society and aims to contribute knowledge on the subject as well as to help in the reduction of traffic accidents in our country. For the execution of this project, we will be using the five steps of methodology to conduct this investigation, we will also describe each of these steps:
The main objective of this stage consists of bounded problems for which the fundamental parameters can be defined. For this activity, some elements are incorporated in the analysis and are obtained from a review of global, national, and local literature in relation to safety education programs and driving tests. As a result of this analysis, a list of specific questions involving six common variables around which two or three user-related questions are written is based on the comparative analysis of the necessary knowledge. Each question was obtained through a review of the literature, the resulting number of questions for each of the users of the infrastructure is as follows: 24 for drivers of vehicles, 24 for freight conductors, 24 for motorcycle users, 21 for bicycle users, and 21 for pedestrians.
Within this stage, once the questions were established in the context of the selected variables two parallel processes will be carried out: the planning for the execution of the survey and the establishment of the weighting factors for the survey questions. The AHP method will be selected for this process, as it represents a structured and computerized process in which comparisons are made on a peer basis, which provides some evidence regarding the assessments made by experts of the Mexican Institute Transport (IMT) and the Autonomous University of Querétaro (UAQ). To obtain the reason scales of the AHP methodology, we compared the set of peer evaluations for each question. The peer comparison was as follows: 1 = equal, 3 = moderate, 5 = strong, 7 = very strong, and 9 = extreme.
In this step, we will determine the size of the sample of users of the road examined which is calculated according to the number of inhabitants of the area [26] and the means of transport chosen by the users, as reported by Obregón and Betanzo [27].
Where
According to Eq. (1), 207 individuals were needed. This sample size considers individuals using the different means of transportation listed in Table 1, where it can be observed that freight vehicle, motorcycle, and bicycle users were the least frequent road users, with 1%, 1%, and 0.7%, respectively. To increase the reliability of these users, the sample size was increased to 20, for each of these modes. The number of validated questionnaires was 254.
Freight vehicle | Car | Motorcycle | Bicycle | Walk | Rest | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distribution of users by mean of transport (%) | 1.00 | 32.50 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 10.10 | 54.00 | 100 |
Percentage of sample size per type of infrastructure user | 1 | 33 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 54 | 100 |
Estimated sampled | 5 | 148 | 5 | 3 | 46 | 246 | 453 |
Total sampled | 20 | 148 | 20 | 20 | 46 | 0 | 254 |
Sample and user distribution by transport means in Santiago de Querétaro. Own elaboration by the distribution data from Ref. [27].
The specific public areas for applying the survey were selected as a function of the type of transport infrastructure user: (1) public spaces, in which people spend at least 10 minutes completing some paperwork; (2) spaces around public schools, in which students move; and (3) recreational areas, in which users have more time to respond the survey (e.g. malls and public parks).
In this process, we will compile the database obtained through the questionnaires applied to each user evaluated. Subsequently, this database will be analyzed to know the socioeconomic and road users’ knowledge. In the following graph (see Figure 1), the analysis of the variables of road education performed with the results obtained by the surveys in each one of the evaluated users is shown. This shows that the users that resulted with the lowest road knowledge in general are freight drivers (FD) and vehicle drivers (VD), unlike cyclists (C) who obtained the highest level of knowledge. At the same time, we can observe that the motorcyclists (M) obtained a low rating in regulation and recommendations (R&R); in contrast, the pedestrian (P) proved to have low knowledge in courtesy and urbanity (C&U).
Road education grade of each user.
The rest of the variables of road education by its initials are classified in the following form: traffic signals (TS), current situation in road safety and human factor (CRS&HF), infrastructure (Infra), and applied situations (AS).
In the literature, the use of
Due to its ease in its estimation, the
For this model, the dependent variable
This section describes the
Two models were analyzed, in the first model, it can be seen that the significant variable is the income. Unlike Model 2, the most significant variable turned out to be the years with the driver’s license (YDL) that the user has. It is worth mentioning that the variable that resulted most significantly in freight driver to determine the probability of being involved in a road accident is theincome (0.8345) (Table 2).
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef | SE Coef | Coef | SE Coef | |
Intercept | −3.7912* | 2.0713 | -21.4281 · | 16.6554 |
(−1.830) | (−1.287) | |||
Income | 0.8345* | 0.4865 | — | — |
(1.715) | — | |||
YDL | — | — | −0.7845 · | 0.6018 |
— | (−1.304) |
Logit model, freight driver probability to be involved in a traffic crash.
Note: ***, **, *, · = significance at 1, 5%, 10%, and 15% level.
The first two models were analyzed, showing the following variables that are significant: if the user has a driver’s license (DL) and the age at which the road knowledge was obtained (ARK). In Model 2, the most significant variables were age (Age) and income (Income). It should be noted that the variable that resulted most significantly in vehicle drivers is driver’s license (2.4749) (Table 3).
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef | SE Coef | Coef | SE Coef | |
Intercept | −1.2401* | 0.6994 | −2.9609** | 1.1795 |
(−1.773) | (−2.510) | |||
Age | — | — | −0.8669*** | 0.2815 |
— | −3.079 | |||
Income | — | — | 0.4208** | 0.1791 |
— | (2.349) | |||
DL | 2.2472*** | 0.6498 | 2.4749** | 1.0788 |
(3.458) | (2.294) | |||
ARK | −0.4100** | 0.1866 | — | — |
(−2.197) | — |
Logit models, vehicle driver probability to be involved in a traffic crash.
Note: ***, **, *, = significance at 1, 5%, and 10% level.
Two models were analyzed in Model 1, we can see the following variables that are significant: the level of road knowledge (LRK) and the courtesy and urbanity (C&U) that the user has. In Model 2, only a significant variable was obtained, which is the years with a driver’s license (YDL) that the user has. It is worth mentioning that the variable that was most significant in motorcyclists to determine the probability of being involved in a road accident is the courtesy and urbanity (27.5462) (Table 4).
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef | SE Coef | Coef | SE Coef | |
Intercept | −5.9537 · | 3.7085 | −4.8979 · | 3.6383 |
(−1.605) | (−1.346) | |||
LRK | 1.0178 · | 0.7227 | — | — |
(1.408) | — | |||
YDL | — | — | −0.4753 · | 0.2785 |
– | (−1.707) | |||
C&U | 27.5462 · | 17.581 | — | — |
(1.567) | — |
Logit models, motorcyclist probability to be involved in a traffic crash.
Note: ***, **, *, · = significance at 1, 5%, 10%, and 15% level.
For this user, only one model was analyzed, due to the fact that the data obtained show that they were not involved in an accident in the last 12 months. In the following model, the following variables were found to be significant: income (Income) and courtesy and urbanity (C&U) that these users may have on the infrastructure. It should be mentioned that the variable that was most significant in cyclists is the courtesy and urbanity of users (−18.9062) (Table 5).
Model | ||
---|---|---|
Coef | SE Coef | |
Intercept | 0.9418 · | 1.9526 |
(0.482) | ||
Income | 0.5037 · | 0.3304 |
(1.524) | ||
C&U | −18.9062 · | 13.2425 |
(−1.428) |
Logit model, cyclist probability to be involved in a traffic crash.
Note: ***, **, *, · = significance at 1, 5%, 10%, and 15% level.
As we analyzed Model 1, we can see the following variables that were significant: age (Age) and applied situations of users (AS). In contrast to Model 2, the most significant variables were the income (Income), level of road knowledge (LRK) they believe they have, and the age at which they obtained road knowledge (ARK). The significant variables that influence the probability of the pedestrian being involved in a traffic accident are applied situations (−10.2266) and the age at which they obtained road knowledge (−1.2199) (Table 6).
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef | SE Coef | Coef | SE Coef | |
Intercept | −1.286* | 0.6501 | −6.0174* | 3.2642 |
(−1.859) | (−1.843) | |||
Income | — | — | 0.8987* | 0.4893 |
— | (−1.837) | |||
Age | 0.5841** | 0.2457 | — | — |
(−2.377) | — | |||
LRK | — | — | 1.139* | 0.6655 |
— | (−1.712) | |||
ARK | — | — | −1.2199* | 0.685 |
— | (−1.781) | |||
AS | −10.2266* | 5.358 | — | — |
(−1.909) | — |
Logit model, pedestrian probability to be involved in a traffic crash.
Note: ***, **, *, · = significance at 1, 5%, 10%, and 15% level.
The chapter shows how the statistical
Amongst freight drivers, it was found that the most significant variables influencing the probability of being involved in a road accident are income and years with a driver’s license. Vehicle drivers, age (Age), income (Income), if you have a driver’s license (DL), and the age at which you gained road knowledge (ARK) were found to be the most significant variables to determine the probability of being in a road accident. It was found that for motorcyclists the factors were the level of road knowledge (LRK) they were considered to have, years of driver’s license (YDL) and Courtesy and Urbanity (C&U) as being the most significant variables for these users. For cyclists, it was found that income as well as courtesy and urbanity were the most significant variables. On the other hand, for pedestrians, it was found that the income, age, level of roadway knowledge that they considered to have, the age at which they obtained road knowledge, and the situations applied were the most significant variables.
In the case of motorized means of transport, the following aspects should be considered; age of users, socioeconomic characteristics, age and origin of acquired knowledge, and courtesy and urbanity. In the case of nonmotorized means of transport, the aspects to be taken into account are age, socioeconomic characteristics, age and origin of acquired knowledge, courtesy and urbanity, and the situations applied in this way.
The results of this research can be useful in defining road safety policies. In this sense, Mirzaei et al. [7] suggest that campaigns could be carried out to strengthen educational programs to minimize the probability of road accidents, considering the socioeconomic status and road education aspects of road users.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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We do not have doubts that honey, but also other bee products, especially propolis, is promising antimicrobial agents and possibilities of their application in clinical medicine deserve consideration.",book:{id:"5520",slug:"honey-analysis",title:"Honey Analysis",fullTitle:"Honey Analysis"},signatures:"Piotr Szweda",authors:[{id:"117528",title:"Dr.",name:"Szweda",middleName:null,surname:"Piotr",slug:"szweda-piotr",fullName:"Szweda Piotr"}]},{id:"53469",title:"Techniques for the Evaluation of Physicochemical Quality and Bioactive Compounds in Honey",slug:"techniques-for-the-evaluation-of-physicochemical-quality-and-bioactive-compounds-in-honey",totalDownloads:3887,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Honey is a concentrated aqueous solution of sugar, especially glucose and fructose, and minor amounts of dextrin, enzymes, waxes, volatile oils, organic acids, ethers, albuminoidal gum substances and minerals. 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Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:189,paginationItems:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221831/images/system/221831.jpeg",biography:"Niansheng Tang is a Professor of Statistics and Dean of the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, China. He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. 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Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 16th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"