CYP-SA model flow diagram symbols.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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Water scarcity is a major constraint in semi-arid areas, leading to a natural focus on in-field rainwater conservation [1]. However, field experiments to assess water harvesting techniques are very expensive and laborious [2]. As a result several models of water harvesting have been developed in order to quantify risk for different production techniques. Models can be used as research tools to conduct research faster and cost-effectively [3]. In addition, a valuable property of models is their ability to utilize long-term climate data to provide long-term yield simulations, which can serve to quantify risk [4, 5, 6]. The modeling in this study simulate the in-field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) production technique (Figure 1) that was implemented during the field experiments [7]. This modeling approach has been described previously [2, 3, 4, 8]. By constructing cumulative probability functions (CPFs), risk associated with various production systems can be quantified [2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11].
A diagrammatic representation of the in-field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) production technique.
Crop Yield Predictor for Semi-Arid Areas (CYP-SA) model was developed to simulate crop yield on a semi-arid ecotope in South Africa [3, 4]. An ecotope is defined as a homogenous piece of land with a unique combination of climate, topographic and soil characteristics [4]. The CYP-SA model has potential to be applied for assessing risk for crop production in other ecotopes and therefore was chosen for this study to assist in decision making. The IRWH was introduced on this ecotope during the 2007/08 and 2008/09 growing seasons. The objective of this study was to simulate long-term (26 years) sunflower yield to quantify risk for two production techniques (IRWH versus CT) on a semi-arid ecotope in the Limpopo Province of South Africa: University of Venda, Thohoyandou (22° 58′ S; 30° 26′ E, 596 m) whose 23-year average rainfall is 781 mm with coefficient of variation (CV) of 315% [12]. The daily temperatures at the University of Venda vary from 25 to 40°C in summer and between approximately 12 and 26°C in winter. Soil at the University of Venda was classified as a Hutton form [13], equivalent to a Rhodic Ferralsol [14]. The soil is deep (>1500 mm) with clay concentration of 60% [7].
CYPA-SA runs on daily time-step [8, 15]. The inputs required by the model are crop modified upper limit (CMUL) of plant available water (PAW); drained upper limit (DUL) of PAW; lower limit (LL) of PAW; rainfall (P); evaporative demand (ETo) and soil water content at planting (θp) (Figure 2). More symbols are explained in Table 1. It was assumed that runoff (R) would be zero if the precipitation was less than 8 mm. Runoff from rainfall events of more than 8 mm can be calculated using Eqs. (1) and (2).
Flow diagram of the CYP-SA model.
Symbol | Explanation |
---|---|
ESWb | Extractable soil water at the beginning of a day |
FTESW | Fraction of total extractable soil water |
FTESWaa | Adapted fraction of total extractable soil water |
SWE | Soil water extraction |
θra | Water content of rootzone, not adapted to cater for values above CMUL |
θrb | Adapted water content of rootzone, to cater for values not to exceed CMUL |
ESWe | Extractable soil water at the end of a day |
SF | Stress factor |
ISF | Integrated stress factor and the stress weighting factor (λ) |
D | Deep drainage |
ET | Evapotranspiration |
R | Runoff |
CYP-SA model flow diagram symbols.
(after [4])
where
The calibration process can provide important insight into both local conditions and model performance [16]. The original model algorithms rules were evaluated by combining available data for ecotopes in the Free State Province [4, 8]. Modifications of the model were necessary to adapt to the soil and climatic conditions of this ecotope. Model calibration was achieved by inputting soil and climate data as detailed in Section 2.1. The original model runoff Eqs. (1) and (2) were replaced with Eqs. (3) and (4) which were developed for this ecotope [17].
The predicted yield was compared with the measured sunflower yield for that season. The model parameters were adjusted stepwise until the predicted yield matched with the measured yield. This was repeated for all replications for that season. The averaged correction factors were then used for model verification. Separate calibrations were done for CT and IRWH treatments. Model verification test were designed to evaluate the model performance. After calibration of the model, it was verified using another set of field data from 2008/08 growing season. The verified model was then used for simulation of long-term sunflower yield.
Model reliability tests were performed following the procedures proposed by Wilmott [18] who recommended use of the index of agreement (D-index), root mean square error systematic (RMSEs), root mean square error unsystematic (RMSUu) and root mean square error (RMSE) for model evaluation. The mean absolute error (MAE) and RMSE are among the best overall measures of model performance.
Meteorological data for both Thohoyandou and University of Venda were used for long-term (26 years) sunflower yield simulation. Rainfall and class A-pan evaporation data have been recorded for Thohoyandou meteorological station in the period 1984–2004. Calculated Eo values. For University of Venda meteorological records were used. The data was obtained from Agricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water- Pretoria. Long-term evaluation of production techniques was achieved by comparing cumulative probability functions (CPFs) of yield using the CYP-SA model and long-term climate data.
The following θp were used in the simulations: 0% (soil water content of the profile near empty, but enough in the top soil for germination of seeds, defined as the difference between DUL and LL), 50% (half full) and 100% (full). Total DUL and LL of the soil profile are 448 and 250 mm, respectively. The amount of plant-extractable soil water at planting in the effective rooting zone is 0 mm for empty profile, 99 mm for half full profile and 198 for full profile. The simulations were run for 26 seasons from 1984 to 2010 with different production techniques (CT and IRWH) and three planting dates: 1 November (early planting), 1 December (intermediate) and 1 January (late planting).
All statistical tests on cumulative probability functions were carried out using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for two samples (P < 0.05). This test is about the agreement between two empirical cumulative distributions [11]. The null hypothesis is that the two groups are the same, and the test statistic D for two data sets
where
Results of model verification test using the procedure of [18] are presented in Table 2. The prediction performance was reasonable. The D-indices for both CT and IRWH were high (>0.80), indicating good model performance. Furthermore, crop yield was correctly predicted (R2 > 0.8) for IRWH and reasonably predicted for CT (R2 = 0.68; Table 2), confirming a positive association and good agreement between measured and simulated yield. On the whole crop yield was underestimated by less than 25% in the CT whilst the model overestimated crop yield by less than 15% in the IRWH treatment (Table 2). The models for both CT and IRWH showed low RMSEu/RMSE values (<0.5), indicating that a high level of bias was associated with the models. The bias was also indicated by the large RMSEs relative to RMSE. Poor prediction of runoff could account for less satisfactory statistical indices in the model [19].
Treatment | MAE | RMSE | RMSEs | RMSEu | D-index | R2 | Measured mean yield | Predicted mean yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CT | 405 | 415 | 405 | 91 | 0.993 | 0.68 | 1685 | 1280 |
IRWH | 370 | 403 | 384 | 121 | 0.994 | 0.96 | 1844 | 2062 |
Statistical analysis of CYP-SA model performance predicting yields produced with conventional tillage (CT) and in-field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) (kg ha−1).
Yield variation over 26 years predicted under CT and IRWH management practices were compared using cumulative probability curves (Figure 3). The curves were constructed by averaging across all scenario factors. The curves were compared with for each scenario factor using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (P ≤ 0.05). Sunflower yield was significantly higher in full initial water than in the other two water contents in the CT. Similarly, empty profile water gave the lowest yield compared to both half and full water contents in the IRWH (Table 3). At 80% probability the yield in the empty, half and full profile was 355, 691 and 1088 kg ha−1 for the CT, respectively. In the IRWH the yield was 1357, 1984 and 2601 kg ha−1 in the empty, half and full profile, respectively (Figure 3). In general, the full profile gave the greatest yield, followed by half profile and then the empty profile, illustrating the importance of adequate profile water content at planting in semi-arid environment. This is akin to the observation made in the Free State Province South Africa [2, 4, 8, 11]. They reported that sufficient soil water content at planting is important for a good harvest. In addition, water stored between DUL and LL before planting contributes mainly to transpiration [8]. Recently Garcia-Lopez et al. [20] reported that sunflower yield ranged between 1333 and 2622 kg ha−1 corresponding to irrigation water that ranged from 146 to 326 mm, respectively. The lowest yield was obtained under deficit irrigation volume, emphasizing the importance of adequate soil water content on sunflower yield. More recently, sunflower yield reduction was observed under four levels of irrigation with the lowest level of water availability accounting for the lowest yield loss [21]. They reported sunflower seed yield of 2371, 2173, 2018 and 1764 kg ha−1 corresponding to 100 potential evapotranspiration (PET), 80 PET, 60 PET and 40% PET, respectively. Similar results were obtained when the seed yield of different sunflower inbred lines were compared under limited and full irrigation [22]. There were no effects of planting dates on yield in either production technique although differences were noted between techniques (Table 3 and Figure 3). This may be attributed to high variability of rainfall on the ecotope. In another study [12] reported that the coefficient of variation (CV) for November, December and January were 1.27, 1.56 and 1.35, Using the CYP-SA model [8] reported that late planting (January) was significantly better (P ≤ 0.01) than December planting in the semi-arid Free State Province. He attributed this to the fact that when the sunflower crop is planted in November its flowering period may coincide with favorable rainfall conditions in December. Figure 3 also shows that at 80% probability farmers are likely to harvest about 700 kg ha−1 of sunflower in CT regardless of the planting date. However, in the Mediterranean region it is reported that earlier planting date resulted in higher seed yield in all the 4 years of the study [23]. The graphs also show that farmers planting sunflower using IRWH in December, are likely to expect a 50% chance of getting higher yields (1432 kg ha−1) than planting either in November (1118 kg ha−1) or January (1148 kg ha−1). The results show that IRWH has a yield advantage in sunflower productivity, as reported earlier [2, 3, 4]. It was clear that the most important factor is initial soil water content when IRWH was compared with CT, a result as also obtained by Walker et al. [2].
Cumulative probability of simulated long-term (1984–2010) sunflower for conventional (CT) and in-field rainwater harvesting (IRWH): (a) different profiles of initial soil water content (averaged over three planting dates) and (b) different planting dates.
Initial soil water | Tillage treatments | Planting date | Tillage treatments | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CT | IRWH | CT | IRWH | ||
Empty | a | a | November | a | a |
Half | a | ab | December | a | a |
Full | b | b | January | a | a |
The Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test comparing tillage treatments (CT and IRWH) at different initial soil water levels and planting dates.
The same letter within columns indicates not significant difference at P ≤ 0.05.
Further comparison of cumulative probability curves for each scenario across different techniques was carried using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. There was significant yield difference between CT and IRWH production at all levels of initial profile water content and planting dates, confirming the advantages of IRWH over CT (Table 4 and Figures 4 and 5). At 80% probability the yield difference between CT and IRWH was 74, 65 and 58% in empty, half and full profile, respectively (Figure 4). This finding confirms the finding of [2] who reported that the lower the initial water content at planting, the greater the yield difference between the IRWH and CT. Similar results were reported by [24]. From Figure 5 it could be deduced that the yield difference between CT and IRWH was the same (68%) for the months of December and January, whilst the difference was 58% for the months of November, further confirming that planting dates may play a less important role than profile water content on this ecotope. The results strongly suggest that a farmer who adopts IRWH and plants on empty profile water content is likely to get higher yields than who uses CT production technique. The findings could be important in semi-arid environments where water for agriculture is a constraint. Earlier [2] reported that for all scenarios with empty initial soil water, the curves for IRWH were significantly different from those for CT while the difference was not significant under half and full initial soil water when they simulated maize yield in the Free State Province. In his study [8] concluded that simulated sunflower production risk was significantly less under IRWH compared to CT when CYP-SA was run between three-fourth full and full profile water content.
Initial soil water | Statistics | Planting date | Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
D-statistic | Probability level | D-statistic | Probability level | ||
Empty | 0.48 | 0.011 | November | 0.62 | 0.000 |
Half | 0.57 | 0.001 | December | 0.67 | 0.000 |
Full | 0.62 | 0.000 | January | 0.43 | 0.029 |
The Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test for cumulated sunflower yield with CT and IRWH production techniques produced at different initial soil water levels and planting dates.
Cumulative probabilities of simulated long-term (1984–2010) sunflower yield with conventional (CT) and in-field rainwater harvesting (IRWH) for three water contents (averaged over three planting dates); (a) empty, (b) half and (c) full.
Cumulative probabilities of simulated long-term (1984–2010) sunflower yield with conventional (CT) and infield rainwater harvesting (IRWH) for three planting dates (averaged over three water contents); (a) November, (b) December and (c) January.
In this study the CYP-SA model was applied to simulate long-term sunflower yields to quantify the risk of crop production at the ecotope. The conventional tillage (CT) was compared with the in-field rain water harvesting (IRWH) production technique. Results from this study indicated that farmers who choose to adopt the IRWH technique and plant when profile water content is empty can get higher yields compared to those who choose the CT technique. The IRWH technique consistently gave higher sunflower yield than the CT regardless of the planting date although sowing date was not significant within each crop production technique. Therefore, it could be concluded that the IRWH is a sustainable crop production technique compared to the CT.
We acknowledge the kind gesture of Dr. J.J. Botha of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) of South Africa for providing CYP-SA model and for his contribution towards this manuscript. We would also like to thank the ARC for making available the long-term climatic data for the study area.
Organic optoelectronic device such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) focused over the past few decades the attention of both academia and industries due to the possibility to fabricate flexible, transparent devices on large area using low-cost solution processes, leading to cost-effective production [1, 2]. At this stage, in the OPV field, a major concern regards the fabrication of flexible structures with high efficiencies for various applications [3]. Although, OPV with efficiency over 18% has been reported in 2021 [4], further improvements are still needed for making them a real alternative to other photovoltaic cell (PV) technologies (PV based on silicon, PV based on perovskites, etc.). The improvements can be linked to: (i) the type of the organic materials used in the fabrications of the PV structures; (ii) the deposition techniques used to obtain the organic component as films; and (iii) the different approaches used for enhancing the absorption in the PV structure such as antireflection coatings, back-reflectors, or the surfaces patterning (texturing) [5, 6]. In the PV structures, the thickness of the organic active film is limited by the low carrier mobility and the short exciton diffusion length [7]. An increase in the film thickness leads to a lowering in the device efficiency, while a decrease in the film thickness results in a poor absorption. Lately, some studies reported that the nanopatterning of the transparent electrodes increases the optical path length of light inside the active material improving the performances of the devices [6, 8].
Different optical approaches and structures such as microlens, nanostructured electrodes, scattering layers were used in the field of OLEDs to improve the light extraction efficiency of the devices [9, 10]. The light extraction efficiency is one of the most important parameters of OLED, defined as the ratio of the total number of photons emitted by the OLED and the total number of photons generated within the organic emitter [10, 11]. Thus, the majority of the generated photons in the organic layers are confined inside the device due to the total internal reflection, which takes place at the glass/air and organic/layer substrate interfaces owing to the mismatch of the refractive index [12]. In this way, almost 30% of the emitted photons are trapped in the glass substrate (glass mode), while a 50% are trapped at the organic/anode interface (waveguide mode). Therefore, various methods were used to extract more efficiently the light from the OLEDs [9, 13].
Transparent conductive electrodes (TCE) play a key role in the development of optoelectronic devices such as OPVs, OLEDs, touch screens, electrochromic devices, heat mirrors, smart windows, and so on [14, 15, 16]. Over time, various materials such as metal oxides, ultrathin metals, metal nanowires, graphene, carbon nanotubes, conductive polymers, etc., were deposited and investigated as TCE [1, 14]. However, indium tin oxide (ITO) remains the most commonly used TCE due to its remarkable properties such as high transparency (90% at 550 nm wavelength), adequate sheet resistance (10–30 Ω/□), work function (4.7 eV), and reduced roughness (<1 nm) [17, 18]. Besides that, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) is a suitable metal oxide for replacing ITO since this material met the necessary criteria regarding the high transparency and the electrical resistivity [19, 20].
Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films can be deposited by numerous chemical and physical methods such as sol-gel [21], spray pyrolysis [22], magnetron sputtering [23], chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [24], atomic layer deposition [25], pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [20], etc., each of them having both advantages and limitations. PLD is a versatile technique used in the deposition of high-quality films based on ITO, AZO, indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), Ga-doped ZnO (GZO), indium gallium zinc oxide (GIZO), ZnO-Y2O3 (YZO), the obtained TCO layers having adequate properties for optoelectronic device area [26, 27, 28, 29, 30].
Patterning techniques such as X-ray lithography, electron projection lithography, ion beam projection lithography, multiple e-beam lithography, extreme ultraviolet lithography, or nanoimprint lithography (NIL) are essential in the niche technology that manufactures high-volume and low-cost nanoscale devices [31, 32, 33, 34]. The development and improvement of NIL technique have extended the nanoscale fabrication from standard semiconductor devices for electronics and optoelectronics to complex ones for optics, plasmonics, microfluidics, or biomimetic area [35, 36, 37, 38, 39]. Among NIL technologies, ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) is an efficient technique because it allows the manufacture of a wide range of pattern sizes and shapes on different rigid or flexible substrates [34, 40].
In this chapter, we present some of our contributions regarding the TCO layers deposited by PLD on flat and UV-NIL nanopatterned glass substrates. Therefore, metal oxides films (ITO and AZO) deposited by PLD were studied for emphasizing their potential applications in the field of optoelectronic devices such as OPVs and OLEDs.
Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is a well-established method used to grow thin films from a wide range of materials, enabling a stoichiometric transfer of these. Although PLD was introduced in 1965, it was applied intensively in the late 1990s [41, 42]. PLD is a physical vapor deposition technique where an external high-power laser (typically an UV laser source) ablates a target based on a single or a combination of compounds depending on the desired composition of the film [43]. In comparison with other deposition methods such as sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, or thermal evaporation, PLD has the following advantages: (i) any type of substrate can be used for depositing thin films; (ii) by using UV laser sources, a wide range of materials can be ablated; (iii) the pressure during the deposition process can be choose from 10−7 mbar up to 1 mbar; (iv) due to progressive growth with each laser pulse, a rigorous control of the thickness is possible; (v) the stoichiometry can be preserved or changed in a controlled manner during the deposition; (vi) the kinetic energy of the evaporated species can be moderated in order to control the film growth properties; (vii) a background gas can be used in order to obtain the adequate reactive atmosphere; (viii) multilayered thin films can be obtained by switching different target materials in the deposition cycle; and (ix) assure the purity of the initial composition because the ablation source is the light [42, 43, 44, 45]. As any deposition technique, the PLD process has also some drawbacks: (i) limited deposition area for standard setups; (ii) the uniformity of the deposition is influenced by energy profile and inhomogeneity of the laser pulse; (iii) macroscopic and microscopic droplets are sometimes ejected from the target [45, 46].
PLD is a versatile method that proved its potential in different research areas considering that a wide class of the materials can be ablated using excimer lasers and deposited as thin films [42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53]. Thus, metal films, semiconductor films, superconductors, ceramic layers, oxides, insulators can be easily obtained by this laser technique [54, 55]. Moreover, nanostructures with different morphologies such as nanowires, nanoflowers, nanorods, nanotubes, and even quantum dots based on ZnO, ITO, graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), tungsten disulfide (WS2), cadmium selenide (CdSe) can be deposited by PLD [45, 47, 56, 57, 58]. The thin films or nanostructures fabricated by PLD were integrated in various devices: photovoltaics, environmental sensors, actuators, light emitters, ferroelectrics, photocatalysis, biomaterials, medical implants, etc. [45, 47, 59].
A common PLD deposition setup is depicted in Figure 1. Hence, the growth of the thin film is the result of the interaction between the laser beam and the target. When the laser fluence (the energy delivered per unit area at given pulse duration) reaches the ablation threshold, the vaporization of the material from the target surface takes place, process followed by the generation and expansion of the plasma plume. Further, the plasma species (free electrons, ions, neutral atoms, molecules) with appropriate energy nucleates on the deposition support [45, 59, 60]. In PLD, the film growth and the film quality depend generally on various experimental parameters: laser fluence, laser wavelength, pulse duration, repetition rate, target-substrate distance, background gas and its pressure, quality of the target substrate temperature, etc. Because the influence of each deposition parameter on the properties of films deposited by PLD, from specific materials, was extensively discussed and analyzed in literature, in the following we briefly resumed their importance [42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53].
Schematic representation of PLD deposition chamber.
The laser fluence is one of the principal parameters because it impacts the kinetic energy of the species presented in the plasma plume and their movement toward the deposition substrate [52]. As was discussed by Schou, the chosen laser fluence must be high enough to induce target ablation but not so high to avoid the re-sputtering and possible implantation of some species in the film [53].
The laser wavelength is connected with the energy absorbed by the target material [61], thinner films being obtained when the target material is transparent to the laser wavelength used during the deposition. Lower threshold fluences and also low ablation rates are obtained when short laser wavelengths are used [48]. Thus, the laser wavelength must be selected depending on the material type intended to be deposited.
The pulse duration parameter can be controlled to prepare films with expected performances. In general, nanosecond pulse lasers are implied in the PLD deposition [48]. When long laser pulses are implied, the absorbed laser energy firstly heats the target surface to the melting point, and afterward at the vaporization temperature, the thermal wave penetrates the target and produces the melting of the material, evaporation appearing from the liquid phase. In the case of the femtosecond-pulse lasers, the vapor and plasma phases appear quickly, therefore the heat conduction is negligible, and as a consequence, the liquid phase is absent [62].
The pulse repetition rate influences the deposition rate, this being related to the duration necessary to get a specific thickness of the film [63]. The number of the particles, which are found as islands, grown firstly on the deposition substrate, subsequently tend to diffuse and aggregate depending on the pulse repetition rate, a higher density of islands being favored by the increase of this parameter. Moreover, it was emphasized that using higher pulse frequencies, a high density of small-size islands can be obtained facilitating the diffusion of some adatoms from islands top to the substrate, in this way films characterized by a smooth surface being obtained. At lower pulse frequencies, a low density of islands is formed resulting in rougher surfaces [64].
Although some PLD films can be fabricated just in ultrahigh vacuum, most of them required a background gas; this parameter affects the plume dynamics and furthers the growth and properties of the films [52, 65]. The background gas decreases the kinetic energy of the species presented in the plasma plume, a high pressure of this can decrease the sputtering of the film, but at the same time can lead to the preferential diffusion of some species to the deposition support [53, 66]. Argon, helium, or nitrogen is frequently used in the PLD deposition, but the most studied gas is still oxygen, due to the possibility of producing films with controlled oxygen content [50].
The target-substrate distance influences the mass ratio of the species that reach the substrate, thus influencing the thickness of the obtained film. A higher distance is equivalent with a reduction of the deposited material while a lower distance has as effect a rebound of the species due to their high kinetic energies [67]. Thus, it is essential to choose an optimal target-substrate distance. Some studies show that TCO layers on flexible substrate characterized by cracks or peeling off are obtained when the deposition is performed at lower target-substrate distance (4 cm) while cracks-free, smoother films are obtained at higher target-substrate distances (6 or 8 cm) [26].
The substrate temperature can influence the film growth and its surface morphology [67]. Even if the deposition can be carried on at room temperature leading usually to amorphous films, it was highlighted that at higher substrate temperatures, the adatom mobility increased resulting in crystalline films [52, 67]. When the temperature of the deposition substrate is increased, even the low kinetic energy species can be capable of constituting uniform layers [47].
Accordingly, the optimal PLD deposition conditions for developing high-quality complex films from a large number of materials can be found by tuning the experimental parameters involved in this laser process [50, 67].
Nowadays, the transition from millimeter to micro and further to nano dimensions, the tendency to pass from rigid to flexible electronics, and also the continuous need of device enhanced efficiencies based on surface patterning using the principles of the plasmonic and photonic theories have forced the industry to search nanopatterning techniques that can be used in volume manufacturing [68]. In order to gain the industrial attention, these patterning techniques need to fulfill at least some key attributes such as: (i) high resolution; (ii) ability to simultaneously pattern different types of structures; (iii) high throughput and low defectivity; and (iv) reduced costs [69].
Under the name “NIL” can be found the classical thee imprint techniques: micro-contact printing (μ-CP), hot-embossing (also known as thermal NIL), and UV-NIL, but also the newly added roll imprint process, laser-assisted direct imprint, reverse imprint lithography, substrate conformal imprint lithography, ultrasonic NIL [32]. As a general definition, the nanoimprint lithography can be understood as a physical pressing process to replicate the master patterns into a polymer negative resist by thermal or ultraviolet curing [38]. Master is the name of the so called “mother” template that is usually fabricated using electron beam lithography on silicon substrates. From this master, in the case of UV-NIL, rigid or soft stamps (negative copies of the master pattern designs) based on elastomeric materials can be manufactured. Thus, common materials based on silicone polymers (usually modified formulas of polydimethylsiloxane), polyimides, or polyurethanes are applied as free-standing membranes or attached to a flexible or rigid backplane [33, 37, 38, 70]. Actually, these cheaper manufactured stamps are used in the lithography process reducing the production costs and thus prolonging the lifetime of the master, this being fabricated by more time-consuming and expensive methods.
The steps involved usually in the UV-NIL process are presented in Figure 2. Relatively simple, they can be described as follows: (i) spin-coating deposition of both primer and photoresist on the desired substrate, each followed by a heat treatment; (ii) alignment of the stamp with the coated substrate; (iii) adding them in contact, pressing and irradiating them with UV radiation; and (iv) detaching the mask after UV curing.
Schematic representation of UV-NIL process.
The advantages of using NIL in comparison to other photolithography techniques are arising from the fact that using a direct contact between the stamp and the coated substrate, the resolution is given by the resolution of the patterns existing on the surface of stamp, which can be beyond the diffraction limits or beam scattering. However, exactly this advantage can easily become the disadvantage of the technique due to the resist filling rheology behavior and demolding capabilities [32, 33]. Therefore, one of the common defect mechanisms that appear in the NIL processes is connected with the detachment of the stamp after resist curing, when the polymer may stick on the stamp surface due to the interfacial forces (adhesion and friction forces) that appear between the resist and the stamp material. Interfacial forces are strongly linked to the quality of the stamp (design, roughness, antisticking layer, and material type), to the resist material and to the residual stress that appears during the UV irradiation due to the shrinkage of the resist that makes the stamp to adhere more to the resist surface. Taking into account all these aspects, a special attention must be paid to the selection of the materials and the process parameters that must be optimized in function of the stamp characteristics and pattern design [71, 72].
ITO is the most widely used TCO due to its exceptional properties, a large number of papers being focused on it [73, 74, 75, 76]. Several works reported on the PLD deposition of ITO films and on the correlation between the experimental parameters and their optical, structural, morphological, and electrical properties, some results being well summarized by Yap and Kim [47, 77, 78]. The best properties achieved for the ITO films deposited by PLD had over 90% transparency and 7.2 × 10−5 Ωcm electrical resistivity [18].
In the last decade, many attempts were made to replace ITO due to the indium sources depletion [79]. An adequate alternative for ITO seems to be AZO, a nontoxic material that can be found at low cost—its precursors being abundant compounds, and already successfully applied in the OPV and OLED areas [80]. AZO transparent films characterized by an adequate electrical resistivity were deposited by different methods on both rigid and flexible substrates, proving its compatibility for wearable electronics [20, 81, 82, 83]. PLD technique was also used in the deposition of AZO layers on either rigid glass or plastic substrates with suitable optical and electrical properties [20, 26, 84].
In the following part, the preparation steps implied in the fabrication of ITO and AZO films by PLD on flat and UV-NIL nanopatterned substrates will be described [85, 86]. The patterns were fabricated on glass by UV-NIL (EVG 620 mask aligner) using the following procedure: (i) preheating of the glass substrate for 2 min at 150°C; (ii) spin coating of a primer to enhance the adherence of the polymeric photoresist film; (iii) deposition by spin coating of the UV-resist film that further is thermally treated for 30 s at 120°C; (iv) pressing the soft stamp (mold) with the pattern model over the photoresist film with an uniform contact pressure (100 mbar); (v) exposure of the photoresist layer at UV light for 90 s; and (vi) removal of the soft mold [87]. As can be seen in the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images from Figure 3, a periodic array of pillars having ~350 nm in diameter and ~ 1100 nm distance between pillars were fabricated on glass substrate by this procedure. The height of the pillars was estimated at ~250 nm from the cross-sectional FESEM images given in Figure 4. The quality of the patterns (height, diameter, distance between pillars) imprinted onto photoresist depends on the experimental conditions mentioned above in the UV-NIL process.
FESEM images (at different magnifications) of the periodic pillars array obtained by UV-NIL method on glass substrates.
Cross-sectional FESEM images (at two magnifications) of nanopatterned glass substrates.
Further, TCO layers were deposited on both flat and UV-NIL patterned glass substrates by a PLD system using an excimer laser with KrF (248 nm wavelength, 25 nm pulse duration, COMPex-Pro 205, Coherent Inc.) [85, 86]. The TCO solid targets (SCI Engineered Materials) were formed by In2O3:SnO2 = 90%:10% weight (ITO) and ZnO doped with 2% Al (AZO), the laser beam being directed on the target surface with a MgF2 lens having 300 mm focal length placed outside of the deposition chamber. During the deposition, the solid targets were rotated to avoid their local damage. For comparison, both types of substrates were coated with TCO layers in the same deposition cycle.
The ITO solid target placed at 5 cm distance toward substrate holder was irradiated with 7000 pulses under 45° incidence angle, the laser working at 10 Hz repetition rate into a deposition chamber filled with oxygen 6.0 at 1.5 Pa pressure and working with a low laser fluence of 1.2 J/cm2 [85]. The oxygen pressure was selected in order to obtain a low electrical resistivity, at room temperature (RT), as was mentioned in the reference [78]. The ITO layer thickness was estimated at ~340 nm as average media between the measurements made (with a profilometer) in three different points on the film deposited on flat glass substrate.
The AZO solid target placed at 8 cm distance toward substrate holder was ablated with 8000 laser pulse, a laser fluence of 2 J/cm2, and an oxygen pressure of 1 Pa [86], the values being selected based on other preliminary results where films characterized by a high transmittance were fabricated using these experimental conditions [84]. The AZO layer thickness was estimated at ~300 nm from the interference fringes observed in the UV-VIS spectra considering two consecutive maxima and minima and the refractive index = 1.8 for AZO film with 2% Al content [88].
The TCO layers deposited by PLD were labeled taking into account the substrates type, flat (glass) or nanopatterned (NP-glass), as follows: ITO/glass, AZO/glass and ITO/NP-glass and AZO/NP-glass. The morphology and optical properties of the samples were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss Merlin Compact field emission scanning electron microscope), atomic force microscopy (AFM, Nanonics Multiview 4000), and UV-VIS spectroscopy (Carry 5000 Spectrophotometer).
The FESEM images from Figure 5 disclose that the ITO/glass (Figure 5
FESEM images of ITO (left) and AZO (right) films deposited by PLD on flat glass substrates.
The AFM topographic images from Figure 6 were collected on ITO/glass (Figure 6
AFM topographic images of ITO (left) and AZO (right) films deposited by PLD on flat glass substrates.
Analyzing the FESEM images of the ITO/NP-glass and AZO/NP-glass from Figures 7 and 8, respectively, it can be clearly seen that the patterns imprinted onto glass substrate are preserved during the TCO deposition by PLD. Considering that the TCO films are relatively thin (ITO ~ 340 nm and AZO ~300 nm), they tend to copy the topography of the substrate.
FESEM images (at different magnifications) of ITO films deposited by PLD on nanopatterned glass substrates.
FESEM images (at different magnifications) of AZO films deposited by PLD on nanopatterned glass substrates.
However, attention must be paid when the TCO layers are deposited on a patterned surface by PLD because the interaction between the ablated species, presented in the plasma plume, characterized by high kinetic energy and the deposition substrate can affect the growth of the film during the laser deposition [35, 92]. Thus, point defects can be formed due to species kinetic energy transfer toward the surface atoms [92]. In the PLD deposition on nanopatterned substrates, the first encountered layer is that based on photoresist (polymer) nanopillars. Nevertheless, the pillars are clearly observed in the FESEM images of the TCO deposited of nanopatterned glass substrates, only a small change in their shape being noted (in the case of ITO/NP-glass from cylindrical into a pyramid trunk-like one). Both TCO films seem similar at lower magnification, some differences due to the film thickness and the specific morphology being visible only at higher magnification. Thus, in comparison to the nanopatterned glass substrates, an enlargement in the pillars width and a narrowing in the distance between pillars are remarked, the TCO films tending to fill the space between pillars. Although the TCO films have thickness appropriate to the pillars’ height, these are not hidden by the deposited layers.
The optical transmittance is an essential criterion for the selection of the TCO films for their use in the field of OPV and OLED. Hence, the UV-VIS spectra of the prepared samples were presented in Figure 9. The TCO layers deposited on flat glass substrates are characterized by a transmittance over 80% for ITO and 75% for AZO in the visible part of the solar spectrum. Interference maxima are visible for both analyzed materials, their presence being associated with the uniformity of the deposited films [23]. This is not surprising, as it is known that high-quality layers can be obtained by PLD [93]. The refractive index (
UV-VIS spectra of TCO layers (ITO or AZO) deposited by PLD on flat (left) and nanopatterned (right) glass substrates.
Compared with the ZnO band gap value (3.3 eV [96]), the AZO/glass band gap was estimated at ~3.7 eV, similar to the value reported for AZO grown by PLD at room temperature and 1 Pa oxygen pressure [97]. Depending on the experimental conditions, especially by the oxygen pressure and the substrate temperature, the band gap of the AZO films deposited by PLD can take value between 3.32 and 3.77 eV [98].
In the case of the TCO layers deposited on nanopatterned glass substrate, a lowering in the transmittance is noticed in the UV-VIS spectra compared with the ones deposited on flat glass substrates. Moreover, the pillars introduced additional absorptions and reflections at interfaces [35]. The light couples to waveguide modes via diffraction and thus is trapped in the nanostructures, the pattern characteristics (mainly the period) affecting the optical properties of the films deposited on it [99]. Also, a shift of the absorption edge is visible for both transparent electrodes. A possible explanation for the peculiar behavior observed in the absorption edge shift of nanopatterned TCO (ITO/NP-glass to long wavelength region and AZO/NP-glass to short wavelength region) can be linked to the arrangement of the molecules inside the cavities determined by the nanostructuration. Thus, the interaction between the neighboring molecules can modify differently the energy levels of nanopatterned TCO with effect on their band gap.
Electrical properties of the prepared TCO layers are considered key features since, in the field of optoelectronic applications, conductive films are required. Hall measurements were performed on ITO/glass and ITO/NP-glass samples in order to analyze their electrical parameters, the obtained values being presented in Table 1.
Sample | ITO/glass | ITO/NP-glass |
---|---|---|
Resistivity (Ωcm) | 1.8 × 10−4 | 2.8 × 10−4 |
Mobility (cm2/Vs) | 10.6 | 15.1 |
Carrier concentration (cm−3) | 3.3 × 1021 | 1.5 × 1021 |
Sheet resistance (Ω/sq) | 5.3 | 8 |
Electrical parameters of ITO films deposited by PLD on flat and nanopatterned glass substrates evaluated from Hall investigations.
In principle, the electrical resistivity values of ITO films deposited on flat and nanopatterned glass substrates are lower than ~4 × 10−4 Ωcm reported for ITO films deposited at room temperature by PLD [100] in the same conditions (laser wavelength, target composition, and repetition rate) with those used in our study. Interesting, the electrical resistivity value of ITO film deposited on flat glass substrate is nearly to that of ITO films deposited by PLD from targets with different SnO2 content (5 or 10%) but with a heated substrate [18, 91, 101]. Kim carried on a comprehensive study regarding the influence of various experimental parameters such as oxygen pressure, SnO2 content, and deposition temperature on the resistivity of ITO films deposited by PLD [78]. Hence, this work shows that the resistivity of ITO film is influenced by the oxygen pressure through the number of the oxygen vacancies presented in the TCO layer. Also, the resistivity of ITO films is sensitive to the SnO2 content, an increase up to 5% leads to the resistivity decrease while an increase above this percent results in the increase of resistivity because the concentration of the electron traps expands due to Sn excess [91].
The carrier concentration values of ITO films deposited on flat and nanopatterned glass substrates are in concordance with those reported usually on ITO films deposited by PLD [78]. The refractive index of ITO films is influenced by the carrier density, a reduction of this parameter being possible by increasing the electron density, which can be achieved by enlarging the Sn content from the deposition target up to a certain value [78].
The extracted Hall mobility values of ITO films deposited on flat and nanopatterned glass substrates are just a little smaller than other value reported for ITO films deposited by PLD [91] utilizing the same deposition target with that implied in our work. The low Hall mobility values of ITO films can be related to the carrier-carrier scattering [44].
In the case of AZO film deposited on flat glass substrates, the resistivity was evaluated to be 2.4 × E−4 Ωcm using a Jandel four-point probe, the value being in the same range with others obtained for the AZO layers deposited by PLD on glass substrates [20, 102] using the same oxygen pressure with that applied in our study. A thoroughgoing study regarding the influence of the oxygen pressure on the optical and electrical properties of some AZO layers deposited by PLD was carried on in Ref. [102] pointing out that the films grown at a low oxygen pressure (under 3 Pa) have a compact structure characterized by a low resistivity.
The TCO films (ITO and AZO) deposited by PLD on flat and nanopatterned glass substrates were used for developing organic heterostructures for optoelectronic applications. Schematic representation of two organic heterostructures and their I-V characteristics are given in Figure 10: one based on adenine (Ade), the nucleic acid base film being deposited on ITO by vacuum thermal evaporation [103], and another based on N,N′-di(1-naftalenil)-N,N′-diafenil-(1,1′-bifenil)-4,4′-diamina (α-NPD), 1,4-bis [4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenylvinyl] benzene (P78) and 4,7 diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen), the three stacked organic films being deposited on AZO by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) [86]. For both organic structures, aluminum electrode (100 nm) was deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation.
Schematic representation of the organic structures using TCE deposited by PLD on flat and nanopaterned glass substrates and I-V characteristics recorded on representative organic structures (single organic film – blue curve and three stacked organic films – green curve).
Hence, in the case of adenine deposited on ITO/glass substrate, the I-V characteristic (recorded in dark between −1 V and 1 V applied voltage) is changed from linear (at small voltage) to nonlinear at higher voltage (>0.5 V) probably due to the different properties shown by the contacts ITO/adenine and adenine/Al [103]. Regarding the electrode patterning, it is expected that this effect induces some changes in the electrical properties of the investigated structures by modifying the electrical field, which in turn can affect the charge carrier transport and their collection [104]. The scattering/recombination processes can be influenced by (i) the enlargement of the contact area between the nanopatterned TCO and the organic film, (ii) the change in the pathway of the charge carriers to the electrodes due to the presence of pillars; and (iii) the morphology of films characterized by grain boundaries. Compared with the structure prepared on ITO/glass electrode, the shape of the I-V characteristic of the structure deposited on ITO/NP-glass electrode was changed into a very close rectifying diode behavior. At small voltage, a slow increase in the current value is noted at the same time with the voltage increase, while a faster increase in the current is obtained after 0.5 V probably due to the growth of the number of electrons that cross the barrier and are more easily collected to the patterned electrode [103].
Concerning N,N′-di(1-naftalenil)-N,N′-diafenil-(1,1′-bifenil)-4,4′-diamina, 1,4-bis [4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenylvinyl] benzene and 4,7 diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, an OLED-type structure was practically obtained using a hole transport layer (α-NPD), an emissive film (P78), and an electron transport layer (BPhen), respectively. Hence, the I-V characteristic plotted for the structure prepared on AZO/glass electrode presents a diode behavior. The structure fabricated on AZO/NP-glass electrode evidenced an improvement in the current value (at 1 V), meaning that the electrode patterning influences positively the electrical properties of the organic structures obtained on it [86], the charge transport being favored by the enlargement of the contact area between the nanopatterned AZO and the organic films [35]. This improvement recorded in the current value could be reflected in the final performances of the organic device fabricated on this type of nanostructured TCO.
Consequently, the optical and electrical properties of the organic structures fabricated on nanopatterned transparent electrodes can be enhanced due to the nanopatternation process. Taking into consideration that the organic heterostructures developed on TCO substrates are already part of our daily life (Heliatek company develops projects based on OPV solar films that can be attached in different locations or building facades or roofs [105], and LG Display produces OLED TV panels offering its OLED panels to other companies such as LG Electronics, Sony, Vizio, and Panasonic [106]), the organic layers deposited on patterned TCO can be also applied in the field of the organic optoelectronic devices.
TCO films (ITO and AZO) were deposited by PLD on flat and UV-NIL nanopatterned glass substrates, further these being used for developing organic heterostructures, which can find applications in optoelectronic device area. Thus, the glass substrates were patterned by UV-NIL technique, nanopillars arrays with suitable dimensions (width ~350 nm, height ~250 nm, and separation step(pitch) ~1100 nm) being fabricated. Although, the magnetron sputtering is preferred as deposition technique on large substrates, PLD is a viable alternative for fabricating high-quality TCO films with reduced roughness and appropriate optical and electrical properties by tuning the experimental deposition parameters such as: substrate temperature, oxygen pressure, target content, and laser fluence. Moreover, because the deposition of TCO films was carried at room temperature and the obtained TCO layers are characterized by low electrical resistivity, this laser technique can be also applied in the TCO deposition on plastic substrates for developing flexible devices.
The investigations prove that AZO is suitable for replacing ITO in TCO domain considering that the deposited AZO layers are featured by similar optical and electrical properties to those revealed by ITO layers.
Organic heterostructures were deposited on the fabricated TCO films (ITO and AZO) by vacuum thermal evaporation or matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation. The electrical measurements show that the patterning effect improves the optical and electrical properties of the organic heterostructures obtained on the TCO layers. Consequently, compared with an organic structure developed on a flat TCO electrode, an organic structure fabricated on a nanopatterned TCO electrode can be more efficient in the optoelectronic device area.
This research was funded by the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization through the National Core Program PN19-03 (contract no. 21 N/2019) and PN-III-P4-IDPCE-2020-1691 (contract no. 66/2021).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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These physiological events occur smoothly in normal healthy individual and/or under normal conditions. However, in certain cases, these molecular events are retarded resulting in hard-to-heal or chronic wounds arising from several factors such as poor venous return, underlying physiological or metabolic conditions such as diabetes as well as external factors such as poor nutrition. In most cases, such wounds are infected and infection also presents as another complicating phenomenon which triggers inflammatory reactions, therefore delaying wound healing. There has therefore been recent interests and significant efforts in preventing and actively treating wound infections by directly targeting infection causative agents through direct application of antimicrobial agents either alone or loaded into dressings (medicated). These have the advantage of overcoming challenges such as poor circulation in diabetic and leg ulcers when administered systemically and also require lower amounts to be applied compared to that required via oral or iv administration. This chapter will review and evaluate various antimicrobial agents used to target infected wounds, the means of delivery, and current state of the art, including commercially available dressings. Data sources will include mainly peer-reviewed literature, clinical trials and reports, patents as well as government reports where available.",book:{id:"5290",slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges"},signatures:"Omar Sarheed, Asif Ahmed, Douha Shouqair and Joshua Boateng",authors:[{id:"183108",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Boateng",slug:"joshua-boateng",fullName:"Joshua Boateng"},{id:"183399",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Sarheed",slug:"omar-sarheed",fullName:"Omar Sarheed"},{id:"188082",title:"Mr.",name:"Asif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"asif-ahmed",fullName:"Asif Ahmed"},{id:"188083",title:"Ms.",name:"Douha",middleName:null,surname:"Shouqair",slug:"douha-shouqair",fullName:"Douha Shouqair"}]},{id:"51825",doi:"10.5772/64611",title:"Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cutaneous Wound Healing",slug:"roles-of-matrix-metalloproteinases-in-cutaneous-wound-healing",totalDownloads:3629,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:"Wound healing is a complex process that consists of hemostasis and inflammation, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and tissue remodeling. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in wound healing, and their dysregulation leads to prolonged inflammation and delayed wound healing. There are 24 MMPs in humans, and each MMP exists in three forms, of which only the active MMPs play a role in the pathology or repair of wounds. The current methodology does not distinguish between the three forms of MMPs, making it challenging to investigate the roles of MMPs in pathology and wound repair. We used a novel MMP-inhibitor-tethered affinity resin that binds only the active form of MMPs, from which we identified and quantified active MMP-8 and active MMP-9 in a murine diabetic model with delayed wound healing. We showed that up-regulation of active MMP-9 plays a detrimental role whereas active MMP-8 is involved in repairing the wound in diabetic mice. These studies identified MMP-9 as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of chronic wounds. A selective inhibitor of MMP-9 that leaves MMP-8 unaffected would provide the most effective therapy and represents a promising strategy for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.",book:{id:"5290",slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges"},signatures:"Trung T. Nguyen, Shahriar Mobashery and Mayland Chang",authors:[{id:"183405",title:"Prof.",name:"Mayland",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"mayland-chang",fullName:"Mayland Chang"},{id:"191152",title:"Mr.",name:"Trung",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"trung-nguyen",fullName:"Trung Nguyen"},{id:"191153",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Mobashery",slug:"shahriar-mobashery",fullName:"Shahriar Mobashery"}]},{id:"63675",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81208",title:"Wound Healing: Contributions from Plant Secondary Metabolite Antioxidants",slug:"wound-healing-contributions-from-plant-secondary-metabolite-antioxidants",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Plants by their genetic makeup possess an innate ability to synthesize a wide variety of phytochemicals that help them to perform their normal physiological functions and/or to protect themselves from microbial pathogens and animal herbivores. The synthesis of these phytochemicals presents the plants their natural tendency to respond to environmental stress conditions. These phytochemicals are classified either as primary or secondary metabolites. The secondary metabolites have been identified in plants as alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, anthraquinones, and triterpenes. These plant-based compounds are believed to have diverse medicinal properties including antioxidant properties. Plants have therefore been a potential source of antioxidants which have received a great deal of attention since increased oxidative stress has been identified as a major causative factor in the development and progression of several life-threatening diseases, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases and wound infection. Consequently, many medicinal plants have been cited and known to effect wound healing and antioxidant properties. This chapter briefly reviews antioxidant properties of medicinal plants to highlight the important roles medicinal plants play in wound healing.",book:{id:"7046",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Victor Y.A. Barku",authors:[{id:"261027",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor Y. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Barku",slug:"victor-y.-a.-barku",fullName:"Victor Y. A. Barku"}]},{id:"66793",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85020",title:"The Impact of Biofilm Formation on Wound Healing",slug:"the-impact-of-biofilm-formation-on-wound-healing",totalDownloads:1434,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Chronic wounds represent an important challenge for wound care and are universally colonized by bacteria. These bacteria can form biofilm as a survival mechanism that confers the ability to resist environmental stressors and antimicrobials due to a variety of reasons, including low metabolic activity. Additionally, the exopolymeric substance (EPS) contained in biofilm acts as a mechanical barrier to immune system cells, leading to collateral damage in the surrounding tissue as well as chronic inflammation, which eventually will delay healing of the wound. This chapter will discuss current knowledge on biofilm formation, its presence in acute and chronic wounds, how biofilm affects antibiotic resistance and tolerance, as well as the wound healing process. We will also discuss proposed methods to eliminate biofilm and improve wound healing despite its presence, including basic science and clinical studies regarding these matters.",book:{id:"7046",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Rafael A. Mendoza, Ji-Cheng Hsieh and Robert D. Galiano",authors:[{id:"253607",title:"M.D.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza",slug:"rafael-mendoza",fullName:"Rafael Mendoza"},{id:"254018",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Galiano",slug:"robert-galiano",fullName:"Robert Galiano"},{id:"271116",title:"Mr.",name:"Ji-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Hsieh",slug:"ji-cheng-hsieh",fullName:"Ji-Cheng Hsieh"}]},{id:"63086",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80215",title:"Medicinal Plants in Wound Healing",slug:"medicinal-plants-in-wound-healing",totalDownloads:2901,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Wound healing process is known as interdependent cellular and biochemical stages which are in trying to improve the wound. Wound healing can be defined as stages which is done by body and delayed in wound healing increases chance of microbial infection. Improved wound healing process can be performed by shortening the time needed for healing or lowering the inappropriate happens. The drugs were locally or systemically administrated in order to help wound healing. Antibiotics, antiseptics, desloughing agents, extracts, etc. have been used in order to wound healing. Some synthetic drugs are faced with limitations because of their side effects. Plants or combinations derived from plants are needed to investigate identify and formulate for treatment and management of wound healing. There is increasing interest to use the medicinal plants in wound healing because of lower side effects and management of wounds over the years. Studies have shown that medicinal plants improve wound healing in diabetic, infected and opened wounds. The different mechanisms have been reported to improve the wound healing by medicinal plants. In this chapter, some medicinal plants and the reported mechanisms will be discussed.",book:{id:"7046",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Mohammad Reza Farahpour",authors:[{id:"253340",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammadreza",middleName:null,surname:"Farahpour",slug:"mohammadreza-farahpour",fullName:"Mohammadreza Farahpour"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55736",title:"Haemodynamic Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit",slug:"haemodynamic-monitoring-in-the-intensive-care-unit",totalDownloads:3369,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Monitoring is a cognitive aid that allows clinicians to detect the nature and extent of pathology and helps assessment of response to therapy. The cardiovascular system is the most commonly monitored organ system in the critical care setting. It helps identify the presence and nature of shock and guides response to resuscitation by detection of cardiac rate and rhythm, evaluation of volume state, cardiac contractility and systemic vascular resistance. Newer technologies allow greater assessment of oxygen delivery to vulnerable tissues. We discuss the nature, history, modalities and interpretation of the most commonly available haemodynamic monitoring methods in clinical use currently.",book:{id:"5756",slug:"intensive-care",title:"Intensive Care",fullTitle:"Intensive Care"},signatures:"Mainak Majumdar",authors:[{id:"86678",title:"Dr.",name:"Mainak",middleName:null,surname:"Majumdar",slug:"mainak-majumdar",fullName:"Mainak Majumdar"}]},{id:"51825",title:"Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cutaneous Wound Healing",slug:"roles-of-matrix-metalloproteinases-in-cutaneous-wound-healing",totalDownloads:3628,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:37,abstract:"Wound healing is a complex process that consists of hemostasis and inflammation, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and tissue remodeling. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in wound healing, and their dysregulation leads to prolonged inflammation and delayed wound healing. There are 24 MMPs in humans, and each MMP exists in three forms, of which only the active MMPs play a role in the pathology or repair of wounds. The current methodology does not distinguish between the three forms of MMPs, making it challenging to investigate the roles of MMPs in pathology and wound repair. We used a novel MMP-inhibitor-tethered affinity resin that binds only the active form of MMPs, from which we identified and quantified active MMP-8 and active MMP-9 in a murine diabetic model with delayed wound healing. We showed that up-regulation of active MMP-9 plays a detrimental role whereas active MMP-8 is involved in repairing the wound in diabetic mice. These studies identified MMP-9 as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of chronic wounds. A selective inhibitor of MMP-9 that leaves MMP-8 unaffected would provide the most effective therapy and represents a promising strategy for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.",book:{id:"5290",slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges"},signatures:"Trung T. Nguyen, Shahriar Mobashery and Mayland Chang",authors:[{id:"183405",title:"Prof.",name:"Mayland",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"mayland-chang",fullName:"Mayland Chang"},{id:"191152",title:"Mr.",name:"Trung",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"trung-nguyen",fullName:"Trung Nguyen"},{id:"191153",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Mobashery",slug:"shahriar-mobashery",fullName:"Shahriar Mobashery"}]},{id:"63086",title:"Medicinal Plants in Wound Healing",slug:"medicinal-plants-in-wound-healing",totalDownloads:2898,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Wound healing process is known as interdependent cellular and biochemical stages which are in trying to improve the wound. Wound healing can be defined as stages which is done by body and delayed in wound healing increases chance of microbial infection. Improved wound healing process can be performed by shortening the time needed for healing or lowering the inappropriate happens. The drugs were locally or systemically administrated in order to help wound healing. Antibiotics, antiseptics, desloughing agents, extracts, etc. have been used in order to wound healing. Some synthetic drugs are faced with limitations because of their side effects. Plants or combinations derived from plants are needed to investigate identify and formulate for treatment and management of wound healing. There is increasing interest to use the medicinal plants in wound healing because of lower side effects and management of wounds over the years. Studies have shown that medicinal plants improve wound healing in diabetic, infected and opened wounds. The different mechanisms have been reported to improve the wound healing by medicinal plants. In this chapter, some medicinal plants and the reported mechanisms will be discussed.",book:{id:"7046",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Mohammad Reza Farahpour",authors:[{id:"253340",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammadreza",middleName:null,surname:"Farahpour",slug:"mohammadreza-farahpour",fullName:"Mohammadreza Farahpour"}]},{id:"67217",title:"Nursing Implications in the ECMO Patient",slug:"nursing-implications-in-the-ecmo-patient",totalDownloads:2528,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Effective care and positive outcomes of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patient necessitate optimal interdisciplinary management from the healthcare team, including expert care from specially trained registered nurses (RNs). It is incumbent upon the RN caring for the ECMO patient to excel in both time management and assessment skills, as this population often demands care delivery at the pinnacle of intensive care unit (ICU) acuity. Astute and nuanced monitoring of neurological status, bleeding risk with potential (often massive) transfusions, poor hemodynamics, and integrity of the ECMO pump itself are only the few specialized areas of focus that must share priority with traditional nursing considerations involving the critically ill, such as prevention of pressure injuries and bloodstream infections. These high-intensity medical foci must be balanced with ethical considerations, as the ultimate goal of returning the patient to their normal life is not always possible. These demands highlight the dynamic proficiency of the RN caring for the ECMO patient. The following chapter will highlight the importance of specialized nursing care in the critically ill patient supported with ECMO.",book:{id:"7878",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",fullTitle:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - Volume 3"},signatures:"Alex Botsch, Elizabeth Protain, Amanda R. Smith and Ryan Szilagyi",authors:[{id:"298623",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Botsch",slug:"alexander-botsch",fullName:"Alexander Botsch"}]},{id:"66239",title:"Echocardiography Evaluation in ECMO Patients",slug:"echocardiography-evaluation-in-ecmo-patients",totalDownloads:2184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a special form of organ support for selected cases of cardiovascular and severe respiratory failure. Echocardiography is a diagnostic and monitoring tool widely used in all aspects of ECMO support. The pathophysiology of ECMO, and its distinct effects on cardiorespiratory physiology, requires an echocardiographer with high skills to understand the interaction between the ECMO and the patient. In this chapter, we present the main application of echocardiography in ECMO patients and some general concepts on the ECMO working. ECMO, such as the standard cardiopulmonary bypass employed in cardiac surgery, V-V (veno-venous), can support the insufficient respiratory system by oxygenating and removing carbon dioxide from the blood. VA-ECMO (venous-arterial) can support haemodynamics by providing mechanical circulatory assistance. Today, ECMO can be used as bridge to decision, waiting for the development of the clinical conditions to support with other devices the evolution of cardiorespiratory failure or stop the assistance. Echocardiography (transthoracic (TTE) or transoesophageal (TOE)) can be used primarily to take decisions regarding appropriateness of ECMO support, therefore to control cannula insertion and confirm final position, to modify number and position of the cannulae in case of malfunctioning of these, and, finally, to assess clinical progress and suitability for weaning from ECMO.",book:{id:"7878",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",fullTitle:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - Volume 3"},signatures:"Luigi Tritapepe, Ernesto Greco and Carlo Gaudio",authors:[{id:"284893",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Tritapepe",slug:"luigi-tritapepe",fullName:"Luigi Tritapepe"},{id:"294005",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Greco",slug:"ernesto-greco",fullName:"Ernesto Greco"},{id:"294006",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Gaudio",slug:"carlo-gaudio",fullName:"Carlo Gaudio"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"173",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:332,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:142,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. 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