More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\n
Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\n
IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\n
Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"420",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Efficient Decision Support Systems - Practice and Challenges in Biomedical Related Domain",title:"Efficient Decision Support Systems",subtitle:"Practice and Challenges in Biomedical Related Domain",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This series is directed to diverse managerial professionals who are leading the transformation of individual domains by using expert information and domain knowledge to drive decision support systems (DSSs). The series offers a broad range of subjects addressed in specific areas such as health care, business management, banking, agriculture, environmental improvement, natural resource and spatial management, aviation administration, and hybrid applications of information technology aimed to interdisciplinary issues. This book series is composed of three volumes: Volume 1 consists of general concepts and methodology of DSSs; Volume 2 consists of applications of DSSs in the biomedical domain; Volume 3 consists of hybrid applications of DSSs in multidisciplinary domains. The book is shaped decision support strategies in the new infrastructure that assists the readers in full use of the creative technology to manipulate input data and to transform information into useful decisions for decision makers.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-258-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5561-4",doi:"10.5772/937",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"efficient-decision-support-systems-practice-and-challenges-in-biomedical-related-domain",numberOfPages:342,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f38237e5aca617c1e07a6b2df2fbf370",bookSignature:"Chiang Jao",publishedDate:"September 6th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/420.jpg",numberOfDownloads:45436,numberOfWosCitations:33,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:45,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:98,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 7th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 4th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 10th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 24th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"5577",title:"Prof.",name:"Chiang",middleName:null,surname:"Jao",slug:"chiang-jao",fullName:"Chiang Jao",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5577/images/1789_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Chiang S. Jao, Ph.D., is chief biomedical informaticist with Tranformation Inc. based in Maryland. He has been involved in medical informatics since coming to University of Illinois at Chicago in 1992 to work on clinical decision support systems. His research was awarded the grant from National Patient Safety Foundation in investigating the matching of prescribing medications and clinical problems in electronic heath records. He was the visiting scholar in the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine and built a standard drug-problem database based on authoritative information from approved drug package inserts. He has extensive experience as a software consultant to healthcare institutions. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA). He has successfully published two INTECH book series of decision support systems in 2009 and 2011.",institutionString:null,position:"Chief Biomedical Informaticist",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"600",title:"Data Management System",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-data-management-system"}],chapters:[{id:"18693",title:"Challenges in Developing Effective Clinical Decision Support Systems",doi:"10.5772/17837",slug:"challenges-in-developing-effective-clinical-decision-support-systems1",totalDownloads:3672,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kamran Sartipi, Norman P. Archer and Mohammad H. Yarmand",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18693",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18693",authors:[{id:"29601",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamran",surname:"Sartipi",slug:"kamran-sartipi",fullName:"Kamran Sartipi"},{id:"36663",title:"Prof.",name:"Norman",surname:"Archer",slug:"norman-archer",fullName:"Norman Archer"},{id:"76639",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad H.",surname:"Yarmand",slug:"mohammad-h.-yarmand",fullName:"Mohammad H. Yarmand"}],corrections:null},{id:"18694",title:"Impacts and Risks of Adopting Clinical Decision Support Systems",doi:"10.5772/16265",slug:"impacts-and-risks-of-adopting-clinical-decision-support-systems",totalDownloads:3965,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Wilfred Bonney",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18694",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18694",authors:[{id:"24511",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfred",surname:"Bonney",slug:"wilfred-bonney",fullName:"Wilfred Bonney"}],corrections:null},{id:"18695",title:"Success Factors and Barriers for Implementation of Advanced Clinical Decision Support Systems",doi:"10.5772/16261",slug:"success-factors-and-barriers-for-implementation-of-advanced-clinical-decision-support-systems",totalDownloads:4868,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Anne-Marie J.W. Scheepers-Hoeks, Rene J. Grouls, Cees Neef, Eric W. Ackerman and Erik H. Korsten",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18695",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18695",authors:[{id:"24488",title:"MSc",name:"Anne-Marie",surname:"Scheepers-Hoeks",slug:"anne-marie-scheepers-hoeks",fullName:"Anne-Marie Scheepers-Hoeks"},{id:"25539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene",surname:"Grouls",slug:"rene-grouls",fullName:"Rene Grouls"},{id:"25540",title:"Prof.",name:"Cees",surname:"Neef",slug:"cees-neef",fullName:"Cees Neef"},{id:"25541",title:"MSc.",name:"Eric",surname:"Ackerman",slug:"eric-ackerman",fullName:"Eric Ackerman"},{id:"25542",title:"Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Korsten",slug:"erik-korsten",fullName:"Erik Korsten"}],corrections:null},{id:"18696",title:"Information Extraction Approach for Clinical Practice Guidelines Representation in a Medical Decision Support System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84026",slug:"information-extraction-approach-for-clinical-practice-guidelines-representation-in-a-medical-decisio",totalDownloads:2175,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fernando Pech-May, Ivan Lopez-Arevalo and Victor J. Sosa-Sosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18696",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18696",authors:[{id:"28491",title:"MSc",name:"Fernando",surname:"Pech-May",slug:"fernando-pech-may",fullName:"Fernando Pech-May"}],corrections:null},{id:"18697",title:"Guideline-Based Decision Support Systems for Prevention and Management of Chronic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/16882",slug:"guideline-based-decision-support-systems-for-prevention-and-management-of-chronic-diseases",totalDownloads:2248,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Niels Peek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18697",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18697",authors:[{id:"26582",title:"Dr.",name:"Niels",surname:"Peek",slug:"niels-peek",fullName:"Niels Peek"}],corrections:null},{id:"18698",title:"Emerging Information Technologies to Provide Improved Decision Support for Surveillance, Prevention, and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases",doi:"10.5772/16703",slug:"emerging-information-technologies-to-provide-improved-decision-support-for-surveillance-prevention-a",totalDownloads:2464,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Saul Lozano-Fuentes, Christopher M. Barker, Marlize Coleman, Michael Coleman, Bborie Park, William K. Reisen and Lars Eisen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18698",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18698",authors:[{id:"26081",title:"Dr.",name:"Lars",surname:"Eisen",slug:"lars-eisen",fullName:"Lars Eisen"},{id:"32921",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Barker",slug:"christopher-barker",fullName:"Christopher Barker"},{id:"32922",title:"Prof.",name:"Saul",surname:"Lozano-Fuentes",slug:"saul-lozano-fuentes",fullName:"Saul Lozano-Fuentes"},{id:"66678",title:"Mr.",name:"Bborie",surname:"Park",slug:"bborie-park",fullName:"Bborie Park"},{id:"66679",title:"Dr.",name:"Marlize",surname:"Coleman",slug:"marlize-coleman",fullName:"Marlize Coleman"},{id:"66681",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Coleman",slug:"michael-coleman",fullName:"Michael Coleman"},{id:"66682",title:"Dr.",name:"William K.",surname:"Reisen",slug:"william-k.-reisen",fullName:"William K. Reisen"}],corrections:null},{id:"18699",title:"Optimization Models, Statistical and DSS Tools for Prevention and Combat of Dengue Disease",doi:"10.5772/16857",slug:"optimization-models-statistical-and-dss-tools-for-prevention-and-combat-of-dengue-disease",totalDownloads:2877,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Marcos Negreiros, Adilson E. Xavier, Airton F. S. Xavier, Nelson Maculan, Philippe Michelon, José Wellington O. Lima and Luis Odorico M. Andrade",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18699",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18699",authors:[{id:"26496",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos José",surname:"Negreiros Gomes",slug:"marcos-jose-negreiros-gomes",fullName:"Marcos José Negreiros Gomes"},{id:"26508",title:"Prof.",name:"Adilson Elias",surname:"Xavier",slug:"adilson-elias-xavier",fullName:"Adilson Elias Xavier"},{id:"26509",title:"Prof.",name:"Airton Fontenele",surname:"Xavier",slug:"airton-fontenele-xavier",fullName:"Airton Fontenele Xavier"},{id:"26510",title:"Prof.",name:"Maculan",surname:"Nelson",slug:"maculan-nelson",fullName:"Maculan Nelson"},{id:"26511",title:"Prof.",name:"Michelon",surname:"Phillipe",slug:"michelon-phillipe",fullName:"Michelon Phillipe"},{id:"106578",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Odorico Monteiro De",surname:"Andrade",slug:"luis-odorico-monteiro-de-andrade",fullName:"Luis Odorico Monteiro De Andrade"},{id:"125111",title:"Dr.",name:"José Wellington De Oliveira",surname:"Lima",slug:"jose-wellington-de-oliveira-lima",fullName:"José Wellington De Oliveira Lima"}],corrections:null},{id:"18700",title:"A Decision Support System Based on Artificial Neural Networks for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnosis",doi:"10.5772/19834",slug:"a-decision-support-system-based-on-artificial-neural-networks-for-pulmonary-tuberculosis-diagnosis",totalDownloads:2446,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Carmen Maidantchik, José Manoel de Seixas, Felipe F. Grael, Rodrigo C. Torres, Fernando G. Ferreira, Andressa S. Gomes, José Márcio Faier, Jose Roberto Lapa e Silva, Fernanda C. de Q Mello, Afrânio Kritski and João Baptista de Oliveira e Souza Filho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18700",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18700",authors:[{id:"16962",title:"Dr.",name:"José M.",surname:"De Seixas",slug:"jose-m.-de-seixas",fullName:"José M. De Seixas"},{id:"27809",title:"Dr",name:"Carmen",surname:"Maidantchik",slug:"carmen-maidantchik",fullName:"Carmen Maidantchik"},{id:"36196",title:"Prof.",name:"Afranio",surname:"Kritski",slug:"afranio-kritski",fullName:"Afranio Kritski"},{id:"36197",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",surname:"Mello",slug:"fernanda-mello",fullName:"Fernanda Mello"},{id:"36289",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao",surname:"Souza",slug:"joao-souza",fullName:"Joao Souza"},{id:"73467",title:"Mr.",name:"Felipe",surname:"Fink Grael",slug:"felipe-fink-grael",fullName:"Felipe Fink Grael"},{id:"73468",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"C. Torres",slug:"rodrigo-c.-torres",fullName:"Rodrigo C. Torres"},{id:"73469",title:"Mr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"G. Ferreira",slug:"fernando-g.-ferreira",fullName:"Fernando G. Ferreira"},{id:"73471",title:"Ms.",name:"Andressa",surname:"Sivolella Gomes",slug:"andressa-sivolella-gomes",fullName:"Andressa Sivolella Gomes"},{id:"73472",title:"MSc",name:"José Márcio",surname:"Faier",slug:"jose-marcio-faier",fullName:"José Márcio Faier"},{id:"73475",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Roberto",surname:"Lapa E Silva",slug:"jose-roberto-lapa-e-silva",fullName:"Jose Roberto Lapa E Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"18701",title:"Temporal Knowledge Generation for Medical Procedures",doi:"10.5772/20289",slug:"temporal-knowledge-generation-for-medical-procedures",totalDownloads:1719,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Aida Kamišalić, David Riaño and Tatjana Welzer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18701",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18701",authors:[{id:"38269",title:"Mrs.",name:"Aida",surname:"Kamišalić Latifić",slug:"aida-kamisalic-latific",fullName:"Aida Kamišalić Latifić"},{id:"55673",title:"Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Riaño",slug:"david-riano",fullName:"David Riaño"},{id:"55674",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatjana",surname:"Welzer",slug:"tatjana-welzer",fullName:"Tatjana Welzer"}],corrections:null},{id:"18702",title:"Predicting Pathology in Medical Decision Support Systems in Endoscopy of the Gastrointestinal Tract",doi:"10.5772/16384",slug:"predicting-pathology-in-medical-decision-support-systems-in-endoscopy-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract",totalDownloads:1543,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Michael Liedlgruber and Andreas Uhl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18702",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18702",authors:[{id:"24914",title:"PhD.",name:"Michael",surname:"Liedlgruber",slug:"michael-liedlgruber",fullName:"Michael Liedlgruber"},{id:"31940",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",surname:"Uhl",slug:"andreas-uhl",fullName:"Andreas Uhl"}],corrections:null},{id:"18703",title:"Workflow and Clinical Decision Support for Radiation Oncology",doi:"10.5772/18728",slug:"workflow-and-clinical-decision-support-for-radiation-oncology",totalDownloads:4149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Daniel L McShan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18703",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18703",authors:[{id:"32384",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"McShan",slug:"daniel-mcshan",fullName:"Daniel McShan"}],corrections:null},{id:"18704",title:"Computerized Decision Support Systems for Mechanical Ventilation",doi:"10.5772/16299",slug:"computerized-decision-support-systems-for-mechanical-ventilation",totalDownloads:2611,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fleur T. Tehrani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18704",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18704",authors:[{id:"24653",title:"Prof.",name:"Fleur",surname:"Tehrani",slug:"fleur-tehrani",fullName:"Fleur Tehrani"}],corrections:null},{id:"18705",title:"Decision Support Systems in Anesthesia, Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine",doi:"10.5772/16957",slug:"decision-support-systems-in-anesthesia-emergency-medicine-and-intensive-care-medicine",totalDownloads:2236,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Thomas M. Hemmerling",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18705",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18705",authors:[{id:"26787",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Hemmerling",slug:"thomas-hemmerling",fullName:"Thomas Hemmerling"}],corrections:null},{id:"18706",title:"Decision Support by Visual Incidence Anamneses for Increased Patient Safety",doi:"10.5772/16850",slug:"decision-support-by-visual-incidence-anamneses-for-increased-patient-safety",totalDownloads:2131,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kerstin Ådahl and Rune Gustavsson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18706",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18706",authors:[{id:"26476",title:"Dr.",name:"Kerstin",surname:"Ådahl",slug:"kerstin-adahl",fullName:"Kerstin Ådahl"},{id:"119892",title:"Prof.",name:"Rune",surname:"Gustavsson",slug:"rune-gustavsson",fullName:"Rune Gustavsson"}],corrections:null},{id:"18707",title:"Pharmacoepidemiological Studies Using the Veterans Affairs Decision Support System",doi:"10.5772/16324",slug:"pharmacoepidemiological-studies-using-the-veterans-affairs-decision-support-system",totalDownloads:1778,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Benjamin Wolozin, Austin Lee, Nien-Chen Li and Lewis E. Kazis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18707",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18707",authors:[{id:"24721",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Wolozin",slug:"benjamin-wolozin",fullName:"Benjamin Wolozin"},{id:"44809",title:"Mr.",name:"Austin",surname:"Lee",slug:"austin-lee",fullName:"Austin Lee"},{id:"44810",title:"Mr.",name:"Anny",surname:"Li",slug:"anny-li",fullName:"Anny Li"},{id:"44811",title:"Mr.",name:"Lewis",surname:"Kazis",slug:"lewis-kazis",fullName:"Lewis Kazis"}],corrections:null},{id:"18708",title:"Decision Support Systems in Animal Health",doi:"10.5772/18558",slug:"decision-support-systems-in-animal-health",totalDownloads:2182,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nguyen Van Long, Mark Stevenson and Bryan O’Leary",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18708",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18708",authors:[{id:"31845",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Stevenson",slug:"mark-stevenson",fullName:"Mark Stevenson"}],corrections:null},{id:"18709",title:"Development of an Image Retrieval Model for Biomedical Image Databases",doi:"10.5772/16875",slug:"development-of-an-image-retrieval-model-for-biomedical-image-databases",totalDownloads:2372,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Achimugu Philip, Babajide Afolabi, Adeniran Oluwaranti and Oluwagbemi Oluwatolani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/18709",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/18709",authors:[{id:"26573",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip Ojonyi",surname:"Achimugu",slug:"philip-ojonyi-achimugu",fullName:"Philip Ojonyi Achimugu"},{id:"36159",title:"Prof.",name:"Babajide",surname:"Afolabi",slug:"babajide-afolabi",fullName:"Babajide Afolabi"},{id:"36160",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwatolani",surname:"Oluwagbemi",slug:"oluwatolani-oluwagbemi",fullName:"Oluwatolani Oluwagbemi"},{id:"79692",title:"Prof.",name:"Adeniran",surname:"Oluwaranti",slug:"adeniran-oluwaranti",fullName:"Adeniran Oluwaranti"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"157",title:"Efficient Decision Support Systems",subtitle:"Practice and Challenges From Current to Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb0fc6d4618f9bceccde50bc6375f025",slug:"efficient-decision-support-systems-practice-and-challenges-from-current-to-future",bookSignature:"Chiang Jao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5577",title:"Prof.",name:"Chiang",surname:"Jao",slug:"chiang-jao",fullName:"Chiang Jao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3153",title:"Decision Support Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bb801ae917b6cd0749a3388c1bcec0d",slug:"decision-support-systems",bookSignature:"Chiang S. Jao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3153.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5577",title:"Prof.",name:"Chiang",surname:"Jao",slug:"chiang-jao",fullName:"Chiang Jao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"419",title:"Efficient Decision Support Systems",subtitle:"Practice and Challenges in Multidisciplinary Domains",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"efficient-decision-support-systems-practice-and-challenges-in-multidisciplinary-domains",bookSignature:"Chiang Jao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/419.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5577",title:"Prof.",name:"Chiang",surname:"Jao",slug:"chiang-jao",fullName:"Chiang Jao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3070",title:"Decision Support Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a394eca4d225bb90196753ada8ff296",slug:"decision-support-systems_2012",bookSignature:"Chiang Jao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3070.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5577",title:"Prof.",name:"Chiang",surname:"Jao",slug:"chiang-jao",fullName:"Chiang Jao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-ch",title:"Corrigendum to: Soil Erosion Influencing Factors in the Semiarid Area of Northern Shaanxi Province, China",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73132.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73132",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73132",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73132",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73132",chapter:{id:"72647",slug:"soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-china",signatures:"Ning Ai, Qingke Zhu, Guangquan Liu and Tianxing Wei",dateSubmitted:"February 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"May 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"June 29th 2020",datePublished:"March 24th 2021",book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315343",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"319114",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ai",fullName:"Ning Ai",slug:"ning-ai",email:"aining_office@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319299",title:"Prof.",name:"Tianxing",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Tianxing Wei",slug:"tianxing-wei",email:"weitianxing925@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319300",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingke",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Qingke Zhu",slug:"qingke-zhu",email:"xiangmub@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319301",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangquan",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Guangquan Liu",slug:"guangquan-liu",email:"gqliu@iwhr.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"72647",slug:"soil-erosion-influencing-factors-in-the-semiarid-area-of-northern-shaanxi-province-china",signatures:"Ning Ai, Qingke Zhu, Guangquan Liu and Tianxing Wei",dateSubmitted:"February 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"May 22nd 2020",datePrePublished:"June 29th 2020",datePublished:"March 24th 2021",book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315343",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"319114",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ai",fullName:"Ning Ai",slug:"ning-ai",email:"aining_office@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319299",title:"Prof.",name:"Tianxing",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Tianxing Wei",slug:"tianxing-wei",email:"weitianxing925@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319300",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingke",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Qingke Zhu",slug:"qingke-zhu",email:"xiangmub@126.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Forestry University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"319301",title:"Prof.",name:"Guangquan",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Guangquan Liu",slug:"guangquan-liu",email:"gqliu@iwhr.com",position:null,institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},book:{id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Soil Moisture Importance",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",publishedDate:"March 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315343",title:"Dr.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12043",leadTitle:null,title:"Biodegradation - New Insights",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tModernization and technological development generate enormous amounts of waste which pollute everybody’s life and is a priority area of every nation to minimize or convert it into some value-added products. Waste is generated from various industries, municipal corporations, and processing units, rich in an organic and inorganic matter where its disposal is a challenging issue globally. Despite its bad impact on health and the environment, it could be cheap and easily available feedstock for health and environmental product or process using its recycling and reuse. Many processes have already been adapted for waste recycling and processing, but the biological process is more beneficial in terms of conversion efficiency and useful byproducts. Thus, biotechnological advancement led to biodegrading or bioremediation and converted into a simpler, non-toxic, non-hazardous, and eco-friendly way to overcome the demand for biomaterial, biochemicals, biofuel, bioenergy, etc. as an effective way of alternatives to traditional chemical-based products. Overall, bio-based processes will have a socio-economic benefit for the betterment of health, energy, and the environment. In relation to this, biocatalysis and bioprocess are two interconnected and the most popular processes. The Biocatalytic (enzymatic) process catalyzes almost all kinds of reactions, and microbial processes have great bioconversion potential. \r\n\tThis book will aim at the biodegradation of natural and artificial waste streams to value-added products using various biotechnological approaches of bioremediation, biocatalysis, bioengineering, bioprocessing, and nanotechnology for human benefits, including food, fuel, agriculture, environment, and healthcare sectors.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-078-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-077-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-079-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"8241477a4a935c8c292902d2768f4581",bookSignature:"Dr. Vasudeo Zambare and Dr. Mohd Fadhil Md Din",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12043.jpg",keywords:"Microbial Biodegradation, Dye Degradation, Biocatalyst and Biocatalysis, Lignocellulosic Biomasses, Biofuels and Biochemicals, Metabolic Engineering, Genetic Engineering, Food Waste, Agro Waste, Waste Recycling, Industrial Waste Bioconversion, Nanoparticles in biodegradation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 17th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 19th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 6th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 4th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"21 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Vasudeo Zambare is a Senior Scientist at Om Biotechnologies, INDIA. Dr. Zambare completed his Ph.D. degree in Biochemistry from Agharkar Research Institute of Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra (India), in 2007. He has made 3 patents and over 200 technical and scientific contributions (book chapters, books, patents, proceedings, popular articles, nucleotide sequences, conferences, and workshops).",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Mohd Fadhil Md Din is a Director of Campus Sustainability at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia. He has made over 278 technical and scientific contributions (book chapters, books, proceedings, popular articles, conferences, and workshops). He is honored by several funding grants of Million 4.35 MYR and 18 national-international prestigious awards.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"174690",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasudeo",middleName:null,surname:"Zambare",slug:"vasudeo-zambare",fullName:"Vasudeo Zambare",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174690/images/system/174690.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vasudeo Zambare is a Senior Scientist in the Departments of R & D, Om Biotechnologies, Nashik, Maharashtra, INDIA. Dr. Zambare completed his Ph.D. degree in Biochemistry from Agharkar Research Institute of Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra (India) in 2007. Dr. Vasudeo Zambare is a Senior Scientist at Om Biotechnologies, INDIA. He has made 3 patents and over 200 technical and scientific contributions (book chapters, books, patents, proceedings, popular articles, nucleotide sequences, conferences, workshops) and over 70 peer-reviewed journal articles. Dr. Zambare is a multi-skilled researcher with biorefinery-industry experience in the US, Canada, EU, and India. He has developed bioprocesses for the leather, textile, paper and pulp, and biofuel industries. More than 15 years of achievements in advancing knowledge by devising fermentation process development, assays and analytical methods to solve complex research problems with potential commercial applications (biofuel, food and pharmaceuticals). Additional to this, his research expertise includes an industrial enzyme, probiotics; extremophiles; biofertilizer, biopesticide; waste management, and leather bioprocessing.",institutionString:"Om Biotechnologies",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"241504",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Fadhil",middleName:null,surname:"Md Din",slug:"mohd-fadhil-md-din",fullName:"Mohd Fadhil Md Din",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT3FQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-08-04T10:30:45.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Fadhil Md Din graduated from UTM in 1999, also holding a Master of Engineering in 2001 after graduating a bachelor's degree in 1999 as a Tutor. Then, completed my Master's level under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azmi Aris (UTM, Malaysia). Then, further study under a double-program, between UTM (Malaysia) and TUDelft (The Netherlands). The study is comprehended with Dutch- Malaysian collaborations under the Ph.D. scheme, which usually for the mutual international networking under the supervision of Datuk Seri Prof. Ir. Dr. Zaini Ujang (UTM, Malaysia) and Prof. Ir. M.C.M. van Loosdrecht (TU Delft, The Netherlands). He has made over 278 technical and scientific contributions (book chapters, books, proceedings, popular articles, conferences, and workshops). He is honored by several funding grants and prestigious awards. He is now working under campus sustainability as a champion in the environmental and sustainable operational framework on the campus. His expertise in environmental sciences and application, environmental management system (EMS), environmental impact assessment (EIA), risk management, and transportation projects (mobility transformational agenda). He involves in environmental science and engineering for undergraduate and postgraduate courses, specializing in water and wastewater treatment, biotechnology and bioengineering, fundamental chemical sciences, and river rehabilitation, particularly issues related to developing countries. He received several awards and recognition from various categories, national and international levels.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453624",firstName:"Martina",lastName:"Scerbe",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453624/images/20399_n.jpg",email:"martina.s@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"72195",title:"Energy Harvesting Technology for IoT Edge Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92565",slug:"energy-harvesting-technology-for-iot-edge-applications",body:'
1. Introduction
The technological advancement in energy-efficient low-power hardware vanquished the need of AC current for IoT-based embedded systems, making them suitable for remote applications. The number of new applications including weather data estimation and real-time parameter monitoring is gaining ground with the evolution of different environmental sensors and telemetry applications. Energy harvesting technologies together with low-power platforms and energy-efficient storage technologies allow edge devices, IoTs and embedded systems to work in remote areas.
A report published on energy efficiency of the Internet of things (IoTs) focuses attention on the utilization of edge devices in various applications, and most of these applications are battery driven, which are having limited lifespan (Figure 1). The objective of the proposed chapter is to highlight the potential of energy harvesting technologies that can reduce the dependency on fixed charge batteries and lead to interrupted device operation. The chapter covers the discussion on basic elements of an energy harvesting system, enumerates possible energy resources and quantifies the potential of different harvesting technologies including photovoltaic cells, piezoelectric materials, thermoelectric and electromagnetic generators and electrostatic motors.
Figure 1.
Share of renewable energy resources in total energy consumption, 2016 [1].
2. IoT and IoT edge devices
Internet of things abbreviated as IoT leads to ambient intelligence that is based on the connectivity of people and things and utilizes the adaptive and sensitive electronic environment to address the need of the things around. Diab et al. [2] summarized six essential building blocks of IoT-based system, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Essential building blocks of an IoT-based system.
Deployment of IoT-based systems in remote locations demands unattended operation over long time spans. In achieving this target, constant power supply and energy efficiency are the key challenges. Energy harvesting allows on-site charging of the storage devices and thus leads to an uninterrupted sensor node operation. In addition to it, edge devices control the flow of information between two network boundaries. Basically, the edge devices are utilized by service providers and act as entry and end points for a network. Their primary functions include processing, filtering, translation and storage of data and transmission and routing of data within the network [3].
In order to attain intelligence systems with advance features and to gain more computing power, IoT-based applications make use of edge devices. This process of using logical physical locations and decentralized processes is called edge computing [4].
Edge router is the most common type of edge devices and acts as the gateway between the different networks [5]. The primary function of the edge router is to connect a wide area network or a campus network with the Internet. Firewalls are the category of edge devices which are located on the margins of network and perform filtering of processed data during transmission between external and internal networks [6]. Further, different types of sensors/actuators and other types of end terminals also act as edge devices. The figure given below encapsulates the different types of end devices and their role in the network (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Edge devices in IoT-based system.
If the number of IoT devices is connected in a system, edge devices provide distributed operation among them using dynamic host configuration protocol and domain name systems [7].
2.1 Importance of edge technology
The conventional cloud computing network being a centralized network collects the data at the outermost layer and sends it to the server for further procedure. Limited hardware capabilities of the devices especially near the network edge are the main reasons behind this setup. These devices have limited functionality, limited power capabilities and limited storage capacity that restrict them to process or analyse the gathered data. With the advancement of miniaturization techniques in fabrication, present day IoT devices have capabilities of handling large data. This feature leads to optimized network operations by collecting data at edge terminals and relocating advance processing functions in real time [8].
Thus edge computing ensures processing of data where it is created rather than routing the data to data centres for processing. This feature leads to improved response time to milliseconds and optimum usage of network resources.
2.2 Advantages of enabling edge computing for IoTs
Reduced data exposure and reduced network load: Real-time data handling by the edge devices with advance processing and storage capabilities prevent the data to route through the whole network and enhance the offline capabilities by making the apps independent from uninterrupted network connection.
Reduced delay: IoT edge computing devices optimize the network performance by reducing delay or latency parameter. By storing and processing the data in edge data processing units, real-time computing is possible instead of communicating with the cloud server for each interaction.
Secure communication: Since edge computing architecture deals with distributive nature of collecting, processing and storing the data among the large range of data centres and edge devices, it is not easy for an intruder to demolish the privacy and security of the network [9].
2.3 Industry benefits
Efficient massive data processing
Local data handling ensures security of sensitive data
Quick response time with smart devices and applications
Cloud-based deployments of edge devices and data exchange features between edge and cloud is the next generation build out for 5G communication by telecommunication sector. High-speed network response with very low latency factor is the target where data compilation is carried out at the edge devices and reports are sent to the central cloud for storage. This feature eliminates the unnecessary data movement over the network [10].
3. Energy harvesting technology
Energy harvesting is a process through which energy is derived from external resources and captured energy is converted into electrical energy through energy harvesting device. The various resources are tabulated in Table 1 that can be used for conversion.
List of various energy resources and their source.
Basically, an energy harvesting system comprised of three main components including application specific transducer, an interface circuit with or without storage device and receiver. The transducer or energy harvesting unit harvests the energy from the ambient sources and converts them in electrical form. The function of the interface unit is to extract maximum amount of energy from the harvesting unit and make the energy level compatible with the specific receiver or load. This has been accomplished with different power management approaches including voltage regulation or rectification [20], etc. The receiver may include different sensors, transducers or any other electronic circuit. The presence of storage unit avoids the start-up problem and energy depletion state in case of large interval in harvesting cycles. Figure 4 shows the basic block diagram of an energy harvesting system:
Figure 4.
Basic building blocks of an energy harvesting system.
4. Requirement for energy harvesting in IoT
Energy harvesting is a promising solution to power IoTs especially when they are installed in inaccessible areas and regular battery maintenance is not possible. Energy harvesting approach extends the life cycle of the device and eliminates the constraint of fixed charge batteries as an energy source. Some key factors are enlisted below that highlight the requirements for energy harvesting technology in IoT applications.
4.1 Power
The energy harvester should generate power at least of the order of milliwatts to sustain in IoT domain applications. Table 2 shows the potential production of different energy harvesting technologies.
S. No.
Energy harvesting technology
Potential production
Industrialization
1
Thermoelectric
10 μW–1 kW
Widespread production
2
Photovoltaic
1 μW–1 MW
3
Electrodynamic
0.1 μW–1 MW
4
Piezoelectric
10 μW–100 W
5
Capacitative electrets movement harvesting
0.1 μW–1 mW
Research
6
Pyroelectric
7
Capacitive without electrets
0.1 μW–1 MW
8
Triboelectric
7
Radio frequency waves
0.1 μW–1 mW
Limited production
8
Magnetostrictive
10 μW–1 MW
Major trials
Table 2.
Different energy harvesting technologies and their potential production [21].
In conjunction to the survey given in Table 2, an overview of power consumption of different electronic modules has been depicted in Table 3. The survey reflects that the operating range of different IoT devices and sensors is in between 0.1 μW and 1 W, which can easily be handled by energy harvesting devices. Since ambient resources are stochastic in nature, energy demand and supply may not be time synchronized; the presence of backup storage devices and effective power management electronics is essential to deliver power from harvester to IoT devices in time.
S. No.
Electronic module
Power range
1
Watch/calculator
1 μW
2
RFID tag
10 μW
3
Sensors/remotes
100 μW
4
Wireless sensors/hearing aid
1 mW
5
Bluetooth transceiver
10 mW
6
Global positioning system(GPS)
100 mW
Table 3.
Overview of power consumption by different IoT modules and sensors [22, 23, 24].
4.2 Size scaling
With the advancement in integrated circuit technology, the size of the IoT devices is not an issue as number of features can be integrated on a single chip. The battery used in conventional module designs generally has a life cycle of 1 year and is the key factor in overall weight and size of the module. As an alternative to the fixed charge batteries, the size of the energy harvesting unit is application specific and should not be greater than the previous energy storage. The scalability of the energy harvesting unit with the size of IoT module should be ideal.
4.3 Cost factor
Conventional battery is an economical product because of the mass production, which leads to cost-sensitive production of battery-driven IoT devices. On the other hand, integrating energy harvesting technique into the module will increase the cost. This cost will include the component cost together with the redevelopment cost of the device because implanting an energy harvesting device on the top of the conventional module is not a practical solution and whole internal design gets modified. Figure 5 shows the development process of rechargeable sensors and validates the above statement.
Figure 5.
Development procedure of rechargeable sensors.
5. Constraints and potentials of energy harvesting technique
5.1 Constraints
The constraints in practical implementation of energy harvesting techniques in IoT domain are as follows:
High cost as compared to the conventional batteries is the most important constraint to be considered.
The second barrier is the size of the harvesting module, which increases as per the energy demands.
Energy storage unit is essential for uninterrupted sensor node operation.
5.2 Potentials
Although the additional cost is a barrier for mass production of harvesting modules and power requirements of some technologies may not be in the range of harvesting technologies, there are high possibilities in wide spread adaption of energy harvesting technology. Few of them are enlisted below:
The estimated life cycle of an energy harvesting module is above 5 years. In a survey, it has been observed that some energy harvesting units are working smoothly from the last 15 years without hardware degradation [25]. Thus, regular hardware servicing is not required in inaccessible locations.
The evolution of advance low-power electronic hardware together with the cloud computing for data processing further reduces the energy consumption in electronics and increases the feasibility of energy harvesting.
A high factor of energy saving can be in building automation where copper wires, materials, installation and maintenance cost can be reduced by energy harvesting approach.
With the growth of IoT industry, more energy harvesting modules will be implemented that will in turn reduce the cost.
6. Energy harvesting standards
Interoperability between different end systems is an important criterion for the successful adaption of energy harvesting techniques in different applications. To achieve this target, there are three standard policies, which are depicted in Figure 6. The EnOcean Alliance follows the standardization of communication profiles (EnOcean Equipment Profiles) to ensure that the entire product range including rechargeable sensors, wireless switches and controls can communicate with each other. The EnOcean wireless standard is geared to wireless sensors and wireless sensor networks with ultra-low-power consumption and also includes sensor networks with energy harvesting technology.
Figure 6.
Implementation of energy harvesting platform.
The EnOcean wireless standard became the standard ISO/IEC 14543-3-10:2012 in 2012. The standard is applicable to Information technology, Home electronic system, wireless short packet protocol and optimized for energy harvesting, its architecture and lower layer protocols. The proposed protocol supports energy harvested products for IoT sensors and switches designed without wires and batteries. The standard allows low-power consumption of sensors and switches by transmitting multiple short transmissions and appropriate frequency bands with adequate signal propagation and minimum interference.
6.1 Socio-economic applications
In this section socio-economic application of energy harvesting technology has been discussed, and their market share has been depicted in Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Energy harvesting market share under different sectors.
Energy harvesting power sensors
Renewal of battery-operated power sensors with energy harvesting-based rechargeable wireless sensors is the prime factor in the growth of energy harvesting market. Rechargeable sensors are becoming the first choice for the deployment in remote or inaccessible locations where it is not possible to replace the batteries frequently especially in offshore oil, gas systems or sensitive military areas [26]. Further, autonomous or rechargeable sensors are environment friendly as they do not contain any harmful metal or chemical for the environment.
Benefits for primary industry
The energy harvesting market in primary industry sector was sized at EUR 130 million in 2014 and predicted to reach EUR 380 at the end of 2020 [27]. To enhance the reliability and availability of industrial processes, energy harvesting devices are employed in primary industry sector.
Benefits for defence industry
Energy harvesting technology has been increasingly used in defence sector as it leads to the way where heavy battery packs are replaced by autonomous or rechargeable devices. Solar photovoltaic-based autonomous aerial unmanned vehicles called Drones are the great achievement for military applications. According to the latest survey, energy harvesting-based defence applications target EUR 730 million by 2020 [27] (Table 4).
Application
Edge devices
Energy source
Smart industry
Remote control of machines
Machines
Main power supply
Real-time monitoring of machine wear
Appropriate sensors
Main power supply
Diagnostics of machines
Appropriate sensors
Main power supply
Surveillance of maintenance conditions
Appropriate sensors
Main power supply; energy harvested source
Inventory management and asset tracking
RFID tag
Passive energy source; energy harvested source
Smart pipeline management
Dedicated sensors, e.g. thermal, pressure, humidity, etc.
Energy harvested source
Table 4.
Application and energy sources of edge devices for smart industries.
Benefits for transport industry
Different transportation media offer various forms of energy that can be harvested by different means. For instance, solar panels installed on the road collect the solar energy and convert it into electrical form through walking or driving. Similarly, vibration energy generated through various transportation means can be utilized for energy harvesting. It is estimated that transportation sector can target EUR 310 million by 2020 [27] (Table 5).
Application area
Application
Edge devices
Energy source
Smart transportation
Smart roads
Energy collector roads
Pressure- or vibration-based energy harvesting technology
Smart sensor in roads
Vibration, RF or thermal-based energy harvesting technology
Smart lightening system for roads
Main power supply; solar- or vibration-based energy harvesting system
Real-time monitoring of traffic congestion
GPS system in cars
On board or rechargeable battery
Car-to-car communication system
Inbuilt devices in car
On board or rechargeable battery
Car-to-infrastructure communication system
Inbuilt devices in car
On board or rechargeable battery; solar- or vibration-based energy harvesting system
Table 5.
Application and energy source of edge devices for smart transportation.
Benefits for residential and commercial sites
Energy harvesting will be an essential feature for the upcoming trend of home automation and smart housing. This is because of the reason that energy harvesting technology will reduce the large-size batteries for mobile devices. Rapid growth of IoT devices is also possible with energy harvesting as it facilitates rechargeable power supply with low installation and maintenance cost. The market value of this sector is expected to reach EUR 1750 million at the end of 2020 [27] (Table 6).
Target area
Application
Edge device
Energy source
Smart home
Home automation
Actuators
Main power supply
Camera
Main power supply
Gateway
Main power supply
Smart sensors including humidity sensor, temperature sensor, fire sensor and door sensor
Energy harvesting source of light or thermal energy
Sensors connected with mains
Main power supply
Smart lightening system
LED bulbs
Main power supply
Hub; gateway
Main power supply
Smart light switches
Vibration- or pressure-based energy harvesting source
Smart workplace
Workspace automation
Main server
Main power supply
Actuators
Main power supply
Sensors
Energy harvesting source of light or thermal energy
Gateways
Main power supply
Control system
Reporting time, access control
Main power supply
Badge
Passive source of energy
Gas sensor, motion sensor, smoke sensor
Energy harvesting source of light or thermal energy
Window/door sensor
Energy harvesting source of light or vibration energy
Table 6.
Application and energy source of edge devices for smart home and working area.
7. Communication protocols used in IoT systems
Various communication protocols with their different positive and negative attributes have been used to communicate with the network through IoT devices. Table 7 enlists different communication protocols along with their properties.
Communication protocol
Power
Data rate
Distance covered
ZigBee
50 mW
250 kb/s; for medium data rate applications
25 m; for medium distance communication
Wi-Fi
Greater than 500 mW
Greater than 100 Mb/s; for high data rate applications
10 m; for low distance communication
LoRa
100 mW
1 kb/s; for low data rate applications
500 m; for high distance communication
Bluetooth
10 mW
1 Mb/s; for high data rate applications
10 m; for low distance communication
Table 7.
Different communication protocols with their properties.
8. Summary
Different levels of technical maturity are available with different types of ambient energy resources and corresponding energy harvesting techniques. The magnitude of available power from different sources ranges from microwatts to milliwatts. This range is suitable for a variety of IoT devices and related applications. Some practical implementations of energy harvesters are surveyed in the literature that offers power to drive IoT devices. But there are various technical constraints that limit the worldwide implementation of energy harvesting technology. These issues need to be addressed to satisfy the future demands of the world.
\n',keywords:"energy harvesting, edge devices, IoTs, standards",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72195.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72195.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72195",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72195",totalDownloads:606,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:34,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2019",dateReviewed:"April 15th 2020",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 14th 2021",dateFinished:"May 16th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The integration of energy harvesting technologies with Internet of things (IoTs) leads to the automation of building and homes. The IoT edge devices, which include end user equipment connected to the networks and interact with other networks and devices, may be located in remote locations where the main power is not available or battery replacement is not feasible. The energy harvesting technologies can reduce or eliminate the need of batteries for edge devices by using super capacitors or rechargeable batteries to recharge them in the field. The proposed chapter provides a brief discussion about possible energy harvesting technologies and their potential power densities and techniques to minimize power requirements of edge devices, so that energy harvesting solutions will be sufficient to meet the power requirements.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72195",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72195",book:{id:"10150",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things"},signatures:"Amandeep Sharma and Pawandeep Sharma",authors:[{id:"294785",title:"Mrs.",name:"Amandeep",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Amandeep Sharma",slug:"amandeep-sharma",email:"amandeep.ece@cumail.in",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"316812",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pawndeep",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Pawndeep Sharma",slug:"pawndeep-sharma",email:"pawandeepsharma.uic@cumail.in",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Chandigarh University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. IoT and IoT edge devices",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Importance of edge technology",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Advantages of enabling edge computing for IoTs",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Industry benefits",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Energy harvesting technology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Requirement for energy harvesting in IoT",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.1 Power",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.2 Size scaling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.3 Cost factor",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Constraints and potentials of energy harvesting technique",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.1 Constraints",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"5.2 Potentials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"6. Energy harvesting standards",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"6.1 Socio-economic applications",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"7. Communication protocols used in IoT systems",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"8. Summary",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Gondal IA. Offshore renewable energy resources and their potential in a green hydrogen supply chain through power-to-gas. Sustainable Energy & Fuels. 2019;3(6):1468-1489'},{id:"B2",body:'Diab A, Mitschele-Thiel A. Self-organization activities in LTE-advanced networks. In: Handbook of Research on Progressive Trends in Wireless Communications and Networking. Pennsylvania, US: IGI Global; 2014. pp. 67-98'},{id:"B3",body:'Hassan N, Gillani S, Ahmed E, Yaqoob I, Imran M. The role of edge computing in internet of things. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2018;56(11):110-115'},{id:"B4",body:'Chen B, Wan J, Celesti A, Li D, Abbas H, Zhang Q. Edge computing in IoT-based manufacturing. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2018;56(9):103-109'},{id:"B5",body:'Jutila M. An adaptive edge router enabling internet of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2016;3(6):1061-1069'},{id:"B6",body:'Kubler S, Främling K, Buda A. A standardized approach to deal with firewall and mobility policies in the IoT. Pervasive and Mobile Computing. 2015;20:100-114'},{id:"B7",body:'Maheshwari N, Dagale H. Secure communication and firewall architecture for IoT applications. In: 2018 10th International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS). IEEE; 2018. pp. 328-335'},{id:"B8",body:'Li H, Ota K, Dong M. Learning IoT in edge: Deep learning for the internet of things with edge computing. IEEE Network. 2018;32(1):96-101'},{id:"B9",body:'El-Sayed H, Sankar S, Prasad M, Puthal D, Gupta A, Mohanty M, et al. Edge of things: The big picture on the integration of edge, IoT and the cloud in a distributed computing environment. IEEE Access. 2017;6:1706-1717'},{id:"B10",body:'Sun X, Ansari N. EdgeIoT: Mobile edge computing for the internet of things. IEEE Communications Magazine. 2016;54(12):22-29'},{id:"B11",body:'Guilar NJ, Kleeburg TJ, Chen A, Yankelevich DR, Amirtharajah R. Integrated solar energy harvesting and storage. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems. 2009;17(5):627-637'},{id:"B12",body:'Giuppi F, NIoTaki K, Collado A, Georgiadis A. Challenges in energy harvesting techniques for autonomous self-powered wireless sensors. In: 2013 European Microwave Conference. Nuremberg, Germany: IEEE; 2013. pp. 854-857'},{id:"B13",body:'Yu H, Zhou J, Deng L, Wen Z. A vibration-based MEMS piezoelectric energy harvester and power conditioning circuit. Sensors. 2014;14(2):3323-3341'},{id:"B14",body:'Kanno I. Piezoelectric MEMS for energy harvesting. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2015;660(1):012001'},{id:"B15",body:'Gorlatova M, Sarik J, Grebla G, Cong M, Kymissis I, Zussman G. Movers and shakers: Kinetic energy harvesting for the internet of things. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 2015;33(8):1624-1639'},{id:"B16",body:'Caliò R, Rongala UB, Camboni D, Milazzo M, Stefanini C, de Petris G, et al. Piezoelectric energy harvesting solutions. Sensors. 2014;14(3):4755-4790'},{id:"B17",body:'Goudar V, Ren Z, Brochu P, Potkonjak M, Pei Q. Optimizing the output of a human-powered energy harvesting system with miniaturization and integrated control. IEEE Sensors Journal. 2013;14(7):2084-2091'},{id:"B18",body:'Rao Y, McEachern KM, Arnold DP. A compact human-powered energy harvesting system. Energy Harvesting and Systems. 2014;1(1-2):89-100'},{id:"B19",body:'Kim S, Vyas R, Bito J, NIoTaki K, Collado A, Georgiadis A, et al. Ambient RF energy-harvesting technologies for self-sustainable standalone wireless sensor platforms. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2014;102(11):1649-1666'},{id:"B20",body:'Vullers RJ, van Schaijk R, Doms I, Van Hoof C, Mertens R. Micropower energy harvesting. Solid State Electronics. 2009;53(7):684-693'},{id:"B21",body:'Hassan HA, Nuaymi L, Pelov A. Renewable energy in cellular networks: A survey. In: 2013 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications (OnlineGreenComm). IEEE; 2013. pp. 1-7'},{id:"B22",body:'Yang Y, Zhou K, Blaabjerg F. Enhancing the frequency adaptability of periodic current controllers with a fixed sampling rate for grid-connected power converters. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2015;31(10):7273-7285'},{id:"B23",body:'Available from: https://www.psma.com/HTML/newsletter/Q2_2012/page8.html'},{id:"B24",body:'Available from: https://www.powerelectronics.com/power-management/power-management-chapter-13-energy-harvesting'},{id:"B25",body:'Chiriac S, Rosales B. An ambient assisted living monitoring system for activity recognition–results from the first evaluation stages. In: Ambient Assisted Living. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. pp. 15-28'},{id:"B26",body:'Peter H, Raghu D. Energy Harvesting and Storage for Electronic Devices 2010-2020; 2010'},{id:"B27",body:'Adila AS, Husam A, Husi G. Towards the self-powered Internet of Things (IoT) by energy harvesting: Trends and technologies for green IoT. In: 2018 2nd International Symposium on Small-Scale Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (SIMS). Cavan, Ireland: IEEE; 2018. pp. 1-5'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Amandeep Sharma",address:"amandeep.ece@cumail.in",affiliation:'
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandigarh University, India
University Institute of Computing, Chandigarh University, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10150",type:"book",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",fullTitle:"Smart Manufacturing - When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",publishedDate:"January 14th 2021",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC 4.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-649-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-087-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-650-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1356"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"73063",type:"chapter",title:"Remote Management of Autonomous Factory",slug:"remote-management-of-autonomous-factory",totalDownloads:397,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yen Kheng Tan and Felix George",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng"},{id:"315449",title:"Mr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"George",fullName:"Felix George",slug:"felix-george"}]},{id:"72166",type:"chapter",title:"Optimization of Manufacturing Production and Process",slug:"optimization-of-manufacturing-production-and-process",totalDownloads:563,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"YinQuan Yu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"313886",title:"Prof.",name:"Yinquan",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Yinquan Yu",slug:"yinquan-yu"}]},{id:"72826",type:"chapter",title:"Interlinking Industry 4.0 and Academia through Robotics and Automation: An Indian Perspective",slug:"interlinking-industry-4-0-and-academia-through-robotics-and-automation-an-indian-perspective",totalDownloads:436,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Prajwal Prabhu, Subin Raj and Abhra Roy Chowdhury",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"175439",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhra Roy",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",fullName:"Abhra Roy Chowdhury",slug:"abhra-roy-chowdhury"},{id:"321202",title:"Dr.",name:"Subin",middleName:null,surname:"Raj",fullName:"Subin Raj",slug:"subin-raj"},{id:"321203",title:"Dr.",name:"Prajwal",middleName:null,surname:"Prabhu",fullName:"Prajwal Prabhu",slug:"prajwal-prabhu"}]},{id:"72044",type:"chapter",title:"Applications of Machine Learning in Healthcare",slug:"applications-of-machine-learning-in-healthcare",totalDownloads:1034,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Christopher Toh and James P. Brody",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"313941",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Toh",fullName:"Christopher Toh",slug:"christopher-toh"},{id:"314005",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Brody",fullName:"James Brody",slug:"james-brody"}]},{id:"72644",type:"chapter",title:"Radio Systems and Computing at the Edge for IoT Sensor Nodes",slug:"radio-systems-and-computing-at-the-edge-for-iot-sensor-nodes",totalDownloads:415,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Malcolm H. Smith",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"315406",title:"Dr.",name:"Malcolm",middleName:"H.",surname:"Smith",fullName:"Malcolm Smith",slug:"malcolm-smith"}]},{id:"72195",type:"chapter",title:"Energy Harvesting Technology for IoT Edge Applications",slug:"energy-harvesting-technology-for-iot-edge-applications",totalDownloads:606,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Amandeep Sharma and Pawandeep Sharma",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"294785",title:"Mrs.",name:"Amandeep",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Amandeep Sharma",slug:"amandeep-sharma"},{id:"316812",title:"Mrs.",name:"Pawndeep",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Pawndeep Sharma",slug:"pawndeep-sharma"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"135",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",subtitle:"Application - Centric Design",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-application-centric-design",bookSignature:"Geoff V Merrett and Yen Kheng Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/135.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12464",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks - An Introduction",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-an-introduction",signatures:"Qinghua Wang and Ilangko Balasingham",authors:[{id:"13799",title:"Dr.",name:"Qinghua",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Qinghua Wang",slug:"qinghua-wang"},{id:"23809",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilangko",middleName:null,surname:"Balasingham",fullName:"Ilangko Balasingham",slug:"ilangko-balasingham"}]},{id:"12465",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks for On-Field Agricultural Management Process",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-for-on-field-agricultural-management-process",signatures:"Luca Bencini, Davide Di Palma, Giovanni Collodi, Antonio Manes and Gianfranco Manes",authors:[{id:"13653",title:"PhD.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Bencini",fullName:"Luca Bencini",slug:"luca-bencini"},{id:"15596",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Collodi",fullName:"Giovanni Collodi",slug:"giovanni-collodi"},{id:"15597",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Di Palma",fullName:"Davide Di Palma",slug:"davide-di-palma"},{id:"15598",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Manes",fullName:"Antonio Manes",slug:"antonio-manes"},{id:"15599",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianfranco",middleName:null,surname:"Manes",fullName:"Gianfranco Manes",slug:"gianfranco-manes"}]},{id:"12466",title:"Wildlife Assessment Using Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"wildlife-assessment-using-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Harry Gros-desormeaux, Philippe Hunel and Nicolas Vidot",authors:[{id:"15994",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Vidot",fullName:"Nicolas Vidot",slug:"nicolas-vidot"},{id:"15995",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Hunel",fullName:"Philippe Hunel",slug:"philippe-hunel"},{id:"15996",title:"Dr.",name:"Harry",middleName:null,surname:"Gros-Desormeaux",fullName:"Harry Gros-Desormeaux",slug:"harry-gros-desormeaux"}]},{id:"12467",title:"Wireless Sensor Network for Disaster Monitoring",slug:"wireless-sensor-network-for-disaster-monitoring",signatures:"Maneesha Sudheer",authors:[{id:"13863",title:"Dr.",name:"Maneesha",middleName:null,surname:"Sudheer",fullName:"Maneesha Sudheer",slug:"maneesha-sudheer"}]},{id:"12468",title:"Urban Microclimate and Traffic Monitoring with Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"urban-microclimate-and-traffic-monitoring-with-mobile-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Romano Fantacci and Francesco Chiti",authors:[{id:"14661",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Chiti",fullName:"Francesco Chiti",slug:"francesco-chiti"},{id:"14672",title:"Prof.",name:"Romano",middleName:null,surname:"Fantacci",fullName:"Romano Fantacci",slug:"romano-fantacci"}]},{id:"12469",title:"Improving Greenhouse's Automation and Data Acquisition with Mobile Robot Controlled System via Wireless Sensor Network",slug:"improving-greenhouse-s-automation-and-data-acquisition-with-mobile-robot-controlled-system-via-wirel",signatures:"István Matijevics and Janos Simon",authors:[{id:"14541",title:"PhD.",name:"Janos",middleName:null,surname:"Simon",fullName:"Janos Simon",slug:"janos-simon"},{id:"15548",title:"Dr.",name:"István",middleName:null,surname:"Matijevics",fullName:"István Matijevics",slug:"istvan-matijevics"}]},{id:"12470",title:"Model Based WSN System Implementations Using PN-WSNA for Aquarium Environment Control in a House",slug:"model-based-wsn-system-implementations-using-pn-wsna-for-aquarium-environment-control-in-a-house",signatures:"Ting-Shuo Chen and Kuo Chung-Hsien",authors:[{id:"5793",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Hsien",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",fullName:"Chung-Hsien Kuo",slug:"chung-hsien-kuo"},{id:"16021",title:"Dr.",name:"Ting-Shuo",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Ting-Shuo Chen",slug:"ting-shuo-chen"}]},{id:"12471",title:"Wireless Sensor Network for Ambient Assisted Living",slug:"wireless-sensor-network-for-ambient-assisted-living",signatures:"Ramón Ruiz, Francisco J. Fernández-luque and Juan Zapata",authors:[{id:"13662",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Zapata",fullName:"Juan Zapata",slug:"juan-zapata"},{id:"15647",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz",fullName:"Ramón Ruiz",slug:"ramon-ruiz"},{id:"15648",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Luque",fullName:"Francisco J. Fernández-Luque",slug:"francisco-j.-fernandez-luque"}]},{id:"12472",title:"Monitoring of Human Movements for Fall Detection and Activities Recognition in Elderly Care Using Wireless Sensor Network: a Survey",slug:"monitoring-of-human-movements-for-fall-detection-and-activities-recognition-in-elderly-care-using-wi",signatures:"Stefano Abbate, Marco Avvenuti, Paolo Corsini, Janet Light and Alessio Vecchio",authors:[{id:"14025",title:"MSc.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Abbate",fullName:"Stefano Abbate",slug:"stefano-abbate"},{id:"15973",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Avvenuti",fullName:"Marco Avvenuti",slug:"marco-avvenuti"},{id:"15974",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Corsini",fullName:"Paolo Corsini",slug:"paolo-corsini"},{id:"15975",title:"PhD.",name:"Alessio",middleName:null,surname:"Vecchio",fullName:"Alessio Vecchio",slug:"alessio-vecchio"},{id:"15976",title:"Prof.",name:"Janet",middleName:null,surname:"Light",fullName:"Janet Light",slug:"janet-light"}]},{id:"12473",title:"Odor Recognition and Localization Using Sensor Networks",slug:"odor-recognition-and-localization-using-sensor-networks",signatures:"Rabie Ramadan",authors:[{id:"13612",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabie",middleName:null,surname:"Ramadan",fullName:"Rabie Ramadan",slug:"rabie-ramadan"}]},{id:"12474",title:"Modelling Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"modelling-underwater-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Jesus Antonio Llor Sirvent and Manuel Perez Malumbres",authors:[{id:"13934",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Llor Sirvent",fullName:"Jesus Antonio Llor Sirvent",slug:"jesus-antonio-llor-sirvent"},{id:"15622",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Malumbres",fullName:"Manuel Perez Malumbres",slug:"manuel-perez-malumbres"}]},{id:"12475",title:"Prospects and Problems of Optical Diffuse Wireless Communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"prospects-and-problems-of-optical-diffuse-wireless-communication-for-underwater-wireless-sensor-netw",signatures:"Davide Anguita, Davide Brizzolara and Giancarlo Parodi",authors:[{id:"15658",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Brizzolara",fullName:"Davide Brizzolara",slug:"davide-brizzolara"}]},{id:"12476",title:"Estimation of Propagation Characteristics along Random Rough Surface for Sensor Networks",slug:"estimation-of-propagation-characteristics-along-random-rough-surface-for-sensor-networks-",signatures:"Kazunori Uchida and Junichi Honda",authors:[{id:"15667",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Uchida",fullName:"Kazunori Uchida",slug:"kazunori-uchida"}]},{id:"12477",title:"Design of Radio-Frequency Transceivers for Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"design-of-radio-frequency-transceivers-for-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Bo Zhao and Huazhong Yang",authors:[{id:"14787",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Bo Zhao",slug:"bo-zhao"},{id:"14788",title:"Prof.",name:"Huazhong",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Huazhong Yang",slug:"huazhong-yang"}]},{id:"12478",title:"MAC & Mobility In Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"mac-mobility-in-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Marwan Al-jemeli, Fawnizu Hussin and Vooi Yap",authors:[{id:"13690",title:"MSc.",name:"Marwan",middleName:"Ihsan Shukur",surname:"Al-Jemeli",fullName:"Marwan Al-Jemeli",slug:"marwan-al-jemeli"},{id:"23990",title:"Prof.",name:"Vooi Voon",middleName:null,surname:"Yap",fullName:"Vooi Voon Yap",slug:"vooi-voon-yap"},{id:"23991",title:"Prof.",name:"Fawnizu",middleName:null,surname:"Hussin",fullName:"Fawnizu Hussin",slug:"fawnizu-hussin"}]},{id:"12479",title:"Hybrid Optical and Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"hybrid-optical-and-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Xiaoyin Li, Wei Pan, Jiangtao Liu, Zhen Zhang and Lianshan Yan",authors:[{id:"15623",title:"Dr.",name:"Lianshan",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Lianshan Yan",slug:"lianshan-yan"},{id:"15624",title:"Mr.",name:"Xiaoyin",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xiaoyin Li",slug:"xiaoyin-li"},{id:"15625",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"Wei Pan",slug:"wei-pan"},{id:"15626",title:"Ms.",name:"Jiangtao",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Jiangtao Liu",slug:"jiangtao-liu"},{id:"15627",title:"Mr.",name:"Zhen",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Zhen Zhang",slug:"zhen-zhang"}]},{id:"12480",title:"Range-free Area Localization Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"range-free-area-localization-scheme-for-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Vijay R. Chandrasekhar, Winston K.G. Seah, Zhi Ang Eu and Arumugam P. Venkatesh",authors:[{id:"45110",title:"Prof.",name:"Winston",middleName:null,surname:"Seah",fullName:"Winston Seah",slug:"winston-seah"}]},{id:"12481",title:"Data Fusion Approach for Error Correction in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"data-fusion-approach-for-error-correction-in-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Maen Takruri and Subhash Challa",authors:[{id:"14529",title:"Prof.",name:"Subhash",middleName:null,surname:"Challa",fullName:"Subhash Challa",slug:"subhash-challa"},{id:"47261",title:"Prof.",name:"Maen",middleName:null,surname:"Takruri",fullName:"Maen Takruri",slug:"maen-takruri"}]},{id:"12482",title:"Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"target-tracking-in-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Jianxun Li and Yan Zhou",authors:[{id:"15575",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianxun",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Jianxun Li",slug:"jianxun-li"},{id:"15676",title:"Prof.",name:"Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Yan Zhou",slug:"yan-zhou"}]},{id:"12483",title:"A Gaussian Mixture Model-based Event-Driven Continuous Boundary Detection in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"a-gaussian-mixture-model-based-event-driven-continuous-boundary-detection-in-3d-wireless-sensor-netw",signatures:"Jiehui Chen, Mariam B. Salim and Mitsuji Matsumoto",authors:[{id:"13597",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiehui",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jiehui Chen",slug:"jiehui-chen"},{id:"15576",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsuji",middleName:null,surname:"Matsumoto",fullName:"Mitsuji Matsumoto",slug:"mitsuji-matsumoto"},{id:"15606",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariam B.",middleName:null,surname:"Salim",fullName:"Mariam B. Salim",slug:"mariam-b.-salim"}]},{id:"12484",title:"Monitoring Wireless Sensor Network Performance by Tracking Node Operational Deviation",slug:"monitoring-wireless-sensor-network-performance-by-tracking-node-operational-deviation",signatures:"Yaqoob J. Y. Al-Raisi and Nazar E. M. Adam",authors:[{id:"15583",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazar",middleName:null,surname:"Elfadil",fullName:"Nazar Elfadil",slug:"nazar-elfadil"},{id:"27409",title:"Mr.",name:"Yaqoob",middleName:null,surname:"AL-Raeisi",fullName:"Yaqoob AL-Raeisi",slug:"yaqoob-al-raeisi"}]},{id:"12485",title:"Building Context Aware Network of Wireless Sensors Using a Scalable Distributed Estimation Scheme for Real-time Data Manipulation",slug:"building-context-aware-network-of-wireless-sensors-using-a-scalable-distributed-estimation-scheme-fo",signatures:"Amir Basirat and Asad I. Khan",authors:[{id:"15812",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Basirat",fullName:"Amir Basirat",slug:"amir-basirat"}]},{id:"12486",title:"Multimedia Data Processing and Delivery in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"multimedia-data-processing-and-delivery-in-wireless-sensor-networks-",signatures:"Javier Molina, Javier M. Mora-merchan, Julio Barbancho and Carlos Leon",authors:[{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",slug:"carlos-leon"},{id:"14634",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mora-Merchan",fullName:"Javier M. Mora-Merchan",slug:"javier-m.-mora-merchan"},{id:"15604",title:"Prof.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Molina",fullName:"Javier Molina",slug:"javier-molina"},{id:"15605",title:"PhD.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Barbancho",fullName:"Julio Barbancho",slug:"julio-barbancho"}]},{id:"12487",title:"Imaging in UWB Sensor Networks",slug:"imaging-in-uwb-sensor-networks",signatures:"Ole Hirsch, Rudolf Zetik and Reiner Thomä",authors:[{id:"14629",title:"Dr.",name:"Ole",middleName:null,surname:"Hirsch",fullName:"Ole Hirsch",slug:"ole-hirsch"},{id:"14630",title:"Dr.",name:"Rudolf",middleName:null,surname:"Zetik",fullName:"Rudolf Zetik",slug:"rudolf-zetik"},{id:"14632",title:"Prof.",name:"Reiner",middleName:null,surname:"Thomä",fullName:"Reiner Thomä",slug:"reiner-thoma"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5266",title:"Sustainable Drying Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b181534649ba314c0b6b66563924b0b5",slug:"sustainable-drying-technologies",bookSignature:"Jorge del Real Olvera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5266.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"166103",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Del Real Olvera",slug:"jorge-del-real-olvera",fullName:"Jorge Del Real Olvera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6245",title:"Pulp and Paper Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02d43c16cfb998c3a76fb4aab8d88403",slug:"pulp-and-paper-processing",bookSignature:"Salim Newaz Kazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6245.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",surname:"Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6736",title:"Abrasive Technology",subtitle:"Characteristics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"928e702841e3f565da642039ea0c31ce",slug:"abrasive-technology-characteristics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6736.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110857",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Rudawska",slug:"anna-rudawska",fullName:"Anna Rudawska"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7460",title:"Applications of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"165b06fe031e98420855654b0a5e25c4",slug:"applications-of-design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly",bookSignature:"Ancuţa Păcurar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7460.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184794",title:"Dr.",name:"Ancuta Carmen",surname:"Păcurar",slug:"ancuta-carmen-pacurar",fullName:"Ancuta Carmen Păcurar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81779",title:"Cancer Genes and Breast Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104801",slug:"cancer-genes-and-breast-cancers",body:'
1. Introduction
The term cancer is not the name of a single disease, but the name was given to all malignant tumors, the main reason for which is uncontrolled growth. The tumor, which becomes a mass as a result of uncontrolled cell proliferation, also attacks the surrounding cells and tends to spread throughout the body in the later stages of the disease (metastasis). Although cancer is an important health problem, it is not a common disease in childhood. On the other hand, statistics show that cancer affects one in three adults, causes up to 20% of all deaths, and covers about 10% of treatment costs in developed countries [1]. Cancer, which develops as a result of uncontrolled cell growth and development, is a phenomenon that occurs as a result of a complex series of cellular mechanisms working differently from normal. It is known that cancer occurs as a result of mutations in somatic cells and these mutations affect the expression of a series of genes. Cancers can develop in each tissue group depending on age, gender, and environmental factors [2, 3, 4]. Although it is known that cancer develops under the influence of genetic and environmental factors, environmental factors are more prominent in the formation of some types of cancer. It is now known to affect [5, 6]. There are two gene groups known to be involved in cancer formation. These are (1) Tumor suppressor genes and (2) proto-oncogenes [7, 8]. Breast cancers are the leading cancer types known to have tumor suppressor genes in their etiology. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are the leading tumor suppressor genes specific to breast cancers [9]. Studies have shown that these two genes are particularly effective in the development of familial breast cancers. While the majority of cancers are sporadic, a small percentage can be hereditary, that is, familial. While the first mutation in the genes involved in hereditary cancers is inherited familial, the fact that the second mutation occurs in a limited number of somatic cells after birth is sufficient for cancerization. These types of cancers occur much earlier than non-familial cancers [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. According to World Health Organization; When cancer-related deaths in women were investigated between 2019 and 2020 worldwide, the most common type of cancer in all ages and genders is breast cancer, followed by prostate cancer and lung cancer, the least common cancer is thyroid cancer. However, the most common cause of death is lung cancer and breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer. According to International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization; new cases and death rates of cancer the worldwide for 2020 are given below (Figure 1) [17, 18, 19, 20], https://gco.iarc.fr/.
Figure 1.
Estimated age-standardized incidence and mortality rates (world) in 2020, worldwide, for both sexes, all ages [17].
2. Causes of cancer
Although a lot of important information about the etiology of cancer has been obtained in recent years, the molecular mechanisms that cause cancer formation, that is, the excessive proliferation of a normal cell out of control, are still not fully clarified, and a new mechanism may emerge every year and hereditary factors are known to play a role together. Environmental factors include some chemical agents (nicotine), nutrition, radiation, viruses, living environmental conditions, and lifestyle [16, 21, 22].
2.1 Environmental factors
2.1.1 Chemical carcinogens
There is a threshold value for many carcinogens, amounts that do not exceed this threshold value are harmless. One-third of cancers seen in the USA and Europe are cancers that develop due to the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products. Working conditions and some occupational chemicals are among the other environmental factors that cause cancer. It is known that chemical agents such as asbestos and nicotine cause cancer formation [23, 24, 25, 26].
2.1.2 Physical carcinogens
Ionizing Radiation. Skin cancers were common in the hands of radiologists in the periods when primitive devices were used and prevention methods were not well known. In studies conducted in the following years, it has been shown that bone, thyroid, lung, breast cancer, leukemia, and lymphoma develop with the effect of radiation [27, 28, 29]. Ultraviolet Rays (U.V). U.V rays have been shown to be associated with skin cancers. These include basal cell skin cancer, squamous (stratified squamous epithelium) skin cancer, and skin cancers such as melanoma [30, 31, 32, 33, 34].
2.1.3 Hereditary and genetic factors
Although cancer is a genetic disease, very few cancer cases show hereditary characteristics. Among all cancer types, the rate of hereditary cancers is less than 1%. In families with hereditary cancer cases, cancer occurs more frequently than in the normal population. In families where cancer is inherited; The probability of passing the cancer gene from mother or father to child is 50%. Cancer cases in individuals in such families occur at an earlier age than in the general population. The tissues with the most familial cancer cases are colon, endometrium, ovary, and breast [35, 36, 37]. Two groups are very important in the formation of cancer. These; proto-oncogenes are tumor suppressor genes.
2.1.3.1 Proto-oncogenes and oncogenes
It is known that proto-oncogenes that regulate cell growth and differentiation have important roles in normal cell physiology (30). If a proto-oncogene differentiates or starts to be expressed more than normal as a result of mutation or change in external stimulus; These changes cause uncontrolled growth and therefore malignant formations in the cell. With the mutation of proto-oncogenes, they turn into genes called oncogenes that stimulate continuous cell division [38, 39]. Proto-oncogenes can be grouped into 4 groups according to the biochemical properties of protein products [40, 41].
Growth Factors: Growth factors are signal molecules in polypeptide structure that are secreted out of the cell and stimulate differentiation in the target cell. They recognize the target cell with special receptors on the cell surface and stimulate differentiation in the cell. The best-known growth factor is the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)(9). Growth factors are proteins that weigh between 4000 and 60,000 daltons and can affect cellular activities even in small amounts. 6 Growth factors are substances that enable growth and proliferation in various cell types. Many growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), mesodermal growth factor (MGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-KUF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-KUF) are isolated 7. As a result of studies with antioxidants, it has been explained that antioxidants may have a common function with growth factors and also have effects on factors [42, 43].
Epidermal Growth Factor (Epidermal growth factor, EGF): It is a 53 amino acid polypeptide that is identical to Urogastron. It is found in many tissues and is released during platelet degranulation. Most cells have receptors for EGF. The most numerous receptors are found on epithelial cells; however, there are also receptors on endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. It has chemotactic properties for epithelial cells, endothelium, and fibroblasts. It has the feature of stimulating angiogenesis and collagenase activity [44, 45].
FGF has also been studied in various animal models; After topical application to the wound in the guinea pig ear, basic FGF has been shown to accelerate epithelialization. Cell number and collagen content increased with subcutaneous injection in guinea pigs. Topical basic FGF has a positive effect on wound healing problems that can be caused by infection and diabetes in mice [46, 47, 48, 49].
Growth Factor receptors: Differentiated forms of some viral oncogenes produce normal growth factors with tyrosine kinase activity. Therefore, by binding to normal cells, they stimulate cell division and cause cancer development. The most well-known growth factor receptors are erb B, erb B-2, and fms. GHR, the specific transmembrane receptor of growth hormone (GH), belongs to the class I hematopoietic cytokine receptor superfamily and is widely found in peripheral tissues. This group of receptors is associated with adapter tyrosine kinases such as Janus kinase 2. GHR; consists of three parts: extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular. The extracellular portion of the GH receptor forms the high-affinity binding protein. GH binds to its receptor by the extracellular binding site of the receptor protein; The receptor is then activated by dimerization. Activation of the receptor is followed by activation of the JAK–STAT pathway, followed by increased expression of IGF-1 and other growth hormone-related genes. After all, GHR; It regulates the effect of GH by removing it from the circulation [50, 51, 52, 53].
Transcription Factors: Core proteins encoded by many genes form transcription factors. Transcriptional control is done by binding these proteins to specific DNA sequences or DNA motifs. Transcription factors provide the expression of the target gene with positive or negative control. Gene activity is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level. As is known, many genes in prokaryotes are clustered in units called operons. Regulation of transcription of genes in operons is provided by activating by activator proteins and inhibiting by repressor proteins. Gene activity in eukaryotes is basically controlled at the transcriptional level. However, eukaryotic chromosomes have both a larger structure and a higher degree of structural organization than prokaryotic chromosomes. Yeast, fruit fly, and human genomes contain 4, 40, and 1000 times more DNA than Escherichia coli genomes, respectively. This redundancy not only gives eukaryotes potentials that are not found in prokaryotes, but also brings new dimensions to the replication and gene activity events in them. The activity of some specific genes in eukaryotic chromosomes depends on transcription factors. For example, transcription of 5S ribosomal RNA genes may depend on the binding of proteins with multiple metal-binding stretches that fit into grooves in DNA to these genes [53, 54, 55, 56].
Programmed Cell Death controls: Normal tissue structure; is achieved by the balance between differentiating cells and dying cells. Programmed cell death is crucial in normal embryogenesis and organ development. It has been shown that the programmed cell death mechanism is lost in cancer cells. This mechanism is specifically controlled by the bcl 2 proto-oncogene. As a result of chromosomal translocations of this gene, it can be activated especially in lymphomas [57, 58, 59].
Oncogene activation mechanisms: Oncogenes can be activated in three ways: 1, Mutations; 2, Gene amplification; 3, Chromosomal rearrangements.
Mutations: Changes occur in the structure of proteins encoded by oncogenes activated as a result of mutations such as point mutations and frameshifts. As a result of these, changes occur in the critical binding sites of the protein, and they lose their protein binding properties and cause cancer development by failing to fulfill their duties.
Gene Amplification: Gene amplification occurs when the number of copies of a gene in the cell genome increases. The increase in gene copy number occurs especially with karyotype duplications. These formations are only seen quite frequently in tumor tissues.
Chromosomal Rearrangements: Chromosomal rearrangements are mostly changes that occur in hematological malignant tumors. Chromosomal translocations, and inversions are the most common rearrangements [60, 61, 62, 63, 64]. The best example of chromosomal rearrangements of human proto-oncogenes is the (9;22) translocation. In approximately 95% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a reciprocal translocation occurs in bone marrow cells between chromosomes 9 and 22. As a result of this translocation, the Philadelphia chromosome, which is smaller than the normal 22 chromosome number, is formed [65, 66, 67]. As a result of this translocation, the abl proto-oncogene is transferred from its normal location 9q34.1 to chromosome 22. The abl gene joins in its new location (“Breakpoint cluster region”) with a special sequence called bcr. The hybrid gene resulting from this fusion causes the synthesis of a new protein believed to be responsible for tumor formation in bone marrow cells. This new protein has tyrosine kinase activity and activates cell division to form tumors [8, 66, 67].
2.1.3.2 Tumor suppressor genes
Tumor suppressor genes were found for the first time as a result of studies on retinoblastoma, one of the very rare hereditary cancer types. Retinoblastoma is the most common type of cancer among childhood eye cancers and occurs bilaterally in 20–30% of cases [68, 69]. All bilateral cases and 15% of unilateral cases show autosomal dominant inheritance. The gene responsible for this disease is the Rb1 gene located proximal to the long arm of chromosome 13 [70, 71]. As a result of chromosomal changes or point mutations, the functional protein related to this gene is either absent or unable to function in cells in tumor tissue. In such cases, hereditary mutation; is found in only one of the gene pairs and is therefore in a heterozygous state. In order for a tumor to develop in a person carrying the mutant gene, a new mutation must also occur in the normal partner of the mutant gene in the retinal cell(9). As a result of a second mutation, a tumor occurs when the other intact allele is changed or lost. This situation is also called loss of heterozygosity [72, 73], (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Cancer formation model.
In hereditary retinoblastoma cancers, the first mutation occurred in the person either as a result of germline mutations or inherited from one of the parents. In people carrying this gene, retinoblastoma occurs at a very early age [74]. As a result of studies on the localization of many tumor types that show oss of heterozygosity for chromosome 13 and the localization of other tumor suppressor genes, more than 20 tumor suppressor gene regions were identified, the main ones being p53, retinoblastoma, BRCA 1, BRCA 2 (Table 1) [76, 77, 78, 79, 80].
Gene
Cancer
Localization
Function
Hereditary Syndrome
APC
Colon cancer
Cytoplasm
Cellular adhesion
Familial
DCC
Colon cancer
Cell membrane
Cell adhesion molecule
—
NF1
Neurofibromas
Cytoplasm
GTPase activator
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
NF2
Schwannomas and Meningioma
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
p53
Colon cancer and many other cancers
Nucleus
Transcription factor
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
RB
Retinoblastoma
Nucleus
Transcription factor
Retinoblastoma
RET
Thyroid cancer pheochromocytom
Cell membrane
Tyrosine kinase receptor
Multiple endocrine neoplasm Type 2
VHL
Kidney cancer
Cell membrane
Transcription factor
Von Hippel–Lindau disease
WT-1
Nephroblastoma
Nucleus
Transcription factor
Wilms tumor
BRCA1
Breast cancer
Breast tissue
DNA repair, mismatch repair
Familial breast cancers
BRCA2
Breast cancer
Breast tissue epithelium
DNA repair, mismatch repair
Familial breast cancers
Table 1.
Some tumor suppressor genes and the types of cancer they cause [75].
2.1.3.2.1 p53 gene
The p53 gene is located in band 13 of the short arm of human chromosome 17. This gene, which is about 20 kb long; encodes a 2.8 kb mRNA and its product is a core phosphoprotein of 393 amino acids of 53 kD (10). Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyzes have shown that; The p53 gene contains 5 conserved regions from neopus to human during evolution. This region includes exons 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8. These conserved regions are thought to be essential sites for the p53 wild-type protein. Specifically, the DNA binding region of the p53 gene contains 2 SV40 tumor antigen binding (T-ag), a nuclear localization signal, and multiple phosphorylation sites (Figure 3). The p53 protein controls gene expression positively or negatively by stopping the cell cycle in the G1 phase and binding to specific sequences and transcription factors. Normal p53 protein stops the cell cycle and leads the cell to programmed cell death in the absence of appropriate differentiation or proliferation factors [81, 82, 83, 84, 85].
Figure 3.
Schematic structure of the p53 gene; TAS: Transcription activation region, protein binding region (HSP), SV40 wide T-antigen region, adenovirus E1b and papillomavirus E6 binding region, cellular Mdm2 binding region, nuclear localization signal (NLS), oligomerization region (OLIGO) and phosphorylation region (cdc2 and CDK). The 5 conserved regions in evolution are indicated by the letters I, II, III, IV, and V, and the hot spot regions are indicated by the letters A, B, C, D.
2.1.3.2.2 BRCA1 gene
The chromosomal location of the BRCA 1 gene (Breast cancer susceptibility gene) was first identified in 1990 and cloned in 1994 [86]. The BRCA1 gene has 24 exons (20) with approximately 100,000 base pairs, occupying 4 cM, located in the q12–21 region of chromosome 17; It is a gene that encodes a tumor suppressor protein. The 11th exon of the BRCA1 gene, which is very large, constitutes 61% of the entire gene. The BRCA1 gene encodes a tumor-suppressing protein with DNA binding properties that negatively affect cancer formation [87]. Recent studies have shown that the product of the BRCA1 gene; It has been shown to be a zing-finger protein with a zinc-binding site at the amino end [87, 88, 89].
2.1.3.2.3 Mutation distribution
Breast tumors occur with the loss of both the wild-type allele of the BRCA1 gene at 17q [90]. Since there are 500 different types and the BRCA 1 gene is a large gene, the frequency of mutation is quite high. Several clinically important mutations have been found in this gene. While approximately 90% of these mutations are frameshift or nonsense mutations, the rest are mutations that cause changes in the stop codon and cause the immature protein to be made at the translation stage [35, 91, 92, 93, 94]. Studies have been ongoing since the gene was cloned to develop a test that could detect familial cancer risk by detecting BRCA 1 mutations. The second most common group of mutations in the BRCA1 gene are 185delAG and 5382insG mutations [95, 96]. These constitute 10% of all mutations in the BRCA1 gene. These two mutations are seen with a frequency of approximately 10% in Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jews. The carrier rate of these mutations in the same group is 1%. Mutations 185delAG and 5382insG have also been shown to be found in Moroccan and non-Jewish families. The high incidence of deletions in the AG sequence at position 185 of BRCA1 has caused this region to be called the ‘Hotspot’ region. In germ-line mutation studies in all women, the incidence of breast cancer before the age of 40 was found to be 20% in 185delAG carriers [95, 97, 98, 99]. While the 5832insC mutation is most common in Russians and Jews of European origin, it is very low in Israeli Jews [100, 101]. The most common mutation in the Russian population is 4153delA4 (Figure 4) [102].
Figure 4.
Mutation distribution in the BRCA1 gene.
2.1.3.2.4 The function of BRCA1
The BRCA 1 protein is a ring-finger protein of 1863′ amino acids (45, 46, 47). BRCA 1 is made in the differentiated epithelial cells of developing organs during embryonic development and puberty development. A significant increase in the mRNA level of BRCA 1 has been observed in breast epithelial cells during pregnancy in women without cancer. BRCA 1 expression in humans is stimulated by estrogen and decreases after birth (38,48). Suppression of BRCA 1 expression increases growth in both normal cells and malignant mammary epithelial cells [86, 90, 93]. Since the BRCA1 gene was isolated, its functions have been thought to play a role in transcription, control the cell cycle, and be associated with DNA repair mechanisms. It is a gene that participates in DNA repair mechanisms by interacting with basic transcriptional mechanisms (with RNA polymerase II, Transcription factors TFIIH, TFIIE, and RNA helicase A). BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins together provide a repair of DNA double-strand breaks in mitotic cells [103, 104] BRCA1 protein interacts with the gamma-tubulin subunits of the centrosome during mitosis, stopping the cell cycle and providing damage control in DNA [105].
2.1.3.2.5 BRCA2 gene
BRCA2 is another tumor suppressor gene that was mapped to the long arm of the 13th chromosome by Wooster et al. in 1994 (7). The 13q12-13 region containing BRCA2 is also a region close to the retinoblastoma gene (36, 39). The BRCA2 gene is a 70 kb gene with 27 exons, occupies 6 cM, and the product of the gene is a protein consisting of 3418 amino acids(36). The fact that exon 3 is similar to transcription factors indicates that it may have a function in this direction (33,). BRCA2 has a large 11th exon just like BRCA1(50). This exon makes up about 58% of the whole gene [86, 106, 107, 108]. While the risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer is higher in patients with germline mutations in this gene, 30–40% loss of heterozygosity is observed in patients with sporadic breast and ovarian cancer [109, 110]. Interestingly, almost all BRCA2 mutations are familial [111]. This theorizes that BRCA mutations can theoretically be traced back to an initial sporadic case and may indicate the presence of a ‘founder effect’. The majority of mutations in the BRCA 2 gene cause a frameshift condition. The most common frameshift mutation is the 999del5 mutation, which is also seen in Iceland. Other than that, the mutations seen in other populations are as follows. Ashkenazi Jewish-6174delT, Dutch-5579insA, Finns- 8555 T > G, 999del5, IVS23-2A > G, French Canadians 8765delAG, 3398delAAAAG, Hungarians-9326insA, Pakistanis-3337C > T, Slovenians-IVS16-2A > G [112]. People with certain mutations of the BRCA2 gene increase the risk of breast cancer by causing hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome. As a result of research, hundreds of mutations in the BRCA2 gene, many of which cause an increased risk of cancer, have been identified. BRCA2 mutations are usually the addition or loss of a small number of DNA base pairs in the gene. As a result of these mutations, the protein product of the BRCA2 gene is abnormal and does not work properly. Research emerges as a result of the inability of the dysfunctional BRCA2 protein to repair the damages in the DNA that make up the genome. As a result, there is an increase in mutations due to this faulty synthesis after unrepaired DNA damages, and some of these mutations can lead to uncontrolled division of cells and the formation of a tumor [107, 113, 114].
3. Conclusion
By revealing the environmental and genetic factors that are effective in the development of breast cancer, which is a very important social problem, studies to prevent breast cancer gain hope. The incidence of breast cancer differs from country to country in the world. While Hawaii, California, and Canada are in the first place with an incidence of 80–90 per hundred thousand per year, the same value is only between 12 and 15 per hundred thousand in Japan. Although the majority of breast cancers are sporadic cases, 5–10% of all cases are hereditary. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are known to be effective in the development of breast cancer. The BRCA1 gene is thought to be responsible for 4–5% of all breast cancers and 45% of hereditary breast cancers. The risk of developing breast cancer up to the age of 70 in BRCA1 gene carriers is 94%. The rate of breast cancer cases occurring before the age of 30 is 25%. The BRCA 1 gene is responsible for half of all familial breast cancer cases and 80–90% of multiple breast and ovarian cancer cases. This shows that due to the importance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in the etiology of breast cancer, detecting both BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, especially in familial breast cancer cases, is important for public health. As a result, routine applications with rapid, reliable, and inexpensive methods to detect BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are known to be involved in the etiology of breast cancer in patients and families with multiple breast cancer or ovarian cancer or diagnosed with breast cancer at an early age may need to be seen as potential chemotherapy targets.
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"BRCA1, BRCA2, tumor suppressor, oncogenes, cancer",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81779.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/81779.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81779",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81779",totalDownloads:20,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2022",dateReviewed:"April 4th 2022",datePrePublished:"May 14th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"May 14th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Cancer is the name given to all malignant tumors, the main reason for which is uncontrolled growth, and the tumor, which has become a mass as a result of uncontrolled cell proliferation, also attacks the surrounding cells and envelops the whole body (metastasis) in the later stages of the disease. Although cancer is an important health problem, it is not a common disease in childhood. On the other hand, statistics show that cancer affects one in three adults, causes up to 20% of all deaths, and covers about 10% of treatment costs in developed countries. Although it is known that cancer develops under the influence of genetic and environmental factors, environmental factors are more prominent in the formation of some types of cancer. Breast cancer is one of the cancer types known to have tumor suppressor genes in its etiology. These tumor suppressor genes are BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Studies have shown that these two genes are particularly effective in the development of familial breast cancers. These types of cancers occur much earlier than non-familial cancers. The research, two genes; It has shown that it is especially effective in the development of familial breast cancers.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81779",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81779",signatures:"Metin Budak and Hatice Segmen",book:{id:"10793",type:"book",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Metin Budak and Dr. Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-843-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-842-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-844-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Causes of cancer",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Environmental factors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_3",title:"2.1.1 Chemical carcinogens",level:"3"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.1.2 Physical carcinogens",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_4",title:"2.1.3.1 Proto-oncogenes and oncogenes",level:"4"},{id:"sec_5_4",title:"Table 1.",level:"4"},{id:"sec_5_5",title:"2.1.3.2.1 p53 gene",level:"5"},{id:"sec_6_5",title:"2.1.3.2.2 BRCA1 gene",level:"5"},{id:"sec_7_5",title:"2.1.3.2.3 Mutation distribution",level:"5"},{id:"sec_8_5",title:"2.1.3.2.4 The function of BRCA1",level:"5"},{id:"sec_9_5",title:"2.1.3.2.5 BRCA2 gene",level:"5"},{id:"sec_14",title:"3. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Bailar JC, Gornik HL. Cancer undefeated. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997;336(22):1569-1574'},{id:"B2",body:'Zhang W-j, Wang X-h, Gao S-t, Chen C, Xu X-y, Zhou Z-h, et al. Tumor-associated macrophages correlate with phenomenon of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and contribute to poor prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer patients. Journal of Surgical Research. 2018;222:93-101'},{id:"B3",body:'Conteduca V, Poti G, Caroli P, Russi S, Brighi N, Lolli C, et al. Flare phenomenon in prostate cancer: Recent evidence on new drugs and next generation imaging. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology. 2021;13:1758835920987654'},{id:"B4",body:'Delgado-López PD, CorralesGarcía EM. Influence of internet and social media in the promotion of alternative oncology, cancer quackery, and the predatory publishing phenomenon. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2617'},{id:"B5",body:'Coyle YM. The effect of environment on breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2004;84(3):273-288'},{id:"B6",body:'Gray J, Evans N, Taylor B, Rizzo J, Walker M. State of the evidence: The connection between breast cancer and the environment. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2009;15(1):43-78'},{id:"B7",body:'Martínez-Jiménez F, Muiños F, Sentís I, Deu-Pons J, Reyes-Salazar I, Arnedo-Pac C, et al. A compendium of mutational cancer driver genes. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2020;20(10):555-572'},{id:"B8",body:'Chiu H-S, Somvanshi S, Patel E, Chen T-W, Singh VP, Zorman B, et al. Pan-cancer analysis of lnc RNA regulation supports their targeting of cancer genes in each tumor context. Cell Reports. 2018;23(1):297-312. e12'},{id:"B9",body:'Waks AG, Winer EP. Breast cancer treatment: A review. JAMA. 2019;321(3):288-300'},{id:"B10",body:'Momenimovahed Z, Salehiniya H. Epidemiological characteristics of and risk factors for breast cancer in the world. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy. 2019;11:151'},{id:"B11",body:'Britt KL, Cuzick J, Phillips K-A. Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2020;20(8):417-436'},{id:"B12",body:'Tutt AN, Garber JE, Kaufman B, Viale G, Fumagalli D, Rastogi P, et al. Adjuvant olaparib for patients with BRCA1-or BRCA2-mutated breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;384(25):2394-2405'},{id:"B13",body:'Samstein RM, Krishna C, Ma X, Pei X, Lee K-W, Makarov V, et al. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 differentially affect the tumor microenvironment and response to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Nature Cancer. 2020;1(12):1188-1203'},{id:"B14",body:'Cline MS, Liao RG, Parsons MT, Paten B, Alquaddoomi F, Antoniou A, et al. BRCA challenge: BRCA exchange as a global resouce for variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2. PLoS Genetics. 2018;14(12):e1007752'},{id:"B15",body:'Choi Y-H, Terry MB, Daly MB, Mac Innis RJ, Hopper JL, Colonna S, et al. Association of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy with breast cancer risk in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants. JAMA Oncology. 2021;7(4):585-592'},{id:"B16",body:'Rebbeck TR, Friebel TM, Friedman E, Hamann U, Huo D, Kwong A, et al. Mutational spectrum in a worldwide study of 29, 700 families with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Human Mutation. 2018;39(5):593-620'},{id:"B17",body:'Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/'},{id:"B18",body:'Miller KD, Ortiz AP, Pinheiro PS, Bandi P, Minihan A, Fuchs HE, et al. Cancer statistics for the US Hispanic/Latino population, 2021. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2021;71(6):466-487'},{id:"B19",body:'Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Parkin DM, Piñeros M, Znaor A, et al. Cancer statistics for the year 2020: An overview. International Journal of Cancer. 2021;149(4):778-789'},{id:"B20",body:'Cao W, Chen H-D, Yu Y-W, Li N, Chen W-Q. Changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China: A secondary analysis of the global cancer statistics 2020. Chinese Medical Journal. 2021;134(07):783-791'},{id:"B21",body:'Tron L, Belot A, Fauvernier M, Remontet L, Bossard N, Launay L, et al. Socioeconomic environment and disparities in cancer survival for 19 solid tumor sites: An analysis of the French network of cancer registries (FRANCIM) data. International Journal of Cancer. 2019;144(6):1262-1274'},{id:"B22",body:'da Costa Araújo AP, Mesak C, Montalvão MF, Freitas ÍN, Chagas TQ , Malafaia G. Anti-cancer drugs in aquatic environment can cause cancer: Insight about mutagenicity in tadpoles. Science of the Total Environment. 2019;650:2284-2293'},{id:"B23",body:'Kobets T, Williams GM. Review of the evidence for thresholds for DNA-reactive and epigenetic experimental chemical carcinogens. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2019;301:88-111'},{id:"B24",body:'Grunberger D, Weinstein I. Conformational changes in nucleic acids modified by chemical carcinogens. Chemical Carcinogens and DNA. 2019;62:59-94'},{id:"B25",body:'Peter Guengerich F, Avadhani NG. Roles of cytochrome P450 in metabolism of ethanol and carcinogens. Alcohol and Cancer. 2018;1032:15-35'},{id:"B26",body:'Hartwig A, Arand M, Epe B, Guth S, Jahnke G, Lampen A, et al. Mode of action-based risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens. Archives of Toxicology. 2020;94(6):1787-1877'},{id:"B27",body:'Hauptmann M, Daniels RD, Cardis E, Cullings HM, Kendall G, Laurier D, et al. Epidemiological studies of low-dose ionizing radiation and cancer: Summary bias assessment and meta-analysis. JNCI Monographs. 2020;2020(56):188-200'},{id:"B28",body:'Hong J-Y, Han K, Jung J-H, Kim JS. Association of exposure to diagnostic low-dose ionizing radiation with risk of cancer among youths in South Korea. JAMA Network Open. 2019;2(9):e1910584-e1910584'},{id:"B29",body:'Richardson DB, Cardis E, Daniels RD, Gillies M, Haylock R, Leuraud K, et al. Site-specific solid cancer mortality after exposure to ionizing radiation: a cohort study of workers (INWORKS). Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2018;29(1):31'},{id:"B30",body:'Laikova KV, Oberemok VV, Krasnodubets AM, Gal’chinsky NV, Useinov RZ, Novikov IA, et al. Advances in the understanding of skin cancer: Ultraviolet radiation, mutations, and antisense oligonucleotides as anticancer drugs. Molecules. 2019;24(8):1516'},{id:"B31",body:'Paulo MS, Adam B, Akagwu C, Akparibo I, Al-Rifai RH, Bazrafshan S, et al. WHO/ILO work-related burden of disease and injury: Protocol for systematic reviews of occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and of the effect of occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation on melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Environment International. 2019;126:804-815'},{id:"B32",body:'Grant WB, Moukayed M. Vitamin D3 from ultraviolet-B exposure or oral intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality. Current Nutrition Reports. 2019;8(3):203-211'},{id:"B33",body:'Hacker E, Horsham C, Vagenas D, Jones L, Lowe J, Janda M. A mobile technology intervention with ultraviolet radiation dosimeters and smartphone apps for skin cancer prevention in young adults: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2018;6(11):e9854'},{id:"B34",body:'Solak SS, Yondem H, Urun YG, Cezik M, Can N. High prevalence of high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in the thrace region of Turkey. Turk Dermatoloji Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Dermatology. 2020;14(4):83-89'},{id:"B35",body:'Samadder NJ, Giridhar KV, Baffy N, Riegert-Johnson D, Couch FJ. Hereditary cancer Syndromesd-a primer on diagnosis and management, part 1: Breast-ovarian cancer syndromes. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2019;94(6):1084-1098'},{id:"B36",body:'Nagy R, Sweet K, Eng C. Highly penetrant hereditary cancer syndromes. Oncogene. 2004;23(38):6445-6470'},{id:"B37",body:'Frank TS. Hereditary cancer syndromes. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2001;125(1):85-90'},{id:"B38",body:'Malebary SJ, Khan R, Khan YD. ProtoPred: Advancing oncological research through identification of proto-oncogene proteins. IEEE Access. 2021;9:68788-68797'},{id:"B39",body:'Grible JM, Zot P, Olex AL, Hedrick SE, Harrell JC, Woock AE, et al. The human intermediate prolactin receptor is a mammary proto-oncogene. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2021;7(1):1-11'},{id:"B40",body:'Rong S, Bodescot M, Blair D, Dunn J, Nakamura T, Mizuno K, et al. Tumorigenicity of the met proto-oncogene and the gene for hepatocyte growth factor. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1992;12(11):5152-5158'},{id:"B41",body:'Velu TJ, Beguinot L, Vass WC, Willingham MC, Merlino GT, Pastan I, et al. Epidermal-growth-factor-dependent transformation by a human EGF receptor proto-oncogene. Science. 1987;238(4832):1408-1410'},{id:"B42",body:'Stromberg K, Pigott DA, Ranchalis JE, Twardzik DR. Human term placenta contains transforming growth factors. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1982;106(2):354-361'},{id:"B43",body:'Berg DK. New neuronal growth factors. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 1984;7(1):149-170'},{id:"B44",body:'Carpenter G, Cohen S. Epidermal growth factor. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1990;265(14):7709-7712'},{id:"B45",body:'Boonstra J, Rijken P, Humbel B, Cremers F, Verkleij A, Henegouwen PVB e. The epidermal growth factor. Cell Biology International. 1995;19(5):413-430'},{id:"B46",body:'LeGrand EK. Preclinical promise of becaplermin (rhPDGF-BB) in wound healing. The American Journal of Surgery. 1998;176(2):48S-54S'},{id:"B47",body:'Amento EP, Beck LS. TGFb and wound healing. Clinical Applications of TGFb. 2008;157:115-129'},{id:"B48",body:'Ab Ghani N. The Effect of Insulin and Growth Hormone on Full Thickness Wound of Guinea Pigs. Kuantan, Pahang: Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University; 2011'},{id:"B49",body:'Wimmer C, Mees K, Stumpf P, Welsch U, Reichel O, Suckfüll M. Round window application of D-methionine, sodium thiosulfate, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and fibroblast growth factor-2 in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Otology & Neurotology. 2004;25(1):33-40'},{id:"B50",body:'Kontomanolis EN, Koutras A, Syllaios A, Schizas D, Mastoraki A, Garmpis N, et al. Role of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in carcinogenesis: A review. Anticancer Research. 2020;40(11):6009-6015'},{id:"B51",body:'Sainsbury J, Sherbet G, Farndon J, Harris A. Epidermal-growth-factor receptors and oestrogen receptors in human breast cancer. The Lancet. 1985;325(8425):364-366'},{id:"B52",body:'Singleton KR, Kim J, Hinz TK, Marek LA, Casás-Selves M, Hatheway C, et al. A receptor tyrosine kinase network composed of fibroblast growth factor receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, and hepatocyte growth factor receptor drives growth and survival of head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines. Molecular Pharmacology. 2013;83(4):882-893'},{id:"B53",body:'Sirkisoon SR, Carpenter RL, Rimkus T, Anderson A, Harrison A, Lange AM, et al. Interaction between STAT3 and GLI1/tGLI1 oncogenic transcription factors promotes the aggressiveness of triple-negative breast cancers and HER2-enriched breast cancer. Oncogene. 2018;37(19):2502-2514'},{id:"B54",body:'Rajagopal C, Lankadasari MB, Aranjani JM, Harikumar K. Targeting oncogenic transcription factors by polyphenols: A novel approach for cancer therapy. Pharmacological Research. 2018;130:273-291'},{id:"B55",body:'Hasanpourghadi M, Pandurangan AK, Mustafa MR. Modulation of oncogenic transcription factors by bioactive natural products in breast cancer. Pharmacological Research. 2018;128:376-388'},{id:"B56",body:'Wu S, Turner KM, Nguyen N, Raviram R, Erb M, Santini J, et al. Circular ecDNA promotes accessible chromatin and high oncogene expression. Nature. 2019;575(7784):699-703'},{id:"B57",body:'Carneiro BA, El-Deiry WS. Targeting apoptosis in cancer therapy. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 2020;17(7):395-417'},{id:"B58",body:'Matsushima M, Kobayashi K, Eml M, Saito J, Suzumori K, Nakamura Y. Mutation analysis of the BRCA1 gene in 76 Japanese ovarian cancer patients: Four germline mutations, but no evidence of somatic mutation. Human Molecular Genetics. 1995;4(10):1953-1956'},{id:"B59",body:'Thomadaki H, Scorilas A. BCL2 family of apoptosis-related genes: Functions and clinical implications in cancer. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 2006;43(1):1-67'},{id:"B60",body:'Kotsantis P, Petermann E, Boulton SJ. Mechanisms of oncogene-induced replication stress: Jigsaw falling into place. Cancer Discovery. 2018;8(5):537-555'},{id:"B61",body:'Park M, Dean M, Cooper CS, Schmidt M, O\'Brien SJ, Blair DG, et al. Mechanism of met oncogene activation. Cell. 1986;45(6):895-904'},{id:"B62",body:'Wilmes S, Hafer M, Vuorio J, Tucker JA, Winkelmann H, Löchte S, et al. Mechanism of homodimeric cytokine receptor activation and dysregulation by oncogenic mutations. Science. 2020;367(6478):643-652'},{id:"B63",body:'Tanaka H, Watanabe T. Mechanisms underlying recurrent genomic amplification in human cancers. Trends in Cancer. 2020;6(6):462-477'},{id:"B64",body:'Jia Q , Chen S, Tan Y, Li Y, Tang F. Oncogenic super-enhancer formation in tumorigenesis and its molecular mechanisms. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2020;52(5):713-723'},{id:"B65",body:'Chereda B, Melo JV. Natural course and biology of CML. Annals of Hematology. 2015;94(2):107-121'},{id:"B66",body:'Griesinger F, Hennig H, Hillmer F, Podleschny M, Steffens R, Pies A, et al. A BCR–JAK2 fusion gene as the result of at (9, 22)(p24; q11. 2) translocation in a patient with a clinically typical chronic myeloid leukemia. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer. 2005;44(3):329-333'},{id:"B67",body:'Singh P, Kumar V, Gupta SK, Kumari G, Verma M. Combating TKI resistance in CML by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in combination with TKIs: A review. Medical Oncology. 2021;38(1):1-16'},{id:"B68",body:'Marshall CJ. Tumor suppressor genes. Cell. 1991;64(2):313-326'},{id:"B69",body:'Knudson AG Jr. Retinoblastoma and, Essentials of Ophthalmic Oncology. Vol. 323. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2009. p. 168'},{id:"B70",body:'Dyson NJ. RB1: A prototype tumor suppressor and an enigma. Genes & Development. 2016;30(13):1492-1502'},{id:"B71",body:'Berry JL, Polski A, Cavenee WK, Dryja TP, Murphree AL, Gallie BL. The RB1 story: Characterization and cloning of the first tumor suppressor gene. Genes. 2019;10(11):879'},{id:"B72",body:'Ryland GL, Doyle MA, Goode D, Boyle SE, Choong DY, Rowley SM, et al. Loss of heterozygosity: What is it good for? BMC Medical Genomics. 2015;8(1):1-12'},{id:"B73",body:'Tomlinson IP, Lambros MB, Roylance RR, Cleton-Jansen AM. Loss of heterozygosity analysis: Practically and conceptually flawed? Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer. 2002;34(4):349-353'},{id:"B74",body:'Polski A, Xu L, Prabakar RK, Gai X, Kim JW, Shah R, et al. Variability in retinoblastoma genome stability is driven by age and not heritability. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer. 2020;59(10):584-590'},{id:"B75",body:'Karp G. Cell and Molecular Biology, Concepts and Experiments 4. Hoboken, New Jersey, United States: John Wiley & Sons; 2005'},{id:"B76",body:'Dunham A, Matthews L, Burton J, Ashurst J, Howe K, Ashcroft K, et al. The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 13. Nature. 2004;428(6982):522-528'},{id:"B77",body:'Hu N, Goldstein AM, Albert PS, Giffen C, Tang Z-Z, Ding T, et al. Evidence for a familial esophageal cancer susceptibility gene on chromosome 13. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers. 2003;12(10):1112-1115'},{id:"B78",body:'Dahlén A, Debiec-Rychter M, Pedeutour F, Domanski HA, Höglund M, Bauer HC, et al. Clustering of deletions on chromosome 13 in benign and low-malignant lipomatous tumors. International Journal of Cancer. 2003;103(5):616-623'},{id:"B79",body:'Hosoki S, Ota S, Ichikawa Y, Suzuki H, Ueda T, Naya Y, et al. Suppression of metastasis of rat prostate cancer by introduction of human chromosome 13. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2002;4(2):131-136'},{id:"B80",body:'Topyalin N, Budak M, Ozbay N, Yildiz M, Kaner T, Aydin A, et al. A comparative histopathological and immunohistochemical study of Survivin and Ki-67 proteins in glial tumours. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. 2019;33(1):504-509'},{id:"B81",body:'Bourdon J-C. p53 and its isoforms in cancer. British Journal of Cancer. 2007;97(3):277-282'},{id:"B82",body:'Xu Y. Regulation of p53 responses by post-translational modifications. Cell Death & Differentiation. 2003;10(4)'},{id:"B83",body:'Oren M. Relationship of p53 to the control of apoptotic cell death. Seminars in Cancer Biology. 1994;5:221-227'},{id:"B84",body:'Sigal A, Rotter V. Oncogenic mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor: The demons of the guardian of the genome. Cancer Research. 2000;60(24):6788-6793'},{id:"B85",body:'Sayhan N, Yazici H, Budak M, Bitisik O, Dalay N. P53 codon 72 genotypes in colon cancer. Association with Human Papillomavirus Infection, Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology. 2001;109(1-2):25-34'},{id:"B86",body:'Blackwood MA, Weber BL. BRCA1 and BRCA2: From molecular genetics to clinical medicine. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1998;16(5):1969-1977'},{id:"B87",body:'Paull TT, Cortez D, Bowers B, Elledge SJ, Gellert M. Direct DNA binding by Brca1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001;98(11):6086-6091'},{id:"B88",body:'Parvin JD. Overview of history and progress in BRCA1 research: The first BRCA1 decade. Cancer Biology & Therapy. 2004;3(6):505-508'},{id:"B89",body:'Foulkes WD, Shuen AY. In brief: BRCA1 and BRCA2. The Journal of Pathology. 2013;230(4):347-349'},{id:"B90",body:'Neuhausen SL, Marshall CJ. Loss of heterozygosity in familial tumors from three BRCA1-linked kindreds. Cancer Research. 1994;54(23):6069-6072'},{id:"B91",body:'Futreal PA, Liu Q , Shattuck-Eidens D, Cochran C, Harshman K, Tavtigian S, et al. BRCA1 mutations in primary breast and ovarian carcinomas. Science. 1994;266(5182):120-122'},{id:"B92",body:'Stratton JF, Gayther SA, Russell P, Dearden J, Gore M, Blake P, et al. Contribution of BRCA1 mutations to ovarian cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997;336(16):1125-1130'},{id:"B93",body:'Couch FJ, DeShano ML, Blackwood MA, Calzone K, Stopfer J, Campeau L, et al. BRCA1 mutations in women attending clinics that evaluate the risk of breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997;336(20):1409-1415'},{id:"B94",body:'Rajendran P, Alzahrani AM, Rengarajan T, Veeraraghavan VP, Krishna Mohan S. Consumption of reused vegetable oil intensifies BRCA1 mutations. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021;62:1-8'},{id:"B95",body:'Durr-e-Samin MS-U, Rehman MS-U-R. Association of BRCA1 185 del AG with early age onset of breast cancer patients in selected cohort from Pakistani population. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018;34(5):1158'},{id:"B96",body:'Schlosser S, Rabinovitch R, Shatz Z, Galper S, Shahadi-Dromi I, Finkel S, et al. Radiation-associated secondary malignancies in BRCA mutation carriers treated for breast cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2020;107(2):353-359'},{id:"B97",body:'Salmi F, Maachi F, Tazzite A, Aboutaib R, Fekkak J, Azeddoug H, et al. Next-generation sequencing of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Moroccan prostate cancer patients with positive family history. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0254101'},{id:"B98",body:'Laraqui A, Cavaillé M, Uhrhammer N, ElBiad O, Bidet Y, El Rhaffouli H, et al. Identification of a novel pathogenic variant in PALB2 and BARD1 genes by a multigene sequencing panel in triple negative breast cancer in Morocco. Journal of Genomics. 2021;9:43'},{id:"B99",body:'Algebaly A, Suliman R, Al-Qahtani W. Comprehensive study for BRCA1 and BRCA2 entire coding regions in breast cancer. Clinical and Translational Oncology. 2021;23(1):74-81'},{id:"B100",body:'Rizk MM, El-etreby NM, El-Attar LM, Elzyat EA, Saied MH. A case–control study of BRCA1 founder mutations 185delAG and 5382insC in a cohort of Egyptian ovarian cancer patients using pyrosequencing technique. Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics. 2022;23(1):1-9'},{id:"B101",body:'Anisimenko M, Paul G, Kozyakov A, Gutkina N, Berdyugina D, Garanin AY, et al. The spectrum of BRCA1 gene mutations in early onset breast cancer patients from Russia. Сибирский онкологический журнал. 2018;17(4):53-58'},{id:"B102",body:'Gayther SA, Harrington P, Russell P, Kharkevich G, Garkavtseva R, Ponder B. Rapid detection of regionally clustered germ-line BRCA1 mutations by multiplex heteroduplex analysis. UKCCCR Familial Ovarian Cancer Study Group. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1996;58(3):451'},{id:"B103",body:'Caestecker KW, Van de Walle GR. The role of BRCA1 in DNA double-strand repair: Past and present. Experimental Cell Research. 2013;319(5):575-587'},{id:"B104",body:'Scully R, Anderson SF, Chao DM, Wei W, Ye L, Young RA, et al. BRCA1 is a component of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1997;94(11):5605-5610'},{id:"B105",body:'Weber A, Chung H-J, Springer E, Heitzmann D, Warth R. The TFIIH subunit p89 (XPB) localizes to the centrosome during mitosis. Analytical Cellular Pathology. 2010;32(1-2):121-130'},{id:"B106",body:'Narod SA, Foulkes WD. BRCA1 and BRCA2: 1994 and beyond. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2004;4(9):665-676'},{id:"B107",body:'Yang H, Jeffrey PD, Miller J, Kinnucan E, Sun Y, Thoma NH, et al. BRCA2 function in DNA binding and recombination from a BRCA2-DSS1-ssDNA structure. Science. 2002;297(5588):1837-1848'},{id:"B108",body:'Patel KJ, Veronica P, Lee H, Corcoran A, Thistlethwaite FC, Evans MJ, et al. Involvement of Brca2 in DNA repair. Molecular Cell. 1998;1(3):347-357'},{id:"B109",body:'Consortium BCL. Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999;91(15):1310-1316'},{id:"B110",body:'Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J, Swift S, Seal S, Mangion J, et al. Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature. 1995;378(6559):789-792'},{id:"B111",body:'Sarantaus L, Huusko P, Eerola H, Launonen V, Vehmanen P, Rapakko K, et al. Multiple founder effects and geographical clustering of BRCA1 and BRCA2 families in Finland. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2000;8(10):757-763'},{id:"B112",body:'Karami F, Mehdipour P. A comprehensive focus on global spectrum of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in breast cancer. BioMed Research International. 2013;2013:928562'},{id:"B113",body:'Friebel TM, Domchek SM, Rebbeck TR. Modifiers of cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2014;106(6):dju091'},{id:"B114",body:'Holloman WK. Unraveling the mechanism of BRCA2 in homologous recombination. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 2011;18(7):748-754'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Metin Budak",address:"genomicdna2@yahoo.com;, metinbudak@trakya.edu.tr",affiliation:'
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Trakya University, Turkey
Department of Neurology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Saglik Bilimleri University, Turkey
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10793",type:"book",title:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Metin Budak and Dr. Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10793.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-843-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-842-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-844-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"118055",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasna",middleName:null,surname:"Bankovic",email:"jasnam@ibiss.bg.ac.rs",fullName:"Jasna Bankovic",slug:"jasna-bankovic",position:null,biography:"Jasna Bankovic graduated from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia. She concluded the M.A. degree course at the University of São Paulo and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil. She obtained her PhD at the Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade (PhD thesis title: “Analysis of DNA instability in postoperative tissue of patients with lung cancer”). She is currently employed as an associate research professor at the Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković,” Belgrade, Serbia. Her major research interests are cancer biology, genomic instability, and multidrug-resistant phenotype. In 2015, she was a visiting associate professor at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/118055/images/5054_n.jpg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"1",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[{id:"5443",type:"book",slug:"anti-cancer-drugs-nature-synthesis-and-cell",title:"Anti-cancer Drugs",subtitle:"Nature, Synthesis and Cell",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5443.jpg",abstract:"We are in constant search for new therapeutic options to cure cancer. In this book, you can find out how scientists throughout the world deal with this problem. Readers will learn how to engage nature, chemical synthesis, and cell machinery to design new anticancer agents. Nature has already been very generous in providing us different compounds which are in widespread application. Starting from these resources, various synthetic processes are applied to create synthetic drugs which can be then obtained in large quantities. Also, the cell by itself provides different possibilities to meet the constantly increasing requirements for successful therapy. Explore the book and find out what are the new ways to fight cancer.",editors:[{id:"118055",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasna",surname:"Bankovic",slug:"jasna-bankovic",fullName:"Jasna Bankovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"37280",title:"Analysis of Genomic Instability and Tumor-Specific Genetic Alterations by Arbitrarily Primed PCR",slug:"analysis-of-genomic-instability-and-tumor-specific-genetic-alterations-by-arbitrarily-primed-pcr",abstract:null,signatures:"Nikola Tanic, Jasna Bankovic and Nasta Tanic",authors:[{id:"112962",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikola",surname:"Tanic",fullName:"Nikola Tanic",slug:"nikola-tanic",email:"nikolata@ibiss.bg.ac.rs"},{id:"118055",title:"Dr.",name:"Jasna",surname:"Bankovic",fullName:"Jasna Bankovic",slug:"jasna-bankovic",email:"jasnam@ibiss.bg.ac.rs"},{id:"118058",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasta",surname:"Tanic",fullName:"Nasta Tanic",slug:"nasta-tanic",email:"nastad@vinca.rs"}],book:{id:"1769",title:"Polymerase Chain Reaction",slug:"polymerase-chain-reaction",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"110344",title:"Dr.",name:"Bojana",surname:"Bogovič Matijašic",slug:"bojana-bogovic-matijasic",fullName:"Bojana Bogovič Matijašic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"110588",title:"Prof.",name:"Tock Hing",surname:"Chua",slug:"tock-hing-chua",fullName:"Tock Hing Chua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/112070/images/system/112070.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Abubakar, a scientist from the National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan, has more than fifteen years of experience in various fields of veterinary sciences. His main area of expertise is transboundary animal diseases (TADs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). He has worked in academics as well as in the field of implementing disease control programs. He has worked with local and international projects to establish diagnostic laboratories for TADs. He has also conducted various training for field as well as laboratory staff. Dr. Abubakar has published numerous research papers, review articles, and book chapters on different subjects in the veterinary sciences, especially TADs like avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, and peste des petits ruminants. He is the co-editor of The Role of Biotechnology in Improvement of Livestock. He is currently an editor in chief for the Research Journal for Veterinary Practitioners and Veterinary Sciences: Research and Reviews.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Laboratory",institution:null},{id:"114049",title:"PhD.",name:"Maurilia",surname:"Contreras",slug:"maurilia-contreras",fullName:"Maurilia Contreras",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"114083",title:"Dr.",name:"Duska",surname:"Delic",slug:"duska-delic",fullName:"Duska Delic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Banja Luka",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bosnia and Herzegovina"}}},{id:"117614",title:"Dr.",name:"Saul",surname:"Flores-Medina",slug:"saul-flores-medina",fullName:"Saul Flores-Medina",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Nacional de Perinatología",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"117674",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Javed Arshed",slug:"muhammad-javed-arshed",fullName:"Muhammad Javed Arshed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"119861",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Monnet",slug:"christophe-monnet",fullName:"Christophe Monnet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"150073",title:"Ms.",name:"Farida",surname:"Mehmood",slug:"farida-mehmood",fullName:"Farida Mehmood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"150074",title:"Ms.",name:"Aeman",surname:"Jeelani",slug:"aeman-jeelani",fullName:"Aeman Jeelani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"statement64605",title:"Statement Title Placeholder",intro:"
Intro
",metaTitle:"Statement Title Placeholder",metaDescription:"Intro",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/statement64605",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11794",title:"Coconut Cultivation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48e1cb42a4162f64cae3a2e777472f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium difficile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11809",title:"Lagomorpha",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e8fd5779205c16e5797b05455dc5be0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11809.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11837",title:"Ecology and Geography of the Mediterranean",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bbb25987a982d61da4f47fb13614ba3c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:80},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:22}],offset:12,limit:12,total:232},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"290",title:"Information and Communication",slug:"information-and-communication",parent:{id:"24",title:"Technology",slug:"technology"},numberOfBooks:21,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:348,numberOfWosCitations:571,numberOfCrossrefCitations:534,numberOfDimensionsCitations:963,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"290",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10990",title:"Multiplexing",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Novel Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7087bb097e43cc25997790b009fb77a",slug:"multiplexing-recent-advances-and-novel-applications",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10990.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6940",title:"e-Services",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0dd6e0f6c0a6d3be53af40ae99a1529d",slug:"e-services",bookSignature:"Sam Goundar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280395",title:"Dr.",name:"Sam",middleName:null,surname:"Goundar",slug:"sam-goundar",fullName:"Sam Goundar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7654",title:"Wearable Devices",subtitle:"the Big Wave of Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"46b13f25dc9a1576e355717c903d81bc",slug:"wearable-devices-the-big-wave-of-innovation",bookSignature:"Noushin Nasiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"234150",title:"Dr.",name:"Noushin",middleName:null,surname:"Nasiri",slug:"noushin-nasiri",fullName:"Noushin Nasiri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8723",title:"Telecommunication Systems",subtitle:"Principles and Applications of Wireless-Optical Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8bf1ec49936ab44fcdfc9fea042e73d7",slug:"telecommunication-systems-principles-and-applications-of-wireless-optical-technologies",bookSignature:"Isiaka A. Alimi, Paulo P. Monteiro and António L. Teixeira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8723.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"208236",title:"Dr.",name:"Isiaka",middleName:"Ajewale",surname:"Alimi",slug:"isiaka-alimi",fullName:"Isiaka Alimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8383",title:"Multiplexing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"57b7f473289c825517f17b8e18d893fc",slug:"multiplexing",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8383.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7401",title:"Telecommunication Networks",subtitle:"Trends and Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bbaf96f832d3a8b509e18bf1bdaacc87",slug:"telecommunication-networks-trends-and-developments",bookSignature:"Mohammad Abdul Matin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7401.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12623",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Abdul",middleName:"A",surname:"Matin",slug:"mohammad-abdul-matin",fullName:"Mohammad Abdul Matin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"15cb591deb13165af8e0286da414c1bd",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6321",title:"Broadband Communications Networks",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Lessons from Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6e29995cd9dd6193bd198112d9549f32",slug:"broadband-communications-networks-recent-advances-and-lessons-from-practice",bookSignature:"Abdelfatteh Haidine and Abdelhak Aqqal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6321.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187242",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelfatteh",middleName:null,surname:"Haidine",slug:"abdelfatteh-haidine",fullName:"Abdelfatteh Haidine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5740",title:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10f605202aae0cd293bfc2b4e5027e5c",slug:"smartphones-from-an-applied-research-perspective",bookSignature:"Nawaz Mohamudally",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5740.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119486",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawaz",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamudally",slug:"nawaz-mohamudally",fullName:"Nawaz Mohamudally"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4646",title:"Cutting Edge Research in Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0c6cc73cb98936693e6e4845a19dfcf",slug:"cutting-edge-research-in-technologies",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4646.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1892",title:"Technological Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3cf7980708feb75306ac4e7fdc678d5c",slug:"technological-change",bookSignature:"Aurora A.C. Teixeira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1892.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112335",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurora",middleName:"A.C.",surname:"Teixeira",slug:"aurora-teixeira",fullName:"Aurora Teixeira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"577",title:"Assistive Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a96647e24e8f72a97a6df1368e625ebc",slug:"assistive-technologies",bookSignature:"Fernando A. Auat Cheein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/577.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78273",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Auat Cheein",slug:"fernando-auat-cheein",fullName:"Fernando Auat Cheein"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:21,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"31905",doi:"10.5772/38302",title:"Touch Screens for the Older User",slug:"touch-screens-for-the-older-user",totalDownloads:5149,totalCrossrefCites:52,totalDimensionsCites:81,abstract:null,book:{id:"577",slug:"assistive-technologies",title:"Assistive Technologies",fullTitle:"Assistive Technologies"},signatures:"Niamh Caprani, Noel E. O’Connor and Cathal Gurrin",authors:[{id:"1479",title:"Dr.",name:"Cathal",middleName:null,surname:"Gurrin",slug:"cathal-gurrin",fullName:"Cathal Gurrin"},{id:"116543",title:"Ms.",name:"Niamh",middleName:null,surname:"Caprani",slug:"niamh-caprani",fullName:"Niamh Caprani"},{id:"116548",title:"Prof.",name:"Noel",middleName:null,surname:"E. O'Connor",slug:"noel-e.-o'connor",fullName:"Noel E. O'Connor"}]},{id:"12285",doi:"10.5772/10432",title:"Capabilities and Performances of the Selective Laser Melting Process",slug:"capabilities-and-performances-of-the-selective-laser-melting-process",totalDownloads:6327,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:66,abstract:null,book:{id:"3720",slug:"new-trends-in-technologies--devices--computer--communication-and-industrial-systems",title:"New Trends in Technologies",fullTitle:"New Trends in Technologies: Devices, Computer, Communication and Industrial Systems"},signatures:"Sabina Luisa Campanelli, Nicola Contuzzi, Andrea Angelastro and Antonio Domenico Ludovico",authors:null},{id:"56113",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69734",title:"Smartphone: The Ultimate IoT and IoE Device",slug:"smartphone-the-ultimate-iot-and-ioe-device",totalDownloads:2898,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:37,abstract:"Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Everything (IoE) are emerging communication concepts that will interconnect a variety of devices (including smartphones, home appliances, sensors, and other network devices), people, data, and processes and allow them to communicate with each other seamlessly. These new concepts can be applied in many application domains such as healthcare, transportation, and supply chain management (SCM), to name a few, and allow users to get real-time information such as location-based services, disease management, and tracking. The smartphone-enabling technologies such as built-in sensors, Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tracking, and near-field communications (NFC) allow it to be an integral part of IoT and IoE world and the mostly used device in these environments. However, its use imposes severe security and privacy threats, because the smartphone usually contains and communicates sensitive private data. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive survey on IoT and IoE technologies, their application domains, IoT structure and architecture, the use of smartphones in IoT and IoE, and the difference between IoT networks and mobile cellular networks. We also provide a concise overview of future opportunities and challenges in IoT and IoE environments and focus more on the security and privacy threats of using the smartphone in IoT and IoE networks with a suggestion of some countermeasures.",book:{id:"5740",slug:"smartphones-from-an-applied-research-perspective",title:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective",fullTitle:"Smartphones from an Applied Research Perspective"},signatures:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar and Mohammed Boulmalf",authors:[{id:"26677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdia",middleName:null,surname:"Ajana El Khaddar",slug:"mehdia-ajana-el-khaddar",fullName:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar"},{id:"209424",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Boulmalf",slug:"mohammed-boulmalf",fullName:"Mohammed Boulmalf"}]},{id:"12298",doi:"10.5772/10420",title:"Intelligent Technologies in Modeling and Control of Turbojet Engines",slug:"intelligent-technologies-in-modeling-and-control-of-turbojet-engines",totalDownloads:2869,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"3684",slug:"new-trends-in-technologies--control--management--computational-intelligence-and-network-systems",title:"New Trends in Technologies",fullTitle:"New Trends in Technologies: Control, Management, Computational Intelligence and Network Systems"},signatures:"Ladislav Madarász, Rudolf Andoga and Ladislav Fozo",authors:null},{id:"9410",doi:"10.5772/7297",title:"Competence-based Curriculum Development in Higher Education: a Globalised Concept?",slug:"competence-based-curriculum-development-in-higher-education-a-globalised-concept-",totalDownloads:10116,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"3611",slug:"technology-education-and-development",title:"Technology",fullTitle:"Technology, Education and Development"},signatures:"Wim Kouwenhoven",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66828",title:"Breathing Monitoring and Pattern Recognition with Wearable Sensors",slug:"breathing-monitoring-and-pattern-recognition-with-wearable-sensors",totalDownloads:3114,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"This chapter introduces the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, and the reasons for measuring breathing events, particularly, using wearable sensors. Respiratory monitoring is vital including detection of sleep apnea and measurement of respiratory rate. The automatic detection of breathing patterns is equally important in other respiratory rehabilitation therapies, for example, magnetic resonance exams for respiratory triggered imaging, and synchronized functional electrical stimulation. In this context, the goal of many research groups is to create wearable devices able to monitor breathing activity continuously, under natural physiological conditions in different environments. Therefore, wearable sensors that have been used recently as well as the main signal processing methods for breathing analysis are discussed. The following sensor technologies are presented: acoustic, resistive, inductive, humidity, acceleration, pressure, electromyography, impedance, and infrared. New technologies open the door to future methods of noninvasive breathing analysis using wearable sensors associated with machine learning techniques for pattern detection.",book:{id:"7654",slug:"wearable-devices-the-big-wave-of-innovation",title:"Wearable Devices",fullTitle:"Wearable Devices - the Big Wave of Innovation"},signatures:"Taisa Daiana da Costa, Maria de Fatima Fernandes Vara, Camila Santos Cristino, Tyene Zoraski Zanella, Guilherme Nunes Nogueira Neto and Percy Nohama",authors:[{id:"192464",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Percy",middleName:null,surname:"Nohama",slug:"percy-nohama",fullName:"Percy Nohama"},{id:"285706",title:"MSc.",name:"Taísa Daiana",middleName:null,surname:"Da Costa",slug:"taisa-daiana-da-costa",fullName:"Taísa Daiana Da Costa"},{id:"285707",title:"MSc.",name:"Maria de Fatima Fernandes",middleName:null,surname:"Vara",slug:"maria-de-fatima-fernandes-vara",fullName:"Maria de Fatima Fernandes Vara"},{id:"285708",title:"BSc.",name:"Camila Santos",middleName:null,surname:"Cristino",slug:"camila-santos-cristino",fullName:"Camila Santos Cristino"},{id:"285709",title:"Prof.",name:"Guilherme Nunes",middleName:null,surname:"Nogueira Neto",slug:"guilherme-nunes-nogueira-neto",fullName:"Guilherme Nunes Nogueira Neto"},{id:"293109",title:"BSc.",name:"Tyene",middleName:null,surname:"Zoraski Zanella",slug:"tyene-zoraski-zanella",fullName:"Tyene Zoraski Zanella"}]},{id:"59149",title:"Evolution of Broadband Communication Networks: Architecture and Applications",slug:"evolution-of-broadband-communication-networks-architecture-and-applications",totalDownloads:1622,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"With the rapid increase in users’ demand for flexibility and scalability of communication services, broadband communication networks are facing an ongoing challenge of providing various broadband services using a single communication architecture. This leads to the evolution of a challenging field of multiservice broadband network architectures. This chapter discusses the basic concepts associated with broadband communication network architectures with emphasis on provision of multiservice, and it also focuses on the evolution of broadband communication networks from the traditional architecture to the incorporation of virtualization services, that is, cloud computing. Another important aspect, which relates to the multiservice broadband network, is the “applications” which, as this chapter highlights, are a key-driving factor for the evolution of broadband communication networks. Moreover, this chapter also includes a discussion on New Zealand’s government initiatives to provide improved network coverage within the country.",book:{id:"6321",slug:"broadband-communications-networks-recent-advances-and-lessons-from-practice",title:"Broadband Communications Networks",fullTitle:"Broadband Communications Networks - Recent Advances and Lessons from Practice"},signatures:"Sonia Gul and Jairo Gutierrez",authors:[{id:"214670",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Gul",slug:"sonia-gul",fullName:"Sonia Gul"},{id:"215559",title:"Prof.",name:"Jairo",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez",slug:"jairo-gutierrez",fullName:"Jairo Gutierrez"}]},{id:"9429",title:"ICT Use in VET: The Virtual Training Centre for Shoe Design as a Model",slug:"ict-use-in-vet-the-virtual-training-centre-for-shoe-design-as-a-model",totalDownloads:8303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3611",slug:"technology-education-and-development",title:"Technology",fullTitle:"Technology, Education and Development"},signatures:"Aura Mihai and Mehmet Sahin",authors:null},{id:"67713",title:"Multiplexing",slug:"multiplexing",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In any communication system that is either digital or analog, we need a communication channel for transmission. This channel can be a wired or a wireless link. It is not practical to allocate individual channels for each user. Therefore a group of signals are combined together and sent over a common channel. For this we use multiplexers. A multiplexer is a device that allows digital information from several sources to be routed onto a single line for transmission to a single destination. A demultiplexer does the reverse operation of multiplexing. It takes digital information from a single line and distributes it to a given number of output lines.",book:{id:"8383",slug:"multiplexing",title:"Multiplexing",fullTitle:"Multiplexing"},signatures:"Vijayakumar Nandalal and M.S. Sumalatha",authors:[{id:"285973",title:"Dr.",name:"Nandalal",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"nandalal-vijayakumar",fullName:"Nandalal Vijayakumar"},{id:"297986",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sumalatha",middleName:null,surname:"M S",slug:"sumalatha-m-s",fullName:"Sumalatha M S"}]},{id:"62142",title:"5G Backhaul: Requirements, Challenges, and Emerging Technologies",slug:"5g-backhaul-requirements-challenges-and-emerging-technologies",totalDownloads:3245,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"5G is the next generation cellular networks which is expected to quench the ever-ending thirst of data rates and interconnect billions of smart devices to support not only human centric traffic, but also machine centric traffic. Recent research and standardization work have been addressing requirements and challenges from radio perspective (e.g., new spectrum allocation, network densification, massive multiple-input-multiple-output antenna, carrier aggregation, inter-cell interference mitigation techniques, and coordinated multi-point processing). In addition, a new network bottleneck has emerged: the backhaul network which will allow to interconnect and support billions of devices from the core network. Up to 4G cellular networks, the major challenges to meet the backhaul requirements were capacity, availability, deployment cost, and long-distance reach. However, as 5G network capabilities and services added to 4G cellular networks, the backhaul network would face two additional challenges that include ultralow latency (i.e., 1 ms) requirements and ultradense nature of the network. Due to the dense small cell deployment and heavy traffic cells in 5G, 5G backhaul network will need to support hundreds of gigabits of traffic from the core network and today’s cellular backhaul networks are infeasible to meet these requirements in terms of capacity, availability, latency, energy, and cost efficiency. This book chapter first introduce the mobile backhaul network perspective for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. Then, outlines the backhaul requirements of 5G networks, and describes the impact on current mobile backhaul networks.",book:{id:"6321",slug:"broadband-communications-networks-recent-advances-and-lessons-from-practice",title:"Broadband Communications Networks",fullTitle:"Broadband Communications Networks - Recent Advances and Lessons from Practice"},signatures:"Md Maruf Ahamed and Saleh Faruque",authors:[{id:"215861",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Md Maruf",middleName:null,surname:"Ahamed",slug:"md-maruf-ahamed",fullName:"Md Maruf Ahamed"},{id:"216864",title:"Prof.",name:"Saleh",middleName:null,surname:"Faruque",slug:"saleh-faruque",fullName:"Saleh Faruque"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"290",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580",scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope,” Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plants, logistics, manufacturing, and safety. She serves as an associate editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and is an editorial board member for several other journals. She is also a member of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Academy.",institutionString:"Parthenope University of Naples",institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"179628",title:"Prof.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Jamali",slug:"dima-jamali",fullName:"Dima Jamali",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAIlQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T08:52:23.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVIVQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-17T13:25:32.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRBNIQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-21T08:24:16.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"208657",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Del Baldo",slug:"mara-del-baldo",fullName:"Mara Del Baldo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLMUQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-18T08:19:24.png",institutionString:"University of Urbino Carlo Bo",institution:{name:"University of Urbino",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"320585",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Young",slug:"deborah-young",fullName:"Deborah Young",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002vZLcTQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T08:30:47.jpg",institutionString:"Empowering Communities Globally, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"348038",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Feyza",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"feyza-bhatti",fullName:"Feyza Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/348038/images/system/348038.jpg",institutionString:"Girne American University, Cyprus",institution:{name:"Girne American University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"302382",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",slug:"gina-alvarado",fullName:"Gina Alvarado",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002mZoL9QAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-26T08:14:10.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landesa Rural Development Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"128665",title:"Prof.",name:"Man-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",slug:"man-chung-chiu",fullName:"Man-Chung Chiu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bR9OrQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T08:36:59.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Normal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"267257",title:"Dr.",name:"Wame",middleName:null,surname:"Hambira",slug:"wame-hambira",fullName:"Wame Hambira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZhvQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T08:16:15.jpg",institutionString:"Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Botswana",institution:null},{id:"256906",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenebe",middleName:null,surname:"Mekonnen",slug:"zenebe-mekonnen",fullName:"Zenebe Mekonnen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256906/images/20300_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ethiopia"}}}]},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:{name:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia Trillo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAZHQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:26:43.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002nXXGKQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-11T08:25:45.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Budapest University of Technology and Economics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282172/images/system/282172.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institution:{name:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"12141",title:"Leadership - Advancing Great Leadership Practices and Good Leaders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12141.jpg",hash:"85f77453916f1d80d80d88ee4fd2f2d1",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"420133",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Crawford",slug:"joseph-crawford",fullName:"Joseph Crawford"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12139",title:"Global Market and Trade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12139.jpg",hash:"fa34af07c3a9657fa670404202f8cba5",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 21st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"243649",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ireneusz",surname:"Miciuła",slug:"ireneusz-miciula",fullName:"Ireneusz Miciuła"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82552",title:"Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105913",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Abdul Jan, Priyank Desai, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Kareem Hamdy, Nafees Haider, Nasar Khan, Rochelle Annan, Olanrewaju Badaru, Ricardo Izurieta and Stella Smith",slug:"perspective-chapter-sars-cov-2-variants-two-years-post-onset-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ghana Health Service",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Brasília",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Brasília",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"93",type:"subseries",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",keywords:"Social Contract, SDG, Human Rights, Inclusiveness, Equity, Democracy, Personal Learning, Collaboration, Glocalization",scope:"
\r\n\tThis topic is dedicated to the efforts and promotion of UNESCO SDG4, the UNESCO initiative on the future of education, and the need for a new social contract for education. It aims to disseminate knowledge on policies, strategies, methods, and technologies that increase the resilience and sustainability of the development of the future of education and the new social contract for education. It will also consider the global challenges such as globalization, demographic change, digital transformation, climate change, environment and the social pillars of sustainable development.
\r\n
\r\n\tResponses to the pandemic and the widespread discontent that preceded it must be based on a new social contract and a New Global Deal for education that ensures equal opportunities for all and respects all people’s rights and freedoms (UNESCO; 2021). Such a new social contract, as proposed by UNESCO, must be based on the general principles underlying human rights - inclusion and equality, cooperation and solidarity, and collective responsibility and interconnectedness - and be guided by the following fundamental principle: Ensure that everyone has access to quality education throughout their lives.
\r\n
\r\n\tWe face the dual challenge of delivering on the unfulfilled promise of ensuring the right to quality education for every child, youth, and adult, as well as fully realizing the transformative potential of education as a pathway to a more sustainable collective future. To achieve this, we need a new social contract for education that eliminates inequities while transforming the future. This new social contract must be based on human rights and the principles of non-discrimination, social justice, respect for life, human dignity, and cultural diversity. It must include an ethic of care, reciprocity and solidarity. The new social contract builds on inclusiveness, equity, lifelong learning, SDG, collaboration and personal learning in a global context for democracy.
\r\n
\r\n\tAt an international level, the adoption of the Open Educational Resources recommendation and the Open Science recommendation represents an important step towards building more open and inclusive knowledge societies as well as the achievement of the UN 2030 Agenda. Indeed, implementing the recommendations will help to achieve at least five more Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are intertwined with the topic of this book series, namely SDG 5 (Gender equality), SDG 9 (Industry, innovation and infrastructure), SDG 10 (Reduced inequalities within and across countries), SDG 16 (Peace, justice and strong institutions) and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the goals).
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:"2753-6580"},editorialBoard:[{id:"320585",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Young",slug:"deborah-young",fullName:"Deborah Young",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002vZLcTQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T08:30:47.jpg",institutionString:"Empowering Communities Globally, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"348038",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Feyza",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"feyza-bhatti",fullName:"Feyza Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/348038/images/system/348038.jpg",institutionString:"Girne American University, Cyprus",institution:{name:"Girne American University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"302382",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",slug:"gina-alvarado",fullName:"Gina Alvarado",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002mZoL9QAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-26T08:14:10.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landesa Rural Development Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"128665",title:"Prof.",name:"Man-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",slug:"man-chung-chiu",fullName:"Man-Chung Chiu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bR9OrQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T08:36:59.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Normal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82552",title:"Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105913",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Abdul Jan, Priyank Desai, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Kareem Hamdy, Nafees Haider, Nasar Khan, Rochelle Annan, Olanrewaju Badaru, Ricardo Izurieta and Stella Smith",slug:"perspective-chapter-sars-cov-2-variants-two-years-post-onset-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. Kharsany, Temesgen Zewotir and Delia North",slug:"spatial-variation-and-factors-associated-with-unsuppressed-hiv-viral-load-among-women-in-an-hiv-hype",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82207",title:"Management Strategies in Perinatal HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105451",signatures:"Kayla Aleshire and Rima Bazzi",slug:"management-strategies-in-perinatal-hiv",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82013",title:"Streamlining Laboratory Tests for HIV Detection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105096",signatures:"Ramakrishna Prakash and Mysore Krishnamurthy Yashaswini",slug:"streamlining-laboratory-tests-for-hiv-detection",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Extracellular Vesicles - Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/118055",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"118055"},fullPath:"/profiles/118055",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()