Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
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This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
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We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
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Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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It is actually impossible to cover all aspects of lipoprotein structure, function, metabolism and pathophysiology in one issue like the present volume, but attempts have been made to concentrate on topics that are in focus of current lipoprotein research. These topics have been divided into 10 sections. 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\r\n\tIn March 2022, another book on human migration seems important when the events or tragedies unfolding in Eastern Europe are considered. People have always migrated and have moved, but, specifically looking at the last three hundred years, involuntary migration is on the rise. Involuntary migration does not only affect Europe; Asia, Africa, and North as well as South America, have had their fair share of natural catastrophes, invasions, and wars. \r\n\tThis book will intend to look at different migrant patterns, voluntary and involuntary migration, over the last three centuries. What influenced people to leave their home countries, family, and friends and settle somewhere else? The book may include histories of the 19th century, consider tragedies and movements activated by political events in the 20th century, and/or look at recent events of the 21st century. Push and pull factors are important points. While most of us may be influenced in a negative way by the current happenings in Eastern Europe, the Russian invasion and resulting tragedies also demonstrate some very positive human traits – the preparedness of Ukraine’s surrounding countries to help those in need and to provide a safe place for the present. \r\n\tWhether one looks at voluntary or involuntary migration into any country, after a period of adjustment, migrants do play a positive role. The research found that migrants contribute to the economy (food, shelter, employment, tax) and enrich a country’s cultural norms. Prerequisites for successful settlements are that the host society adopts a tolerant approach and that the migrants recognize the law and the language of the host country. Nothing is ever easy or without controversy, but I am a migrant (German Australian), and life in Australia has been relatively harmonious. Issues that could be considered in the book are multicultural societies (do monocultural societies still exist?) and theories of acculturation versus integration (settlement processes). \r\n\tTwo further issues are very important in relation to human migration. There is climate change, global warming, and the environment, which clearly affect people’s movement. Small island populations are very concerned about rising sea levels. 2021 has also seen floods costing human lives: Turkey (August 2021), Brazil (December 2021), Chile (January 2021), and South India (November 2021), to name but a few. In Australia (March 2022), farms and whole townships in New South Wales and Queensland have been flooded for the second time in five years, and plans to resettle these towns are considered. Official and social media provide ample coverage of the events, which leads me to the next issue. There is today’s very important role of the media, of the official and social media. We are constantly bombarded with images of human war tragedies and flood victims. People in industrialized, western countries must be the best-informed populace. How far do the images and up-to-date TV news influence us, make us change our behavior, and perhaps even consider us more generous than we have been? \r\n\tClimate change and the media are relatively new to the human migration debate, but both issues play important parts, and some interesting discussions are appreciated. \r\n\t
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1. Introduction
Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, causes cerebral infarction or heart failure. For this reason, treatment strategies for it have been studied for several years. The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management study [1] published in 2002 reported that, compared with a rate control strategy, a rhythm control–induced strategy with medications does not help improve AF prognosis. In contrast, in catheter ablation, a nonpharmacological therapy for AF reported in 1998 by Haïssaguerre et al. [2], frequent ectopic beats arising from the pulmonary veins (PVs) contribute to AF development, while PV electrical isolation can maintain sinus rhythm. The Catheter Ablation vs. Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation (CABANA) trial [3] showed that AF recurrence occurred less frequently in the ablation group than in the standard medical therapy group. The ablation group in the same trial showed improved quality of life among patients with AF compared with the standard medical therapy group. Furthermore, the Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation with Heart Failure (CASTLE-AF) trial demonstrated that, among patients with congestive heart failure, ablation therapy prevented more events than medical therapy [4]. Based on the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines, catheter ablation is the first-line treatment for patients with drug-resistant paroxysmal AF. The FIRE AND ICE trial, which compared the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation versus cryoballoon ablation for drug-resistant paroxysmal AF, determined that the cryoballoon ablation invented in recent years was not inferior to radiofrequency ablation [5]. However, compared with paroxysmal AF, persistent AF has a higher recurrence rate after ablation. To improve the prognosis of persistent AF, the ablation of atrial substrates, including linear ablation [6], complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE) ablation [7], CARTOFINDER [8], ExTRa Mapping [9], and non-PV foci ablation [10], has been performed in addition to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). A report of whether these procedures can further prevent AF recurrence is expected in the future.
AF development is orchestrated by many risk factors, including hypertension, overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, tobacco smoking, and excessive drinking [11, 12]. Thus, managing these risk factors is important for its prevention.
In addition, patient selection is considered important for improving treatment outcomes; therefore, it is necessary to identify a new index that correlates with patient prognosis.
2. Prognosis differs among ablation devices
2.1 AF recurrence rates for radiofrequency ablation versus cryoballoon ablation
Cryoballoon ablation is a procedure that involves inducing necrosis by exposing the myocardium to ultralow temperatures. PVI using cryoballoon ablation is currently performed in many medical facilities because cryoballoon ablation catheter is relatively easy to handle compared with a radiofrequency ablation catheter. Because the cryoballoon’s radius cannot be adjusted, electrical isolation is difficult in some cases; therefore, it is important to confirm the locations of the PV and left atrium using preoperative computed tomography. In the FIRE AND ICE trial, the effectiveness of cryoballoon ablation was not inferior to that of conventional radiofrequency ablation, while the operating time for cryoballoon ablation was significantly shorter.
2.2 Laser balloon ablation
Laser balloon ablation enables observation of the crimped myocardium through the endoscope following balloon occlusion of the PV. Furthermore, the laser balloon enables free adjustment of the balloon size, target ablation site, and output power. The flexibility of the laser balloon allows an operator to perform a personalized PVI. One previous study reported that treatment outcomes for paroxysmal AF vary widely among patients [13]. Other studies reported the high incidence of phrenic neuropathy.
The isolation success and complication rates involve a learning curve. Laser balloon ablation is expected to have safe and good treatment outcomes if used properly.
2.3 Hot balloon ablation
In a hot balloon catheter, a compliant balloon made of polyurethane is attached to the end of the catheter, while electrodes for radiofrequency energy and a temperature sensor are placed inside the catheter. In hot balloon ablation, the administration of a contrast–saline mixture causes the balloon to fully expand to the appropriate size and then press against the tissue surrounding the PV. The balloon is heated to 70°C by energizing of the radiofrequency current in the balloon electrode. Compared with cryoballoon, the major difference of hot balloon ablation is to change the balloon size. Furthermore, hot balloon ablation is considered a relatively safe method because the temperature for tissue heating is ≤70°C. For that reason, the steam pop phenomenon does not occur. We are awaiting the results of a multicenter study of its clinical performance [14].
2.4 Pulsed field ablation
Pores in cell membranes are made using electric pulses, through which substances can enter cells, a phenomenon called electroporation. This method has been used for transformation, by which Escherichia coli or animal cells deliver DNA into cells; however, irreversible electroporation, which kills cells via irreversible perforation, has also been developed. The electric pulse frequency that kills cells differs among tissues. When applying the frequency to ablation, it is possible to selectively ablate the atrial muscle without affecting the tissues surrounding the blood vessels, nerves, and esophagus. Although the number of cases is small, the effectiveness and safety of pulsed field ablation have been reported [15].
3. AF recurrence after persistent AF ablation
Along with the progress of catheter ablation, the proportion of patients cured of AF among those with paroxysmal AF is high in all medical facilities; however, in terms of the ablation of persistent AF, the proportion of patients cured of AF still shows great variability among medical facilities.
According to the CASTLE-AF trial, catheter ablation for AF complicated by heart failure significantly decreases the composite endpoint of hospitalization; thus, its use for persistent AF is becoming increasingly significant. Although persistent AF is associated with non-PV foci ectopy, degeneration of the atrial substrate also contributes greatly to persistent AF. To improve the outcomes of persistent AF, ablations other than PVI targeting the left atrial substrate published in recent reports are described below.
Nademanee et al. defined local potentials (cycle length ≤ 120 ms) or continuously fractionated potentials as complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE). According to Nademanee et al., CFAE during AF indicates regions of slow conduction and pivot points, within which ablation can terminate AF. However, CFAE does not always imply a reentry circuit that sustains AF; rather, it sometimes indicates the regions in which the excitable media that underlie fibrillation can be passively propagated or the etiology of AF is not connected. The Substrate and Trigger Ablation for Reduction of Atrial Fibrillation (STAR AF II) trial [16] demonstrated that CFAE showed no significant difference when compared with PVI alone in terms of prevention of AF recurrence. Therefore, this method has not been used in recent years.
3.2 Linear ablation
Linear ablation has been used previously. The most common linear ablations consist of a “roof line” that creates an ablation line connecting the right and left superior PVs and a “mitral isthmus line” creating an ablation line connecting the posterolateral mitral annulus and the left inferior PV. However, because the linear ablation technique is difficult to perform in many cases, prolonged procedure time and complications occasionally occur. Additionally, residual conduction gaps may cause recurrent arrhythmias.
In the STAR AF II trial, no significant difference was reported between linear ablation and PVI alone in terms of preventing AF recurrence.
3.3 Non-PV foci
Ablation of PVI and non-PV foci is necessary to improve treatment outcomes. Non-PV foci arise from the superior vena cava, left atrial posterior wall, atrial septum, mitral annulus, ligament of Marshall, coronary sinus, and crista terminalis. Active induction is often required to identify non-PV foci. When AF lasts longer, cardioversion is used to restore sinus rhythm. When AF recurs, it is necessary to identify its triggers. During sinus rhythm, induction is attempted by isoproterenol loading, ATP loading, and atrial pacing. To enable wide mapping, multiple electrodes are placed at various locations, and the region originating from the non-PV foci, which act as AF triggers, is identified from the early electric potentials recorded.
3.4 Ganglionated plexus
Ganglionated plexuses (GPs), which are mainly embedded within fat pads distributed to the epicardial surface of the atrium, contain the same number of cholinergic and adrenergic neurons. The cell bodies of GP neurons are densely populated by the following five areas of left atrial GPs: superior left GP, Marshall tract GP, anterior right GP, inferior left GP, and inferior right GP. GP ablation makes it possible to inhibit and eliminate both PV firing and fractionated atrial potential. According to Nakagawa et al. [17], among 63 patients with paroxysmal AF who underwent GP ablation and PVI, 90% did not experience AF recurrence at 1 year of follow-up.
3.5 CARTOFINDER™
The CARTOFINDER™ mapping system for AF catheter ablation, which was developed in recent years, enables the generation of wavefront propagation maps acquired from bipolar and unipolar signals using a 64-pole basket catheter. After filtering the ventricular activation signals, the unipolar signal created between two neighboring bipolar signals is annotated, and the focal and rotational activities are recorded. Ablation is performed on these drivers that terminates AF. The effectiveness of this ablation was reported previously, and future reports on clinical outcomes are expected.
3.6 ExTRa Mapping™
To completely cure patients with persistent AF using catheter ablation, it is necessary to determine the location of AF drivers in the atria. Ashihara et al. developed the first online real-time clinical arrhythmia visualization system, the ExTRa Mapping™. This system includes specialized artificial intelligence based on intracardiac electrocardiography signals recorded by a 20-pole spiral-shaped catheter inserted into the atrium and visualizes arrhythmia by combining the action potential waveform of the human atrial muscle calculated by computer simulation. Highly intensified rotor sites in the visualized areas are ablated.
3.7 Low-voltage area ablation
This ablation procedure targets the low-voltage area in AF. However, it has limitations; for example, the definition of low-voltage areas is inconsistent, the low-voltage area can be influenced by map density or mapping catheter, and mapping during AF may overestimate the low-voltage area [18].
3.8 Left atrial appendage isolation
The left atrial appendage, a known frequent origin of non-PV triggers [19], is likely involved in the sustained form of AF. Left atrial appendage isolation carries the risk of cardiac perforation. Furthermore, patients who undergo isolation must be placed on lifelong anticoagulation therapy or undergo left atrial appendage closure; therefore, indications for this procedure must be carefully considered [20].
4. Predictive factors of AF recurrence after ablation
Advances in ablation techniques have improved the prognosis for paroxysmal AF. However, the prognosis remains inadequate. To identify patients with a good prognosis, it is necessary to use a new index.
4.1 AF duration
Our study [21] enrolled 82 consecutive patients (mean age, 65.0 ± 12.4 years), including 45 with persistent AF and 37 with long-standing persistent AF. The recurrence rate after ablation was high among patients with long-standing persistent AF. According to Watanabe et al. [22], compared with paroxysmal AF, persistent AF showed a higher recurrence rate after ablation but a lower rate of long-standing persistent AF. Generally, the longer the AF duration, the higher the AF recurrence rate.
4.2 Defibrillation threshold
We studied postprocedural ablation predictors of AF recurrence after univariate and multivariate analyses in 82 patients.10 J was considered the average DFT for persistent AF and set as the cutoff value, as a review article [23] reported that the average DFT for intracardiac cardioversion (IC) of 25 patients with persistent AF was 9.1 ± 7.4 J. In patients with persistent AF, the AF recurrence rate increased with DFT for IC despite the addition of radiofrequency applications after PVI (such as box isolation). We demonstrated that the high DFT was the strongest prognostic factor for AF recurrence after the ablation procedure. Therefore, we speculate that the high DFT is correlated with atrial remodeling, which gradually decreases the success rate of catheter ablation in AF.
4.3 Left atrial diameter, left atrial volume
Liu et al. reported that left atrial diameter (LAD) contributes to the prognosis of patients with AF after catheter ablation [24]. Moreover, Pinto et al. reported that left atrial appendage volume contributes to AF recurrence [25]. In contrast, Masuda et al. [26] reported that LAD and AF recurrence are not correlated; thus, whether they are related remains controversial. In contrast, a review article of a meta-analysis reported that left atrial volume is a predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence [27].
4.4 Brain natriuretic peptide
Zyng et al. reported that high brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels were associated with AF recurrence after catheter ablation [28]. In contrast, we studied postprocedural ablation predictors of AF recurrence after univariate and multivariate analyses in 82 patients, which found no relationship between BNP level and AF recurrence. This might be attributed to the policy of the institute, in which AF ablation is performed after adequate medical treatment for heart failure is administered. Thus, the relationship between BNP level and AF recurrence after catheter ablation requires further investigation.
4.5 Ejection fraction
Our 82-patient study on postprocedural ablation predictors of AF recurrence demonstrated no correlation between ejection fraction (EF) and AF recurrence after ablation. Watanabe et al. reported similar results, indicating that EF is not a prognostic or predictive factor for AF recurrence after ablation.
4.6 Serum creatinine levels
Our 82-patient study on postprocedural ablation predictors of AF recurrence showed no correlation between serum creatinine levels and AF recurrence after ablation. Watanabe et al. similarly stated that creatinine clearance <50 mL/min was not a predictive factor for AF recurrence. Therefore, serum creatinine level is not a prognostic or predictive factor for AF recurrence.
5. Conclusion
Patients with paroxysmal AF who underwent PVI alone had a good prognosis, suggesting that ablation is an established treatment for paroxysmal AF. However, PVI alone for persistent AF may not prevent AF recurrence; thus, additional ablation approaches combined with PVI have been developed. No current procedure clearly shows a preventive effect on AF recurrence; therefore, this issue remains controversial. To improve treatment outcomes of the ablation of persistent AF, it is necessary to identify patients who are most likely to experience the maximum therapeutic effect. Therefore, AF duration and DFT and left atrial volume could be indicators. Future large-scale studies are necessary.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks EDITAGE for providing English language editing.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
\n',keywords:"atrial fibrillation, catheter ablation, pulmonary vein isolation, atrial fibrillation recurrence, defibrillation threshold",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82136.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82136.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82136",totalDownloads:4,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"April 20th 2022",dateReviewed:"May 4th 2022",datePrePublished:"June 7th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"June 7th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Various treatment methods have been used for atrial fibrillation (AF), which has long been a cause of cerebral infarction and heart failure. Antiarrhythmic drug, the first developed treatment, was not effective in maintaining sinus rhythm and did not improve prognosis. In contrast, pulmonary vein (PV) isolation is effective in paroxysmal AF, expected to maintain sinus rhythm by 70–80% in the first session. Therefore, catheter ablation is the first-line treatment for patients with drug-resistant paroxysmal AF. For PV isolation, radiofrequency ablation was developed first, followed by cryoballoon ablation, which was shown to be not inferior to radiofrequency ablation. In contrast, for persistent AF, PV isolation alone has been found to result in a low rate of maintenance of sinus rhythm. However, there has been no impact of the additional radiofrequency application on AF recurrence rate. Recently, a number of the predictive factors of AF recurrence after AF ablation have been reported. Among them, AF duration, defibrillation threshold, left atrial volume are considered useful as predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence after ablation. In order to improve the outcome of AF ablation, it is desirable to select patients with AF in consideration of the predictive factors of AF recurrence after AF ablation.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82136",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82136",signatures:"Kohei Sawasaki",book:{id:"11655",type:"book",title:"Atrial Fibrillation - Diagnosis and Management in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Atrial Fibrillation - Diagnosis and Management in the 21st Century",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ozgur Karcioglu and Associate Prof. Funda Karbek Akarca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11655.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-123-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-122-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-124-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"221195",title:"Prof.",name:"Ozgur",middleName:null,surname:"Karcioglu",slug:"ozgur-karcioglu",fullName:"Ozgur Karcioglu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Prognosis differs among ablation devices",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 AF recurrence rates for radiofrequency ablation versus cryoballoon ablation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Laser balloon ablation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Hot balloon ablation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Pulsed field ablation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. AF recurrence after persistent AF ablation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1 Complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2 Linear ablation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.3 Non-PV foci",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.4 Ganglionated plexus",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.5 CARTOFINDER™",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"3.6 ExTRa Mapping™",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.7 Low-voltage area ablation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"3.8 Left atrial appendage isolation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"4. Predictive factors of AF recurrence after ablation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"4.1 AF duration",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"4.2 Defibrillation threshold",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"4.3 Left atrial diameter, left atrial volume",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"4.4 Brain natriuretic peptide",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"4.5 Ejection fraction",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"4.6 Serum creatinine levels",level:"2"},{id:"sec_23",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_27",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;347:1825-1833'},{id:"B2",body:'Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;339:659-666'},{id:"B3",body:'Packer DL, Mark DB, Robb RA, et al. Effect of catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic drug therapy on mortality, stroke, bleeding, and cardiac arrest among patients with atrial fibrillation: The CABANA randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2019;321(13):1261-1274'},{id:"B4",body:'Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Andresen D, et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;378:417-427'},{id:"B5",body:'Kuck K-H, Brugada J, Fürnkranz A, et al. Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;374:2235-2245'},{id:"B6",body:'Yamane T. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Medical View. 2009:86-94'},{id:"B7",body:'Nademanee K, McKenzie J, Kosar E, et al. A new approach for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: Mapping of the electrophysiologic substrate. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004;43(11):2044-2053'},{id:"B8",body:'Honarbakhsh S, Schilling RJ, Dhillon G, et al. A novel mapping system for panoramic mapping of the left atrium: Application to detect and characterize localized sources maintaining atrial fibrillation. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology. 2018;4(1):124-134'},{id:"B9",body:'Ashihara T. Catheter ablation based on real-time visualization of non-paroxismal atrial fibrillation. Igakunoayumi. 2020;(6):733-740'},{id:"B10",body:'Fukamizu S. Keys to successful catheter ablation. Medical View. 2018:190-199'},{id:"B11",body:'Kokubo Y, Matsumoto C. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors for incident atrial fibrillation. Circulation Journal. 2016;80:2415-2422'},{id:"B12",body:'Lin Y, Chen Y, Lee T, Chen Y, Chen S, Chen Y. Aging modulates the substrate and triggers remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Circulation Journal. 2018;82:1237-1244'},{id:"B13",body:'Dukkipati SR, Cuoco F, Kutinsky I, et al. Pulmonary vein isolation using the visually guided laser balloon: A prospective, multicenter, and randomized comparison to standard radiofrequency ablation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015;66(12):1350-1360'},{id:"B14",body:'Satake S. Hot balloon catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Kinpodo. 2017:13-20'},{id:"B15",body:'Goya M. Features of ablation catheter and how to use them. Heartview. 2022;26(2):51-55'},{id:"B16",body:'Verma A, Jiang C, Betts TR, et al. Approaches to catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372:1812-1822'},{id:"B17",body:'Nakagawa H. Practical Approach to Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008. pp. 218-230'},{id:"B18",body:'Yamashita S. Visually guided laser ablation and catheter ablation for press latest atrial fibrillation. Igakunoayumi. 2019;(4):249-256'},{id:"B19",body:'Di Biase L, Burkhardt JD, Mohanty P, et al. Left atrial appendage: An underrecognized trigger site of atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2010;122(2):109-118'},{id:"B20",body:'Nishimura M, Lupercio-Lopez F, Hsu JC. Left atrial appendage electrical isolation as a target in atrial fibrillation. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology. 2019;5(4):407-416'},{id:"B21",body:'Sawasaki K, Inden Y, Hosoya N, et al. Defibrillation threshold of internal cardioversion prior to ablation predicts atrial fibrillation recurrence. Clinical Cardiology. 2021;44(8):1169-1176'},{id:"B22",body:'Watanabe R, Nagashima K, Wakamatsu Y, et al. Different determinants of the recurrence of atrial fibrillation and adverse clinical events in the mid-term period after atrial fibrillation ablation. Circulation Journal. 2022;86(2):233-242'},{id:"B23",body:'Boriani G, Biffi M, Camanini C, Luceri RM, Branzi A. Transvenous low energy internal cardioversion for atrial fibrillation: A review of clinical applications and future developments. PACE. 2001;24:99-107'},{id:"B24",body:'Liu J, Yang H, Liu Y, et al. Early recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia during the 90-day blanking period after cryoballoon ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation: the characteristics and predictive value of early recurrence on long-term outcomes. Journal of Electrocardiology. 2020;58:46-50'},{id:"B25",body:'Teixeira PP, Oliveira MM, Ramos R, et al. Left atrial appendage volume as a new predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation. Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology. 2017;49:165-171'},{id:"B26",body:'Masuda M, Fujita M, Iida O, et al. Left atrial low-voltage area predict atrial defibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. International Journal of Cardiology. 2018;257:97-101'},{id:"B27",body:'Njoku A, Kannabhiran M, Arora R, et al. Left atrial volume predicts atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency ablation: A meta-analysis. Europace. 2018;20(1):33-42'},{id:"B28",body:'Zhang Y, Chen A, Song L, Li M, Chen Y, He B. Association between baseline natriuretic peptides and atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation. A meta-analysis. International Heart Journal. 2016;57:183-189'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Kohei Sawasaki",address:"sawasaki@hmedc.or.jp",affiliation:'
Department of Cardiology, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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Policy last updated: 2017-05-29
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There are several ways to apply robust optimization and the choice of form is typical of the problem that is being solved. In this paper, the basic concepts of robust optimization are developed, the different types of robustness are defined in detail, the main areas in which it has been applied are described and finally, the future lines of research that appear in this area are included.",book:{id:"6587",slug:"nature-inspired-methods-for-stochastic-robust-and-dynamic-optimization",title:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization",fullTitle:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization"},signatures:"José García and Alvaro Peña",authors:[{id:"227809",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"jose-garcia",fullName:"Jose Garcia"},{id:"240407",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Peña",slug:"alvaro-pena",fullName:"Alvaro Peña"}]},{id:"51131",doi:"10.5772/63785",title:"Survey of Meta-Heuristic Algorithms for Deep Learning Training",slug:"survey-of-meta-heuristic-algorithms-for-deep-learning-training",totalDownloads:3136,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Deep learning (DL) is a type of machine learning that mimics the thinking patterns of a human brain to learn the new abstract features automatically by deep and hierarchical layers. DL is implemented by deep neural network (DNN) which has multi-hidden layers. DNN is developed from traditional artificial neural network (ANN). However, in the training process of DL, it has certain inefficiency due to very long training time required. Meta-heuristic aims to find good or near-optimal solutions at a reasonable computational cost. In this article, meta-heuristic algorithms are reviewed, such as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), for traditional neural network’s training and parameter optimization. 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It is easy to understand and implement. The existing studies show that it is prone to premature convergence and suggest the relaxation of having constant parameters. To boost the performance of the algorithm, different modifications are done by several researchers. In this chapter, we will review these modifications done on the standard firefly algorithm based on parameter modification, modified search strategy and change the solution space to make the search easy using different probability distributions. The modifications are done for continuous as well as non-continuous problems. Different studies including hybridization of firefly algorithm with other algorithms, extended firefly algorithm for multiobjective as well as multilevel optimization problems, for dynamic problems, constraint handling and convergence study will also be briefly reviewed. A simulation-based comparison will also be provided to analyse the performance of the standard as well as the modified versions of the algorithm.",book:{id:"5165",slug:"optimization-algorithms-methods-and-applications",title:"Optimization Algorithms",fullTitle:"Optimization Algorithms - Methods and Applications"},signatures:"Waqar A. Khan, Nawaf N. Hamadneh, Surafel L. Tilahun and Jean\nM. T. Ngnotchouye",authors:[{id:"180330",title:"Dr.",name:"Surafel",middleName:null,surname:"Tilahun",slug:"surafel-tilahun",fullName:"Surafel Tilahun"},{id:"180784",title:"Dr.",name:"Waqar Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"waqar-ahmed-khan",fullName:"Waqar Ahmed Khan"},{id:"185148",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawaf",middleName:null,surname:"Hamadneh",slug:"nawaf-hamadneh",fullName:"Nawaf Hamadneh"},{id:"185149",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean M. T.",middleName:null,surname:"Ngnotchouye",slug:"jean-m.-t.-ngnotchouye",fullName:"Jean M. T. Ngnotchouye"}]},{id:"61251",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76979",title:"A Brief Survey on Intelligent Swarm-Based Algorithms for Solving Optimization Problems",slug:"a-brief-survey-on-intelligent-swarm-based-algorithms-for-solving-optimization-problems",totalDownloads:1618,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"This chapter presents an overview of optimization techniques followed by a brief survey on several swarm-based natural inspired algorithms which were introduced in the last decade. These techniques were inspired by the natural processes of plants, foraging behaviors of insects and social behaviors of animals. These swam intelligent methods have been tested on various standard benchmark problems and are capable in solving a wide range of optimization issues including stochastic, robust and dynamic problems.",book:{id:"6587",slug:"nature-inspired-methods-for-stochastic-robust-and-dynamic-optimization",title:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization",fullTitle:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization"},signatures:"Siew Mooi Lim and Kuan Yew Leong",authors:[{id:"229799",title:"Dr.",name:"Siew Mooi",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"siew-mooi-lim",fullName:"Siew Mooi Lim"},{id:"231023",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuan Yew",middleName:null,surname:"Leong",slug:"kuan-yew-leong",fullName:"Kuan Yew Leong"}]},{id:"68118",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88185",title:"Overview of Multi-Objective Optimization Approaches in Construction Project Management",slug:"overview-of-multi-objective-optimization-approaches-in-construction-project-management",totalDownloads:1180,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The difficulties that are met in construction projects include budget issues, contractual time constraints, complying with sustainability rating systems, meeting local building codes, and achieving the desired quality level, to name but a few. Construction researchers have proposed and construction practitioners have used optimization strategies to meet various objectives over the years. They started out by optimizing one objective at a time (e.g., minimizing construction cost) while disregarding others. Because the objectives of construction projects often conflict with each other, single-objective optimization does not offer practical solutions as optimizing one objective would often adversely affect the other objectives that are not being optimized. They then experimented with multi-objective optimization. The many multi-objective optimization approaches that they used have their own advantages and drawbacks when used in some scenarios with different sets of objectives. In this chapter, a review is presented of 16 multi-objective optimization approaches used in 55 research studies performed in the construction industry and that were published in the period 2012–2016. The discussion highlights the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches when used in different scenarios.",book:{id:"8521",slug:"multicriteria-optimization-pareto-optimality-and-threshold-optimality",title:"Multicriteria Optimization",fullTitle:"Multicriteria Optimization - Pareto-Optimality and Threshold-Optimality"},signatures:"Ibraheem Alothaimeen and David Arditi",authors:[{id:"304595",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Arditi",slug:"david-arditi",fullName:"David Arditi"},{id:"304596",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibraheem",middleName:null,surname:"Alothaimeen",slug:"ibraheem-alothaimeen",fullName:"Ibraheem Alothaimeen"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60097",title:"Robust Optimization: Concepts and Applications",slug:"robust-optimization-concepts-and-applications",totalDownloads:2533,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Robust optimization is an emerging area in research that allows addressing different optimization problems and specifically industrial optimization problems where there is a degree of uncertainty in some of the variables involved. There are several ways to apply robust optimization and the choice of form is typical of the problem that is being solved. In this paper, the basic concepts of robust optimization are developed, the different types of robustness are defined in detail, the main areas in which it has been applied are described and finally, the future lines of research that appear in this area are included.",book:{id:"6587",slug:"nature-inspired-methods-for-stochastic-robust-and-dynamic-optimization",title:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization",fullTitle:"Nature-inspired Methods for Stochastic, Robust and Dynamic Optimization"},signatures:"José García and Alvaro Peña",authors:[{id:"227809",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"jose-garcia",fullName:"Jose Garcia"},{id:"240407",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Peña",slug:"alvaro-pena",fullName:"Alvaro Peña"}]},{id:"76058",title:"Ultrasonic Detection of Down Syndrome Using Multiscale Quantiser with Convolutional Neural Network",slug:"ultrasonic-detection-of-down-syndrome-using-multiscale-quantiser-with-convolutional-neural-network",totalDownloads:367,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Down Syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs when there is an extra copy of a chromosome 21 in the newly formed fetus. EIF is observed as one of the possible symptoms of DS. But in comparison to the other symptoms like nasal bone hypoplasia, increased thickness in the nuchal fold, EIF is very much less prone to DS. Hence, recommending the pregnant women with EIF to undergo the diagnostic process like amniocentesis, CVS and PUBS is not always a right choice as these diagnostic processes suffer serious drawbacks like miscarriage, uterine infections. This chapter “Ultrasonic Detection of Down Syndrome Using Multiscale Quantiser With Convolutional Neural Network” presents a new ultrasonic method to detect EIF that can cause DS. Ultrasonic Detection of Down Syndrome Using Multiscale Quantiser with Convolutional Neural Network entails two stages namely i) training phase and ii) testing phase. Training phase aims at learning the features of EIF that can cause DS whereas testing phase classifies the EIF into DS positive or DS negative based on the knowledge cluster formed during the training phase. A new algorithm Multiscale Quantiser with the convolutional neural network is used in the training phase. Enhanced Learning Vector Classifier is used in the testing phase to differentiate the normal EIF from EIF causing DS. The performance of the proposed system is analysed in terms of sensitivity, accuracy and specificity.",book:{id:"9965",slug:"computational-optimization-techniques-and-applications",title:"Computational Optimization Techniques and Applications",fullTitle:"Computational Optimization Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Michael Dinesh Simon and A.R. Kavitha",authors:[{id:"213441",title:"Dr.",name:"A.R.Kavitha",middleName:null,surname:"Balaji",slug:"a.r.kavitha-balaji",fullName:"A.R.Kavitha Balaji"},{id:"335252",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Dinesh Simon",slug:"michael-dinesh-simon",fullName:"Michael Dinesh Simon"}]},{id:"51131",title:"Survey of Meta-Heuristic Algorithms for Deep Learning Training",slug:"survey-of-meta-heuristic-algorithms-for-deep-learning-training",totalDownloads:3136,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"Deep learning (DL) is a type of machine learning that mimics the thinking patterns of a human brain to learn the new abstract features automatically by deep and hierarchical layers. DL is implemented by deep neural network (DNN) which has multi-hidden layers. DNN is developed from traditional artificial neural network (ANN). However, in the training process of DL, it has certain inefficiency due to very long training time required. Meta-heuristic aims to find good or near-optimal solutions at a reasonable computational cost. In this article, meta-heuristic algorithms are reviewed, such as genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), for traditional neural network’s training and parameter optimization. Thereafter the possibilities of applying meta-heuristic algorithms on DL training and parameter optimization are discussed.",book:{id:"5165",slug:"optimization-algorithms-methods-and-applications",title:"Optimization Algorithms",fullTitle:"Optimization Algorithms - Methods and Applications"},signatures:"Zhonghuan Tian and Simon Fong",authors:[{id:"1952",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Fong",slug:"simon-fong",fullName:"Simon Fong"},{id:"186166",title:"MSc.",name:"Zhonghuan",middleName:null,surname:"Tien",slug:"zhonghuan-tien",fullName:"Zhonghuan Tien"}]},{id:"58127",title:"Particle Swarm Optimization Solution for Power System Operation Problems",slug:"particle-swarm-optimization-solution-for-power-system-operation-problems",totalDownloads:1658,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm on power system operation is studied in this chapter. Relay protection coordination in distribution networks and economic dispatch of generators in the grid are defined as two of power system-related optimization problems where they are solved using PSO. Two case study systems are conducted. The first case study system investigates applicability of PSO on providing proper overcurrent relay settings in the grid, while in the second case study system, the economic dispatch of a 15-unit system is solved where PSO successfully provides the optimum power output of generators with minimum fuel costs to satisfy the load demands and operation constraints. The simulation results in comparison with other methods show the effectiveness of PSO against other algorithms with higher quality of solution and less fuel costs on the same test system.",book:{id:"6363",slug:"particle-swarm-optimization-with-applications",title:"Particle Swarm Optimization with Applications",fullTitle:"Particle Swarm Optimization with Applications"},signatures:"Mostafa Kheshti and Lei Ding",authors:[{id:"120842",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Kheshti",slug:"mostafa-kheshti",fullName:"Mostafa Kheshti"},{id:"213017",title:"Prof.",name:"Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",slug:"lei-ding",fullName:"Lei Ding"}]},{id:"51209",title:"A Review and Comparative Study of Firefly Algorithm and its Modified Versions",slug:"a-review-and-comparative-study-of-firefly-algorithm-and-its-modified-versions",totalDownloads:2907,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Firefly algorithm is one of the well-known swarm-based algorithms which gained popularity within a short time and has different applications. It is easy to understand and implement. The existing studies show that it is prone to premature convergence and suggest the relaxation of having constant parameters. To boost the performance of the algorithm, different modifications are done by several researchers. In this chapter, we will review these modifications done on the standard firefly algorithm based on parameter modification, modified search strategy and change the solution space to make the search easy using different probability distributions. The modifications are done for continuous as well as non-continuous problems. Different studies including hybridization of firefly algorithm with other algorithms, extended firefly algorithm for multiobjective as well as multilevel optimization problems, for dynamic problems, constraint handling and convergence study will also be briefly reviewed. A simulation-based comparison will also be provided to analyse the performance of the standard as well as the modified versions of the algorithm.",book:{id:"5165",slug:"optimization-algorithms-methods-and-applications",title:"Optimization Algorithms",fullTitle:"Optimization Algorithms - Methods and Applications"},signatures:"Waqar A. Khan, Nawaf N. Hamadneh, Surafel L. Tilahun and Jean\nM. T. Ngnotchouye",authors:[{id:"180330",title:"Dr.",name:"Surafel",middleName:null,surname:"Tilahun",slug:"surafel-tilahun",fullName:"Surafel Tilahun"},{id:"180784",title:"Dr.",name:"Waqar Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"waqar-ahmed-khan",fullName:"Waqar Ahmed Khan"},{id:"185148",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawaf",middleName:null,surname:"Hamadneh",slug:"nawaf-hamadneh",fullName:"Nawaf Hamadneh"},{id:"185149",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean M. T.",middleName:null,surname:"Ngnotchouye",slug:"jean-m.-t.-ngnotchouye",fullName:"Jean M. T. Ngnotchouye"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"969",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 23rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. 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In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. The scope of this topic will range from molecular, biochemical, cellular, and physiological processes in all animal species. Work pertaining to the whole organism, organ systems, individual organs and tissues, cells, and biomolecules will be included. Medical, animal, cell, and comparative physiology and allied fields such as anatomy, histology, and pathology with physiology links will be covered in this topic. 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Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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