\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6961",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Alopecia",title:"Alopecia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Being the editor of the book Alopecia, I feel delighted to work with the world-leading publisher IntechOpen Publisher. The current book has chapters emphasizing a variety of alopecias. The administration of newer drugs may treat hair loss by a variety of mechanisms. All the clinical variants of alopecias are discussed in detail. The book will help dermatologists, students, hair transplant surgeons, and physicians related to hair loss problems, giving them the opportunity to understand basic pathophysiological, clinical, and medical management options. The basic idea of the book is to diagnose alopecia correctly.",isbn:"978-1-78984-344-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-343-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-747-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73642",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"alopecia",numberOfPages:148,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"211055d552abe032133f7281ea2b13dd",bookSignature:"Muhammad Ahmad",publishedDate:"October 31st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6961.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9453,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:19,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 19th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 9th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 10th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 29th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 28th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"204257",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204257/images/system/204257.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Ahmad is the only surgeon in history to develop various new classifications regarding different aspects of hair\nrestoration. These include a new classification system for hair loss, Ahmad’s NPRT system; a new classification for scalp hair,\nLGMA classification; and a comprehensive classification of hair transection. He has also published Ahmad’s Cosmetic Surgery\nScar Scale and Ahmad’s Hair Transplant Assessment Scale. He is the only Pakistani plastic surgeon to receive the Merit Award from the Australian and New Zealand Burns Association (2004). He was also awarded first prize at the annual meeting of the Asian Association of Hair Restoration Surgeons (AAHRS), Bangkok, Thailand, in 2017. In 2018, he was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Pakistan Society of Hair Restoration Surgery. Dr. Ahmad has more than 150 publications in national and international journals. He is also editor and reviewer of many international journals. He is among few ABHRS Diplomates who have more than 100 publications.",institutionString:"Aesthetic Plastic Surgery and Hair Transplant Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1003",title:"Trichology",slug:"trichology"}],chapters:[{id:"62397",title:"Evaluation of Patients with Alopecia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78639",slug:"evaluation-of-patients-with-alopecia",totalDownloads:1958,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter outlines the clinical approaches for alopecic patients that are reliable in practice. We discuss three different categories of hair evaluation options: invasive methods (biopsy), semi-invasive methods (trichogram) and noninvasive methods. Besides describing the current status of diagnosis and quantification of alopecia, the chapter provides an objective assessment of these investigation tools: detailed medical history collection by structured interview and questionnaires, clinical examination of the scalp and other hair-bearing areas, laboratory investigations, assessment of hair loss distribution (patterned/diffuse/focal), dermoscopic evaluation, assessment of alopecia severity (by pull test, hair part width, counting hair test), common scales for hair loss staging, photography of alopecic areas, biopsy, trichogram, unit area trichogram, tug test, hair mount and microscopic evaluation, electron microscopy, hair card test, hair weight determination, hair densitometry, mechanical test of hair quality and computed hair analysis. Unfortunately, the disadvantages of most of these methods generate a lack of use in clinical practice, leading to few reliable evaluation methods for patients suffering from alopecia. We underline the necessity of easy, refined and precise evaluation tools for the assessment of alopecia patients.",signatures:"Meda Sandra Orasan, Andrei Coneac and Iulia Ioana Roman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62397",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62397",authors:[{id:"202125",title:"Dr.",name:"Meda",surname:"Orasan",slug:"meda-orasan",fullName:"Meda Orasan"},{id:"205669",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",surname:"Coneac",slug:"andrei-coneac",fullName:"Andrei Coneac"},{id:"255002",title:"Dr.",name:"Iulia Ioana",surname:"Roman",slug:"iulia-ioana-roman",fullName:"Iulia Ioana Roman"}],corrections:null},{id:"62782",title:"Perspectives of Alopecia behind the Regulation of Foxn1 Gene Exposes the Human Nude Phenotype",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79797",slug:"perspectives-of-alopecia-behind-the-regulation-of-foxn1-gene-exposes-the-human-nude-phenotype",totalDownloads:1124,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The hair follicle (HF) is remarkable for its dynamic structure and one of the most prominent mini organs of the skin. The most visible end product formed by the hair follicle known as “hair shaft”- a tissue with a highly keratinized protein. Therefore, alopecia or baldness issue largely depends on the equilibrium between keratinocyte growth and differentiation of the HF. However, molecular nature in mice, rats, and humans, loss of transcription factor Foxn1 the keratinization processes is significantly impaired. Hence, this nude gene lack of function makes very similar hair pattern baldness in both human and nude mice (Foxn1nu/Foxn1nu). Thus highlighting the usefulness of mouse mutants and mouse genomics as a research tool for better molecular controls of human hair biology. To enhance research efforts of Foxn1 target gene regulation and the pharmacological manipulation of the nude phenotype are important open questions for promising research strategies related with Foxn1 biology. Taken together these issues may open the discovery of the investigative dermatology that promises the controls of epithelial differentiation in mammalian skin.",signatures:"Shahnaz Begum, Md Jamil Hossain, Li Juan Gu and Chang Keun\nSung",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62782",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62782",authors:[{id:"245760",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahnaz",surname:"Begum",slug:"shahnaz-begum",fullName:"Shahnaz Begum"},{id:"257315",title:"Dr.",name:"Li",surname:"Juan Gu",slug:"li-juan-gu",fullName:"Li Juan Gu"},{id:"257317",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Jamil",surname:"Hossain",slug:"md-jamil-hossain",fullName:"Md Jamil Hossain"},{id:"257318",title:"Dr.",name:"Chang Keun",surname:"Sung",slug:"chang-keun-sung",fullName:"Chang Keun Sung"}],corrections:null},{id:"63046",title:"Medical Treatment of Alopecia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79796",slug:"medical-treatment-of-alopecia",totalDownloads:1148,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Alopecia means partial or complete loss of hair from a part of the body where it exists naturally. It affects both men and women, and its treatment depends upon its cause, age of onset, and clinical presentation. It is divided into scarring and non-scarring alopecia. Scarring alopecia includes pseudopelade of Brocq, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, folliculitis decalvans, acne keloidalis nuchae, lichen planopilaris, frontal fibrosing alopecia and discoid lupus erythematosus, traumatic i.e., injury, radiation and post-operative scarring alopecia and certain neoplasms. Common causes of non-scarring alopecia are androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, anagen effluvium, trichotillomania, traction alopecia, pressure-induced alopecia, alopecia due to iron deficiency, thyroid disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Topical remedies available are minoxidil 2 and 5%, topical & intralesional steroids, topical sensitization, anthralin, retinoids, tacrolimus, garlic, ketoconazole and prostaglandin analogs. Among systemic treatments, finasteride, steroids, immunosuppressant like azathioprine, methotrexate, sulfasalazine, zinc sulfate and iron are widely accepted. The phototherapies, photo-chemotherapies, platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy, pharmacogenetics and hair transplant are new remedies for alopecia. It is concluded that minoxidil, finasteride, PRP, and hair transplant are the most widely being used modalities for alopecia.",signatures:"Abdul Aziz Khalid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63046",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63046",authors:[{id:"241090",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Aziz",surname:"Khalid",slug:"abdul-aziz-khalid",fullName:"Abdul Aziz Khalid"}],corrections:null},{id:"63066",title:"Pharmacological Treatment of Alopecia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79656",slug:"pharmacological-treatment-of-alopecia",totalDownloads:1463,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we will explore non-surgical treatments of alopecia. Unlike many other areas of medicine, pharmacological treatments for alopecia are relatively new. There are only two treatments which are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA); the rest are drugs developed for other indications which have gained popular off-label use to promote hair growth. The reasons for this are many, including the designation of alopecia by the FDA as a cosmetic disease. This designation has restricted alopecia development programs to compounds with virtually no side effects. Unfortunately, it has also led to off-label use of far more dangerous compounds as alopecia treatments, without the benefit of controlled trials. There is a growing recognition that alopecia, particularly alopecia areata and chemotherapy-induced alopecia, are disorders which significantly alter the quality of life, similar to acne vulgaris and psoriasis, and merit treatment accordingly. There have also been several recent advances in our understanding of the hair cycle, revealing new targets for developing alopecia therapies. As a result, there is a more robust slate of programs for developing new pharmacological treatments for alopecia. In this chapter, we will review current pharmacological treatments for alopecia and selected treatments under development (i.e., those with significant preclinical or clinical data which have appeared in the published literature).",signatures:"Robert Gensure",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63066",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63066",authors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],corrections:null},{id:"63719",title:"Cicatricial Alopecia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78971",slug:"cicatricial-alopecia",totalDownloads:1288,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cicatricial alopecia represents a group of disorders sharing a final pathway of destruction followed by replacement with fibrous tissue of the hair follicle unit. Cicatricial alopecia is classified into two categories, namely primary cicatricial alopecia, in which the hair follicle is the sole target of a progressive inflammatory process in a group of diverse skin or systemic diseases, and secondary cicatricial alopecia, referring to the hair follicle destruction as a result of a nonspecific disruption of the dermis. Permanent hair loss may also occur in the late phases of some nonscarring alopecias that are called “biphasic alopecias.” Based on the pathological characteristics, the lesions of primary cicatricial alopecia are divided into lymphocyte-predominant subgroup, neutrophil-predominant subgroup, or mixed subgroup. In principle, the primary goal of the treatment aims to attenuate the progression of the inflammatory and the scarring processes at the earliest phase of the disease. In clinical practice, the lymphocyte-predominant lesions are treated with immunosuppressive agents, whereas the neutrophil-predominant lesions are treated with antimicrobials or dapsone. As the efficacy of medication treatment against the cicatricial alopecia varies significantly, autologous hair transplantation is recommended to patients who have a relatively stable primary or a secondary cicatricial alopecia.",signatures:"Yingjun Su, Qing Yang, Wenjie Dou, Ping Xue, Xianjie Ma, Xianhui\nZeng, Lei Wang and Chiyu Jia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63719",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63719",authors:[{id:"243967",title:"Prof.",name:"Yingjun",surname:"Su",slug:"yingjun-su",fullName:"Yingjun Su"},{id:"254901",title:"Mr.",name:"Qing",surname:"Yang",slug:"qing-yang",fullName:"Qing Yang"},{id:"254902",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenjie",surname:"Dou",slug:"wenjie-dou",fullName:"Wenjie Dou"},{id:"254903",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping",surname:"Xue",slug:"ping-xue",fullName:"Ping Xue"},{id:"254904",title:"BSc.",name:"Xianhui",surname:"Zeng",slug:"xianhui-zeng",fullName:"Xianhui Zeng"},{id:"254905",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianjie",surname:"Ma",slug:"xianjie-ma",fullName:"Xianjie Ma"}],corrections:null},{id:"62733",title:"Ethosomes: An Exciting and Promising Alcoholic Carrier System for Treating Androgenic Alopecia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79807",slug:"ethosomes-an-exciting-and-promising-alcoholic-carrier-system-for-treating-androgenic-alopecia",totalDownloads:1091,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Androgenetic alopecia (male-pattern hair loss) is characterized by the deposition of dihydrotestosterone at the pilosebaceous unit of the scalp. Oral administration of drugs (like finasteride) which can reverse androgenic alopecia causes undesired effects to the body. Targeting these drugs directly to the pilosebaceous unit of the scalp will enhance the pharmacological response at the desired site by reducing undesired systemic side effects. This chapter discusses about ethosomes, a specially tailored ethanolic vesicular carriers which can efficiently deliver various drugs with different physicochemical properties to and through the skin. The unique characteristics of the ethosomal carriers, their composition, preparation methods, and the mechanism of permeation, safety, and practical experience (finasteride and herbal extracts) have been discussed in detail.",signatures:"Veintramuthu Sankar, Santhanam Ramesh and Karthik Siram",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62733",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62733",authors:[{id:"254541",title:"Prof.",name:"Sankar",surname:"Veintramuthu",slug:"sankar-veintramuthu",fullName:"Sankar Veintramuthu"},{id:"260986",title:"Mr.",name:"Karthik",surname:"Siram",slug:"karthik-siram",fullName:"Karthik Siram"},{id:"260991",title:"Dr.",name:"Santhanam",surname:"Ramesh",slug:"santhanam-ramesh",fullName:"Santhanam Ramesh"}],corrections:null},{id:"62079",title:"Anesthesia in Hair Transplantation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78352",slug:"anesthesia-in-hair-transplantation",totalDownloads:1382,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Current hair transplantation techniques require a reliable anesthesia for long periods of time (2 h or more). They demand hemostasis of extended surfaces on wide-awake patients. A combination of anesthetic agents and local vasoconstrictors is needed. We present customary technical characteristics of these procedures as local nerve blocks (supratrochlear nerve, supraorbital nerve, zygomaticotemporal nerve, auriculotemporal nerve, retroauricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve, great occipital nerve) and tumescent field anesthesia. The ordinary drug combinations for premedication and procedure are presented. Special emphasis is done to discuss recommendations to cope with undesirable events that may arise during anesthesia (vasovagal syncope, anesthetic toxicity, anaphylactic and allergic reactions).",signatures:"Wenceslao M. Calonge and Darya Louie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62079",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62079",authors:[{id:"202013",title:"M.D.",name:"Wenceslao M",surname:"Calonge",slug:"wenceslao-m-calonge",fullName:"Wenceslao M Calonge"},{id:"245121",title:"Dr.",name:"Darya",surname:"Louie",slug:"darya-louie",fullName:"Darya Louie"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9066",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a293ecd8c2655a402321dc30e0ffbf9a",slug:"wound-healing",bookSignature:"Muhammad Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204257",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3038",title:"Current Genetics in Dermatology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"384a276072f522c3aea68f9d2a0dbfd8",slug:"current-genetics-in-dermatology",bookSignature:"Naoki Oiso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3038.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32053",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",surname:"Oiso",slug:"naoki-oiso",fullName:"Naoki Oiso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5461",title:"Hair and Scalp Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87c272cade1ee498e1b4d6051aa8d41e",slug:"hair-and-scalp-disorders",bookSignature:"Zekayi Kutlubay and Server Serdaroglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5461.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64792",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekayi",surname:"Kutlubay",slug:"zekayi-kutlubay",fullName:"Zekayi Kutlubay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Hernandez-Soriano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169721",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria C.",surname:"Hernandez Soriano",slug:"maria-c.-hernandez-soriano",fullName:"Maria C. Hernandez Soriano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78605",title:"Perspective Chapter: Behind the Exceptional Educational Pathways of Canadian Youth from Immigrant Background - Between Equality and Ethnic Hierarchy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99963",slug:"perspective-chapter-behind-the-exceptional-educational-pathways-of-canadian-youth-from-immigrant-bac",body:'A large international body of research denounces the existence and persistence of significant inequalities in terms of academic success between young people of immigrant origin and their peers whose parents were born in the host country. To various degrees, the academic results of the former are inferior to those of the latter [1, 2, 3]. This disparity markedly reduces access to, and perseverance in higher education. In Canada, the situation of young people of immigrant origin seems rather exceptional: in general, their academic results at the primary and secondary levels are comparable to and even higher, in certain cases, than those of their peers whose parents are Canadian by birth or part of a majority group, i.e., of Euro-Canadian descent [4, 5, 6]. In this light, are academic and social inequalities non-existent between Canadians by birth and their fellow citizens of immigrant origin? The situation seems somewhat qualified because the success of students of immigrant origin obscures significant disparities along ethnocultural lines. Though young people whose parents are from European, Arabic (North Africa and the Middle East), and East Asian countries have levels of academic success that are comparable to and even higher than those of their peers whose parents are Canadian-born, those whose parents have immigrated from the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and, to a lesser degree, South Asia have lower levels of learning achievement and access to higher education than the others [7, 8, 9, 10]. Furthermore, even the few who attain university have perseverance and graduation rates that are relatively inferior in comparison to the others’ [11]. Consequently, this chapter is proposing to explore why this is happening. Drawing on the existing literature, we will show that these young people have had experiences associated with hidden systemic discrimination.
To begin, it must be noted that this chapter concerns a cross-sectional and critical analysis of recent studies on this issue, rather than primary research. The cases we reviewed made it possible to highlight their convergences and general trends. As such, we demonstrate that, behind socio-economic integration and the undeniable academic success of young Canadians from immigrant backgrounds, there is an emergence and a perpetuation of inequalities as well as a certain ethnic hierarchy.
The chapter is divided into three sections. The first provides a general portrait of young immigrants’ academic pathways. The second and the third respectively address the institutional and structural factors of systemic discrimination in the academic environment. We end with a conclusion that identifies potential solutions to reduce these inequalities, and prospects for future research that might inform public policies in education.
Using data from PISA tests (reading, mathematics, and science), Hochschild and Cropper [4] compared the results of students from immigrant backgrounds to those from non-immigrant families in eight industrialized countries (Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, United Kingdom, Australia, France, Canada, and the United States). Their analyses reveal that students from immigrant backgrounds demonstrated inferior performances comparatively to other groups, with the exception of those from Canada and Australia, where the results between immigrant and non-immigrant student groups were comparable. Moreover, in Canada’s case, there was no difference in terms of higher education access [8, 12, 13, 14].
This exceptional situation has been attributed to the specificity of Canadian immigration policies, which are distinguished both by their selective nature, which favors educated and qualified immigrants, and by concrete measures for integrating newcomers [6, 15]. The situation is also associated with parental educational and cultural capital, manifested in the high educational and professional aspirations they hold for their children.
Nevertheless, this general portrait must be qualified. An abundance of scientific literature testifies to the existence of disparities along ethnocultural lines, particularly in terms of access to and graduation from higher education. If students whose parents are from Europe and East Asia have the highest graduation rates, those whose parents are from the Caribbean, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa have the lowest rates [8, 13, 16, 17]. Recent studies have highlighted belonging to a racialized group (socially assigned a racial identity within a structural domain of power) plays for parents and students [18]. This situation particularly concerns students from Black communities. Though these students are distinguished by a higher level of aspiration to post-secondary studies than their non-racialized peers [19], they are more inclined to access technical studies in college than other students, and less likely to access university and obtain a diploma [10]. Moreover, adults belonging to these communities suffer more discrimination on the job market, even when they are highly qualified [20]. They are more vulnerable to unemployment and receive salary incomes that are markedly lower than those of members of the non-racialized majority [21], which in turn has negative effects on their offspring’s schooling. The influence of their low socioeconomic status seems to weigh heavily and lastingly on their children’s schooling, as the work of Abada et al. [16] has shown. These authors show that race and ethnicity are important factors in the production and perpetuation of social inequalities in the educational systems of Canadian provinces.
Research on the academic pathways of young Canadians of immigrant origin is dominated by empirical studies based on quantitative data and methods that emphasize individual and school characteristics, such as the parents’ school performance, socioeconomic status, and ethnocultural origin. Although this research provides a good understanding of the pathways of students from immigrant backgrounds in Canada, its scope is limited. Beyond individual and collective attributes, recent qualitative studies highlight the influence of institutional contexts, practices, and policies. Many authors show that educational inequality along ethnic lines is produced through the relationships students have with the schools they attend; in other words, it falls within the responsibilities of the schools and their members [22, 23, 24]. This is illustrated in the subsection below, which examines the integration experiences of students from immigrant backgrounds and their interactions with the institutional structures of the schools they attend.
Students’ educational perseverance and success are the result of their social experiences and academic pathways, which are formed through the relationship between their individual projects and their commitment to the institution they attend [25]. In other words, perseverance and dropping out can be considered as an effect of the quality of the experiences resulting from the individual’s interaction with the school. Integration, which can be defined here as the process by which students engage intellectually and socially in the community, is a decisive factor in persevering in school. As for the academic path of students from immigrant backgrounds, research has identified a number of phenomena likely to have a negative effect on and even compromise integration success. These phenomena may occur prior to their entry into post-secondary studies (preadmission), at the time of transition, or over the course of their studies.
In Canada as elsewhere, even before they access higher education, many students of immigrant origin are likely to have had school experiences that were unfavorable to success. This is the case for members of racialized groups. They are relegated to special education and vocational streams more often, which strongly reduces their chances of admission to postsecondary education, particularly university [10, 16, 26]. This aspect deserves to be highlighted because vocational high school graduates who access postsecondary studies, particularly university, are rare [27], as are vocational college graduates who obtain university diplomas [28]. Studies conducted in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario highlight the early downgrading of Black students and their subsequent overrepresentation in the category of students with adjustment problems and special needs [29].
Contrary to government discourse, the recent implementation of accountability policies since the 2000s has particularly contributed to increasing educational inequalities based on students’ social and ethnocultural origin [30, 31]. Far from improving the social inclusion and success of all students, the use of standardized tests and competition between schools rather marginalizes students from socioeconomically disadvantaged families, racialized ethnic minorities (especially those from Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America) and Indigenous communities. For these students, such practices are said to constantly fuel anxiety, frustration, humiliation, and feelings of incompetence, which can drive them to dropping out [32].
A study conducted by Anisef et al. [33] in Ontario province (N = 8,443) revealed that students who had been placed in enriched streams in high school had 9.36 times more chances of accessing postsecondary education than their peers in regular streams. Yet, while a growing number of students from immigrant backgrounds are in enriched streams [34], certain groups are excluded from them in subtle ways. This is the case of students whose competencies in the language of instruction are deemed inadequate and of those who belong to racialized groups of Southeast Asian, Sub-Saharan African, and Caribbean origins [10, 17]. A recent study by Kamanzi [35] in Quebec province showed similar findings: Black students from families who had immigrated from Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean were markedly less likely to attend a private or public school offering enriched programs in all or some of the subjects taught. Conversely, they are overrepresented in public institutions exclusively offering regular (basic) programs and are more likely to have repeated a grade or experienced adaptation or learning difficulties. Although they demonstrate resilience and perseverance until college, they are less inclined to graduate from it and access university because of previously vulnerable academic pathways.
Beyond educational competencies, students’ academic integration into is conditional to his/her access of information that they and their parents can use to develop future projects aligned with their values, and those of other members of the community. While certain students from immigrant backgrounds benefit more from resources that come from their families (academic, cultural, and social capital), facilitating their pathways to and in postsecondary education, others must demonstrate greater autonomy and resilience to structure their role as students.
Qualitative studies reveal that access to information is a major obstacle. It is a recurring theme in the discourses of the young Canadians of immigrant origin investigated by Magnan et al. [36], who, when the time came for them to make decisions regarding postsecondary studies, were, along with their parents, mistakenly presumed by school personnel to be equipped to decode the mechanisms of the transition from high school to college or university. Such presuppositions can in certain cases lead to obstacles, such as the feeling of being unable to fulfill admission conditions for the postsecondary education program of their choice [37]. This situation particularly concerns students from the Caribbean and Latin America [37, 38].
Immigrants face many other obstacles associated with the quality of their social networks. Among these obstacles are constraints related to a misunderstanding of the admissions process, a lack of information about learning assessment requirements, language tests, and the need for extra courses [39]. Many of the students that were interviewed also reported that they received little aid or services when they needed them and that they dealt with university personnel ill-disposed to listening to them and taking the time to support them [39, 40]. Everything seems to indicate that these students continually face hidden systemic discrimination [22, 23, 24].
Though the sociopolitical context for welcoming immigrants to Canada is undeniably more favorable to their integration than in other countries of immigration, research has demonstrated that inequalities persists in a number of areas, including education. Though certain groups of immigrants are, for example, overrepresented in university education, others are underrepresented [33]. A study by Abada and Tenkorang [7] based on data from the ethnic diversity survey conducted by Statistics Canada in 2002 revealed that the rate of university attendance at eighteen years of age is higher for students of Chinese origin (54%) and from Southeast Asia (44%), but lower for members of Black communities (31%), in comparison to Canadians by birth (36%). Based on data from a longitudinal survey (the Youth in Transition Survey), Kamanzi et al. [8] and Thiessen [13] came to similar conclusions. According to Thiessen [13], the low level of academic competence and higher education attendance observed in young people from Black and Latin American communities is the effect of interacting cultural and structural factors. Their schooling is undermined by both cultural values that are often unfavorable to educational success, and the poor living conditions of their families. Other work has highlighted the existence of systemic discrimination toward certain ethnic groups through ethno-cultural grouping practices [23, 41]. Such practices particularly affect students from Black communities, as the work of Henry and Tator [23] has shown. Potvin and Leclercq [42] have noted common institutional practices that consist of relegating these students from the youth sector to the general adults education sector (short vocational training), precluding them from pursuing higher studies. Belonging to a racialized group, particularly a Black community, is a major factor of vulnerability, primarily because of the lack of diversity in schools’ teaching and administrative staff (associated with a lack of role models), the Eurocentric character of the curricula, and the students’ day-to-day experiences of discrimination and racism [23, 36, 39, 43].
Numerous studies in Canada describe perceived discrimination and racism self-reported by students from immigration backgrounds [38, 39]. In quantitative terms, the study by Abada, Hou, and Ram [16] on inter-group differences in university completion in fifteen racialized groups of second-generation immigrants (born in Canada, but whose parents are immigrants) reports that 50% of these students have felt marginalized because of their ethnicity, their culture, the color of their skin, their accent, or their religion. According to the same authors, the feeling of exclusion experienced since childhood, affects academic perseverance and success.
In qualitative terms, examples of perceived discrimination and racism have also been reported by students. Among other things, they refer to a stigmatization of
Of all students belonging to racialized groups, Black student in particular are most at risk of experiencing discrimination, which considerably reduces not only their chances of accessing postsecondary studies, but also their perseverance in them. Qualitative studies conducted on these students reveal how constantly they are faced with racial stereotypes and prejudices: they describe teachers and, more broadly, academic staff tending to underestimate the students’ levels of academic engagement and consequently their academic competency [38, 44]. At the high school level, students mentioned the fact that guidance counselors pushed them toward less demanding and less valued studies, such as lower-level courses, with the effect of restricting and even eliminating their chances of being admitted to university [38, 44]. Once in postsecondary studies, their risk of dropping out is the highest (29%), as shown in a study conducted by Abada and Tenkorang [7] in the province of Ontario. Far from being arbitrary, the prejudices and stereotypes these students face are, in part, anchored in systemic racism and exercise a negative effect on these students’ feelings of confidence and motivation and, consequently, on their perseverance and success in school [19].
Research recognizes in human beings the ability to produce and mobilize protection mechanisms that enable them to overcome situations of adversity or bypass them to succeed [47]. Commonly referred to as the concept of resilience, this phenomenon refers to the capability and ability of a n individual or social group to return to a stable state after disruption caused by personal constraints and environmental factors [48]. In the world of education, resilience refers to students who, despite obstacles related to their personal difficulties or obstacles related to the school and family environment, manage to cope and succeed in their studies [49]. Referring to certain of these students’ ability in situations of ethnic or racial discrimination to overcome various discrimination-related obstacles and succeed in adapting exceptionally, Anisef and Kilbride [50] speak of
Recent research has shown that these students manage to procure resources independently — despite the multiple obstacles barring their access to the information they need to make informed decisions throughout their education up to postsecondary studies—demonstrate motivation for success, and reverse teachers’ negative image and low expectations of them—in short, to take control and make it on their own [38, 39, 44, 46, 51]. However, research emphasizes that there is price to pay, often a heavy one. Despite the fact that they are often relegated to second-rate programs and institutions, some of these students use them as a springboard to “get out” and access the most prestigious, or at least the most desired, choices. They even manage to strongly affirm their ethno-racial identity and make it an instrument in structuring their academic and professional careers [38, 39, 44, 46, 51]. However, as mentioned above, many do not escape structural obstacles and end their educational pathways by shortening studies or simply dropping out because of various forms of segregation and systemic discrimination.
Though academic aspirations and commitment to studies are essential conditions to accessing postsecondary studies, they aren’t sufficient to succeed and obtain a diploma. Just as it is important to recognize the
The objective of this article was to show that, behind the general portrait of the exceptional academic paths of Canadian students of immigrant origin, some of these young people, belonging to racialized ethnic minorities, are less likely to access and graduate from postsecondary education. The studies reviewed show that these students often face structural barriers at the institutional level. In elementary and high school, they report having been victims of prejudice and stereotypes, which would partially explain their lower levels of success and perseverance in comparison with others. Their cognitive potential is often underestimated by teachers, which causes them to develop a low feeling of competence and motivation to perform. In terms of institutional services, they are more likely to be relegated by guidance services to low-level streams offering little or no opportunity to access postsecondary studies. They also have less access to information on admission requirements for postsecondary studies and receive little help in terms of preparation strategies for various national assessment tests. These different types of segregation form part of a larger world of hidden, indirect systemic discrimination [23]. In another words, there is a kind of ethnic hierarchy as elsewhere like in U.S. [53].
At the root of this type of discrimination, are economic and symbolic power struggles. In the contemporary period that characterized by the expansion of the knowledge economy more than ever, education and academic qualifications have increasingly become tools for maintaining or acquiring strategic social positions. Education, therefore, becomes a field of competition and power struggle between different social groups, ethnic groups included. The winners are those who have the economic, social, cultural and political resources. Despite equal opportunity policies, we find ourselves, to varying degrees between societies, in a situation of effectively maintaining inequalities [54].
In order to eradicate this discrimination, public policies must put in place meaningful institutional measures based on the principle of equity and on fighting exclusion, whatever its form. From a moral and political standpoint, such measures are aligned with principles of equality and social justice. In contemporary societies, equality of access and of success at all levels of teaching, including postsecondary studies, is recognized as a common good [55] and an instrument for promoting individual and collective welfare and social inclusion [56]. From an economic standpoint, these measures are an opportunity to identify, develop, and value the potential of all citizens whose talents in human capital terms are randomly distributed throughout society, including in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities [57]. A range of Canadian research has demonstrated the capacity for resilience of some of these students who belong to racialized groups [35, 50]. Despite the negative influence of the precarious socioeconomic conditions of their parents and of multiple school and social integration challenges, some of these students demonstrate perseverance and performance in postsecondary studies. Often associated with the quality of the different forms of capital (academic, cultural, and social) that their parents—themselves resilient and faced with socio-professional segregation [21, 58]—seek to mobilize, this resilience is also attributed to these students’ cognitive potential and commitment to succeed, despite the aforementioned obstacles.
Therefore, public authorities are called upon to put more emphasis on improving conditions for learning and on supporting success. In the present context, such measures would cover not only educational resources (time, the quality of school and extracurricular activities, and material resources) to address the gaps inherent in social origin, but would overcome the effects of the socio-academic segregation to which these of all students are exposed [59]. Among other things, they involve diversifying the school’s teaching and administrative staff, providing access to information and support and assistance services, and giving the staff professional training in interculturality. Such measures build on the strengths of resilience to promote excellence, as Motti-Stefanidi and Masten [59] emphasize: “focusing on strengths and resilience, instead of on weaknesses and psychological symptoms, among immigrant youth has significant implications for policy and practice” (p. 19) That said, in the long term, the solution should rather be to eradicate the racism underlying society and establish true social and academic justice where recourse to resilience and survival mechanisms is no longer required.
It is important to pursue research through different disciplines (particularly sociology, political science, psychology, and anthropology). With the goal of better informing public and institutional policies, this research must take an intersectional approach to appreciate the complexity of the modes of multiple-identity interaction in different contexts [60]. This approach has the advantage of taking into account not only the interaction between an individual’s multiple identity markers, but also the way inequalities are constructed and renewed via social power relationships, contributing in this way to forging social identities [61]. By focusing the research on systemic and structural factors, future studies would shine a light on the macro-sociological dynamic of immigrants’ academic paths and of inequalities in education.
It would also be possible to call into question the status quo models in higher education, which value certain forms of knowledge over others, and to counteract the processes that can lead to justifying systemic discrimination and resorting to deficit thinking toward groups that are “othered” [61]. Finally, such studies would support and inform the promotion of political and structural changes in higher education for the benefit of all young Canadians, regardless of their origin.
As an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review. To maintain these principles IntechOpen has developed basic guidelines to facilitate the avoidance of Conflicts of Interest.
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\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\\n\\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
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\\n\\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\\n\\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
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\\n\\nNON-FINANCIAL
\\n\\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\\n\\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\\n\\nEXAMPLES:
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\\n\\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\\n\\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\nA Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\nIntechOpen requires:
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\nAll Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\nEditors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\n\nAvoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\n\nFor manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\n\nIf a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\n\nCONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\n\nAll Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\nEXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
\n\nFINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\nNON-FINANCIAL
\n\nAuthors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\nAcademic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\nAll Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\nEXAMPLES:
\n\nAuthors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\nAuthors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\nAcademic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
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Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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