Distribution of Nd, Pr, Fe, and B in the one-shot recovery process.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9785",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Endometriosis",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides a comprehensive look at endometriosis, a disease affecting 10 percent of reproductive women. It explores risk factors for endometriosis including environmental factors that are shedding light on this disease. It also investigates novel methods for diagnosing and treating pain related to endometriosis, which can be debilitating in some women. Conditions associated with endometriosis including adenomyosis, invasion of endometrial glands and stroma into the uterine muscle, and infertility are reviewed in depth. Finally, the book examines treatment options for women with endometriosis ranging from hormonal to surgical. This volume is targeted to practitioners seeing patients with endometriosis to better inform them regarding up-to-date diagnostic and treatment options.",isbn:"978-1-83962-465-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-464-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-466-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87593",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"endometriosis",numberOfPages:128,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",publishedDate:"January 14th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4607,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 30th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 23rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 21st 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255491/images/system/255491.jpg",biography:"After graduating from the University of Kansas School of Medicine (KUMC), Dr. Marsh went on to complete her obstetrics and gynecology residency at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. For fellowship, Dr. Marsh trained in reproductive endocrinology and infertility at the University of Michigan.\n\nAs a fellow, she researched hypothalamic feedback of estrogen as related to the pubertal onset and menstrual cyclicity. She also completed research using neuroimaging techniques to better understand polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). She has several publications in the scientific literature and is also a member of many medical associations.\n\n Dr. Marsh specializes in treating women with infertility and PCOS. She is proud to provide both medical and surgical options in treating infertility including assisted reproductive technology.",institutionString:"University of Kansas Medical Center",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Kansas Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"189",title:"Obstetrics and Gynecology",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology"}],chapters:[{id:"70843",title:"The Link between Environmental Toxicant Exposure and Endometriosis Re-Examined",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91002",slug:"the-link-between-environmental-toxicant-exposure-and-endometriosis-re-examined",totalDownloads:823,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Endometriosis is widely acknowledged to be an estrogen dependent disease or unknown etiology. Recognition that environmental toxicants can bind with and activate the estrogen receptor, dysregulate steroid metabolism and, in some cases, act as anti-androgenic substances (phthalate esters) has led to proposal that exposure to environmental toxicants are associated with increased risk of endometriosis. Since our last review of the subject in 2008, the literature has expanded with several epidemiological and biomonitoring studies suggesting a potential association, whereas others have been unable to demonstrate a link between exposure and enhanced risk. Therefore, we carried out a systematic review and critical appraisal of the literature published over the past decade (2009–2019). The majority of studies found dealt with exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like compounds, bisphenol A and phthalate esters. Several studies suggest a potential association between exposure to environmental toxicants; however, important weaknesses in study design, methodology, and analysis together with many contradictory studies weaken confidence in these associations. Consequently, we conclude that despite a growing literature, evidence for an association between exposure to environmental toxicants and risk of endometriosis remains weak.",signatures:"Shay M. Freger and Warren G. Foster",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70843",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70843",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72654",title:"Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products and Risk of Endometriosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93091",slug:"endocrine-disrupting-chemicals-in-cosmetics-and-personal-care-products-and-risk-of-endometriosis",totalDownloads:1009,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In the last years, the variety and consumption of cosmetics and personal care products (PCPs) have greatly increased, although the long-term adverse effects to low doses of chemicals used in their production and with proven hormone-mimicking properties have been still poorly addressed. Among these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), parabens, benzophenones, bisphenols, and phthalates are the most widely found in these products. Given the estrogenic-dependent nature of the endometrium, it has been hypothesized the potential contribution of these EDCs contained in cosmetics and PCPs in the risk of endometriosis. In this book chapter, we have summarized the current evidence supporting this hypothesis, highlighting epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro studies that have addressed the potential influence of parabens, benzophenones, bisphenols, and phthalates in the origin and progression of this chronic feminine disease.",signatures:"Francisco M. Peinado, Luz M. Iribarne-Durán, Olga Ocón-Hernández, Nicolás Olea and Francisco Artacho-Cordón",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72654",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72654",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71151",title:"microRNA and Overcoming the Challenges of Their Use in the Diagnosis of Endometriosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91324",slug:"microrna-and-overcoming-the-challenges-of-their-use-in-the-diagnosis-of-endometriosis",totalDownloads:667,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Endometriosis is a common estrogen dependent and inflammatory disease affecting approximately 176 million women worldwide. Currently, the time between onset of symptoms and a definitive diagnosis has been reported by several international studies to range from 6 to 12 years. Presently, laparoscopic surgery followed by histopathological confirmation of lesions remains the gold standard for diagnosis. In part because of cost and invasiveness, current trends favor reduced laparoscopic surgeries in preference of the non-surgical diagnosis of endometriosis. However, the search for a clinical marker or markers of endometriosis that provide equal or similar sensitivity and specificity to laparoscopy has remained elusive. Thus, the search for a diagnostic test for the diagnosis of endometriosis continues to be a high priority research and clinical issue. Recent studies have reported favorable results with microRNA; however, lack of replication and absence of validation suggest that circulating miRNA may not be reliable for clinical use. Use of different screening platforms together with divergent methods may account for some of the lack or reproducibility in the literature. Herein we critically assess the recent literature and explore sources for discrepant findings. We suggest that prospective studies using validated reference miRNA to normalize results together with improved study design may yet reveal a suitable diagnostic marker or panel of markers for the diagnosis of endometriosis.",signatures:"Victoria Turpin, Anna Leonova, Sanjay K. Agarwal and Warren G. Foster",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71151",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71151",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72999",title:"Pain Testing in Endometriosis for the Clinician",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92756",slug:"pain-testing-in-endometriosis-for-the-clinician",totalDownloads:396,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Clinical pain testing has been used to ascertain the pathophysiology of many clinical conditions, but its use in the management of endometriosis has been limited. Although the testing can require the use of complex testing in the laboratory, this chapter is directed to look at a test for allodynia that can be applied in the clinic. The test for cutaneous allodynia is validated, does not require sophisticated tools, and is readily accepted by woman. The presence of allodynia in certain gynecological presentations can indicate the woman’s pain system has become sensitized. Uses of the test in clinical encounters with women suffering from endometriosis and possible uses in future are presented.",signatures:"John Jarrell",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72999",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72999",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71397",title:"Adenomyosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90942",slug:"adenomyosis",totalDownloads:502,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adenomyosis is a benign uterus disease in which the invasion of the endometrial glands and/or stroma within myometrium is found and usually appears between the ages of 40 and 50 years in women. There are several differences in their pathogenesis. The secondary dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia are the common symptoms. Ultrasound sonography, MRI, CA125, and histological examination can be helpful for the diagnosis of adenomyosis. The treatment of adenomyosis depends on the patient’s age, symptoms, and desire for future fertility, including medical treatment and surgical treatment.",signatures:"Wei Zheng and Boya Deng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71397",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71397",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71588",title:"Benefits of Surgical Intervention in Women with Endometriosis-Related Infertility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91820",slug:"benefits-of-surgical-intervention-in-women-with-endometriosis-related-infertility",totalDownloads:764,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological diseases in the world with a great variety of symptoms and clinical features. The true prevalence rates in the general population are not known, but according to different authors, endometriosis is to be found in 10% in women of reproductive age. According to different publications, around half of the patients with infertility were diagnosed with endometriosis which change the significance of this disease from the only female to a socio-economical problem. In this chapter, we will focus on the current view on endometriosis-associated infertility, from superficial to adenomyosis, with a closer view of surgical treatment, as it is still the standard of care for diagnosis and in severe cases—treatment of the disease.",signatures:"Popov Alexander, Koval Alexey, Fedorov Anton, Tyurina Svetlana, Fedotova Irina and Khabibullakh Tamana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71588",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"74046",title:"Interventional Treatment of Endometriosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93054",slug:"interventional-treatment-of-endometriosis",totalDownloads:447,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Patients with endometriosis and adenomyosis naturally improve after menopause. Therefore, some patients only need to relieve symptoms, especially those near menopause, and they prefer to be treated by conservative methods. We summarized several minimally invasive interventional methods: uterine artery intervention (Uterine artery embolization, UAE), nerve intervention (upper and lower abdominal plexus block, SHPB), ultrasound intervention (puncture sclerotherapy; high intensity focused ultrasound treatment).",signatures:"Yang Xiaomin, Han Jun, Feng Pin and Yang Xiaojun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74046",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74046",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10313",title:"Reproductive Hormones",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5c9effb4087b6f7d6276cc236f00a28",slug:"reproductive-hormones",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6191",title:"Selected Topics in Breastfeeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3334b831761ffa52e78de6fc681e33b3",slug:"selected-topics-in-breastfeeding",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría P.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10485",title:"Fibroids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64ad14b1aba83e47fb100fa63e21533e",slug:"fibroids",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7961",title:"Induced Abortion and Spontaneous Early Pregnancy Loss",subtitle:"Focus on Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02cfa65d8d630b8cacd78aafa3f2f42e",slug:"induced-abortion-and-spontaneous-early-pregnancy-loss-focus-on-management",bookSignature:"Igor Lakhno",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9160",title:"Childbirth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a7e8e48791d2155bf6ef4c5c1c0075c",slug:"childbirth",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric and Svetlana J. Milenkovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7132",title:"Complications of Pregnancy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d2bdac8e99a71feab10bd0b9e1063bb9",slug:"complications-of-pregnancy",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7132.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10460",title:"Current Topics in Caesarean Section",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e59550fca39fd09ff4addfe39ca822a0",slug:"current-topics-in-caesarean-section",bookSignature:"Panagiotis Tsikouras, Nikolaos Nikolettos, Werner Rath and Georg Friedrich Von Tempelhoff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10460.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48837",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Tsikouras",slug:"panagiotis-tsikouras",fullName:"Panagiotis Tsikouras"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8557",title:"Empowering Midwives and Obstetric Nurses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6d90f0978fbce94e13061740cb1d4bc",slug:"empowering-midwives-and-obstetric-nurses",bookSignature:"Amita Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8557.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251100",title:"Prof.",name:"Amita",surname:"Ray",slug:"amita-ray",fullName:"Amita Ray"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10929",title:"The Gynecological Papyrus Kahun",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b8818312089bdfb0423707a231e104d8",slug:"the-gynecological-papyrus-kahun",bookSignature:"Helena Trindade Lopes and Ronaldo G. 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In 2010, he received a Ph.D. in Egyptology from the University of Basel, Switzerland.\nFrom 2012 to 2017, Dr. Pereira was a post-doctoral fellow at CHAM/FCSH – Universidade Nova de Lisboa.\nIn 2018, he became an Onassis Fellow, hosted by the Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean, Greece. \nIn 2019, he became an auxiliary researcher at CHAM/FCSH – Universidade Nova de Lisboa. 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Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"57050",title:"Rare Earth Extraction from NdFeB Magnets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70881",slug:"rare-earth-extraction-from-ndfeb-magnets",body:'Rare earths (RE) are widely consumed in polish, catalysts, rare earth magnets, and so on [1]. Due to the skewed distribution of production countries for RE, many countries depend on the imports from other countries. For example, in Japan, the amount of import of RE metals reached 6479 tons in 2014. The import price, severely depending on international markets, fluctuates widely. Japan is promoting the provisions such as development of alternative materials and the recycle of rare earths. Because the demand of NdFeB magnets has been growing rapidly in recent years because of their use in motors of electric vehicles, wind turbines, etc., the recycling of RE elements extracted from used magnets has become an important research area [2, 3, 4, 5].
There are two main classes of recycling of RE: dry and wet processes. As for the dry process, the recovery of Nd metal has been demonstrated [6] by employing Mg acting as an extraction medium, which forms a low-viscosity liquid alloy with Nd. It has been reported that RE can be separated by a selective reduction and a distillation [7]. The large difference of vapor pressure between RECl2 and RECl3 is skillfully utilized, and the selection efficiency is highly improved. Recently, the difference of oxygen affinity between RE and transition metals has also received attention in that this difference is used as a RE separation. For example, the mixture with flux FeO·B2O3 is a promising method for high purity and high extraction ratio of RE oxide [8]. Thermal isolation of RE oxides from NdFeB magnets using carbon as a reducing agent has been reported [9]. However, many attempts based on the dry process proposed so far are still at the initial laboratory stage.
Development of ore dressing technologies has promoted wet process methods [10, 11], which have already been applied to recycling the sludge of in-plant scrap. After the acid leaching of scrap using HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4, and the filtration of insoluble material mainly containing Fe, acid solution is reacted with oxalic or carbonic acid to form a precipitate containing RE elements. The calcined precipitate becomes RE oxides, which can be returned to the initial manufacturing process of NdFeB magnet. The roasting of NdFeB magnet [12, 13, 14] as a pretreatment improves the selectivity between rare earths and Fe, but the recovery ratio of RE is usually rather low with acid (especially HCl) leaching at room temperature. Nearly 100% recovery is achieved [12, 13] when HCl solution is heated to 80–180°C. In the acid leaching method for sludge [15], it is also necessary to heat the acid solution up to 80°C. We have recently proposed a pretreatment of corrosion [16] before the HCl leaching and the oxalic acid precipitation. In this method, the recovery ratio of Nd reaches 97% even when a room temperature process is used.
From the standpoint of sustainability and ecology, the main issue of the wet process is the discharge of waste acid solution. The recyclability of waste acid crucially depends on the efficient extraction of the constituent elements of the magnet from the used acid. One of the promising methods for Fe extraction involves a reaction with an ionic liquid [12, 17, 18, 19, 20], which often possesses a high selectivity between rare earths and Fe. Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos® IL101) is a well-characterized ionic liquid that can extract Fe3+ ions in HCl solution with no extraction of trivalent rare earth ions [12, 18]. A possible closed-loop acid process for roasted NdFeB magnet has also been proposed, and the elemental technologies are well investigated [12]. However, an actual demonstration with reuse of waste acid solution has not been performed.
In this study, we introduce the full recovery of rare earth from NdFeB magnet using a wet process with the pretreatment of corrosion but without a closed-loop acid process. After that we describe the detailed experimental results of multiple rare earth extraction in a closed-loop acid process [21].
We used two kinds of commercial NdFeB magnets (Niroku seisakusyo). The elemental component of one magnet (denoted as magnet (1)) according to the manufacturer is Nd:Fe:B:the other elements (Dy et al.) = 28:66:1:5 in wt%. The composition of the other magnet (denoted as magnet (2)) was checked by an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer equipped in a field emission scanning electron microscope (JEOL, JSM-7100F) and determined to be Nd1.6Pr0.6Fe14B. Figure 1(a) shows the process flow without a closed-loop acid process. A demagnetized and pulverized NdFeB magnet (1), weighing approximately 0.5 g, was immersed in 3% NaCl solution (300 mL) for 1 week. An air pump provided constant air flow to the solution to accelerate the corrosion. The corroded sample was leached into HCl solution (100 mL) ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 mol/L, at room temperature. The insoluble material was calcined at 800°C for 5 h to obtain α-Fe2O3. The solution after removal of the insoluble was reacted with 0.26 g oxalic acid. The precipitate after the reaction was also calcined at 800°C for 5 h to obtain cubic Mn2O3-type Nd2O3 (c-Nd2O3).
(a) Procedures for rare earth recovery from NdFeB magnet (1) without closed-loop acid process. (b) Procedures for rare earth recovery from NdFeB magnet (2) with closed-loop acid process. S, L, and IL denote the solid, liquid, and ionic liquid, respectively. In procedure (b), elements expected to be present in the solid or solution are denoted.
To examine the feasibility of closed-loop acid process, the process flow was modified as shown in Figure 1(b). In this case, the corroded sample was leached in HCl solution (100 mL) with 0.2 mol/L or 0.5 mol/L for 1–2 h. After removal of the insoluble material, the solution was reacted with ionic liquid Cyphos® IL101 (HCl:ionic liquid = 4:1 in volume ratio), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The salting-out agent 10 mol/L NH4Cl was added to the solution. The mixture underwent magnetic stirring at 750 rpm and 60°C for 10 min. Then, it was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 min and split into each component. The HCl solution was reacted with oxalic acid.
Several samples, calcined at 800°C for 5 h in the air, were evaluated using a powder X-ray diffractometer (Shimadzu, XRD-7000 L) with Cu-Kα radiation. We employed an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (Shimadzu, ICPE-9000) to analyze the concentrations of Nd, Pr, Fe, and B dissolved in HCl or NaCl solution. The concentrations were determined by the working curves of standard Nd, Pr, Fe, and B liquids.
The XRD pattern of corroded magnet (1) is shown in Figure 2, in which the XRD pattern of magnet (1) itself is also displayed. The main phase of magnet (1) is Nd2Fe14B with additional minor phase of NdFe4B4. The XRD pattern of Nd2Fe14B completely disappears in the corroded magnet, partially containing the XRD pattern of γ-FeOOH denoted by the filled triangles. In order to investigate the origin of the rest of the diffraction peaks (open circles) in the corroded sample, we have corroded NdFeB magnet (1) by hydrogenating it at 600°C for 12 h under a high pressure of hydrogen. The hydrogenated sample [22], as shown in the bottom pattern of Figure 2, shows the decomposition into Nd hydride (NdH2 + x) and α-Fe. Therefore, in each compound, the corrosion process would independently occur. The XRD pattern of corroded sample after the hydrogenation almost coincides with that of directly corroded magnet (1). Considering that α-Fe corroded into the Fe hydroxide (γ-FeOOH), a Nd hydroxide is probably responsible for the rest of the diffraction peaks (open circles) in the corroded sample. We note here that the NaCl concentration is not optimized. We simply suppose the sea water which is an abundant resource. The preliminary result using more concentrated NaCl solution (10%) also leads to the same results.
XRD patterns of corroded magnet, corroded sample after hydrogenation, and hydrogenated magnet. The employed magnet is magnet (1). The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. Based partly on Ref. [
We checked the XRD pattern of insoluble material after HCl leaching of the corroded sample as shown in Figure 3(a). The diffraction peaks match well with those of the XRD pattern of γ-FeOOH, which transforms into α-Fe2O3 through the calcination (see Figure 3(b)). Figure 3(a) supports that the Nd hydroxide would be selectively dissolved into HCl solution, in which Nd ions are generated. The oxalic acid precipitation was performed to recover Nd. The precipitate has been calcined and evaluated by XRD pattern, which is displayed in Figure 3(b) with the simulated pattern of c-Nd2O3. The XRD patterns are well matched between the calcined precipitate and c-Nd2O3, suggesting the successful recovery of Nd in the form of Nd oxide.
(a) XRD patterns of corroded magnet (1) and insoluble material after HCl (0.1 mol/L, 30 min) leaching and γ-FeOOH. (b) XRD patterns of insoluble material and oxalic acid precipitate in HCl solution. They were calcined in the air. The simulation patterns of α-Fe2O3 and c-Nd2O3 are also shown. The HCl concentration is 0.2 mol/L, and the leaching time is 2 h. The origin of each pattern in (a) and (b) is shifted by an integer value for clarity. Based partly on Ref. [
Figure 4 shows the leaching time dependences of effective recovery ratio
Leaching time dependences of effective recovery ratio of Nd. The examined HCl solutions are 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mol/L. Based partly on Ref. [
For each HCl concentration,
Next, we show the experimental results of rare earth extraction using the closed-loop acid process. The starting magnet is magnet (2) with the mass of approximately 0.5 g. The distribution of constituent elements in our method mentioned above is partially unknown. Thus, a one-shot extraction with 0.2 mol/L HCl and 0.26 g oxalic acid but with no use of ionic liquid was performed. Table 1 shows the distribution of each ion in the NaCl solution after removal of the corroded sample and in the HCl solution after removal of precipitates produced by the reaction with oxalic acid. In the NaCl solution, only B is detected. A sufficient amount of oxalic acid can efficiently separate rare earths. A large amount of Fe stays in the HCl solution. The expected ion concentrations of the completely dissolved 0.5 g magnet are 1041 mg/L for Nd, 381 mg/L for Pr, 3527 mg/L for Fe, and 49 mg/L for B, respectively. The summation of the B concentrations in the two states listed in Table 1 is not far from 49 mg/L. Then, approximately 30% of B can be separated by the NaCl solution, and the remaining B stays in the HCl solution. Approximately 60% of the Fe ions are contained in the insoluble material obtained after HCl leaching. The recovery ratio of Nd (Pr) is 99% (97%).
Solution | Nd (mg/L) | Pr (mg/L) | Fe (mg/L) | B (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
NaCl after removal of corroded magnet | ND | ND | ND | 12.3 |
HCl after removal of oxalic acid precipitates | 10.6 | 13.0 | 1480 | 28.6 |
Distribution of Nd, Pr, Fe, and B in the one-shot recovery process.
ND means not detected. Based on Ref. [21].
Following the results of Ref. [12] which reported that salting-out agent NH4Cl plays an essential role in full extraction of Fe by an ionic liquid, the dependence of extraction efficiency on NH4Cl concentration was determined. Without NH4Cl, the extraction efficiency of Fe is only 40%, increasing to 75% with 5 mol/L NH4Cl and 95% for 10 mol/L NH4Cl. In this experiment, we also found that B is fully extracted by the ionic liquid. We speculate that Cyphos® IL101 represented by C38H68ClP transforms into C38H68FeCl4, after the incorporation of Fe3+ ions. Thus, the extraction efficiency of Fe severely depends on the Cl concentration, and the salting-out agent NH4Cl is necessary to provide enough Cl ions.
The preliminary experiment for a closed-loop process of HCl solution was performed using 0.5 mol/L HCl to reduce the experimental time. The oxalic acid mass was maintained at 0.26 g. Hereafter, the HCl solutions after removal of insoluble material in the acid leaching, after Fe extraction by the ionic liquid, and after removal of rare earths by oxalic acid precipitation are denoted state [I], [II], and [III], respectively (see also Figure 1(b)). Table 2 shows the Nd, Pr, and Fe concentrations of these states during each cycle. In the first cycle, approximately 24% of rare earths are extracted together with Fe by the ionic liquid. Only Nd and Pr are separated by the reaction with the oxalic acid. In state [I] during the second cycle, the concentrations of Nd and Pr are approximately one-quarter of those during the first cycle, which means an immediate precipitation due to excess oxalic acid in the previous cycle.
Cycle | State of solution | Nd (mg/L) | Pr (mg/L) | Fe (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
First | [I] | 929 | 346 | 2320 |
[II] | 707 | 264 | 105 | |
[III] | 16.9 | 17.4 | 109 | |
Second | [I] | 218 | 94 | 2770 |
[II] | 231 | 99 | 132 | |
[III] | ND | ND | 134 |
Distribution of Nd, Pr, and Fe in the preliminary experiment of a closed loop for HCl solution.
The notations of solutions are defined in Figure 1(b). ND means not detected. Based partly on Ref. [21].
The preliminary experiment suggested that the weight of oxalic acid needs to be adjusted. The weight of oxalic acid for a 0.5 g magnet, reproducing the initial concentrations of Nd and Pr in state [I] in the second cycle, has been searched as shown in Figure 5. The vertical axis shows the difference in Nd (Pr) ion concentration in state [I] between the first and second cycles, which is denoted as ▵c. A positive value for ▵c indicates a poor precipitation efficiency, and a negative value indicates an excess oxalic acid. For each element, ▵c linearly decreases with increasing weight of oxalic acid. A weight of 0.1675 g oxalic acid can reproduce the initial Nd (Pr) ion concentration of state [I] in the second cycle. The chemical equation for oxalic acid precipitation is.
A plot of Δc vs. the weight of oxalic acid. Δc represents the difference in Nd (Pr) ion concentration after HCl leaching of corroded magnet between the first and second cycles. Based partly on Ref. [
If the starting magnet weight is 0.5 g, the ideal amount of oxalic acid is 0.1335 g. However, as shown in Figure 5, Nd and Pr would not fully precipitate for 0.1335 g of oxalic acid. To achieve sufficient precipitation, the amount of oxalic acid that is consumed must be 1.3 times larger.
From the preliminary experiments for the closed-loop process of HCl solution, we have obtained the conditions of 10 mol/L NH4Cl and 0.1675 g oxalic acid for the recycling of 0.5 g magnet. Table 3 shows the results of a demonstration of triple rare earth extraction from 0.5 g magnet with the closed loop of HCl solution. The HCl concentration was 0.5 mol/L to expedite the experiment. The concentrations of Nd and Pr ions are measured in states [I], [II], and [III]. In each cycle, 10–15% of Nd and Pr ions are extracted together with Fe ions by the ionic liquid, as in the preliminary experiment (see Table 2). Contrary to our expectation, 30–35% of Nd and Pr ions remain in solution after the oxalic acid precipitation. However, these ions apparently do not contribute to the rare earth concentrations of state [I] in the next cycle; the concentrations of Nd and Pr ions in state [I] are the same as those during the previous cycle. The recovery ratio of each element, calculated by eliminating the amount of element extracted by the ionic liquid, is approximately 50% in all cycles. Figure 6 shows the XRD pattern of calcined insoluble material after HCl leaching in the second cycle. The simulated patterns of Nd0.73Pr0.27FeO3 and α-Fe2O3 are also exhibited. Elemental Nd (Pr) is partially recovered together with Fe. The XRD pattern in Figure 6 supports the idea that the Nd and Pr elements, which are present in the same concentration as the ions in state [III], would enter insoluble material in state [I] in the next cycle.
Cycle | State of solution | Nd (mg/L) | Pr (mg/L) | Recovery ratio of Nd (%) | Recovery ratio of Pr (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | [I] | 971 | 370 | 50 | 47 |
[II] | 818 | 311 | |||
[III] | 328 | 136 | |||
Second | [I] | 980 | 406 | 49 | 50 |
[II] | 836 | 357 | |||
[III] | 352 | 156 | |||
Third | [I] | 919 | 410 | 61 | 56 |
[II] | 842 | 360 | |||
[III] | 280 | 130 |
The distribution of Nd and Pr and the recovery ratio of each element in a triple rare earth extraction.
The notations of the solutions are defined in Figure 1(b). Based partly on Ref. [21].
XRD pattern of calcined insoluble material after HCl leaching in the second extraction. The simulated Nd0.73Pr0.27FeO3 and α-Fe2O3 patterns are also shown. The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. Based partly on Ref. [
In our method, Cyphos® IL101 is rather expensive, and the regeneration of the ionic liquid by stripping Fe3+ is required to reduce the cost. We examined two stripping methods. The first one is the stripping using NaOH solution. After the reaction of the ionic liquid containing Fe3+ ions with NaOH solution, Fe(OH)3 is expected to be precipitated, and Fe2O3 would be obtained after the calcination. The ionic liquid was reacted with NaOH solution (1 mol/L) with a volume ratio of Cyphos® IL101:NaOH solution = 1:2.The calcined precipitate was checked by the XRD pattern, and it is shown in Figure 7(a). The obtained pattern is in good agreement with the XRD pattern of NaFeO2. The recovery ratio of Fe is estimated to be 17%. The second method is the employment of ammonia solution, for which 100% stripping of Fe3+ has been already reported [23]. We roughly followed the reported recipe [23]. The yellow-colored ionic liquid containing Fe3+, which was obtained in the actual process flow, was reacted with the ammonia solution (approximately 3 wt.%) with a volume ratio of Cyphos® IL101:ammonia solution = 1:10. The precipitate at the interface between the liquids was collected using a cellulose filter and calcined together with the filter in the air. Figure 7(b) shows the XRD pattern of the calcined sample recovered from used Cyphos® IL101. The figure also displays the simulated patterns of α-Fe2O3, Fe3PO7, and C. The experimental XRD pattern closely matches the superposition of simulated patterns. The sources of P and C atom contamination would be Cyphos® IL101 containing P and the cellulose filter, respectively. Despite the contamination due to our insufficient filtration technique, Fe can be stripped. Furthermore, the yellow-colored ionic liquid once again became transparent after Fe3+ stripping, which means the ionic liquid is regenerated.
(a) XRD pattern of the calcined sample recovered from used Cyphos® IL101 reacted with NaOH solution. The simulated NaFeO2 pattern is also presented. The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. (b) XRD pattern of calcined sample recovered from used Cyphos® IL101 reacted with ammonia solution. The simulated α-Fe2O3, Fe3PO7, and C patterns are also presented. The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. (Based partly on Ref. [
Focusing on the one-shot recovery processes, a comparison between our method and other methods [12, 13, 14, 15] based on the acid leaching mentioned in Introduction is shown in Table 4. The number of steps in the recovery processes and the rare earth recovery ratio of each method are similar. The roasting used in Refs. [12, 13, 14] would have a cost disadvantage. Although Ref. [15] does not employ roasting, HNO3 has a disadvantage because waste discharge containing nitrate salt is severely controlled by law for environmental reasons. The acid leaching process in our method and in Ref. [14] is performed at room temperature, which means that these are safe processes. Since B is harmful, its separation is highly desired. Our method has achieved 30% B separation, whereas the other methods do not report a clear B separation. If a closed-loop acid process with a high recovery ratio of rare earths is realized, our method is promising because each step except Fe extraction by ionic liquid is performed at room temperature. This condition and the rather simple procedures lead to a safe and low-cost recovery process. In addition, the peculiar feature of B separation in our method is environmentally friendly.
Items | Our method [16] | [12] | [13] | [14] | [15] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pretreatment | Corrosion at RT | Roast at 950°C | Roast at 500–1000°C | Roast at 750°C | Sludge |
Acid | HCl | HCl | HCl | H2SO4 | HNO3 |
Acid leaching temperature | RT | 80°C | 180°C | RT | 80°C |
B separation | 30% | Not separated | Not separated | Not separated | Not separated |
Recovery ratio of rare earths (%) | 97 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 94 |
Comparison between our method and other methods based on acid leaching in a one-shot recovery process.
RT means room temperature. Based partly on Ref. [21].
Rare earth extraction methods based on acid leaching are entering the stage of practical use. To address the issue of rather low selectivity between rare earths and Fe at the room temperature acid-process, we have proposed the pretreatment of corrosion. Our method has improved the selectivity, and rare earth recovery ratio, in one-shot extraction, reaches to almost 100% even at room temperature. For sustainability and environmental considerations, the recyclability of waste acid solution is one of the central issues in rare earth recycling, and this has not been well investigated. In this work, we have experimentally determined the recovery ratio of rare earth elements in our method with the closed-loop acid process. This ratio is approximately 50%, reduced from almost full recovery in a one-shot extraction. Although the recovery ratio is rather low at the present stage, our encouraging result should lead to rapid advancement of the study of recycling using a closed-loop acid process.
The demonstration of closed-loop process for HCl solution indicates that the precipitation by oxalic acid is not sufficient, although the amount of oxalic acid is larger than the ideal amount calculated using the chemical formula of precipitation. To increase the recovery ratios of rare earth elements, if the amount of oxalic acid is increased, it will result in a reduced recovery ratio in the second cycle, as deduced from Table 2. Thus, a trade-off between the number of rare earth extractions and the recovery ratio of rare earths might exist for the present precipitation condition. The main cause of the reduced recovery ratio is the insufficient ionization of oxalic acid. The degree of ionization of oxalic acid strongly depends on the pH of the solution. The ionization concentration generally increases with increasing pH, and the full ionization of oxalic acid with an ideal weight of 0.1335 g would be realized. Another issue to be considered is the partial rare earth extraction by the ionic liquid. If the oxalic acid precipitation process is performed before the process of Fe3+ extraction by the ionic liquid, only rare earth elements would be separated due to the high selectivity between rare earths and Fe under oxalic acid precipitation. Thus, the issue would be resolved by reversing the sequence of the two processes. As shown in Figure 6, unassigned peaks of material other than α-Fe2O3 and Nd0.73Pr0.27FeO3 are present in the XRD spectrum. In our study, complete separation of the ionic liquid from the HCl solution is difficult, which results in contamination of the calcined sample. Further improvement of the separation technique is needed to obtain a pure calcined sample.
This research was supported by the Matching Planner Program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). J.K. is grateful for the support provided by the Comprehensive Research Organization of Fukuoka Institute of Technology.
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Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
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\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
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Scientific deep-water surveys and intensive research programs (REVIZEE) along the past decade indicate that Brazilian elasmobranch diversity is higher than previously imagined. However, the deep-water fishery threatens this poorly known community of sharks and rays on the Brazilian continental slope as they become bycatch of a fast-growing and uncontrolled fishery. The recent study case of the monkfish (Lophius gastrophysus) fishery dynamics, well presented and discussed by the Brazilian scientific community, provided evidence of the need of bycatch-specific monitoring programs and fast-response fishery regulations. The present work discusses the Brazilian deep-water elasmobranch bycatch problem under the light of its biological diversity and completely unknown population status. Suggestions and management considerations are presented in order to coordinate and manage the establishment and growth of this deep-water fishery in Brazil.",book:{id:"5895",slug:"chondrichthyes-multidisciplinary-approach",title:"Chondrichthyes",fullTitle:"Chondrichthyes - Multidisciplinary Approach"},signatures:"Getulio Rincon, Rodrigo Cordeiro Mazzoleni, Ana Rita Onodera\nPalmeira and Rosangela Lessa",authors:[{id:"205621",title:"Dr.",name:"Getulio",middleName:null,surname:"Rincon",slug:"getulio-rincon",fullName:"Getulio Rincon"},{id:"206465",title:"MSc.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Mazzoleni",slug:"rodrigo-mazzoleni",fullName:"Rodrigo Mazzoleni"},{id:"206466",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeira",slug:"ana-rita-palmeira",fullName:"Ana Rita Palmeira"},{id:"206467",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosangela",middleName:null,surname:"Lessa",slug:"rosangela-lessa",fullName:"Rosangela Lessa"}]},{id:"56228",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70028",title:"A Review of the Mitogenomic Phylogeny of the Chondrichthyes",slug:"a-review-of-the-mitogenomic-phylogeny-of-the-chondrichthyes",totalDownloads:1483,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The phylogenetic analysis of the Chondrichthyes has been the subject of intense debate over the past two decades. The principal relationships within the group based on the analysis of morphological traits are inconsistent with the available molecular topologies, and the phylogeny of these animals is highly controversial, at all levels, ranging from superorders to families and even the genera within families. With the recent development of new generation sequencing (NGS), many phylogenies are now being inferred based on the complete genome of the species. In 2015 and 2016 alone, around 21 new elasmobranch genomes were made available in GenBank. In this context, the principal objective of the present study was to infer the phylogeny of the sharks and rays based on the complete mitochondrial genomes available in the literature. A total of 73 mitogenomes of chondrichthyan species were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees generated rejected the “Hypnosqualea” hypothesis and confirmed the monophyly of the Neoselachii and Batoidea as sister groups of the sharks. These mitogenomic analyses provided ampler and more complete insights into the relationships between the sharks and rays, in particular, the topologies obtained by the analyses revealed a number of incongruities in certain groups of sharks and rays, and the interrelationships between them.",book:{id:"5895",slug:"chondrichthyes-multidisciplinary-approach",title:"Chondrichthyes",fullTitle:"Chondrichthyes - Multidisciplinary Approach"},signatures:"Divino Bruno da Cunha, Luis Fernando da Silva Rodrigues‐Filho and\nJoão Bráullio de Luna Sales",authors:[{id:"104512",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues-Filho",slug:"luis-fernando-rodrigues-filho",fullName:"Luis Fernando Rodrigues-Filho"},{id:"205219",title:"Dr.",name:"Divino Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Da Cunha",slug:"divino-bruno-da-cunha",fullName:"Divino Bruno Da Cunha"},{id:"205690",title:"Dr.",name:"João Bráullio De",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Sales",slug:"joao-braullio-de-luna-sales",fullName:"João Bráullio De Luna Sales"}]},{id:"52331",doi:"10.5772/64252",title:"Setting Up Traceability Tools for the Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab Fishery: A Case Study in Southeast Sulawesi",slug:"setting-up-traceability-tools-for-the-indonesian-blue-swimming-crab-fishery-a-case-study-in-southeas",totalDownloads:1694,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The Indonesian blue swimming crab fishery developed rapidly during the 1990s to become an important source of income for coastal communities. The blue swimming crab (BSC) in 2015 is the third highest export commodity in Indonesia, primarily to USA markets. Southeast (SE) Sulawesi is a relatively minor area for blue swimming crab production (approximately 1200–2000 mt per annum), in which only a subset of Asosiasi Pengelolaan Rajungan Indonesia (APRI) members are active, and it may be a conducive region in which to conduct a pilot activity to form a fisheries management structure that demonstrates the benefits that can be achieved via collaboration. The control document (CD) is a traceability and documentation process to be implemented by all of the segments of the supply chain (collectors/cooking stations, miniplants, and processors) in order to promote compliance to new Ministry and Marine Affair (MMAF) regulations and generate the records and documents of the supply chain application and verification of the new regulations. The self-recorded logbook by the fishermen and miniplant, as the point in the supply chain, could help with a meaningful and long-term solution to the fishery management in Southeast Sulawesi. This is the first trial of CD in Indonesia and could be a good model for BSC fishery in other region in Indonesia.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Hawis Madduppa, Zairion, Siti Nuraini, Kuncoro Nugroho and\nBambang Arif Nugraha",authors:[{id:"180161",title:"Dr.",name:"Hawis",middleName:null,surname:"Madduppa",slug:"hawis-madduppa",fullName:"Hawis Madduppa"},{id:"185944",title:"Dr.",name:"Zairion",middleName:null,surname:"Zairion",slug:"zairion-zairion",fullName:"Zairion Zairion"},{id:"185945",title:"Mrs.",name:"Siti",middleName:null,surname:"Nuraini",slug:"siti-nuraini",fullName:"Siti Nuraini"},{id:"185946",title:"Mr.",name:"Bambang Arif",middleName:null,surname:"Nugraha",slug:"bambang-arif-nugraha",fullName:"Bambang Arif Nugraha"},{id:"185947",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuncoro Catur",middleName:null,surname:"Nugroho",slug:"kuncoro-catur-nugroho",fullName:"Kuncoro Catur Nugroho"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50289",title:"Effect of Special Fish Feed Prepared Using Food Industrial Waste on Labeo rohita",slug:"effect-of-special-fish-feed-prepared-using-food-industrial-waste-on-labeo-rohita",totalDownloads:2298,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"All food processing industries generate wastes of varying nature in significant quantities. Managing these wastes so as to minimize the impact on the environment is the prime concern. The concept of waste has undergone much change in recent times, with the focus being on utilizing the waste materials as inputs for generation of new or reusable products. Vegetable and fruit wastes are generated in significant quantities and are easily available at minimal charge. The comparative utilization of these wastes as a dietary ingredient was assessed employing the Labeo rohita fingerlings as the test species. The study was conducted over a period of 60 days. Orange peels and potato peels are characterized, and then, formulation of orange peel feed (OPF) and potato peel feed (PPF) was carried out. Market common fish feed (CFF) was taken as a control. The three test diets were designated as CFF, OPF and PPF. Feeding was done once daily. The water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, water temperature pH, total alkalinity, total hardness; calcium hardness and magnesium hardness as well as growth response were monitored at fortnightly intervals. The quality of water was maintained by periodic partial replenishment over the period of study. On termination of the trial, higher growth response was recorded in the PPF treatment. The initial and final weight and length of fishes was recorded. The results shows significant growth in PPF and OPF showed brighter body scales than other two feed. Fishes were very healthy and normal throughout the study period indicating no adverse effect on their health. No infection whatsoever was noted during 60 days of experimental period.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Sanyogita R. Verma and Shanta Satyanarayan",authors:[{id:"183699",title:"Dr.",name:"Verma",middleName:"Rajroop",surname:"Sanyogita",slug:"verma-sanyogita",fullName:"Verma Sanyogita"},{id:"185353",title:"Dr.",name:"Shanta",middleName:null,surname:"Satyanarayan",slug:"shanta-satyanarayan",fullName:"Shanta Satyanarayan"}]},{id:"51124",title:"Fishery Status and Taxonomy of the Carangids (Pisces) in the Northern Arabian Sea Coast of Pakistan",slug:"fishery-status-and-taxonomy-of-the-carangids-pisces-in-the-northern-arabian-sea-coast-of-pakistan",totalDownloads:1977,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The objectives of this study were i) to evaluate number of existing members of the family Carangidae in the area ii) to establish a distinguishable and lucid key based on the taxonomic characteristics, meristic count and otolith description. In this study, thirty-six species were collected from the main fish landing facilities between 2012~2015. Fish body colour, taxonomic characteristics, fin rays and otolith shape description were used to identify each species. Otolith description comprises of shape of ostium, sulcus and margins of anterior and posterior surface along with distinct definite shape possess by each species make it easier for identification.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Nazia Qamar, Sher Khan Panhwar and Ghazala Siddiqui",authors:[{id:"182414",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Panhwar",slug:"sher-khan-panhwar",fullName:"Sher Khan Panhwar"},{id:"184264",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazia",middleName:null,surname:"Qamar",slug:"nazia-qamar",fullName:"Nazia Qamar"},{id:"184265",title:"Prof.",name:"Ghazala",middleName:null,surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"ghazala-siddiqui",fullName:"Ghazala Siddiqui"}]},{id:"50583",title:"Trawl Selectivity in the Barents Sea Demersal Fishery",slug:"trawl-selectivity-in-the-barents-sea-demersal-fishery",totalDownloads:1714,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This chapter provides a general overview of the Barents Sea demersal trawl fishery. First, it reviews historical catch levels and current biomass status of four commercially important demersal species (cod, haddock, Greenland halibut, and redfish) and includes an overview of their management plan that has been carried out by the Joint Norwegian–Russian commission. Then, it presents the evolution of the technical regulations for improving size selectivity in this fishery and describes current challenges in gear selectivity. Later, this chapter describes the concept of size selectivity, introduces the selective parameters that define a selection curve, and progressively introduces different parametric models that describe the selection process. The most common experimental methods and gear used to collect selectivity data are described, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, this chapter describes an alternative, or a complementary method, to the conventional estimation of trawl selectivity—the FISHSELECT method. This method is based on morphology measurements and fish penetration models to estimate the selective properties of different mesh shapes and sizes at different mesh openings, which are later used to provide simulation-based prediction of size selectivity. FISHSELECT has already been applied to four important species of the Barents Sea Demersal Fishery, and the results have in all cases showed to be coherent with the results obtained from sea trial results.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Eduardo Grimaldo, Manu Sistiaga, Bent Herrmann and Roger B.\nLarsen",authors:[{id:"107079",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Grimaldo",slug:"eduardo-grimaldo",fullName:"Eduardo Grimaldo"},{id:"185311",title:"Dr.",name:"Manu",middleName:null,surname:"Sistiaga",slug:"manu-sistiaga",fullName:"Manu Sistiaga"},{id:"185312",title:"Dr.",name:"Bent",middleName:null,surname:"Herrmann",slug:"bent-herrmann",fullName:"Bent Herrmann"},{id:"185313",title:"Prof.",name:"Roger B.",middleName:null,surname:"Larsen",slug:"roger-b.-larsen",fullName:"Roger B. Larsen"}]},{id:"50363",title:"The Brown Seaweeds Fishery in Chile",slug:"the-brown-seaweeds-fishery-in-chile",totalDownloads:1751,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Chilean fishery of brown algae includes species belonging to the genus Lessonia, Durvillaea, and Macrocystis, which can be found along the coast, ranging latitudes from 18° to 55°S. The exploitation of these seaweeds is done mainly in the Northern coast because the environmental conditions of this region decrease initial production costs. Brown algae are exploited from natural populations and exported to international markets as row material, source of alginates, widely utilized in diverse manufacturing processes and industries. International demand for Chilean kelps has produced sustained increase in harvest during the last decade, reaching more than 390,000 dry tons/year. This chapter approaches the most relevant aspects of the brown seaweed fishery in Chile which covers a wide range of the Southeast Pacific coast, considering the number of commercial species, its abundance and distribution, knowledge achieved on their ecology and biology regarding management, and conservation of these resources, and finally, provides tools for stakeholders and policy makers directed to sustainable management of natural kelp beds occurring in the cold temperate seas.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Julio A. Vásquez",authors:[{id:"180745",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Vásquez",slug:"julio-vasquez",fullName:"Julio Vásquez"}]},{id:"50462",title:"Direction of Fisheries (SUISAN) Education from a Historical Perspective in Japan",slug:"direction-of-fisheries-suisan-education-from-a-historical-perspective-in-japan",totalDownloads:1450,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Fishing, aquaculture, and food processing is collectively referred to as “SUISAN”, and the term was translated to “fisheries” in the Meiji period. Fisheries education in Japan was at its dawn. Fisheries education was necessary for improvement of local fisheries subsistence. Fisheries education was performed, centering on nurturing of mid-career engineers for deep-sea fishing after 1950s. However, when the Heisei period in the 1990s started, “participatory = citizen involvement type fisheries education” was promoted extensively. Future establishment of a Japanese version of Sea Grants is desired to promote citizen involvement in fisheries education with systematized involvement of universities, research institutions, aquaria, and local people.",book:{id:"5210",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World"},signatures:"Tsuyoshi Sasaki",authors:[{id:"180712",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",slug:"tsuyoshi-sasaki",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Sasaki"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"40",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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