Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
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Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
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"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
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Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\n
Seeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\n
Over these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\n
We are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\n
Thank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\n
Now with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10896",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Integrative Advances in Rice Research",title:"Integrative Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book describes some recent advances in rice research in terms of crop breeding and improvement (Section 1), crop production and protection (Section 2), and crop quality control and food processing (Section 3). It contains fourteen chapters that cover such topics as two-line rice breeding in India, the different aspects of aromatic rice, bacterial diseases of rice, quality control and breeding strategies, and much more. This volume is a useful reference for professionals and graduate students working in all areas of rice science and technology.",isbn:"978-1-83969-600-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-599-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-601-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95205",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"integrative-advances-in-rice-research",numberOfPages:342,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"47659401ffe512c28313440110c0a903",bookSignature:"Min Huang",publishedDate:"January 26th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10896.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3135,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 26th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 26th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 25th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 13th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 12th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189829/images/system/189829.JPG",biography:"Dr. Min Huang received his bachelor’s degree in Biological Science from Zhejiang Normal University, China in 2005, and obtained his master’s degree and Ph.D. in Crop Cultivation and Farming System from Guangxi University (GXU) and Hunan Agricultural University (HNAU), China in 2008 and 2011, respectively. He successively held the positions of assistant and associate professor at the Department of Agronomy of GXU from 2012 to 2014. He joined the faculty in the Department of Agronomy of HNAU as an associate professor in 2015 and was promoted to the position of professor in 2017. He served as a visiting fellow at the International Programs-College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, USA in 2017 and 2018.",institutionString:"Hunan Agricultural University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Hunan Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"29",title:"Agronomy",slug:"agronomy"}],chapters:[{id:"79076",title:"Progress and Prospects of Two Line Rice Breeding in India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99545",slug:"progress-and-prospects-of-two-line-rice-breeding-in-india",totalDownloads:161,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Increasing the yield potential through hybrid rice technology was very well proved in nearby countries. Three line hybrid rice technology is encounted with some of the difficulties in seed production. Identification of Environmentally influenced male sterility overcomes the problem encountered in seed production since it is regulated by the temperature it is called temperature regulated male sterility and hybrids produced using this line is called two line rice hybrids. Types of male sterility and methods to identify the new TGMS lines and breeding methods employed for producing the tgms lines were described. Characterization of tgms lines by both conventional method and molecular tools has been enumerated. Seed multiplication of tgms under fertility inducing environment and seed production of two line hybrids has been explained. Seed production location was exclusively identified for seed multiplication of tgms lines. Heterotic potential of two line rice hybrids has been studied. Future prospectes in tgms research and two line heterotic potential was explained for increasing the yield potential in rice.",signatures:"Manonmani Swaminathan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79076",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79076",authors:[{id:"328249",title:"Dr.",name:"Manonmani",surname:"Swaminathan",slug:"manonmani-swaminathan",fullName:"Manonmani Swaminathan"}],corrections:null},{id:"77895",title:"Rice Aroma: Biochemical, Genetics and Molecular Aspects and Its Extraction and Quantification Methods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98913",slug:"rice-aroma-biochemical-genetics-and-molecular-aspects-and-its-extraction-and-quantification-methods",totalDownloads:275,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aroma in rice is unique and a superior grain quality trait, varieties especially Basmati and Jasmine-type are fetching a high export price in the International markets. Among the identified volatile aroma compounds, 2AP (2 acetyl-1-pyrroline) is believed to be the distinctive biochemical compound contributing the flavor in rice. Genetically, aroma in rice arises by the phenotypic expression of spontaneous recessive mutations of the OsBadh2 gene (also known as fgr/badh2 /osbadh2/os2AP gene) which was mapped on chromosome 8. An 8-bp deletion in the exon 7 of this gene was reported to result in truncation of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenease enzyme whose loss-of-function lead to the accumulation of a major aromatic compound (2AP) in fragrant rice. Among the different sampling methods and analytical techniques for the extraction and quantification of scentedness, simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) is traditional and normalized, whereas solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) are new, very simple, rapid, efficient and most importantly solvent-free methods. These methods are coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and/or Gas chromatography olfactometry (GC-O) and also with sensory evaluation for readily examining 2AP compound found in rice. The major factor affecting the aroma in rice was their genetic makeup. However, the aroma quality may be differed due to different planting, pre-harvest and postharvest handling and storage. For a more extensive elucidation of all effective and fundamental factors contributing to fragrance, it is essential to explore target quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and their inheritance and locations.",signatures:"Nirubana Varatharajan, Deepika Chandra Sekaran, Karthikeyan Murugan and Vanniarajan Chockalingam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77895",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77895",authors:[{id:"337139",title:"Prof.",name:"Vanniarajan",surname:"Chockalingam",slug:"vanniarajan-chockalingam",fullName:"Vanniarajan Chockalingam"},{id:"352266",title:"Dr.",name:"Nirubana",surname:"Varatharajan",slug:"nirubana-varatharajan",fullName:"Nirubana Varatharajan"},{id:"420287",title:"Ms.",name:"Deepika",surname:"Chandra Sekaran",slug:"deepika-chandra-sekaran",fullName:"Deepika Chandra Sekaran"},{id:"420288",title:"Mr.",name:"Karthikeyan",surname:"Murugan",slug:"karthikeyan-murugan",fullName:"Karthikeyan Murugan"}],corrections:null},{id:"78726",title:"Aromatic Rice of India: It’s Types and Breeding Strategies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99232",slug:"aromatic-rice-of-india-it-s-types-and-breeding-strategies",totalDownloads:186,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The coalescence of organoleptic traits viz., pleasant aroma, cooked rice texture, and taste make aromatic rice unique and distinguished from non-aromatic rice. Aromatic rice is cultivated in every rice growing country; with each country has its own indigenous collection. International trade of rice is dominated by Indica (long grained), Japonica (short grained), aromatic rice (Basmati and Jasmine) and glutinous rice; amidst which, Basmati types from India and Pakistan; and Jasmine types from Thailand have phenomenal demand. In India all types of aromatic rice are cultivated based on Kernel length; short, medium, long and very long grained. Basmati varieties own the major market, while other types of aromatic rice besides Basmati are popular in local market only. The country inherits rich diversity of aromatic rice germplasm; with more than 300 different types, each of the rice growing states of India has its own locally popular aromatic rice varieties. India a country where two third of its population consume rice as part of their daily food; aromatic rice always remain their favorite. Basmati, by virtue of its excellent qualities it dominates both national and international market. Every year, Basmati ranks first in respect of foreign exchange earned from the export of agricultural products from India (APEDA). The phenomenal demand and export figures have augmented Basmati Breeding program. However, only few aromatic varieties are cultivated depending on their demand, and their breeding program is also limited. In India, Basmati has over-shadowed other types of aromatic rice in market and in plant breeding programs too. Breeding for Basmati varieties is undertaken by prime agricultural institutions of India. The country regulates quality standards and development of Basmati varieties with the help of Export of Basmati Rice (Quality Control and Inspection) Rules 2003; Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA); and Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF). However, no such initiatives have been taken to promote the development of other aromatic rice varieties of India besides Basmati.",signatures:"Aarti Sharma, Sandhya , Akanksha Srivastava, Snehanshu Singh, Subhash Mishra, Shiva Mohan, Chhavi , Akanksha Singh, Avinash Kumar Singh and Hemant Kumar Jaiswal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78726",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78726",authors:[{id:"353611",title:"Dr.",name:"Aarti",surname:"Sharma",slug:"aarti-sharma",fullName:"Aarti Sharma"},{id:"436028",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandhaya",surname:null,slug:"sandhaya",fullName:"Sandhaya null"},{id:"436029",title:"Dr.",name:"Akanksha",surname:"Srivastava",slug:"akanksha-srivastava",fullName:"Akanksha Srivastava"},{id:"436030",title:"Dr.",name:"Snehanshu",surname:"Singh",slug:"snehanshu-singh",fullName:"Snehanshu Singh"},{id:"436031",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhash",surname:"Mishra",slug:"subhash-mishra",fullName:"Subhash Mishra"},{id:"436032",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shiva",surname:"Mohan",slug:"shiva-mohan",fullName:"Shiva Mohan"},{id:"436034",title:"Dr.",name:"Chhavi",surname:null,slug:"chhavi",fullName:"Chhavi null"},{id:"436035",title:"Prof.",name:"Akanksha",surname:"Singh",slug:"akanksha-singh",fullName:"Akanksha Singh"},{id:"436037",title:"Dr.",name:"Avinash Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"avinash-kumar-singh",fullName:"Avinash Kumar Singh"},{id:"436040",title:"Prof.",name:"Hemant Kumar",surname:"Jaiswal",slug:"hemant-kumar-jaiswal",fullName:"Hemant Kumar Jaiswal"}],corrections:null},{id:"77558",title:"Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice: Insight in Climate Change Scenario",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98909",slug:"abiotic-stress-tolerance-in-rice-insight-in-climate-change-scenario",totalDownloads:182,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice, world’s second major, staple cereal crop that feed the more than 50% of world’s population. To safeguard the production and to fulfill the demand of ever the increasing population and urbanization there is need to increase the rice production. Though the rice yield has increased due to the development of modern technology and climate resilient high yielding cultivars but still it is 10–15 per cent lower than its potential yield due to various biotic and abiotic stress. Drought, extreme temperature, salinity, harmful radiation, heavy metals, gaseous pollutants are the most detrimental abiotic stresses factors that cause the morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in the rice crops and ultimate result is the reduction of rice production globally. Tolerance against these stresses through exploitation of potent biotechnological tools, molecular markers, QTL mapping omices approaches, phytohormones which could offer a more adequate and rapid solution to overcome these abiotic stresses and to enhance the ultimate grain yield of rice.",signatures:"Manoj Kumar, Sandhya, Pawan Kumar, Akash Gaurav Singh and Aravind Kumar Jukanti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77558",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77558",authors:[{id:"328488",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr Manoj",surname:"Kumar",slug:"dr-manoj-kumar",fullName:"Dr Manoj Kumar"},{id:"350988",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandhya",surname:"Kulhari",slug:"sandhya-kulhari",fullName:"Sandhya Kulhari"},{id:"414810",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawan",surname:"Kumar",slug:"pawan-kumar",fullName:"Pawan Kumar"},{id:"423316",title:"Dr.",name:"Aravind Kumar",surname:"Jukanti",slug:"aravind-kumar-jukanti",fullName:"Aravind Kumar Jukanti"},{id:"423317",title:"Dr.",name:"Akash Gaurav",surname:"Singh",slug:"akash-gaurav-singh",fullName:"Akash Gaurav Singh"}],corrections:null},{id:"78738",title:"Understanding the Responses, Mechanism and Development of Salinity Stress Tolerant Cultivars in Rice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99233",slug:"understanding-the-responses-mechanism-and-development-of-salinity-stress-tolerant-cultivars-in-rice",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice is the most important staple food crop of much of the world’s population. Production and consumption of rice is higher in Asia but adverse environmental conditions critically threaten the rice production. Soil salinity has been a key abiotic constraint affecting the crop production by reducing growth, development and yield of the plant. Rice is highly sensitive to salinity specifically at the early vegetative and late reproductive stages. Therefore, studying the responses of crop at the morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular level is an effective strategy. Understanding the mechanisms behind the salinity such as osmotic stress and osmolytes, ion exclusion, inclusion and compartmentation, antioxidant response and hormonal regulation. Different screening strategies such as phenotypic and genotypic screening for rice under salinity and select the salt tolerant lines. Using the conventional and molecular breeding approaches is a prerequisite for its effective management and to develop salt tolerant cultivars in rice.",signatures:"Sathees Nagarajan, Nirubana Varatharajan and Renganathan Vellaichamy Gandhimeyyan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78738",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78738",authors:[{id:"417735",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sathees",surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"sathees-nagarajan",fullName:"Sathees Nagarajan"},{id:"418920",title:"Dr.",name:"Nirubana",surname:"Varatharajan",slug:"nirubana-varatharajan",fullName:"Nirubana Varatharajan"}],corrections:null},{id:"77255",title:"Breeding Rice for Sustainable Bioenergy Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98572",slug:"breeding-rice-for-sustainable-bioenergy-production",totalDownloads:134,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Bioenergy including biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass has immense potential to meet growing energy demand of the ever-growing world population. Bioenergy will help to mitigate the environmental problems arising due to burning of fossil fuels. Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world population and is grown in more than 100 countries. Rice straw is rich in lignocellulose and several technologies are available for efficient extraction and conversion of cellulose to ethanol. Thus, the surplus rice straw can be utilised to produce biofuel, so as to replace conventional fossil fuel sources. But it is reported that the present-day rice varieties showing high lignocellulosic straw biomass have low grain yield potential. Hence, it is important to re orient the breeding strategies for developing dual purpose rice varieties that are bioenergy efficient without compromising grain yield.",signatures:"Manasi Dash, Abinash Mishra and Mahendra Kumar Mohanty",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77255",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77255",authors:[{id:"352180",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manasi",surname:"Dash",slug:"manasi-dash",fullName:"Manasi Dash"},{id:"356270",title:"Mr.",name:"Abinash",surname:"Mishra",slug:"abinash-mishra",fullName:"Abinash Mishra"}],corrections:null},{id:"78153",title:"Rice Cultivation - A Way of Life for the People of North Eastern Hill Region of India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99108",slug:"rice-cultivation-a-way-of-life-for-the-people-of-north-eastern-hill-region-of-india",totalDownloads:236,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Being an amazing picturesque of land, the North Eastern Hill Region of India, consisting of more than 200 ethnic groups, has only about 2.27% of the total rice area and shares only 1.96% of the total rice production in the country. Whether profitable or not, the rice cultivation is a way of life for the people of North Eastern Hill Region of India. Till today, the production and productivity of rice in this region is below the national average because of its fragile ecosystem and the varied physio-graphic conditions pertaining to this region. Neither the wider recommendation of agricultural technology such as variety nor the use of a single technology or variety can solve this problem of low yield. However, the development of location specific high yielding rice variety using the existing land races prevalent in the area can be one of the promising technique for improving the production and productivity of rice cultivation in this region.",signatures:"Noren Singh Konjengbam, Mayurakshee Mahanta and Andrean Allwin Lyngdoh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78153",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78153",authors:[{id:"354031",title:"Prof.",name:"Noren Singh",surname:"Konjengbam",slug:"noren-singh-konjengbam",fullName:"Noren Singh Konjengbam"},{id:"422431",title:"Ms.",name:"Mayurakshee",surname:"Mahanta",slug:"mayurakshee-mahanta",fullName:"Mayurakshee Mahanta"},{id:"422432",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrean",surname:"Lyngdoh",slug:"andrean-lyngdoh",fullName:"Andrean Lyngdoh"}],corrections:null},{id:"77744",title:"Rainfed Rice Farming Production Constrains and Prospects, the Kenyan Situation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98389",slug:"rainfed-rice-farming-production-constrains-and-prospects-the-kenyan-situation",totalDownloads:241,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Kenya experiences huge production-consumption deficit in relation to rice. This is due to changing eating habits that has adopted more rice in the menu and rapidly rising population. Rice production has remained low being unable to meet consumption. Rice ecosystems in Kenya include irrigated, rainfed lowland and rainfed upland. Irrigated ecosystem has over the years been given more emphasis despite rainfed rice farming having double the potential over irrigation system. Ecologically rice grows well in abundant water supply, warm to high temperatures and in Clay sandy to loamy soils with slightly acidic to neutral pH. Rice varieties grown in Kenya are mainly traditional, introduced improved, hybrids and landraces. Rainfed rice farming faces constraint’s key among them being; drought and erratic rainfall, weeds, pest and diseases, cheap imports, land ownership and poor infrastructure. Mitigating against drought and erratic rainfall, improving farm inputs and equipment, increasing germplasm production and distribution, credit support and marketing to farmers, improving farmers skills through technological transfers and infrastructural development are prospects that if adopted could increase rainfed rice productivity. More attention towards improvement of rainfed rice farming could greatly contribute to bridging the production-consumption deficit that is bridged through imports. It is with this, that this review updates our understanding of rain fed rice farming in Kenya in terms of ecological conditions, ecological systems, varieties, constraints and prospects.",signatures:"Al-Imran Dianga, Ruth N. Musila and Kamau W. Joseph",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77744",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77744",authors:[{id:"354975",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Al-Imran",surname:"Dianga",slug:"al-imran-dianga",fullName:"Al-Imran Dianga"},{id:"418473",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth N.",surname:"Musila",slug:"ruth-n.-musila",fullName:"Ruth N. Musila"},{id:"418475",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamau W.",surname:"Joseph",slug:"kamau-w.-joseph",fullName:"Kamau W. Joseph"}],corrections:null},{id:"77503",title:"Rice Blast Disease in India: Present Status and Future Challenges",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98847",slug:"rice-blast-disease-in-india-present-status-and-future-challenges",totalDownloads:474,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food of the majority of Indians, and India is both the major producer and consumer of rice. Rice cultivation in India is confronted with diverse agro-climatic conditions, varying soil types, and several biotic and abiotic constraints. Among major fungal diseases of Rice in India, the blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is the most devastating disease, with the neck blast being the most destructive form. Most of the blast epidemic areas in India have been identified with a mixture of races blast fungus resulting in the resistance breakdown in a short period. At present, a more significant number of the rice varieties cultivated in India were bred by conventional breeding methods with blast resistance conferred by a single resistance gene. Therefore, the blast disease in India is predominantly addressed by the use of ecologically toxic fungicides. In line with the rest of the world, the Indian scientific community has proven its role by identifying several blast resistance genes and successfully pyramiding multiple blast resistance genes. Despite the wealth of information on resistance genes and the availability of biotechnology tools, not a great number of rice varieties in India harbor multiple resistance genes. In the recent past, a shift in the management of blast disease in India has been witnessed with a greater focus on basic research and modern breeding tools such as marker-assisted selection, marker-assisted backcross breeding, and gene pyramiding.",signatures:"Deepak Chikkaballi Annegowda, Mothukapalli Krishnareddy Prasannakumar, Hirehally Basavarajegowda Mahesh, Chethana Bangera Siddabasappa, Pramesh Devanna, Sahana Nagaraj Banakar, Haniyambadi Basavegowda Manojkumar and Siddegowda Rajendra Prasad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77503",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77503",authors:[{id:"146899",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasannakumar",surname:"Mothukapalli Krishnareddy",slug:"prasannakumar-mothukapalli-krishnareddy",fullName:"Prasannakumar Mothukapalli Krishnareddy"},{id:"232540",title:"Dr.",name:"Chetana",surname:"Bangera Siddabasappa",slug:"chetana-bangera-siddabasappa",fullName:"Chetana Bangera Siddabasappa"},{id:"249681",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirehally Basavarajegowda",surname:"Mahesh",slug:"hirehally-basavarajegowda-mahesh",fullName:"Hirehally Basavarajegowda Mahesh"},{id:"249683",title:"Dr.",name:"Haniyambadi Basavegowda",surname:"Manoj Kumar",slug:"haniyambadi-basavegowda-manoj-kumar",fullName:"Haniyambadi Basavegowda Manoj Kumar"},{id:"250393",title:"Dr.",name:"Pramesh",surname:"Devanna",slug:"pramesh-devanna",fullName:"Pramesh Devanna"},{id:"356188",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak",surname:"Chikkaballi Annegowda",slug:"deepak-chikkaballi-annegowda",fullName:"Deepak Chikkaballi Annegowda"},{id:"356194",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahana",surname:"Nagaraj Banakar",slug:"sahana-nagaraj-banakar",fullName:"Sahana Nagaraj Banakar"},{id:"419457",title:"Prof.",name:"Siddegowda",surname:"Rajendra Prasad",slug:"siddegowda-rajendra-prasad",fullName:"Siddegowda Rajendra Prasad"}],corrections:null},{id:"79212",title:"Emerging Minor Diseases of Rice in India: Losses and Management Strategies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99898",slug:"emerging-minor-diseases-of-rice-in-india-losses-and-management-strategies",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice (Oryza sativa L) being one of the imperative food crops of the word contributes immensely to the food and nutritional security of India. The cultivation of rice is changed over the decades from a simple cultivation practices to the advanced cultivation to increase yield. Increased in rice yields especially after 1960s is mainly due to the introduction of high yielding semi-dwarf varieties which requires more inputs like chemical fertilizers, water and other resources. As a result, India achieved self sufficiency in rice and currently producing more than 115 MT of rice to meet country’s demand. Now India is exporting rice to other nations and earning foreign returns. With the change in rice cultivation practices, problems also aroused side by side. A number of biotic and abiotic stresses emerged as major constraints for rice cultivation in diverse agro-climatic conditions and growing ecologies. Diseases are the major biotic constraints to rice which can reduce the yields by 20–100% based on severity. Major diseases like blast, brown spot, bacterial blight, sheath blight and tungro still causing more damage and new minor diseases like bakanae, false smut, grain discoloration, early seedling blight, narrow brown spot, sheath rot have emerged as major problems. The losses due to these diseases may 1–100% based on the growing conditions, varietal susceptibility etc.., At present no significant source of resistance available for any of the above emerging diseases. But looking into the severity of these diseases, it is very important to address them by following integrated management practices like cultural, mechanical, biological and finally chemical control. But more emphasis has to be given to screen gerrmplasm against these diseases and identify stable source of resistance. Finally utilizing these sources in resistance breeding program by employing molecular breeding tools like marker assisted selection (MAS), marker assisted back cross breeding (MABB), gene pyramiding and transgenic tools. The present chapter discusses the importance of these emerging minor diseases of rice, the losses and possible management measures including resistance breeding.",signatures:"Raghu Shivappa, Devanna B. Navadagi, Mathew Seikholen Baite, Manoj Kumar Yadav, Prabhukarthikeyan S. Rathinam, Keerthana Umapathy, Prajna Pati and Prakash Chandra Rath",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79212",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79212",authors:[{id:"291843",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathew S.",surname:"Baite",slug:"mathew-s.-baite",fullName:"Mathew S. Baite"},{id:"351982",title:"Dr.",name:"Raghu",surname:"Shivappa",slug:"raghu-shivappa",fullName:"Raghu Shivappa"},{id:"428836",title:"Dr.",name:"Devanna B.",surname:"Navadagi",slug:"devanna-b.-navadagi",fullName:"Devanna B. Navadagi"},{id:"428837",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",surname:"Kumar Yadav",slug:"manoj-kumar-yadav",fullName:"Manoj Kumar Yadav"},{id:"428838",title:"Dr.",name:"Prabhukarthikeyan",surname:"S. Rathinam",slug:"prabhukarthikeyan-s.-rathinam",fullName:"Prabhukarthikeyan S. Rathinam"},{id:"428839",title:"Dr.",name:"Keerthana",surname:"Umapathy",slug:"keerthana-umapathy",fullName:"Keerthana Umapathy"},{id:"428840",title:"Dr.",name:"Prajna",surname:"Pati",slug:"prajna-pati",fullName:"Prajna Pati"},{id:"428841",title:"Dr.",name:"Prakash Chandra",surname:"Rath",slug:"prakash-chandra-rath",fullName:"Prakash Chandra Rath"}],corrections:null},{id:"79152",title:"Potential Role of Rice Plant Growth Promoting Phylloplane and Rhizospheric Bacteria in Controlling Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99854",slug:"potential-role-of-rice-plant-growth-promoting-phylloplane-and-rhizospheric-bacteria-in-controlling-e",totalDownloads:158,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rice is an important cereal worldwide and it occupies the top position among the cereals in Bangladesh. Rice plant suffers from around 32 diseases of which ten are major in Bangladesh at present. Among the diseases, Bacterial Blight (BB) caused by X. oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) considered as a most destructive disease occurs in both rainfed and irrigated seasons of Bangladesh. BB causes considerable yield loss varies from 30 to 50% depending on the outbreak. It is also an important disease in most of the South and Southeast Asian countries. To develop environment-friendly sustainable management approach against BB of rice, in total sixty three plant growth promoting bacteria were identified from rice phylloplane and rhizosphere that are antagonistic to X. oryzae pv. oryzae during boro and aman seasons 2018 and 2019.These bacterial species inhibited the growth of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in vitro by 20.83 to 76.19%. These bacterial isolates were identified by sequencing of PCR products of 16SrDNA belonging to the genera mostly Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Serratia. Out of these bacterial species, 48 bacterial species were found as positive for IAA production, all 63 bacterial species were found positive for siderophore production and 48 were found capable to solubilize insoluble phosphate. Based on growth inhibition of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in in vitro, thirty two bacterial species were selected for plant growth promotion assessment and evaluation of net house and field efficacy in controlling BB of rice. These bacterial species were formulated using talcum powder which was viable for at least three months post formulation. Assessment of plant growth promoting determinants revealed that all 32 bacterial species identified in this study enhance the growth of rice plants as measured by root and shoot length and and reduced the BB severity in susceptible rice cultivar significantly as compared with untreated control.",signatures:"Md. Mahfujur Rahman, Md. Mostafa Masud, Muhammad Iqbal Hossain, Nur-E-Tajkia Islam, Md. Zahangir Alam, Md. Mamunur Rashid, Mohammad Ashik Iqbal Khan, Md. Abdul Latif, Krishna Pada Halder and Md. Rashidul Islam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79152",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79152",authors:[{id:"236117",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Ashik Iqbal",surname:"Khan",slug:"mohammad-ashik-iqbal-khan",fullName:"Mohammad Ashik Iqbal Khan"},{id:"354303",title:"Prof.",name:"Md. Rashidul",surname:"Islam",slug:"md.-rashidul-islam",fullName:"Md. Rashidul Islam"},{id:"416139",title:"Mr.",name:"Md. Mahfujur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"md.-mahfujur-rahman",fullName:"Md. Mahfujur Rahman"},{id:"416140",title:"BSc.",name:"Md. Mostafa",surname:"Masud",slug:"md.-mostafa-masud",fullName:"Md. Mostafa Masud"},{id:"416141",title:"MSc.",name:"Md. Mamunur",surname:"Rashid",slug:"md.-mamunur-rashid",fullName:"Md. Mamunur Rashid"},{id:"416143",title:"MSc.",name:"Md. Zahangir",surname:"Alam",slug:"md.-zahangir-alam",fullName:"Md. Zahangir Alam"},{id:"416144",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Abdul",surname:"Latif",slug:"md.-abdul-latif",fullName:"Md. Abdul Latif"},{id:"428244",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishna Pada",surname:"Halder",slug:"krishna-pada-halder",fullName:"Krishna Pada Halder"}],corrections:null},{id:"77638",title:"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Machine Learning: Analysis and Classification Methods of Rice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99017",slug:"near-infrared-spectroscopy-and-machine-learning-analysis-and-classification-methods-of-rice",totalDownloads:254,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, the conventional biochemical methods used to differentiate and characterize rice types, biochemical properties, authentication, and contamination issues are difficult to implement due to the high cost of reagents, time requirement and environmental issues. Actually, the success of agri-food technology is directly related to the quality of analysis of experimental data acquired by sensors or techniques such as the infrared-spectroscopy. To overcome these technical limitations, a rapid and non-destructive methodology for discrimination and classification of rice has been investigated. Near-infrared spectroscopy is considered as fast, clean, and non-destructive analytical tools and its spectra present significant biomolecular information that must be analysed by sophisticated methodologies. Machine learning plays an important role in the analysis of the spectral data being used several methods such as Partial Least Squares, Principal Component Analysis, Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis, Support Vector Machine, Artificial Neuronal Network, among others which can successfully be applied for food classification and discrimination as well as in terms of authentication and contamination issues. The quality control of rice is extremely important at every stage of production, beginning with estimation of raw agricultural materials and monitoring their quality during storage, estimating food quality during the production process and of the final products as well as the determination of their authenticity and the detection of adulterants.",signatures:"Pedro S. Sampaio and Carla M. Brites",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77638",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77638",authors:[{id:"74818",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro S.",surname:"Sampaio",slug:"pedro-s.-sampaio",fullName:"Pedro S. Sampaio"},{id:"420271",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla M.",surname:"Brites",slug:"carla-m.-brites",fullName:"Carla M. Brites"}],corrections:null},{id:"77580",title:"Fermented Brown Rice as a Functional Food",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98840",slug:"fermented-brown-rice-as-a-functional-food",totalDownloads:268,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Brown rice, especially in a part of rice bran, contains many kinds of nutrients and biologically active components such as plant polyphenols and phytic acid, but is hard to eat. “Brown rice and rice bran fermented with Aspergillus oryzae (FBRA)” is a processed food that is easier for daily intake, commercially available, and rich in eating experience. During the fermentation process, dietary fibers is partially digested, and free vitamins and phenolic compounds have increased. These fermentation products are utilized for quality control to manage FBRA production. Recently, plant-derived polyphenols have shown anti-oxidative activity and biological function in various disease models. We and other research groups used raw powder FBRA to examine its biological activity through pathological and/or molecular biological analysis. Dietary administration of FBRA showed anti-tumorigenic effects in chemically induced tumors in rodents. Anti-inflammatory effects have been observed in DSS-induced colitis in rat and inflammation-mediated rodent tumor models. I will give an outline of the characteristic of FBRA, and then introduce our recently published work about “Preventive effect of FBRA on spontaneous type 1 diabetes in NOD female mice”, including how to estimate the in vivo effect of dietary FBRA, its possible mechanisms and the limit of this study.",signatures:"Keiko Kataoka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77580",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77580",authors:[{id:"353070",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Keiko",surname:"Kataoka",slug:"keiko-kataoka",fullName:"Keiko Kataoka"}],corrections:null},{id:"79701",title:"Golden Rice, VAD, Covid and Public Health: Saving Lives and Money",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101535",slug:"golden-rice-vad-covid-and-public-health-saving-lives-and-money",totalDownloads:269,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"On July 21, 2021, Golden Rice was registered in the Philippines allowing cultivation and consumption. Research, as an intervention to combat vitamin A deficiency (VAD), started in 1991, and proof of concept for what was to become Golden Rice, was achieved in 1999. In the 1990s, 23–34% deaths globally of children less than 5 years old were caused by VAD, and in developing countries, the percentage was even higher. By 2013, progress against the Millennium Development Goals had reduced <5-y child deaths globally from VAD to about 2% of all such deaths. The progress included significant vaccination programs against measles, and better access to clean water, as well as vitamin A supplementation, all delivered through community health programs. Economic development and education about diet reduced food insecurity. In contrast to continuing VAD deaths, the Covid-19 pandemic has attracted huge political attention, including in low- and middle-income countries. Community health programs have been adversely affected by the pandemic. There is a danger that as a result VAD rates, child and maternal mortality climbs again toward 1990’s levels. Adoption of Golden Rice provides a safe, culturally simple amelioration and is costless. Other countries should seize the opportunity. Bangladesh is first in line, possibly followed by Indonesia and India.",signatures:"Adrian C. Dubock, Justus Wesseler, Robert M. Russell, Chen Chen and David Zilberman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79701",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79701",authors:[{id:"440762",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian C.",surname:"Dubock",slug:"adrian-c.-dubock",fullName:"Adrian C. Dubock"},{id:"445254",title:"Dr.",name:"Justus",surname:"Wesseler",slug:"justus-wesseler",fullName:"Justus Wesseler"},{id:"445255",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"M. Russell",slug:"robert-m.-russell",fullName:"Robert M. Russell"},{id:"445256",title:"Dr.",name:"Chen",surname:"Chen",slug:"chen-chen",fullName:"Chen Chen"},{id:"445257",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Zilberman",slug:"david-zilberman",fullName:"David Zilberman"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6366",title:"Rice Crop",subtitle:"Current Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"628970142dadbc03cfa7f6aca1e19781",slug:"rice-crop-current-developments",bookSignature:"Farooq Shah, Zafar Hayat Khan and Amjad Iqbal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6366.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211419",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Farooq",surname:"Shah",slug:"farooq-shah",fullName:"Farooq Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6776",title:"Global Wheat 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Amanullah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6796",title:"Grasses as Food and Feed",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447c0887d0c1c6c543d44cc4c2eaba29",slug:"grasses-as-food-and-feed",bookSignature:"Zerihun Tadele",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6796.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176084",title:"Dr.",name:"Zerihun",surname:"Tadele",slug:"zerihun-tadele",fullName:"Zerihun Tadele"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8021",title:"Protecting Rice Grains in the Post-Genomic Era",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"da2fb173333a52251e111630fc322765",slug:"protecting-rice-grains-in-the-post-genomic-era",bookSignature:"Yulin Jia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"168971",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulin",surname:"Jia",slug:"yulin-jia",fullName:"Yulin Jia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9711",title:"Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12cf675f1e433135dd5bf5df7cec124f",slug:"pests-weeds-and-diseases-in-agricultural-crop-and-animal-husbandry-production",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos, Anna Kourti and Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9711.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196691",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Kontogiannatos",slug:"dimitrios-kontogiannatos",fullName:"Dimitrios Kontogiannatos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7552",title:"Soybean",subtitle:"Biomass, Yield and Productivity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9dc4bfbef17ec4e8b46de07238453a23",slug:"soybean-biomass-yield-and-productivity",bookSignature:"Minobu Kasai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7552.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29226",title:"Dr.",name:"Minobu",surname:"Kasai",slug:"minobu-kasai",fullName:"Minobu Kasai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6611",title:"Biological Approaches for Controlling Weeds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af536d9838613522ead4e0996c97a08a",slug:"biological-approaches-for-controlling-weeds",bookSignature:"Ramalingam Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6611.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219072",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramalingam",surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"ramalingam-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Ramalingam Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11357",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee41e09e4ad6a336ca9f0e5462da3904",slug:"sustainable-crop-production-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Vijay Singh Meena, Mahipal Choudhary, Ram Prakash Yadav and Sunita Kumari Meena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"420235",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",surname:"Meena",slug:"vijay-meena",fullName:"Vijay Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternativ",title:"Corrigendum to: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Morocco: Co-Incineration of RDF as an Alternative Fuel in Cement Kilns",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74392.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74392",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74392",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74392",chapter:{id:"73967",slug:"sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternative-fuel-in-cemen",signatures:"Aziz Hasib, Abdellah Ouigmane, Otmane Boudouch, Reda Elkacmi, Mustapha Bouzaid and Mohamed Berkani",dateSubmitted:"June 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 8th 2020",datePrePublished:"November 7th 2020",datePublished:"April 21st 2021",book:{id:"9873",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",publishedDate:"April 21st 2021",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"166445",title:"Prof.",name:"Aziz",middleName:null,surname:"Hasib",fullName:"Aziz Hasib",slug:"aziz-hasib",email:"azhasib@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"237725",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:null,surname:"Elkacmi",fullName:"Reda Elkacmi",slug:"reda-elkacmi",email:"redakcm@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"325462",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdellah",middleName:null,surname:"Ouigmane",fullName:"Abdellah Ouigmane",slug:"abdellah-ouigmane",email:"ouigmaneabdellah@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"325463",title:"Prof.",name:"Otmane",middleName:null,surname:"Boudouch",fullName:"Otmane Boudouch",slug:"otmane-boudouch",email:"oboudouch@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"325528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustapha",middleName:null,surname:"Bouzaid",fullName:"Mustapha Bouzaid",slug:"mustapha-bouzaid",email:"bozidstof@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null},{id:"325529",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Berkani",fullName:"Mohammed Berkani",slug:"mohammed-berkani",email:"m.berkani@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"73967",slug:"sustainable-solid-waste-management-in-morocco-co-incineration-of-rdf-as-an-alternative-fuel-in-cemen",signatures:"Aziz Hasib, Abdellah Ouigmane, Otmane Boudouch, Reda Elkacmi, Mustapha Bouzaid and Mohamed Berkani",dateSubmitted:"June 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 8th 2020",datePrePublished:"November 7th 2020",datePublished:"April 21st 2021",book:{id:"9873",title:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Strategies of Sustainable Solid Waste Management",slug:"strategies-of-sustainable-solid-waste-management",publishedDate:"April 21st 2021",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9873.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. 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\r\n\tAlthough the diagnosis and overall survival of patients with various cardiac diseases have improved in the last years, there still remains a significant proportion of patients with unfavorable prognoses. The evaluation of these patients necessitates effective imaging techniques in both diagnosis and long-term follow-up. Even though Cardiac Magnetic Resonance imaging is currently the imaging modality of choice for tissue characterization, advanced echocardiography represents a modern alternative. Speckle tracking echocardiography can be used to assess myocardial deformation at both segmental and global levels. Since distinct myocardial pathologies affect deformation differently, information about the underlying tissue can be offered by strain imaging. Echocardiography advances also show promising results in the improvement of diagnostic accuracy, management, and follow-up and a major advantage of echocardiography over other imaging modalities is the ability to use it in real-time, in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, allowing for the performance of imaging immediately before, during, and after interventional procedures. Furthermore, the prevalence of adult congenital heart disease continues to grow due to advances in surgical and diagnostic techniques. Echocardiography has proven to be a useful tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients, both after percutaneous and surgical procedures, and its utility has expanded significantly due to the development of better technology. In addition, stress echocardiography could be useful in the evaluation of several cardiac diseases and should be preferred over other imaging modalities due to the lower cost, wider availability, and radiation-free nature. \r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art novel imaging techniques by focusing on the most important evidence-based developments in this area.
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He has authored or co-authored peer-reviewed articles and book chapters in the field of cardiac pacing, defibrillation, electrophysiological study, and catheter ablation.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Raluca Tomoaia is an MD, Ph.D. in novel techniques in Echocardiography at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Cluj-Napoca, Romania., assistant professor, and a researcher in echocardiography and cardiovascular imaging.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191888/images/system/191888.png",biography:"Dr. Cismaru Gabriel is an assistant professor at the Cluj-Napoca University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania, where he has been qualified in cardiology since 2011. He obtained his Ph.D. in medicine with a research thesis on electrophysiology and pro-arrhythmic drugs in 2016. Dr. Cismaru began his electrophysiology fellowship at the Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux Louis Mathieu, France, after finishing his cardiology certification with stages in Clermont-Ferrand and Dinan, France. He began working at the Rehabilitation Hospital\\'s Electrophysiology Laboratory in Cluj-Napoca in 2011. He is an experienced operator who can implant pacemakers, CRTs, and ICDs, as well as perform catheter ablation of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. He has been qualified in pediatric cardiology since 2022, and he regularly performs device implantation and catheter ablation in children. 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\n
1. Introduction
\n
Epithelial tissue constitutes a barrier between organs and the environment. The epithelium lines external surfaces of internal organs and inner surfaces of the walls of blood vessels. It is also a tissue that exocrine and endocrine glands consist of.
\n
As they separate the organism from the outer environment, the epithelial structures form the first line of defense against external factors but, at the same time, an entry gate for them influencing the development of the body’s microbiome and autoimmune diseases, which are associated with the disorders of microbiome composition (dysbiosis) [1, 2]. The epithelium, also as a target for viruses, interacts with the invading pathogens and is actively involved in immune response, whose course depends on particular genetic and epigenetic conditions.
\n
Epithelial cells are often subject to apoptosis, which makes them an important source of autoantigens. Moreover, in many autoimmune diseases, epithelial cells are damaged, which leads to further release and exposition of autoantigens, with the epithelium being subject to the immune response. For example, thyrocytes are responsible for providing the main immunogens (e.g., thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, TSH receptor) in autoimmune thyroiditis [3], synoviocytes are a source of cyclic citrullinated peptides in rheumatoid arthritis, and oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis or pancreatic endocrine glandular epithelium (beta-cells) in type 1 diabetes are a source among others of proinsulin or glutamic acid decarboxylase [4]. Hence the suggestion puts forward that autoimmune diseases could be otherwise classified as the autoimmune inflammation of the epithelium [5]. However, there are autoimmune diseases which, due to their effect on the exocrine glands, are particularly associated with epithelial damage and an autoimmune process, the primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) among them. The primary Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disease in which the exocrine glandular epithelium is a main source of autoantigens—such as Ro/SS-A and La/SS-B ribonucleoproteins [6]. Quite often pSS may coexist with another autoimmune disorder—a primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). In PBC the epithelium (biliary epithelial cells of small bile duct) is the starting point of the autoimmune process [7]. The pathogenesis of both diseases is similar, with the significant role of epithelial cell apoptosis. Table 1 presents the immunological and main clinical features of pSS and PBC.
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome
\n
Primary biliary cholangitis
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Exocrine glands
\n
Liver
\n
\n
\n
Chronic autoimmune disease
\n
Chronic autoimmune disease
\n
\n
\n
Anti–SS-A and anti–SS-B antibodies
\n
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA)
\n
\n
\n
ANA antibodies
\n
ANA antibodies may be present
\n
\n
\n
Exocrine glandular epithelium
\n
Biliary epithelial cells
\n
\n
\n
Predominance of CD4+ infiltrate around the salivary duct
\n
Granuloma and predominance of CD4+ infiltrate around the bile duct
Elevated alkaline level of >2× ULN or elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase level of >5× ULN
Positivity for AMA antibodies
Chronic granulomatous cholangitis at liver biopsy
Diagnosis presence of at least two of the three criteria
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
The immunological and main clinical features of pSS and PBC [8, 9].
ULN, upper limit of normal.
\n
The Sjögren’s syndrome is an example of the development of an autoimmune epithelitis and consequences of such a process. The impact of environmental factors on the genetically susceptible subject is vital for the development of pSS. There are multiple genes (e.g., HLA-B8, HLA-Dw3, HLA-DR3, and DRw52) responsible for the individual’s susceptibility to the pSS development. Particular attention has been paid to the genes for interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) in the type I interferon (IFN) system, and B lymphocyte kinase (BLK) involved in B-cell activation, which are considered as risk loci in pSS development [10]. Additionally it has been recently revealed that also epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, may influence expression of the involved genes in autoimmune diseases, including pSS [11].
\n
The pSS development is associated with the infection with viruses, which mainly target B cells or display tropism to lacrimal and salivary glands. Such a strong association has been confirmed in case of the Epstein–Barr virus, as well as other viruses: Cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and hepatitis C virus [12].
\n
The epithelitis in pSS starts with an influence of certain external factors, such as viruses, rare bacteria, or ultraviolet radiation on epithelial cells. This leads to cell apoptosis and expression of autoantigens (SS-A and SS-B ribonucleoproteins), which are presented to autoreactive T cells. As it is recently highlighted in the literature, endothelial cells have, therefore, antigen presentation properties, although this is not their main feature, as it is the case with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Also salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC) express MHC class I and MHC class II (HLA-DR) molecules and functional co-stimulator B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86) molecules and may transmit signals to T lymphocytes as nonprofessional APCs [13, 14].
\n
Other processes responsible for the development at this stage include the activation of the innate immune system, with the activation of Toll-like receptors (especially TLR3, TLR7, TLR9) and the production of interferon alpha (IFN-α) by plasma dendritic cells (pDCs) stimulating epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and neutrophils for the production of the B-cell stimulating factor and APRIL [15]. There are infiltrates in the exocrine glands initially composed mainly of T cells, whereas the activation of B lymphocytes by growth factors, such as BAFF and APRIL, results in hypergammaglobulinemia and the production of anti–SS-A and anti–SS-B autoantibodies as a secondary immune response. B cells and macrophages also produce proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules.
\n
The disease starts with the epithelial inflammation and impaired function of the exocrine glands manifesting themselves, for example, in the enlargement of the glands and reduction of the secretion of saliva or tears. It evolves then into the phase of systemic disease with the organ involvement and general manifestations (fever, weight loss, fatigue). Although the Sjögren’s syndrome is most often associated with the functional impairment of lacrimal and salivary glands (symptoms included in the current criteria of diagnosis [16]), it also affects glands of the digestive system, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, respiratory glands, and even sweat glands. Their function is impaired through the reduction of secretion of the aqueous phase and changes in density of the secretion, leading to the emergence of various clinical features: from the feeling of mouth or eye dryness, through recurrent cholelithiasis and nephrolithiasis, to stones in the salivary glands.
\n
The consequence of the involvement of epithelia in pSS and its damage is the emergence of the way of entry for pathogens in the alimentary tract (from the oral cavity to the rectum), as well as in the respiratory tract. In the case of imbalance of the microbiome and the occurrence of dysbiosis, also commensals, which become potential pathogens in such circumstances, may cross the damaged epithelial barrier. Proteins from the epithelial cells of the mouth, intestines, and skin, as well as bacterial (commensal) proteins, may initiate an immune response to Ro60 (theory of Ro60-reactive B cells) and activation of T cells, as consequence of molecular mimicry [17]. The role of fungal (Candida) infections in pSS development was also studied, revealing there was no significant relationship between Candida albicans and the rate and amount of salivary secretion, although such relationship was found in pathogenic species, such as C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei [18].
\n
In Table 2 the main clinical manifestations of pSS resulting from the epithelial damage are presented.
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Localization
\n
Effect
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Nasal and oral cavity
\n
Oral candidiasis, dental caries, periodontitis otitis media, dry nose, chronic sinusitis, nasal bleeding, weakening of the sense of smell
\n
\n
\n
Bronchi
\n
Difficulty in swallowing, dry cough, hoarseness, recurrent bronchitis and less frequent bronchioles, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and accompanying dry cough, infections
\n
\n
\n
Lungs
\n
Interstitial lung disease
\n
\n
\n
Stomach
\n
Chronic gastritis, malabsorption, susceptibility to H. pylori infection
Interstitial nephritis with distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA). Glomerulonephritis with coexisting cryoglobulinemia and urolithiasis
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
The main clinical manifestations of pSS due to the epithelial damage.
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Subtypes of lymphoma due to localization
\n
\n
\n\n\n
\n
MALT
\n
NALT
\n
Nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue
\n
\n
\n
BALT
\n
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
\n
\n
\n
LALT
\n
Larynx-associated lymphoid tissue
\n
\n
\n
GALT
\n
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
\n
\n
\n
SALT
\n
Skin-associated lymphoid tissue
\n
\n
\n
CALT
\n
Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue
\n
\n
\n
SDALT
\n
Salivary duct-associated lymphoid tissue
\n
\n
\n
O-MALT
\n
Organized mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue-specific type of MALT affecting Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring
\n
\n
\n
D-MALT
\n
Diffuse mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue-specific type of the disease, cells not organized into a separate macroscopically and anatomically identifiable mass, but spread throughout the mucosa of different organs
\n
\n\n
Table 3.
Division due to the localization of MALT lymphoma [22, 25].
\n
What is particularly important, continuous stimulation of B lymphocytes by activating agents, primarily BAFF and APRIL, causes germinal center (GC) formation and the formation of secondary lymphoid tissue, which in turn leads to the increased risk of lymphoma development. The most common lymphoma emerging in the course of pSS is the marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL), the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type being predominant. The diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), rare T-cell lymphoma, or NK-cell lymphoma are less common. The occurrence of MZBCL has been observed in about 8% of pSS patients; it is 40 times higher than in the healthy population [21, 22].
\n
\n
2. Focusing on MALT lymphoma
\n
The most important feature of MALT lymphoma is the presence of neoplastic cells (mainly B cells, as well as T cells) within epithelial structures, which may lead to destruction of the glandular architecture, also because of the formation of solid infiltrations.
\n
Lymphomas in pSS are predominantly localized in salivary glands, which has been confirmed in many studies [23], whereas in the general population, MALT lymphoma is most often located in the stomach. The occurrence of MALT lymphoma in the stomach is proven to be associated with H. pylori infection [24]. The primary division of MALT lymphomas depending on the location is shown in Table 3.
\n
\n
\n
3. Sjögren’s syndrome and primary biliary cholangitis as autoimmune epithelitis: general rules for treatment
\n
\n
3.1 The treatment of primary Sjögren’s syndrome involves a dual approach
\n
A topical treatment, which aims to protect the epithelial barrier of the eye, oral cavity, and vagina
Inhibition of organ changes, as well as the elimination of general symptoms, such as fatigue, fever, malaise, or lymphadenopathy [26, 27]
\n
\n
\n
3.1.1 Topical treatment
\n
\n
Oral cavity\n
Saliva substitutes: hydroxymethylcellulose-containing oral spray, proper hydration by consuming more liquids, and regularly rinsing the mouth
\n
The stimulation of salivary flow, obtained with the use of pilocarpine or cevimeline, parasympathomimetics, and muscarinic agonists affecting M1 and M3 receptors, after considering possible contraindications for their use.
\n
Antifungal and antimicrobial treatment with medications such as chlorhexidine; the use of nonfluoride remineralizing agents as concomitant therapy.
\n
Diet modification is recommended: eating slightly acidic products such as lemon, supplementing diet with unsaturated fatty acids (omega-3), and avoiding sweets and sweet effervescent beverages.
\n
Quitting smoking is strongly recommended.\n
2. Dry eye\n
A. The modification of environmental factors, which may increase the dry eye symptoms, such as air condition, exposure to dust, and prolonged work at computer screen.
\n
When possible, the discontinuation of treatment with medications resulting in the reduction of tears or disruption of their composition.
\n
Artificial tears, gels, ointments, special contact lenses, topical autologous serum, and special contact lenses.
\n
Punctual plugs (temporary or permanent).
\n
The eyelid therapy: massages and warm compresses.
\n
The eyelid surgery (e.g., blepharoplasty).
\n
Topical immunosuppression: steroids and cyclosporine A.\n
3. Vaginal dryness
\n
Vaginal dryness treatment is based on the use of intimate moisturizers and sexual lubricants and pH balance stabilizers free from hormones and skin irritants. In some cases the use of estrogen topical medication may be found useful.
\n
\n
\n
3.1.2 General treatment
\n
Immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine, methotrexate, leflunomide, mycophenolic acid, cyclosporine A (topical, rare oral), and cyclophosphamide effects are used to inhibit general symptoms and organ involvement [26, 27].
\n
Among biological drugs, rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) has been showing positive results in current clinical trials and is used to inhibit certain aspects of the disease. Rituximab improves saliva flow rate and lacrimal gland function (discussed), diminishes fatigue and malaise, and is recommended in case of cryoglobulinemia or vasculitis-related peripheral nervous system involvement or other severe neurologic manifestations of this disease.
\n
Glucocorticosteroids (GCS) are used in immunosuppressive therapy combined with other immunosuppressive drugs. Pulses of GCS are used in the case of the intensification of organ changes, vasculitis, and nervous system involvement.
\n
Intravenous immunoglobulin administration and plasma exchanges are used in life-threatening cases of nervous system involvement and vasculitis.
\n
Other: Vitamin D supplementation and aerobic exercises are recommended.
\n
\n
\n
\n
3.2 Treatment of primary biliary cholangitis
\n
\n
3.2.1 Treatment for itching
\n
Antihistamines, e.g., loratadine or diphenhydramine, are used. Cholestyramine as the addition to beverages and foods may be used. Rifampicin, an antibiotic which may act as a medicine against itching, may also be administered [28]. Opioid antagonists containing naloxone or naltrexone inhibit pruritus by their effects on the central nervous system [29].
\n
\n
\n
\n
3.3 Treatment for dry eyes and mouth as in pSS
\n
\n
3.3.1 General treatment
\n
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the main medication used in biliary cholangitis. A complementary therapy with obeticholic acid was introduced in 2016, as second-line treatment. If the UDCA treatment is ineffective, the use of fibrates (e.g., bezafibrate) in combination therapy (UDCA plus fibrate) is also considered; ongoing clinical trials have yielded encouraging results [30]. Of the immunosuppressants, the use of methotrexate (MTX), as a drug which may affect pruritus score, serum level of alkaline phosphatase, or IgM level, is discussed [31], although there were observations that MTX could increase mortality in this group of patients [32]. There were clinical trials with rituximab [33] and with ustekinumab [34], but at the present time, they have not produced positive results to the expected extent. The liver transplant aims at prolonging the patient’s life, but it is reported that up to 29% of patients develop a relapse of the disease in the transplanted organ [35]. Therefore, the use of UDCA after transplantation is still recommended.
\n
\n
\n
\n
3.3.2 Changes in the style of life
\n
PBC is a chronic autoimmune liver disease in which a lifestyle is particularly important. Reducing the intake of foods with high sodium content, avoiding alcohol, as well as being careful with new medications or dietary supplements are extremely important. Physical exercise is recommended to reduce risk of bone loss and muscle weakness.
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Conclusions
\n
The epithelium is an important element of the human body due to its protective, secretory, and transporting functions. It is also the target for the immunological processes. The impact of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors, leading to the epithelial cell damage/apoptosis, may cause a breakdown of epithelium hemostasis and the development of autoimmune diseases, Sjögren’s syndrome being its prominent representative. For years pSS was associated with autoimmune epithelial inflammation and referred to as the “autoimmune epithelitis.” However, the spectrum of diseases related to the epithelial autoimmunity is wider including, e.g., primary biliary cholangitis. The damaged epithelium is a source of autoantigens, and a persistent immune cell stimulation may lead to the lymphomas associated with the mucosa. Adoption of a wider perspective, combining the clinical experience and scientific knowledge, in an approach to the problem of epithelitis enables making the connection between emerging symptoms and autoimmune diseases, leading to the earlier diagnosis and introduction of proper treatment. Thus the reduction in an activity of the immune process and inhibition of further damage to the epithelium and of loss of its protective properties can be achieved.
\n
\n\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67080.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/67080.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67080",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67080",totalDownloads:779,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:45,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"April 9th 2019",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 11th 2019",dateFinished:"May 13th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67080",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67080",book:{id:"7099",slug:"chronic-autoimmune-epithelitis-sjogren-s-syndrome-and-other-autoimmune-diseases-of-the-exocrine-glands"},signatures:"Maria Maślińska",authors:[{id:"77007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Maślińska",fullName:"Maria Maślińska",slug:"maria-maslinska",email:"maslinskam@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/77007/images/system/77007.png",institution:{name:"National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"2. Focusing on MALT lymphoma",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"3. Sjögren’s syndrome and primary biliary cholangitis as autoimmune epithelitis: general rules for treatment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_3",title:"3.1 The treatment of primary Sjögren’s syndrome involves a dual approach",level:"3"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"3.1.1 Topical treatment",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"3.1.2 General treatment",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2 Treatment of primary biliary cholangitis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"3.2.1 Treatment for itching",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.3 Treatment for dry eyes and mouth as in pSS",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"3.3.1 General treatment",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.3.2 Changes in the style of life",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Honda K, Littman DR. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. Nature. 2016;535(7610):75-84\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Mandl T, Marsal J, Olsson P, Ohlsson B, Andréasson K. Severe intestinal dysbiosis is prevalent in primary Sjögren’s syndrome and is associated with systemic disease activity. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2017;19(1):237\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Chistiakov DA. Immunogenetics of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Journal of Autoimmune Disease. 2005;2(1):1\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Ziegler AG, Nepom GT. Prediction and pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes. Immunity. 2010;32(4):468-478\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Mitsias D, Kapsogeorgou E, Moutsopoulos H. Sjögren’s syndrome: Why autoimmune epithelitis? Oral Diseases. 2006;12:523-532\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Voulgarelis M, Tzioufas AG. Current aspects of pathogenesis in Sjögren’s syndrome. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. 2010;2(6):325-334\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Webb GJ, Siminovitch KA, Hirschfield GM. The immunogenetics of primary biliary cirrhosis: A comprehensive review. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2015;64:42-52. 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A placebo-controlled trial of bezafibrate in primary biliary cholangitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;378:2171-2181\n'},{id:"B31",body:'Giljaca V, Poropat G, Stimac D, Gluud C. Methotrexate for primary biliary cirrhosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010;5:CD004385\n'},{id:"B32",body:'Gong Y, Gluud C. Methotrexate for primary biliary cirrhosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005;3:CD004385\n'},{id:"B33",body:'Tsuda M, Moritoki Y, Lian ZX, et al. Biochemical and immunologic effects of rituximab in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and an incomplete response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Hepatology. 2012;55:512-521\n'},{id:"B34",body:'Hirschfield GM, Gershwin ME, Strauss R, et al. Ustekinumab for patients with primary biliary cholangitis who have an inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid: A proof-of-concept study. Hepatology. 2016;64:189-199\n'},{id:"B35",body:'Montano-Loza AJ, Bhanji RA, Wasilenko S, Mason AL. Systematic review: Recurrent autoimmune liver diseases after liver transplantation. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2017;45:485-500. DOI: 10.1111/apt.13894\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Maria Maślińska",address:"maslinskam@gmail.com",affiliation:'
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1. Introduction
Public health protection is of paramount importance that demands the rapid and accurate detection and quantitation of microorganisms in potable water and in various raw and processed foods to prevent undesirable outbreaks of microbial contamination. Water quality has been assessed for potable and recreational activities using culture-dependent quantification and sensing of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as total coliforms, Escherichia coli, or Enterococci, an approach that is used as a reference standard in the evaluation of microbial safety of water [1]. The presence of FIBs in large numbers in freshwater, particularly E. coli and Enterococcus, has been associated with the emergence of waterborne illnesses [2, 3]. Children as young as five years are particularly susceptible to diarrheal infections, with over 800 children dying every day [4, 5]. Amongst coliform bacteria, E. coli is commonly regarded as an indicator of fecal pollution of water supplies [6, 7].
Waterborne diseases have been one of the major causes due to the consumption of contaminated water affecting seriously the public health of a humongous number of people in quick succession. In the 2014–2016 survey, the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria was 79.3%, followed by pathogenic E. coli (5009 cases, 90%), Vibrio spp. (264 cases, 5%), Shigella spp. (67 cases, 1%), and Salmonella spp. (48 cases, 1%) [8]. The distribution of E. coli amongst Korean children suffering from diarrheagenic E. coli showed that enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was the most common, followed by ETEC and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) [8]. Of the pathogenic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was the most common (39%), followed by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (36%). In a separate study, children suffering from diarrhea were reported [9] in Utah, USA wherein the most commonly detected pathogens included toxigenic Clostridium difficile (16%) and diarrheagenic E. coli (15%) whereas Shiga toxin-producing E. coli were detected in 4% samples [9].
Between 2013 and 2016, a monocentric hospital-based investigation showed that E. coli was responsible for about 15% of child infection cases of severe enteritis and EPEC (54%) was the most dominant E. coli pathotype, followed by other pathogenic E. coli including Shiga toxin-producing E. coli [10]. And on the heels of that, in another waterborne outbreak of E. coli infection associated with the drinking of contaminated potable water at three different school premises in Korea was reported [11]. As a result of this outbreak, a total of 188 patients with severe gastrointestinal symptoms were reported. The EHEC and EPEC strains isolated from clinical fecal specimens and water samples from water purifiers and water basins respectively were confirmed by the pulsed field gel electrophoresis method [11]. It is warranted therefore to develop rapid and sensitive methods for the detection and quantitation of waterborne bacteria.
Coliforms, particularly E. coli is regarded as a primary fecal indicator [12] and indicate the contaminating presence of enteropathogenic bacteria in water and foods supplies [13]. Though these enteric bacteria are abundant in human and warm-blooded animal feces, an umpteen number of the E. coli strains have been reported as pathogens [14]. Despite the fact that the wild type of E. coli strain is not pathogenic, it could emerge as an infectious agent in immunologically vulnerable people. Furthermore, several E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks have been documented in both industrialized and developing economies, resulting in human mortality, notably amongst children under the age of five [15]. E. coli serogroup O157:H7 is the most common cause of hemorrhagic colitis in foodborne illness. E. coli serogroup O104:H4 was first discovered as an emerging strain in the 2011 German pandemic and was designated a microorganism of serious concern [16]. Perna et al. [17] reported that E. coli O157:H7 caused 75,000 cases of foodborne infections per year, of which 85 percent incidences were related to E. coli O157 infections [18, 19] with contaminated fruits, vegetables, and water is the principal sources of E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks [19].
Traditional microbiological detection techniques consume time as E. coli cells require to be isolated, cultivated, and identified using a sequence of biochemical tests [20]. For example, for identification and quantification of E. coli in water, the water samples are filtered using the membrane filtration method, followed by the counting of E. coli colonies using the plate count method [21]. Furthermore, such processes necessitate 24 to 48 hours to generate observable results and frequently require water samples to be transported to a central laboratory and trained employees to conduct the testing [22].
It is necessary to develop new approaches for detecting E. coli in contaminating food and water samples. Optical or impedimetric biosensor systems have evolved as an alternative to the traditional tools for E. coli detection, enabling selective, specific, and cost-effective solutions. DNA-based sensing approaches have played an essential role in the development of sensing for the detection of E. coli. Due to their rapidity and accuracy, sensing technologies such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop associated isothermal method of amplification (LAMP), DNA-based biosensors, and CRISPR/Cas platforms have evolved over time for E. coli detection and have been applied in numerous applications in various industries, agriculture, and health care sectors.
2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method
PCR being a mighty and handy tool with molecular biologists showed enormous potential in various forms including multiplex PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. The advantage of PCR is that despite its inability to distinguish between live and dead cells, nonculturable cells may be detected rapidly. In the recent two decades, various PCR-based strategies have been introduced to improve the detection of indicator organisms [23, 24]. Genetic markers such as 23S rRNA and lacZ are often used to establish PCR tests for detecting E. coli in environmental samples [25, 26]. The uidA and tuf genes have been identified as potential targets for E. coli/Shigella detection using PCR [27, 28]. Most of the PCR assays were reported to amplify the virulence genes, such as eaeA, and stx1, stx2 [29, 30, 31, 32, 33] or phenotypic genes, such as rfbE (O antigen), and fliC (H antigen), uidA and lacZ which are commonly shared [26, 28, 32]. The ability to generate these lesions is restricted to 43-kb loci of the E. coli O157:H7 chromosome [17]. Intimin encoded by eae locus is necessary for early bacterial cell attachment to host cells and the creation of A/E lesions [34, 35]. In a couple of studies, virulence genes like stx1 and stx2 were unable to accurately identify a species, owing to the fact that they are widely shared by different species or strains [33]. Shigella dysenteriae and Aeromonas spp. have been described as the two outliers as non-E. coli bacteria bearing Shiga toxin genes [36, 37]. Real-time PCR techniques targeting Shigella spp. in food or water utilizing ipaH as a target have also been developed to detect enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) that carries ipaH [36]. Therefore, phenotypic genes such as rfbE and fliC have been utilized as targets for confirmed identification of E. coli in PCR [30].
The E. coli genes such as uidA and tuf were used for the detection of E. coli and Shigella strains [27, 38, 39]. However, the uidA gene used as a marker was not reported in 3.4% of 116 E. coli strains [37]. In another work, Maheux et al. [27] detected Escherichia fergusonii in a PCR targeting the tuf gene. Albeit, it has been extensively reported, neither β-D-glucuronidase activity nor uidA gene amplification is the full proof for the accurate molecular detection E. coli in the presence of this enzyme or gene has been reported in Flavobacteria and to a great extent in Shigella, Salmonella and Yersinia [38, 40, 41]. Contrarily, Fricker & Fricker [42] using uidA primer pair detected five non-E. coli coliforms in water samples. Recently, Molina et al. [40] designed a set of primers targeting the E. coli orphan gene yaiO that encodes an outer membrane protein and succeeded in obtaining the yaiO amplicon of 115 bp size from unfermented and fermented dairy samples. These workers in terms of specificity claimed superiority of yaiO gene-based primers to uidA primers though the study was limited by small sample size. In another recent study, the xanQ-PCR using novel primer set for amplification of xanQ gene was demonstrated for specific detection of a large number of E. coli strains [41].
Li et al. [43] established a multiplex real-time PCR test that targets the z3276 and Shiga toxin genes to specifically detect E. coli O157:H7 and screen for non-O157 STEC (stx1 and stx2). The reaction mixture contained a primer set; four probes (z3276, stx1, stx2, and IAC), and the template DNA of appropriate concentrations. The optimized multiplex assay achieved the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 200 femto grams of bacterial DNA from beef and fresh spinach samples (40 CFU/reaction). In a separate study, a multiplex fluorogenic PCR assay was developed to quantify E. coli O157:H7 in manure, soil, dairy wastewater, and cow and calf feces in an artificial wetland. Oligonucleotides were designed to amplify the stx1 and stx2 and the eae genes of E. coli O157:H7 in a simplex reaction [44].
Being a rapid, sensitive, and specific method enabling the detection of multiple pathogens simultaneously this method finds applications in different types of foods and poultry industries. Nguyen et al. [45] developed a multiplex PCR for the rapid and simultaneous detection of three epidemic food-borne pathogens: E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes in food samples.
In developing countries, the identification of enteric pathogens in food and other edible items are time-consuming process and often results in wrong and delayed diagnosis. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) has been reported to be frequently associated with outbreaks of infantile diarrhea and recognized as a causative agent for diarrheagenic ailments [46]. In order to detect and identify the Shiga toxin producing E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and EPEC primers were designed to amplify eae gene and long polar fimbriae (lpfA) variants, the bundle-forming pilus gene bfpA, and the Shiga toxin-encoding genes stx1 and stx2 [47]. This group demonstrated consistent amplification of genes specific to the prototype EHEC O157:H7 EDL933 (lpfA1–3, lpfA2–2, stx1, stx2, and eae-γ) and EPEC O127:H6 E2348/69 (eae-α, lpfA1–1, and bfpA) strains using the optimized mPCR protocol with purified genomic DNA (gDNA). A screen of gDNA from isolates in a diarrheagenic E. coli collection revealed that the mPCR assay was successful in predicting the correct pathotype of EPEC and EHEC clones grouped in the distinctive phylogenetic disease clusters EPEC1 and EHEC1, and was able to differentiate EHEC1 from EHEC2 clusters. The mPCR assay detection threshold was 2 × 104 CFU per PCR reaction for EHEC and EPEC. Thus, mPCR methodology permitted differentiation of EPEC, STEC, and EHEC strains from other pathogenic E. coli and the developed assay has the potential tool for rapid diagnosis of these pathogens. Wang et al. [48] demonstrated the ability of the mPCR assay to detect six bacterial pathogens viz., E. coli, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in liver, spleen, and blood samples from experimentally infected chicks without cross-amplification with viruses or parasites. In the mPCR assay, gene targets were phoA, KMT1, ureR, toxA, invA, and nuc of these six pathogens, and six sets of specific primers were designed.
Toma et al. [49] used a single-tube mPCR for the identification of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). In total six targets were chosen for (eae) enteropathogenic E. coli, (stx) Shiga toxin-producing E. coli enterotoxigenic E. coli, elt, and est. for enterotoxigenic E. coli, (ipaH) for enteroinvasive E. coli for, and aggR for enteroaggregative E. coli.
Chen et al. [50] developed a multiplex rtPCR assay for the identification of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) and claimed it to be a highly sensitive and specific and suggested the rapid identification of DEC in clinical and public health laboratories. Specific virulence genes were selected to identify specific pathogens: ipaH for EIEC, stp/sth/lt for ETEC, eaeA/escV for EPEC, stx1/stx2 for EHEC, aggR for EAEC. The 5′ end of primers were added with a homo tail sequence to reduce the primer dimer formation and the addition of homo tail to 5′ end of primer sequences allowed proper annealing temperature that would fall into broad range in each individual PCR reaction. Molecular beacons were modified and designed using DNA folding form website (http://mfold.rit.albany.edu/?q=mfold/DNA-Folding-Form) [50]. Five categories of DEC were split into two tubes. For tube number one, stp/sth/lt for ETEC, aggR for EAEC and IAC were included, while ipaH for EIEC, eaeA/escV for EPEC, stx1/stx2 for EHEC and IAC were included in tube number two. Carboxy fluorescein (FAM), Hexachloro fluorescein (HEX), Carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX), Quasar 705, and indodicarbocyanine5 (Cy5) fluorescence were collected and recorded at the end of the annealing step during the third stage.
Detection of harmful bacteria with higher specificity, sensitivity, and reliability is the focus of nucleic acid-based approaches. The desired nucleic acid sequence is hybridized to a synthetic oligonucleotide for specific detection of the pathogen [51]. Nucleic acid-based approaches are routinely used to detect bacterial infections and their toxin-producing genes [51]. Nucleic acid-based methods are rapid and easy to use, and they do not require the pathogens to be cultured (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Schematic depicting the steps in culture-independent detection of E. coli in a sample using qPCR method. Bacillus atrophaeus Spores are used as an internal control for monitoring of possible PCR inhibition [52].
Even a decade ago, the identification and measurement of specific target genes with absolute accuracy and as little as a few copies in a matter of hours was a dream. In the area of water quality assessment, however, qPCR technology has proven to be a powerful technique [53]. Unlike the classical PCR, which needs agarose-gel electrophoresis to identify the end-point PCR products, the qPCR enables assessing PCR product amplification by measuring fluorescence signals released by specialized dual-labeled probes or the intercalating dyes. The fluorescence intensity generated during the qPCR is directly related to the quantity of PCR products produced [12, 54, 55]. The most often used fluorescent systems for qPCR include SYBR green, TaqMan probes, and molecular beacons [56]. The qPCR techniques, which have higher specificity, sensitivity, and reliability than classic culture methods and mPCR [57], allow for the time-efficient detection of harmful bacteria with higher specificity, sensitivity, and reliability [12, 56, 58]. Although the qPCR has been used to detect and quantify E. coli O157:H7 in food and clinical samples, it has not been thoroughly evaluated with environmental samples [57, 59, 60].
Utilizing TaqMan probes labeled with different fluorophores, microfluidic qPCR was shown to identify pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pseudogulbenkiana spp., Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Clostridium perfringens, and E. coli at a limit of detection of 100 CFU/L [56, 61]. Despite its high sensitivity, qPCR has significant drawbacks, such as the inability to provide information on the physiological status of target cells in environmental samples. Humic substances found in environmental samples such as water hinder DNA polymerase activity, and colloidal debris has been reported to have a DNA affinity [62, 63]. There is no universal answer to avert such problems. As a result, the existence of these compounds in environmental samples has the potential to adversely affect the amplification effectiveness of qPCR, which is used to detect small quantities of bacteria [60]. To overcome these issues in qPCR, several compounds such as bovine serum albumin, methoxsalen, dimethyl sulfoxide, and internal amplification controls have been proposed. However, these approaches may have certain drawbacks as well as benefits [64, 65]. Walker et al. [63] established a new qPCR technique for detecting and quantifying E. coli that targeted a segment of the ybbW gene, which encodes a potential Allantoin transporter. The ybbW gene is part of the E. coli “core genome,” which means that each gene is found in >95 percent of all sequenced strains. For this work, water samples were taken at monthly intervals from different locations in the southwest of England. The ybbW-qPCR was found to be 100% specific towards 87 E. coli strains tested. This work also reported that despite the theoretically low detection levels achievable by qPCR, the quantity of E. coli DNA has been the key issue in limiting the detection in real samples. This could be addressed in part by filtering greater quantities of water samples, but this is likely to be unfeasible for regular sample analysis and could result in the accumulation of higher inhibitory substance quantities.
In another study, Liu et al. [66] reported designing of the novel oligonucleotide primer set and TaqMan probes targeting the specific virulence genes of twelve common food pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, L. monocytogenes/ivanovii, β-Streptococcus hemolyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella sp., P. mirabilis, V. fluvialis, V. parahaemolyticus, S. aureus and Campylobacter jejuni. Liu et al. [66] reported the use of TaqMan in artificially spiked dilution series of each pathogen into meat to detect 12 strains. The TaqMan assays demonstrated expected amplification with no amplification inhibition. In spiked food samples, V. parahaemolyticus was found in concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 CFU/g, while the remaining 11 strains were from 104 to 107 CFU/g. The qPCR has been touted as a specific and sensitive method with high throughput sample analysis. Smati et al. [66] reported a rapid, sensitive, and reliable qPCR method to quantify E. coli phylogroup from 100 healthy human stool specimens and demonstrated the existence of subdominant clones. The new 16S-rRNA-qPCR assay was highly repeatable, with a detection limit of 105 CFU/g of feces.
In order to circumvent the use of thermocyclers that entail the time-consuming thermal cycling, an innovative method such as isothermal DNA amplification has been introduced which finds its application in the advanced Research & Development (R & D) unit of the food industry. The LAMP reaction that involves isothermal amplification chemistry has a good range of possible applications, including point-of-care testing with the potential of getting developed into portable diagnostic systems, and quick testing of food products, clinical and environmental samples.
The isothermal characteristics of LAMP enable the simplification of the detection process without involving any costly and complex instrumentation wherein a simple heating block or a precise digital water bath would work. Though conventional PCR and LAMP techniques were reported to be vulnerable to several inhibitors while testing various biological (for example urinary and plant materials) matrices [64], yet LAMP is much less sensitive to amplification inhibitors [64], potentially permitting its application bypassing the general requirement for cultural enrichment or DNA purification.
Despite some disadvantages like its qualitative nature of detection, the LAMP offers several advantages over PCR. LAMP assay emphasizes the requirement of a heating block and obviates the need for a thermal cycler. Unlike PCR that requires DNA extraction from samples for amplification, LAMP assay does not require DNA extraction step. The difficulties in amplifying DNA in PCR from unprocessed urinary samples in the presence of a high concentration of urea were reported by Khan et al. [65]. Therefore the LAMP assay, by rendering the DNA extraction step redundant, has made the process more rapid and facile [67]. The implementation of LAMP does not require any denatured template as due to the use of Bst DNA polymerase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus with auto-cycling strand-displacement activity denatured template use has been eliminated. In the LAMP reaction, the nucleic acid amplification takes place at a fixed temperature (isothermal) through repetition of two types of elongation reactions occurring at the loop regions: self-elongation of templates from the stem-loop structure formed at the 3′-terminal and the binding and elongation of new primers to the loop region (Figure 2) [68]. LAMP reaction time is merely 60–65 min at 60–65°C involving four to six precisely designed primers to amplify DNA targets at the specific amplification temperature [68].
Figure 2.
Schematic representation of the principle steps in a LAMP assay and localization of the eight LAMP primers for specific amplification of target DNA. Adapted from Gallas-Lindemann et al. [68]. Copyright (2017). IntechOpen. Inner primer: FIP (consisting of F1c and F2), BIP (consisting of B1c and B2), typical length ~ 40 bp; outer primers: F3, B3 typical length ~ 20 bp; loop primers: LF and LB, typical length ~ 20 bp.
The very purpose of inner primers that consisted of two different sequences was to recognize a sense and antisense sequences of the target viral DNA, and the outer primers were designed to recognize an external sequence of the target viral DNA [69]. Additionally, in the LAMP assay, as an advantage, the identification of a positive reaction does not involve any special processing or electrophoresis. Only the visual observation of color change of the reaction mix in normal light is enabled when the appropriate DNA-binding dye is used. Thus, LAMP positive results could be better detected through visual observation of turbidity changes [70]. This visualization process can be improved by a UV transilluminator. Hill et al. [67] had demonstrated the use of propidium iodide for detecting the LAMP products.
In order to detect generic E. coli, E. coli O157, or different VTEC virulence genes a number of LAMP assays were developed and discussed in several previous studies [71, 72, 73, 74]. In order to develop the LAMP assays for the simultaneous detection of an E. coli-specific gene and verotoxin-elaborating genes, and capable of distinguishing between generic E. coli and VTEC that would serve the purpose of simultaneous detection both E. coli and VTEC simultaneously in beef would allow the simultaneous monitoring of hygienic status/quality of beef. Therefore, the development of multiplex LAMP assay was of paramount importance. In the study, the LAMP assay was designed to detect nonpathogenic E. coli targeting the phoA and VTEC targeting the stx1 and stx2 without the need for a cumbersome culture enrichment process. The specificity of the phoA LAMP-based detection assay for E. coli showed 100% specificity (when a total of 58 bacterial strains were used for detection purposes) to determine with no false-positive or false-negative results with strains of any of the other bacterial genera tested. Interestingly only phoA gene-positive E. coli strains showed detectable amplification and non-E. coli showed no amplification. LAMP-false negative tests were reported by Stratakos et al. [75] while determining non-pathogenic E. coli and verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) in beef and bovine feces. Of note for the improvement of LAMP detection sensitivity, an enrichment step (which would not allow the post-enrichment quantification of E. coli or VTEC) prior to LAMP was suggested following the demonstration in previous studies by Wang et al. [76], and also a touchdown LAMP approach was suggested by Wang et al. [73].
It is to be noted that the LAMP assay reported by Hill et al. [67] was able to detect a large number of strains with very high sensitivity. Since biological samples such as cerebrospinal fluid and blood require very high sensitivity as compared to urine samples LAMP can be suitably modified for its clinical uses. LAMP has also been proposed to detect a lower copy number in partially treated infections (post-empirical antibiotic doses) [67].
4. DNA-based biosensors
A biosensor typically consists of a bioreceptor element with a transducer. The bioreceptor, interacts specifically with the analyte, whereas the transducer converts the biomolecular interaction into an electronic signal. Three basic parts of a biosensor are recognition material, transducer or detector system, and signal processor [74]. Monitoring the molecular interaction between the DNA-based bioreceptor and the analyte is an essential element of various DNA-based sensing strategies. The measurement methods of DNA–DNA interactions that take place on the various sensor surfaces are gaining much interest to improve sensor performance. The assays are applicable to the determination of low numbers of E. coli cells in various matrices. In addition, the molecular detection of E. coli using single-stranded nucleic acids or aptamers coupled with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for sensing of DNA is a growing field of research and proving to be an alternative method of detection to traditional techniques [74].
Arora et al. [77] reported an electrochemical DNA biosensor for the detection of E. coli. In this study, avidin was modified with –COOH and then attached to the polyaniline (PANI)-modified platinum disk by the covalent binding between –COOH and –NH/NH2 of PANI. Subsequently, the biotin-labeled DNA probe was functionalized on the electrode surface to achieve a LOD of 0.01 ng/uL for E. coli genomic DNA. Few studies reported the use of nanomaterials with graphene oxide (GO) to enhance the sensitivity of the DNA biosensor for E. coli detection. For example, a DNA biosensor for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 eaeA gene based on a novel sensing tag of GOx-Thi-Au@SiO2 nanocomposites is reported [78]. The combined use of GO and Au@SiO2 creates an environment for maintaining the appropriate conformation of DNA. These biosensor modalities led to wide linear response for E. coli O157:H7 eaeA gene in the range of 0.02 to 50.0 nM with LoD of 0.01 nM. In addition, Tiwari et al. [79] reported a DNA biosensor for E. coli O157:H7 using a DNA probe sequence. The DNA probe was immobilized onto GO modified iron oxide-chitosan hybrid nanocomposite (GIOCh) film. The DNA biosensor resulted in linear response to E. coli DNA in the range of 10−6 to 10−14 M with a LoD of 10−14 M.
Since its discovery in the 1980s, the system has demonstrated widespread applications in basic biotechnology research and disease treatment [80, 81]. A pressing need of the hour is the availability of a cost-efficient, rapid and selective molecular diagnostic platform to detect different pathogens and lethal diseases in the early stage of the infection. Quantitative PCR and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) are the most commonly explored molecular platforms for the same; however, these methods have their disadvantages and limitations. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat/associated protein (CRISPR/Cas)-based diagnostic platform for the detection of nucleic acids has progressively demonstrated its potential as an ideal diagnostic approach for pathogens, cancer biomarker, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detection. CRISPR systems have evolved in prokaryotes as a defensive mechanism against foreign viruses by cleaving their nucleic acids [82, 83, 84].
Additionally, the unique cleavage activity of Cas9 is often utilized for the development of ultra-low abundance DNA biosensors. A highly innovative and sensitive CRISPR/Cas9 system was developed by Huang et al. [84] that triggered isothermal exponential amplification reaction (CAS-EXPAR) strategy to detect DNA targets with attomolar (aM) sensitivity and single-base specificity [84]. CAS-EXPAR was primed by the target DNA fragment produced by cleavage of CRISPR/Cas9, and associated with the cyclical amplification reaction to produce numerous DNA replicates capable of getting detected by a real-time SYBR Green fluorescence signal [83].
Recently, Sun et al. [84] reported the detection of E. coli O157:H7 based on the CRISPR/Cas9 coupled with metal–organic framework platform (MoF) (Figure 3). In this approach, the virulence gene sequences of E. coli O157:H7 were identified and spliced by the CRISPR/Cas9 system leading to strand displacement and rolling circle amplification. Subsequently, amplified products were hybridized with the target-specific probes. The virulence genes were detected by the fluorescence quenching caused due to MoF platform. The method showed high sensitivity with LoD of 4.0 × 101 CFU mL−1 [84]. Although there is only one reported work available for CRISPR/Cas-based detection of E. coli, however, the CRISPR/Cas system can be exploited further for the detection of E. coli and other waterborne pathogens using novel strategies.
Figure 3.
CRISPR/Cas9 platform coupled with two-step isothermal amplification for detection of E. coli O157:H7. Reprinted with permission from Sun et al. [84]. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society.
5. Conclusion
Molecular diagnostic platforms have become promising alternatives to traditional methods for E. coli detection. In particular, LAMP assay and DNA biosensors because of their advantages of lower detection limits, and high reproducibility are preferred for pathogen detection. In this review, we have discussed the recent advances in the development of PCR, LAMP assay, and DNA biosensors platforms applied to E. coli detection. In the case of CRISPR/Cas platforms, the major challenge associated with the CRISPR/Cas sensing platform is the time taken to produce the results. Therefore, the future perspective would be to reduce the assay turnaround time for CRISPR/Cas sensing. Nonetheless, CRISPR/Cas sensing platforms possess the potential to overcome the use of conventional molecular diagnostic platforms and become a promising tool for next-generation diagnostic platforms for sensitive and selective detection of DNA in clinical, food, and environmental samples. In the future, more, specific, sensitive, cost-sensitive, and portable biosensors will be required to detect E. coli, hence, further leading to controlling and monitoring the waterborne epidemics.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"molecular diagnostics, E. coli, PCR, LAMP, CRISPR",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79820.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79820.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79820",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79820",totalDownloads:149,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"August 6th 2021",dateReviewed:"November 8th 2021",datePrePublished:"December 28th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"December 28th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Developing countries due to socio-economic conditions are more prone to frequent pathogenic outbreaks; inadequate sanitation and water quality monitoring are also responsible for such conditions. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to provide microbiologically safe food/water in order to protect public health. Several flaws in traditional culturing methods have sparked a surge in interest in molecular techniques as a means of improving the efficiency and sensitivity of microbiological food/water quality monitoring. Molecular identification of water contaminants, mainly Escherichia coli, has been extensively used. Several of the molecular-based techniques are based on amplification and detection of nucleic acids. The advantages offered by these PCR-based methods over culture-based techniques are a higher level of specificity, sensitivity, and rapidity. Of late, the development of a biosensor device that is easy to perform, highly sensitive, and selective has the potential to become indispensable in detecting low CFU of pathogenic E. coli in environmental samples. This review seeks to provide a vista of the progress made in the detection of E. coli using nucleic acid-based approaches as part of the microbiological food/water quality monitoring.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79820",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79820",signatures:"Rehan Deshmukh and Utpal Roy",book:{id:"10894",type:"book",title:"Escherichia coli",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Escherichia coli",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marjanca Starčič Erjavec",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10894.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-870-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-869-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-871-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"58980",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjanca",middleName:null,surname:"Starčič Erjavec",slug:"marjanca-starcic-erjavec",fullName:"Marjanca Starčič Erjavec"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. DNA-based biosensors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'José Figueras M, Borrego JJ. New perspectives in monitoring drinking water microbial quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2010;7(12):4179-4202'},{id:"B2",body:'J. M. Colford et al., “Water quality indicators and the risk of illness at beaches with nonpoint sources of fecal contamination.,” Epidemiology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 27-35, Jan. 2007.'},{id:"B3",body:'V. J. Harwood, C. Staley, B. D. Badgley, K. Borges, and A. 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Internal control for nucleic acid testing based on the use of purified bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii Spores. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2009;47(3):751-757'},{id:"B53",body:'Girones R et al. Molecular detection of pathogens in water - The pros and cons of molecular techniques. Water Research. 2010;44(15):4325-4339'},{id:"B54",body:'Law JW-F, Ab Mutalib N-S, Chan K-G, Lee L-H. Rapid methods for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens: Principles, applications, advantages and limitations. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2014;5(January):770'},{id:"B55",body:'Bellin T, Pulz M, Matussek A, Hempen HG, Gunzer F. Rapid detection of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli by real-time PCR with fluorescent hybridization probes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001;39(1):370-374'},{id:"B56",body:'Ishii S, Nakamura T, Ozawa S, Kobayashi A, Sano D, Okabe S. Water quality monitoring and risk assessment by simultaneous multipathogen quantification. 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Comparison of real-time PCR methods for detection of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7, and introduction of a general internal amplification control. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2004;59(3):337-349'},{id:"B62",body:'Shanks OC et al. Quantitative PCR for detection and enumeration of genetic markers of bovine fecal pollution. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2008;74(3):745-752'},{id:"B63",body:'Walker DI et al. A highly specific Escherichia coli qPCR and its comparison with existing methods for environmental waters. Water Research. 2017;126:101-110'},{id:"B64",body:'Schrader C, Schielke A, Ellerbroek L, Johne R. PCR inhibitors - occurrence, properties and removal. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2012;113(5):1014-1026'},{id:"B65",body:'Khan G, Kangro HO, Coates PJ, Heath RB. Inhibitory effects of urine on the polymerase chain reaction for cytomegalovirus DNA. 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Detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction by turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001;289(1):150-154'},{id:"B71",body:'Kouguchi Y, Fujiwara T, Teramoto M, Kuramoto M. Homogenous, real-time duplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification using a single fluorophore-labeled primer and an intercalator dye: Its application to the simultaneous detection of Shiga toxin genes 1 and 2 in Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli isolates. Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2010;24(4):190-195'},{id:"B72",body:'Ravan H, Amandadi M, Sanadgol N. A highly specific and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2016;91:161-165'},{id:"B73",body:'Wang Y et al. Rapid and sensitive detection of Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. by multiple endonuclease restriction real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2015;6:1400'},{id:"B74",body:'Wu Q, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Yuan N, Zhang W. Review of electrochemical DNA biosensors for detecting food borne pathogens. Sensors (Switzerland). 2019;19(22):4916'},{id:"B75",body:'Stratakos AC, Linton M, Millington S, Grant IR. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid direct detection and differentiation of nonpathogenic and verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in beef and bovine faeces. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2017;122(3):817-828'},{id:"B76",body:'F. Wang, L. Jiang, and B. Ge, “Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for detecting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef and human stools,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 91-97, Jan. 2012.'},{id:"B77",body:'Arora K, Prabhakar N, Chand S, Malhotra BD. Escherichia coli genosensor based on polyaniline. Analytical Chemistry. 2007;79(16):6152-6158'},{id:"B78",body:'Li Y et al. A novel electrochemical DNA biosensor based on HRP-mimicking hemin/G-quadruplex wrapped GOx nanocomposites as tag for detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7. Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 2015;63:1-6'},{id:"B79",body:'Tiwari I, Singh M, Pandey CM, Sumana G. Electrochemical genosensor based on graphene oxide modified iron oxide-chitosan hybrid nanocomposite for pathogen detection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2015;206:276-283'},{id:"B80",body:'Makarova KS et al. Evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems: A burst of class 2 and derived variants. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2020;18(2). Nature Research:67-83'},{id:"B81",body:'Li SY et al. CRISPR-Cas12a-assisted nucleic acid detection. Cell Discovery. 2018;4(1):20'},{id:"B82",body:'Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F. Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell. 2014;157(6):1262-1278'},{id:"B83",body:'Huang M, Zhou X, Wang H, Xing D. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 triggered isothermal amplification for site-specific nucleic acid detection. Analytical Chemistry. 2018;90(3):2193-2200'},{id:"B84",body:'Sun X et al. CRISPR-Cas9 triggered two-step isothermal amplification method for E. coli O157:H7 detection based on a metal-organic framework platform. Analytical Chemistry. 2020;92(4):3032-3041'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Rehan Deshmukh",address:null,affiliation:'
Faculty of Science, School of Biology, MIT World Peace University, India
Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, India
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Most smart home systems are controlled by smartphones and microcontrollers. A smartphone application is used to control and monitor home functions using wireless communication techniques. We explore the concept of smart home with the integration of IoT services and cloud computing to it, by embedding intelligence into sensors and actuators, networking of smart things using the corresponding technology, facilitating interactions with smart things using cloud computing for easy access in different locations, increasing computation power, storage space and improving data exchange efficiency. In this chapter we present a composition of three components to build a robust approach of an advanced smart home concept and implementation.",book:{id:"7602",slug:"internet-of-things-iot-for-automated-and-smart-applications",title:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications",fullTitle:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications"},signatures:"Menachem Domb",authors:[{id:"222778",title:"Prof.",name:"Menachem",middleName:null,surname:"Domb",slug:"menachem-domb",fullName:"Menachem Domb"}]},{id:"74005",title:"Smart Home Monitoring System Using ESP32 Microcontrollers",slug:"smart-home-monitoring-system-using-esp32-microcontrollers",totalDownloads:979,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter deals with the implementation of our own monitoring system with home security. The system is designed using IoT modules and uses ESP32 microcontrollers. The chapter describes the design of the system, its hardware components, software implementation, security solutions, communication, the collecting and monitoring of processed data, as well as the quantification of costs for the production and deployment of this system. The proposed system secures a house by detecting an intruder in the building, triggering an alarm and capturing it all with camera images, and then sending data to the owner’s smart mobile phone. The secondary task of the system is to collect data from sensors for monitoring the temperature of an object and presenting it via a web server.",book:{id:"10419",slug:"internet-of-things",title:"Internet of Things",fullTitle:"Internet of Things"},signatures:"Marek Babiuch and Jiri Postulka",authors:[{id:"334513",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Babiuch",slug:"marek-babiuch",fullName:"Marek Babiuch"},{id:"334717",title:"MSc.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Postulka",slug:"jiri-postulka",fullName:"Jiri Postulka"}]},{id:"69788",title:"Introductory Chapter: Internet of Things (IoT) Importance and Its Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-internet-of-things-iot-importance-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:1377,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"7602",slug:"internet-of-things-iot-for-automated-and-smart-applications",title:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications",fullTitle:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications"},signatures:"Yasser Ismail",authors:[{id:"255636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasser",middleName:null,surname:"Ismail",slug:"yasser-ismail",fullName:"Yasser Ismail"}]},{id:"67035",title:"IOT Service Utilisation in Healthcare",slug:"iot-service-utilisation-in-healthcare",totalDownloads:1919,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Utilising the new trend technologies in healthcare sector could offer alternative ways in managing the patients’ health records and also improve the healthcare quality. As such, this chapter provides an overview of utilising the Internet of Things (IoT) technology in healthcare sector as an emerging research and practical trend nowadays. The main benefits and advantages have been discussed in this chapter. On the other hand, it has been found that most of the hospitals in different countries are still facing many issues regarding their health information exchange. Recently, various studies in the area of healthcare information system mentioned that the fragmentations of the health information are one of the most important challenges with the distribution of patient information records. Therefore, in this chapter, we gave an in detail overview regarding the current issues facing the health sector in line with the IoT technologies. Additionally, a full description of advantages and disadvantages has been highlighted for using IoT in healthcare that can be considered as solutions for the mentioned issues.",book:{id:"7602",slug:"internet-of-things-iot-for-automated-and-smart-applications",title:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications",fullTitle:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications"},signatures:"Mohammed Dauwed and Ahmed Meri",authors:[{id:"248015",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Meri",slug:"ahmed-meri",fullName:"Ahmed Meri"},{id:"276426",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed Dauwed",slug:"mohammed-ahmed-dauwed",fullName:"Mohammed Ahmed Dauwed"}]},{id:"75630",title:"Internet of Things Security and Privacy",slug:"internet-of-things-security-and-privacy",totalDownloads:495,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The Internet of Things is becoming more and more popular with time. The extremely low cost of sensors is putting the growth of the Internet of Things on steroids. Many industries such as healthcare, construction, agriculture, and transportation are increasingly leveraging this technology. However, security and privacy are two big concerns when it comes to the future of the Internet of Things. Since most of these “things” that are connected to the Internet are simple devices with limited hardware capabilities, it is nearly impossible to harden them via traditional resource-heavy defenses. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of securing the Internet of Things networks, layout the challenges of the Internet of Things security, and briefly discuss potential solutions in the literature.",book:{id:"10419",slug:"internet-of-things",title:"Internet of Things",fullTitle:"Internet of Things"},signatures:"Ahmad J. 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\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 8th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",slug:"j.-kevin-summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. 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He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. 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Graduate in Sciences (Chemist), graduate in Geography and History (Geography), master in Water Management, Treatment, master in Fertilizers and Environment and master in Environmental Management; Ph.D. in Environmental Sciences. His research is focused on soil-water and waste-environment relations, mainly on soil-water and soil-waste interactions under different management and waste reuse. His work is reflected in more than 230 communications presented in national and international conferences and congresses, 29 invited lectures from universities, associations and government agencies. Prof. Navarro-Pedreño is also a director of the Ph.D. Program Environment and Sustainability (2012-present) and a member of several societies among which are the Spanish Society of Soil Science, International Union of Soil Sciences, European Society for Soil Conservation, DessertNet and the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry.",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",slug:"salustiano-mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",biography:"Salustiano Mato de la Iglesia (Santiago de Compostela, 1960) is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago and a Professor of zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. He has developed his research activity in the fields of fauna and soil ecology, and in the treatment of organic waste, having been the founder and principal investigator of the Environmental Biotechnology Group of the University of Vigo.\r\nHis research activity in the field of Environmental Biotechnology has been focused on the development of novel organic waste treatment systems through composting. The result of this line of work are three invention patents and various scientific and technical publications in prestigious international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",slug:"josefina-garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",biography:"Josefina Garrido González (Paradela de Abeleda, Ourense 1959), is a doctor in biology from the University of León and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. She has focused her research activity on the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of aquatic beetles, in addition to other lines of research such as the conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems; conservation of protected areas (Red Natura 2000) and assessment of the effectiveness of wetlands as priority areas for the conservation of aquatic invertebrates; studies of water quality in freshwater ecosystems through biological indicators and physicochemical parameters; surveillance and research of vector arthropods and invasive alien species.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",slug:"francisco-ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",biography:"Fran Ramil Blanco (Porto de Espasante, A Coruña, 1960), is a doctor in biology from the University of Santiago de Compostela and a Professor of Zoology at the Department of Ecology and Animal Biology at the University of Vigo. His research activity is linked to the taxonomy, fauna and ecology of marine benthic invertebrates and especially the Cnidarian group. Since 2004, he has been part of the EcoAfrik project, aimed at the study, protection and conservation of biodiversity and benthic habitats in West Africa. He also participated in the study of vulnerable marine ecosystems associated with seamounts in the South Atlantic and is involved in training young African researchers in the field of marine research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as Hydrology, Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, and Hydro Science & Marine Engineering, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, China",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82465",title:"Agroforestry: An Approach for Sustainability and Climate Mitigation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105406",signatures:"Ricardo O. 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He received his Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Assiut University, Egypt, in 1989. His research interest is in analytical and environmental chemistry with special emphasis on: (1) monitoring and assessing biological trace elements and toxic metals in human blood, urine, water, crops, vegetables, and medicinal plants; (2) relationships between environmental heavy metals and human diseases; (3) uses of biological indicators for monitoring water pollution; (4) environmental chemistry of lakes, rivers, and well water; (5) water and wastewater treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis techniques; (6) soil and water pollution monitoring, control, and treatment; and (7) advanced oxidation treatment. Prof. Rashed has supervised several MSc and Ph.D. theses in the field of analytical and environmental chemistry. He served as an examiner for several Ph.D. theses in analytical chemistry in India, Kazakhstan, and Botswana. He has published about ninety scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals and several papers in national and international conferences. He participated as an invited speaker at thirty international conferences. Prof. Rashed is the editor-in-chief and an editorial board member for several international journals in the fields of chemistry and environment. He is a member of several national and international societies. He received the Egyptian State Award for Environmental Research in 2001 and the Aswan University Merit Award for Basic Science in 2020. 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Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. 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His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. 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He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"86",type:"subseries",title:"Business and Management",keywords:"Demographic Shifts, Innovation, Technology, Next-gen Leaders, Worldwide Environmental Issues and Clean Technology, Uncertainty and Political Risks, Radical Adjacency, Emergence of New Business Ecosystem Type, Emergence of Different Leader and Leader Values Types, Universal Connector, Elastic Enterprise, Business Platform, Supply Chain Complexity",scope:"
\r\n\tThe Business and Management series topic focuses on the most pressing issues confronting organizations today and in the future. Businesses are trying to figure out how to lead in a time of global uncertainty. In emerging markets, issues such as ill-defined or unstable policies, as well as corrupt practices, can be hugely problematic. Changes in governments can result in new policy, regulations, and interest rates, all of which can be detrimental to foreign businesses and investments. A growing trend towards economic nationalism also makes the current global political landscape potentially hostile towards international businesses.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe demographic shifts are creating interesting challenges. People are living longer, resulting to an aging demographic. We have a large population of older workers and retirees who are living longer lives, combined with a declining birthrate in most parts of the world. Businesses of all types are looking at how technology is affecting their operations. Several questions arise, such as: How is technology changing what we do? How is it transforming us internally, how is it influencing our clients and our business strategy? It is about leveraging technology to improve efficiency, connect with customers more effectively, and drive innovation. The majority of innovative companies are technology-driven businesses. Realizing digital transformation is today’s top issue and will remain so for the next five years. Improving organizational agility, expanding portfolios of products and services, creating, and maintaining a culture of innovation, and developing next -generation leaders were also identified as top challenges in terms of both current and future issues.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe most sustained profitable growth occurs when a company expands its core business into an adjacent space. This has significant implications for management because innovation in business ecosystems differs from traditional, vertically integrated firms. Every organization in the ecosystem must be aware of the bigger picture. Innovation in ecosystems necessitates collaborative action to invent and appraise, efficient, cross-organizational knowledge flows, modular architectures, and good stewardship of legacy systems. It is built on multiple, interconnected platforms. Environmental factors have already had a significant impact in the West and will continue to have an impact globally. Businesses must take into account the environmental impact of their daily operations. The advantage of this market is that it is expected to grow more rapidly than the overall economy. Another significant challenge is preparing the next generation of leaders to elevate this to the number one priority within the next five years. There can be no culture of innovation unless there is diverse leadership or development of the next generation of leaders; and these diverse, next-generation leaders are the ones who will truly understand the digital strategies that will drive digital transformation.
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\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools"},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",annualVolume:11399,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"190041",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez Fernandez",fullName:"Jose Gutierrez Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"156556",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Mascellino",fullName:"Maria Teresa Mascellino",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/156556/images/system/156556.jpg",institutionString:"Sapienza University",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"164933",title:"Prof.",name:"Mónica Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa Oleastro",fullName:"Mónica Alexandra Sousa Oleastro",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/164933/images/system/164933.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge",institution:{name:"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",annualVolume:11400,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",annualVolume:11401,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",annualVolume:11402,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/112866",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"112866"},fullPath:"/profiles/112866",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()