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",isbn:"978-1-80356-678-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-677-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-679-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"6dcb071a2e978694b6b1cb9c20afc1a3",bookSignature:"Prof. Hai-Zhi Song",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11494.jpg",keywords:"Electric Field Effect, Nano-Materials, Electric Field Design, Antenna, Microelectronics, Optoelectronics, Electric Field Stimulation, Brain and Nerve, Electric Field Imaging, Atomic Electric Field, Space Science, Climate",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 22nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 26th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 13th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 12th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in the fields of new materials, optoelectronic devices, and quantum information processing, appointed vice director of the Science and Technology Committee of SWITP, author/co-author of more than 170 research papers, and holder of 40 patents.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"196114",title:"Prof.",name:"Hai-Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Song",slug:"hai-zhi-song",fullName:"Hai-Zhi Song",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196114/images/system/196114.jpg",biography:"Curriculum Vitae\n\nName: Hai-Zhi Song \nGender: male\nDate of Birth: Oct. 20, 1968\nPlace of Birth: Shanxi, China\nAffiliation and Address: \nSouthwest Institute of Technical Physics\nNo.7, Section 4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu 610041, China\nAnd\nInstitute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences,\nUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China,\nNo. 4, Section 2, Jianshebei Road, Chengdu 610054, China\n\nWork Phone: +86-28-68180751, +86-28-83208728\nMobile Phone: +86-158-28239155\nFax: +86-28-83201896\nE-mail: hzsong1296@163.com, hzsong@uestc.edu.cn\n \nEducation \nSept, 1990 – July, 1995:Peking University, PhD, Thesis “Visible luminescence of porous silicon and its mechanism”, Researches on hydrogen-influenced Schottky diodes and silicon-based light-emitting materials. \nSept, 1986 – July, 1990:Nanjing University, Bachelor of Science, Thesis “Study of refractory metal silicides”, Research on Ohmic contact of semiconductors.\n\nWork Experience \nJuly, 1995 – Sept. 1997: Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, Postdoctoral Researcher, Research on silicon-based light-emitting materials. \nOct, 1997 – Sept. 1998: Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Visiting free Researcher, Research on amorphous semiconductors. \nOct, 1998 – Sept. 2001: Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan, Assistant Professor, Research on semiconductor quantum dots. \nOct, 2001 – March 2012: Fujitsu Lab. Ltd., Atsugi, Japan, Researcher/Senior Researcher, Researches on Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Quantum Information, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nApril, 2012 – March 2014: University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Senior Researcher, Researches on Quantum Information Processing Devices. \nApril, 2014 – now: Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nJune, 2015 – now: University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Nanoscaled Semiconductors and Quantum Information Processing Devices.\n \nAchievements\nSystematically studied the property of porous silicon materials and verified their mechanism; found green and ultraviolet luminescence, and clarified the multiple luminescence mechanisms of nanocrystalline-silicon embedded in SiO2, which is valuable to silicon-based optoelectronic integration; realized enhanced hole mobility in amorphous silicon, verified the existence of deep trap states in amorphous selenium, providing ways to improve amorphous optoelectronic materials. \nDiscovered lateral coupling between self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) and their tuning effect to 2D electron gas; illustrated and deeply explained the metal-insulator transition in 2D ordered QD arrays, all of which are worth in optoelectronic application of semiconductor QDs. \nDeveloped Sb-free technique to double the InAs/GaAs QD density and suppress the atomic interdiffusion, helped producing 1.3 um QD lasers, which won Japanese national prizes and had been merchandized; developed 1.06 um quantum-well lasers, which have been used to produce pure-green lasers robust against high temperature. \nFound a way to access buried QDs by scanning tunneling microscope; achieved a way to prepare diluted QDs by post-annealing and clarified its mechanisms; invented a technique to control the size and site of QDs by atomic-force microscopy lithography, and an apparatus to detect single electron spin states by optically-detected magnetic resonance; designed a few types of micropillar cavities applicable to realize 1.55 um highly-efficient, even coherent (strongly coupled) InAs/InP QD single photon sources; produced fiber-integrated photon-entangled sources, all of which are very useful to the applications of QDs in quantum information processing. \nDeveloped focal-plane single-photon avalanche detectors, providing central devices for 3D laser detecting and ranging system; explored antimonide middle- and long-wavelength infrared detectors and the surface plasmon enhancement effect in such detectors; advanced the acetone-sensing function of Eu-doped SnO2 nano-belt; found Nickle Phosphide serving as a good catalyst in hydrogen-producing. Realized a series of optoelectronic quantum devices for quantum information processing, such as fiber-integrated photon-pair-entangler, chiplet heralded single photon emitter, fiber quantum memories, quantum number generator, etc.\n\nHonor and Group Memberships \nSelected Scholar of the Recruitment Program of Global Experts, China\nEditorial member of “Laser Technology”\nEditorial member of “Journal of Electronic Science and Technology”\nEditorial member of “Internal J. Mat. Sci. Appl”\nMember of APS (American Physics Society)\nMember of OSA (Optical Society of America)\nPermanent Member of China Physical Science and Technology\nPermanent Member of the Chinese Optical Society\nTechnical committee member of PIERS, organizing a series of “quantum information processing and devices” sessions\nTechnical committee member of ICICM",institutionString:"Southwest University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Southwest University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"453623",firstName:"Silvia",lastName:"Sabo",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/453623/images/20396_n.jpg",email:"silvia@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"38988",title:"Dynamic Risk Management Strategies with Communicating Objects in the Supply Chain of Chemical Substances Within the European Union",doi:"10.5772/50138",slug:"dynamic-risk-management-strategies-with-communicating-objects-in-the-supply-chain-of-chemical-substa",body:'Supply chain is a set of activities involving a group of commercial actors to create a product or a service to satisfy a customer demand. The actors are the ones who form the supply chain, they are suppliers, transporters, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and customers.
In this chapter, our objective is to describe dangers for people, environment and goods from dangerous goods exploitation. We want to show how dangerous goods can be source of accidents during storage activities. To understand the potential of chaining event we elaborate accident scenario to describe the consequences of such accidents.
This risk study in warehouse provides insights to elaborate a risks management strategy relying on communicating objects such as RFID tags and wireless sensors. Then, by exploiting the technical features that provides these smart items, it becomes possible to detect in real time any accident risks and to react in consequence.
This chapter is organized as follows. Part 2 introduces briefly what supply chain management is and gives some definitions. Part 3 describes dangerous goods in logistics and notably the risks inherent to their storages. Current regulations such as CLP is presented, it provides a standard in the European Union to classify and identify dangerous goods. Risks relative to dangerous goods manipulation are presented, segregation strategies and storage constraints must be respected to maintain the security within a warehouse. In part 4, a risk study is lead to extract three scenarios that describe the domino effect consecutive to accidents. These scenario are treated further in part 5 when communicating objects are integrated at pallet level. Then, these smart items allow elaborating real-time risk assessment that contribute to detect early accident risks and to deploy emergency procedures to mitigate that risks.
This work is funded by German BMBF and French ANR as part of ReSCUeIT project.
Depending on actors involved in Supply Chain (SC) (suppliers, transporters, customers), SC definitions can differ regarding the described interactions and dependences between actors. A definition is given by [1]:
With this definition, it appears that each company owns an internal SC and participates to another SC. A SC is a succession of activities related to a specific function performed by one or several actors in order to satisfy customer demands. Then, each actor belongs to a global flow, he evolves according to three interactions: his internal tasks, his provider status and his customer status.
A SC exists if at least two companies work together to the production of a particular product or service. If this association is explicitly guided to improve the performance then we describe this as supply chain management, also called SCM.
From a general point of view, the SCM can be defined as the coordination between companies internal and external activities. The goal of this management is to improve the SC performance on long term basis so that each actor of the SC can take benefit of this global management.
The SCM consists of managing the whole organizations involved in the delivery of a final product or service. Its aim is, on one hand, to produce products relying on information received from the customer needs and, on the other hand, to minimize the different supply, production, warehousing and delivery costs. The SCM gathers two parts: the integration of the company along the SC and the coordination between the physical, information and financial flows.
The main objective of the SCM is to improve the competitiveness of companies by minimizing the costs while the quality of service required by the customer is guaranteed.
A good is considered as dangerous when it may present a danger on population, environment or on infrastructure according to its physicochemical properties or because of the reactions it can imply.
Activities involving dangerous goods concern all parts of the world. A global regulation is needed and should be coordinated with local authorities to make laws more reliable and respected. Since the logistics tend to be global, the control should be also global for a better efficiency.
Laws related to the use, the loading, the unloading, the storage, the transportation and the handling of dangerous material differ according to activities, status or modality of transports. Countries rely on international recommendations proposed by the Organization of United Nations to regulate the operation on dangerous goods.
The UN proposes recommendations for the dangerous goods since 1957 and updates periodically its texts. It is a reference which provides the main recommendations related to the dangerous goods notably about the different methods of transport: air, road, railway, canals and sea. A specialized authority is dedicated for each means of transportation, they are the followings:
International Air Transport Association, IATA, is for transport by airplane;
European Agreement concerning the international carriage of Dangerous goods by Road, ADR, manages the European transport of dangerous goods by road;
Regulation concerning the International transport by railway of Dangerous goods, RID, is for the international transport of dangerous goods by railway;
European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways, ADN, manages the international transport on internal canals;
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code, IMDG Code, is for international transportation by water.
Due to the existence of international regulations, countries or groups of countries (the European Union for example) have adapted their laws to harmonize them with the UN model. Thus, country legislations tend to follow the international regulations to make the management of dangerous goods more standard and more visible by a third.
Considering the important number of substances, there is a clear need for dangerous goods classification. Existing classifications of dangerous goods are based on chemical families (acid, alcohol, amide, etc.), chemical reactions (oxidation, reduction, combustion) or also on chemical compositions.
The CLP (Classification, Labelling, Packaging) regulation is relative to the chemical substances imported or commercialized in the European Union. This regulation entered into force in January 2009 and will be totally applied in 2015.
CLP provides a global obligation for all suppliers in the supply chain to cooperate. This cooperation is necessary to make the different suppliers meet the requirements for classification, labelling and packaging.
A new terminology is used, terms of existing regulation are kept whereas news are adopted. The term substance is used to designed hazardous material and the transformation of these substances into a new one is called mixture.
As well, the properties of substances are described according to three properties: physicocochemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological. According to these three criterion, the definition of hazard classes helps to classify a substance. Then, a hazard class defines the nature of a hazard, it can be physical, on health or on the environment.
CLP possesses specific criteria of classifications that are rules that allow associating a substance to a class of hazard or a category in this class. In particular, the classification process is based on the substance concentrations to establish the effects of those substances on the health and the environment.
CLP defines three hazard classes and 28 categories, such as:
16 categories for physical hazards;
10 categories for health hazards;
2 categories for environmental hazards.
For example, the physical hazards regroup explosives, flammable gases, solids, aerosols, liquids. The health hazards are relative to acute toxicity, skin corrosion, irritation and sensitization. The environmental hazards address hazardous to the aquatic environment and hazardous to the ozone layer.
A substance contained in packaging should be labelled according to the CLP rules with the following information (called labelling elements):
the name, address and telephone number of the supplier of the substance;
the quantity of the substance in the packages;
hazard pictograms;
signal word;
hazard statements;
appropriate precautionary statements;
supplemental information.
A substance contained in packaging is labelled according to the CLP rules and contains a set of information such as name of the supplier of the substance, quantity of the substance in the packages or hazard pictograms, see Fig. 1.
The CLP regulation helps then the identification of chemical substances through the supply chain since it provides a standard framework for the classification, the labelling and the packaging of substances.
In the context of logistics the main considered risks are relative to the physical or information flows disruption. The case of a supply chain whose physical flow manages dangerous goods, the risk becomes different and takes another dimension.
Pictograms used in CLP regulation
The Process Safety Management (PSM) defines risk as follows:
According to this definition, several factors make difficult to assess the risk for dangerous goods manipulation. Among these factors, there are the followings:
Because of the diversity of hazards, the chemicals physicochemical properties are different and consequently risks evolve also;
The localization of potential accidents stays uncertain, it is not possible to determine where an accident can occur (warehouse, highways, county roads, local roads, etc.);
The large diversity of causes implies that it is impossible to enumerate all cases and to treat these risks.
Among dangerous goods, products can react when they are in contact. For these reasons, they must be stored in separate places. Strategy of storage consists in avoiding that incompatible products are neighbors. To this end, a first step is needed to identify substances as a function of their potential chemical reactions.
In order to prevent any storage of incompatible chemicals and risk of chemical reaction in case of wrong handling, seggregation strategies are used. As shown in Fig. 2, it exists incompatibilities for storage that is why the maintain of segregation between products constitute a risk assessment strategy to mitigate the risk of chemical reactions.
Once dangerous goods are stored in separate places of a warehouse, other sources of risks remain:
Container falls;
Container damages;
Storage conditions (humidity, heat, cold, light);
Identification of storage compatibilities between dangerous goods. The letter F means inflammable, F+ means very inflammable, T means toxic, Xi means very irritant, means O oxidizing, Xn means noxious, N means polluting and C means corrosive.
Within the framework of scenarios modeling, three different scenarios are built, including causes and effects of accident risks that define a basis for further risk assessment by communicating objects.
The methodology used is the one usually practised in audit or studies of risks and dangers and also in the impact procedures.
The methodology used for scenarios definition aims at characterizing, analyzing, and assessing the risks in warehouse. Those risks can have two different causes: due to logistic exploitation (e.g., shipping, handling, storage), or due to external causes such as flooding, lightning.
This first analysis, find all the regulatory constraints aims to identifying and at recording, through various tools, the potential hazards that may occur in the retailer warehouse and its operating system. The natural and human environment hazards are also analyzed. These steps are intended to identify external attackers at the retailer warehouse.
An analysis of the warehouse neighborhood is conducted in order to identify targets and their vulnerabilities and to characterize the severity of the dangerous phenomena. Equipments that may be impacted (eg. racks, clarks, trucks) due to internal or external logistics processes are also identified.
A rating of hazardous phenomena identified enable to identify major accidents and through a combination of different criteria:
Probability of occurrence of a dangerous phenomenon;
Intensity of these effects;
Vulnerability of the target impacted by these effects.
Following this preliminary risk evaluation, we can discard non significant risk, which are evaluated as low gravity, and probability. Therefore, we perform a detail analysis over the major identified risks.
This rating corresponds to a hierarchy through a matrix (gravity/probability) allow identifying two categories of risk:
risk level is considered generally sufficient;
risk has to be subject to a closer examination.
The warehouse is likely to receive products classified under the heading 1412 UNcode, bottles generating aerosols. The propellant gases contained in these bottles is most of the time of butane or propane under pressure.
In this scenario, we describe the explosion of aerosol (air freshener). It is considered as an inflammable.
The principle of a generating bottle of aerosols is to allow the propulsion of the product (lacquer, deodorant, adhesive, maintenance product,...) out of the bottle thanks to a gas under pressure contained in the bottle. Common bottles have a varying volume from 50 to 500 ml and contain between 30 and 150 G of product plus propellant gas.
The behavior in fire of aerosols generators of depends on one hand nature on propellant gas and on the other hand on the nature of the conditioned liquid. Therefore, if the propellant gas is a flammable gas standard butane or propane, there is a risk of explosion. The bottles are then dispersed by missile effect and can be in their turn a propagator of fire.
In the same way, if the liquids contained are flammable liquids, they will support the fire. The generators of aerosols are thus the subject to specific storage, depending on the nature of the containing products (gas and/or liquid).
Based on the calculating probability scale and the calculation of gravity scale, this scenario occurred and may occur throughout the life of the installations and no person will be impacted.
The method used to assess the effects of an explosion of aerosols in a warehouse is multi-energy model. Explosion cloud formed by the gas contained in a bottle would not reach the thresholds of overpressure. Regardless of the distance to the cloud, a target suffers less than 20 mbar pressure which causes no human and material damage. We consider the explosion of the cloud formed by the simultaneous outbreak of 100 bottles of aerosols, which is extremely unlikely even when taking into account that the bottles are for most made on aluminium.
This scenario develops the consequences of the fire on a truck loaded with pallets, we assume that the truck is loaded exclusively with generic aerosol or fertilizer.
Nitrate-based fertilizers (that do not contain high nitrate content) are not capable of detonation. The ammo-nitrates high or medium dosage, French standards or European are difficult to detonate in the absence of contamination. Furthermore, dust fertilizer containing ammonium nitrate in the air are not combustible and do not present an explosion risk, unlike the dust of grain or organic fuels.
The detonation is possible in some cases:
Contamination of the nitrate high or medium dosage of substances fuel (fuel, oil, plant protection products) or incompatible;
heating of the nitrate high or medium dosage especially if it is contaminated, and maintenance of a containment of the gases emitted by the combustion;
Severe impact of projectile on the product or shock very violent in contact the nitrate.
Based on the calculation probability scale and the calculation of gravity scale, this scenario event thought: occurred and may occur throughout the life of the installations or may unlikely event: something similar already encountered in the sector of activity or this type of organization at the global level, without any possible corrections made since bring a significant reduction in its probability is guarantee and no person will be impacted.
The following scenario develops the consequences of a fire truck loaded with pallets at a unloading dock site. The fire or explosion of aerosols and fertilizer is due to inflammation of a palette (mechanical heating, inflammation, engine, non-compliance with the prohibition of smoking). We left the assumption that a cigarette would be has the origin of the starting point of fire. We leave the principles which another vehicle charged with manure would be been parked on the quay dimensioned. The starting point of fire and the propagation with the truck containing of manure cause effects missile, explosions, and dangerous heat fluxes for the man as well as the toxic dispersion of smoke, of projection has missile effect as well as discharge of water and product polluting for environment.
Accidental discharge is related to the presence of liquid products on site. The spill may trigger the leakage of an important quantity of hazardous liquid. A leakage of hazardous substances can occur due to the fall of one or more pallets of a rack but also due to a weakness in on (or a series) of container (bottle, can). A spill of hazardous substances can have an impact on the environment and on people.
Because of the loss of integrity of a container, a liquid will flow and form a pool of dangerous liquid which mainly function of the topography, the viscosity of the product and quantity.
The multitude of references and stored products do not enable to study exhaustively all dangerous chemical reactions. However, all possible precautions are taken to avoid storing incompatible products in a single cell.
This scenario occurred and may occur throughout the life of the installations and no person will be impacted. We will find a fall of pallet that will provoke liquid spill which is the starting point of fire, projection missiles effect, various explosions and propagation of smoked and gas dangerous for the man and the environment.
According to the nature of fire, it must there have a respect of the means of extinction, in this case of figure it will be impossible to respect this standard, and the means of extinction set up, will cause a pollution of the natural environment.
In this section, we model the scenarios presented previously by UML diagrams to describe the sequential chain of events following an accident. In particular, we are interested in identifying the main damages and consequences of accidents involving dangerous goods.
As we said, the accidents are evaluated by several measures, by the place and by the number of persons within this place. The type of accidents we consider and which can occur during the manipulation of dangerous goods is correlated to the chemical features of those goods. Further, the main effects we consider in our scenarios are the followings:
Release of substances which are toxic to health and to the environment;
Release of thermal energy;
Release of pressure.
The consequences that derive from an accident depend obviously on the type of dangerous goods, the area population, the accident time, the accident place, etc. Here, we are interested in describing the impacts of accidents by scenarios. In particular, we study the consequences of energy release according to the two phenomenons of Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion (UVCE) with the first scenario and the Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) with the second scenario.
Based on the scenario introduced as Scenario 1, we describe how a bomb attack can occur in a warehouse. We propose a first sequence diagram; see Fig. 3, to model this scenario.
Scenario 1: a bomb attack triggered from a stored pallet.
We remark that the bomb is transported from a first place to the final storage place where the bomb attack is triggered. Nevertheless, by considering that terrorism attacks have a probability to miss their targets, we can assume that a remote bomb attack can potentially become a road accident when the bomb explodes at an untimely moment.
We describe by an activity diagram, see Fig. 4, the events following a bomb explosion once it has been stored. The first events are relative to the way that the bomb is susceptible to explode when the trigger is activated; it can burn first before exploding. Once the explosion happens, the shock wave provokes damages on near products and a domino effect starts from the pallet to the rack beams. With time the whole pallets are susceptible to burn and then to explode. The fire and explosions provoke pressure effects and thermal effects which have consequences on persons present in the stock. The damages caused by this bomb attack are measurable by three dimensions: the human, the structure and the merchandises damages. Here the humans damages are relative to the persons working in the warehouse and who have: inhaled gases, been victims of missile effects or building collapses, been burnt. The structure damages regroup the building destructions notably the racks, the traverses and the building structure. The merchandise destructions are easily evaluable and correspond to the pallets implied during the fires and the explosions.
Scenario 1: activity diagram for a bomb attack.
This first scenario describes actually the consequences of a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion, BLEVE. This scenario describes the chain reaction explosion generated from the expansion of inflammable vapors produced by gas substances (previously kept under pressure in a liquid state). The effects that derive from this type of explosion are effects of excess pressure and fire balls projections and provoke damages on people, structures and goods. This type of event entails three main dangers: the shockwave from the explosion, the thermal flow from the fire and the projectiles from the damaged goods.
This scenario involve a set of actors during the loading or the unloading of a truck. Then, the transporter is present and follows the operations while the driver handles pallets between the dock and the stock. This scenario is modeled by a sequence diagram in Fig. 5. The accident occurs in the dock after the driver knocks its cargo against another one on the dock.
Scenario 2: a pallet collapse and a chain reaction on dock.
We describe by an activity diagram, see Fig. 6, the chain of events from this accident. As we see, the collision is the trigger of this scenario and occurs on the dock. The presence of a cigarette increases strongly the accident consequences. The shock provokes the release of gas which concentrates to form a cloud around the dock and the truck. The cigarette provides the spark so that uncontrollable events start. In presence of the cigarette, the released gas provoke thermal and pressure effects. The damages caused by this accident spread on four dimensions: the human, the structure, the merchandises and the environment damages. The human damages are relative to the person evolving around the accident place. Among them, we can cite the transporter, the driver, the person who works near the dock and near the stock. The structure damages implies the dock itself which can be deformed by the explosion, the truck which can burn and also the warehouse building which can suffer from the explosion. The merchandises destroyed are the ones present on the dock or the ones which burnt during the fire. This type of accident provokes the formation of toxic gas clouds which are polluting the environment. Before and after the cloud explodes the mixed gases stay in suspension and moves with the ambient air. It constitutes then environment pollution.
Scenario 2: activity diagram for a pallet collision on dock.
The third scenario describes how a rack failure is susceptible to involve a collapse of pallets and then provoke an accident. The pallets fall over each others contributing to gas emanations and liquid spreads, see Fig. 7.
Scenario 3: rack failure and chain reaction.
We propose an activity diagram to describe the actions, see Fig. 8, leading to an accident. Here, we don’t use any aggravating facts and we consider that the gas emanation and liquid spreads stay stable and don’t provoke yet any explosions. Nevertheless, this unstable situation represents a danger for different reasons. Thus, the gas emanations are toxic for the persons working in the warehouse and the different pallet collapses and rack damages constitute structure and goods damages.
Scenario 3: activity diagram for a rack failure.
Over the past few years, communicating objects have become a new emergent solution to secure the international trade by providing tracking tools [2–4] and environmental monitoring [5, 6]. Then, tracking tools provide geolocation solutions that can be used to detect any risks inherent to goods location. environmental geolocation gives the possibility of detecting any "unusual" or "dangerous" environmental conditions such as high temperature or incorrect constraints.
In this chapter, a SCM approach that exploits RFID tags and wireless sensors is presented. The studied supply chain manipulates chemical substances that represent potentially hazard for persons and environment. The developed approach integrates constraints from existing regulations and complies with them to finally propose a dynamic risk assessment.
The studied supply chain involve different actors that manipulate chemical substances:
Chemicals providers are located in Asia. They prepare pallets by loading chemicals on communicating pallets and organize the container loadings in the Shanghai harbour;
Transporter by road or by ship, transport containers and deliver them in Le Havre port or to the retailer warehouse;
Retailer in France for big-box stores. This actor organizes the pallet storages. Operators unload containers to store pallets in racks, load pallets in containers and finally send them to the downstream supply chain actor.
Customers, they are big-box stores around Paris. They receive containers, unload them and transfer chemicals from communicating pallets into common ones and send back them to the pallet-provider.
The communicating objects are integrated at the pallet level. The cost is shared by the different actors and the programming of communicating objects is realized by an upstream actor: the pallet-provider. This last is responsible of writing information in RFID tags and initializing wireless sensors.
A basic RFID system contains three elements; a tag, a reader and a middleware. A tag is mainly formed by a microchip attached to an antenna. An RFID tag is read when it receives radio signals from the reader and sends data back to the reader. The reading and writing process between the tag reader and the RFID tag can be realized from centimeters up to meters depending on the system characteristics.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSANs) refer to a group of sensors linked by a wireless medium to carry out phenomenon sensing and acting in consequence. The devices deployed in the environment are considered as nodes. Nodes are sensors whose main features are: low-space, low-cost and low-power, they are able to collect environmental data.
The proposed risk assessment is based on the chemicals physicochemical properties. Depending on these properties, the substances are classified to a specific class of hazard according to the CLP regulation. From this classification, constraints are deduced and must be respected all along the supply chain. Then, chemicals evolve in an environment that defines their "context". The combination of the identified constraints and the environment of chemicals are the source of risks, see Fig. 9. The deployment of communicating objects for a dynamic risk assessment allows monitoring in real-time pallet environments.
Risk assessment description. The risk assessment is based on classification and activities that define constraints to be respected along the supply chain.
Different sensors are associated to form a cluster of sensors able to monitor a set of constraints. Sensors send data to a centralized software that translates them into accident risks in case of unusual values. By this way, the software is able to send alert messages to supply actors that are currently responsible of goods so that they can intervene on goods.
The accident risks treated by the software are associated to sensors, they are the following:
Overheating (temperature sensor);
Pallet squashing (pressure sensor);
Pallet overturn (stability sensor);
Pallet lost (gps sensor);
Gas release (gas sensor);
Fluid leak (fluid sensor);
Solid product dumping;
Humidity constraint (humidity sensor);
Incompatible product (RFID tag).
In the first scenario, the events occur at dock where the truck is stowed and a forklift driver is unloading pallet and put them on the dock before storing them further on rack. The dangerous goods considered are aerosols and are commercialized as air fresheners.
Sensors present on pallets send periodically their data to the software. A terrorist triggers a bomb explosion (remote activation by mobile phone for example) from a pallet that is still on the truck cargo. Different events occur from this explosion: thermal and smoke emanation, release of toxic gases and missile effects. Pallets in the container and on the dock will be damaged by the blast wave, the main consequence on goods is the loss of aerosols containment. Consequences are expected on environment, on warehouse workers and on warehouse building structure.
As soon as the explosion occurred, sensors present on pallets that suffer from the bomb consequences will immediately be damaged and will not emit anymore whereas sensors present on dock will emit only few seconds before being destroyed by fire. The software that collects data will receive unusual values such as increasing heat and gas pressure and in consequence will sends an alert message to the warehouse manager. This last is responsible of the security maintain and will understand that an accident occurred on a dock. He will then deploy emergency procedures and will be helped by the software that provide strategic information with the alert messages. The software will send information about the pallet whose sensors are broken, the CLP designation of goods present on these pallets will be sent. By this way, the retailer manager will know exactly what the involved goods are, he will adapt emergency procedures as a function of physicochemical properties of goods.
In the second scenario, the context and the assumptions are the same than the first one: the action takes place on the stow where the truck is being unloaded by an operator. Goods considered are housekeeping products, they are flammable liquids. An handling error such as a pallet is poorly loaded and taken by the forklift driver with a slight offset provokes a collision between the handled pallet and others already unloaded on the dock. This collision provokes a liquid leakage on the dock and a trigger event like a spark or an electrical arc created by a cell phone provokes a fire.
This accident is treated by the same way than the scenario 1. The pallet collision and collapse on dock correspond to unusual stability values. The software sends an alert message to the warehouse manager who will be able to locate the place where the accident occurred and will coordinate the emergency services relying on qualitative and quantitative information about chemicals involved in the accident.
The scenario 3 takes place in the warehouse storage area and involves operator, pallets and racks. During operator movements, we assume that the rack structure can be damaged by forklift collisions and the accumulations of such shocks can potentially provoke rack damage that can lead to the rack destruction due to the supported pallet weights.
The detection of a collision between a forklift and a rack can be detected relying on the stability sensor values transmitted by sensors. If more than four pallet have their stability values modified between 20% and 40%, the software translates this situation into "rack stability" alert and sends it to the retailer manager. From this alert, the retailer manager will trigger emergency procedures to check the involved rack. Then, the software provides different information relative to pallets whose stabilities have evolved, these information are exploited by the retailer manager to locate them using his internal WMS (Warehouse Management Software). Then, if the pallets whose stabilities have evolved are neighbours and located near the rack structure, an internal alert of "rack collision" is emitted and the forklift drivers that operate in the cell are convoked for a further debriefing.
In the scenario 4, we assume that forklift drivers move in the stock area when a forklift loses its cargo that fails. Stability values transmitted by sensors of this pallet will trigger a "pallet fail" by the software. The software provide also gps location of the involved pallet but this information cannot be exploited by the warehouse manager because none mapping exists between the geolocation and the location in the storage area. For that reason, an internal alarm is triggered in the corresponding cell to inform forklift drivers about a pallet fallen but none other accurate information are available.
In the global context of supply chain management, the three common flows of goods, information and physical are subject to modelling regarding optimization concerns. Risk studies allow identifying logistics missions that may represent danger on persons, environment and goods. Scenarios are then extracted to describe risk management strategies and then improving emergency procedures.
In this chapter, three scenarios are developed to answer specific events, located in quite precise places and representing real risks. The chosen scenarios presented three types of accidents:
the creation of an explosive area resulting from a leak of aerosol;
a departure of fire from a truck stowed;
a breakdown of racks causing a toxic mix dangerous goods;
In the presented scenarios, only the product concept and application of procedures and risk prevention differ. It is the analysis of risks, its causes and its impacts which will enable to set up one of the mechanisms of detection and prevention.
The integration of communicating objects such as RFID tags and wireless sensors offer new features for a dynamic risk assessment. Sensors are then used for accident risk detections, collected data are transmitted to a centralized software that is able to compare them with confidence intervals and in case of mismatches alerts are sent. Then, communicating objects are used to risk detection and also to risk mitigation. Risk mitigation consists in providing strategic information (involved goods, their quality and quantities, accident place, etc.) to emergency services that can then plan and adapt their intervention.
User Experience [UX] and User Interface [UI] are major components of any modern software application where interaction with a human is required. While the term UI historically referred to the basic elements that provide input-output functionality [1], such as keyboards, line-printers and visual display units, today, it has broadened to also encompasses elements of visual design including layouts, kinds of prompts/dialog-boxes, fonts/language of text as well as the use of colours and images. There are already voice activated smart or intelligent systems and platforms where the user interface is completely based on audible speech or sound for both input and output.
The UX has been viewed as distinct from the UI and refers to the perception by end-users of the attractiveness and suitability of the software for its intended purpose. In most cases, measurable UX is based on an overall aggregation of both non-abstract and abstract quantities that also include the UI, software functionality and even its response speed. Today, the UX is of paramount importance for any software or (tool) that require user interactions.
Mixed Reality (MR) environments combine both real and virtual (e.g computer generated) objects for presentation within single displays. MR environments have been classified based on the ratio of real to virtual objects within it. Completely virtual reality (VR) environments exists at one end of the continuum while completely real, or physical environments are at the opposite end. In between both ends, the continuum defines arbitrary combinations of both real and virtual objects. When there are more virtual elements than real ones, the environment is classified as Augmented Virtuality (AV) while when there are more real objects than virtual ones, it is known as Augmented Reality (AR) [2].
The AR, AV and VR mixed reality environments can be implemented or displayed using a wide variety of hardware devices that include projectors, visual display units or monitors as well as large wall-sized displays or specialized head mounted displays [3]. This work, however focuses on the display and use of these MR environments on mobile devices, where mobile devices are limited to portable consumer grade ICT devices such as smart-phones/tablets and their associated peripherals such as head or chest mounting units, glasses and watches. That is, we focus on commodity mobile devices such as smart-phones and tablets not including portable or custom (expensive) hardware and equipment [4].
The evolution of UI and UX in MR environments has been heavily influenced by available technology. For example, the MR applications in the 1960s were limited to using wire-frame displays [5]. UX is of particular interest to MR environments as they can easily combine the advantages of both virtual-environments and seamless collaboration [6].
This rest of this chapter provides some background literature review pertinent to the evolution of UI and UX in mobile MR environments, UI/UX frameworks, the unique challenges of the mobile MR environments.
Figure 1 presents a redrawing of the Reality Virtuality (RV) continuum first proposed by Milgram and Kishino.
Redrawn RV contimuum.
This RV continuum was formulated on a 3-dimensional (3D) taxonomy that incorporated the Extent of real-World Knowledge (EWK), Reproduction Fidelity (RF) and the Extent of Presence Metaphor (EPM) [7]. All of which are fundamental to both UI and UX, that is, increasing EWK translates to a better ability to modelling the real-world (which leads to better UI). Similarly, with increasing RF, real and virtual content becomes more and more indistinguishable (which could to a better UX), and with increasing EPM users’ interactions become more natural or better aligned with real environments (which suggests better UX) [8].
Skarbez et al argue that this RV continuum is limited as it describes content only in relation to realism and therefore lacks coherence in the end users’ experience or UX [8]. They state that the “mediating” technology, content conveyed, and resulting impact must be considered together to adequately describe MR experiences”. Equally pertinent is that the RV continuum was formulated explicitly on visual experiences and visual hardware. Due to rapid advances in hardware and software MR environments are no longer confined to just visually synthesized displays alone but now include experiences that facilitate not only haptic and auditory experiences, with at least exploratory iterations in computer-generated stimuli for all the exteroceptive senses, and it is through interactions with the 5 exteroceptive senses (sight, sound, touch, smell and taste) that users experience MR environments [8].
Despite this limitation, the RV continuum remains a relevant framework for MR research and development today. Indeed for modern applications, there is a need to evolve from more passive or traditional modes of HCI to UI that facilitate multi-sensorial modalities allowing for interactions in virtual worlds, where an interaction modality can be defined as a tangible communication mode [9]. Computer UI aim to enhance interactions with computing systems through various interfaces. Historically UI have evolved from batch interface (punched cards) to command-line user interface, graphical user interface (GUI), web-based user interface (WUI), a subclass of GUI, and recently to touch screens that accept inputs at the touch of a stylus or finger [10], Further evolutions in UI can be classified under the broad category of Post-WIMP UI [11, 12, 13], or next generation user interfaces [2]. Such UI employ a variety of novel interaction devices and techniques targeting multi-platform and multi-modal UI that have evolved to address user interactions and experiences in 3-D MR environments, including VR and AR [14], with a need for greater responsiveness, immediacy in feedback and realism within immersive 3-D environments. Examples of NGUI include tangible user interface (TUI), organic user interface OUI, reality-based interface (RBI) and smart material interface (SMI) [15].
Traditional UI were predicated on the narrow scope of usability, where cognitive load was reduced, as opposed to users’ overall experiences [16]. An early paradigmatic model, that is still ubiquitous, is the window, icon, menu, pointer (WIMP) GUI, facilitated by the introduction of the point and click mouse. The WIMP GUI model developed in the 1980s using interfaces from the computer-as-tool paradigm where a 2-dimensional workspace is presented with direct manipulation of objects in a serial nature [17]. Although the WIMP GUI was adapted and popularised by Macintosh in the 1980’s it is still the most dominant type of GUI in modern desktop computers [11]. Reasons for the ubiquity of this GUI include its’ effectiveness in facilitating common office tasks [11]. Other advantages are its ease of use due in part to exploitation of muscle memory and image recognition and commonality across applications with widespread accessibility for a range of users, facilitating the creation of a de facto standard [12]. With the introduction of WIMP interactions with computing hit the mainstream. Before this time van Dam [13] argues that there were two previous generations of user interfaces, placing WIMP in the third generation of UI. UI at this time were optimised to the available hardware, although it is argued that the first generation in the 1950s and 1960s were not UI in the strict sense as there was no interaction with users per se as computers were used in batch mode with punched-card inputs and line-printer output. Between the 1960s and 1980s van Dam [13] highlights the evolution of the second generation of UI, in which for the first-time users could interact with computing systems by typing in parameter defined commands on mechanical alphanumeric displays using timesharing on mainframes and microcomputers. Such systems were founded on operating systems such as DOS and UNIX, with command line shells and device drivers. In the DOS OS the device driver has responsibility for input/output operations, and uses blocks, with their own address, to store information [18] in disks. In this way the user controls all system software through the DOS UI that allows for graphical displays on the monitor. DOS was a forerunner to the GUI and is a command line interface (CLI) system. Key considerations of earlier iterations of UI were responsiveness and immediate feedback to user inputs, increasing functionality through human computer interactions [HCI], where functionality was the key paradigm However WIMP UI have several limitations. As the complexity increases, with additional icons and widgets added, the UI becomes more cumbersome and harder to use, with the serialised nature of the interface separating the user from the perceptions of real time working [11] and preventing parallel inputting [19]. In addition, the UI is predicated on a 2-D paradigm, with 2-D input devices and desktop metaphor and do not innately transpose into 3-D environments [11]. Such limitations have become more pronounced. Evolutions in processing and graphical processors, leading to advancements in software and hardware and iterations in designing and development of more appropriate UI have taken place, with developments in gaming having a major input. With the increasingly widespread proliferation of gaming – from handheld to desktop and online collaborative platforms utilising immersive 3-D worlds, HCI had to evolve in which the overall concept of UX became more of a consideration. As Bonnardel [20] argues as UI evolve in response to e.g., games and 3-D environments novel techniques must be used that are future focused. Equally as importantly such UI need to go beyond functionality and elicit feelings of fun and enjoyments for users [21], highlighting the significance of the overall UX, which is enhanced through increased emotional investment, or affective perceptions [22, 23, 24]. As Tractinsky et al. [23] report correlations exist between users’ perceptions of the aesthetics of the HCI system and its usability. Jakubowski [25] sums this up when stating that the most important aspect of HCI is the influence of a good UX experience on the user productivity. McCarthy and Wright [26] define UX as a qualitative experience while interacting with products. The logical argument being that as users’ qualitative experiences increase, through more immersive, multi-modal and realistic UI, HCI improve, whether they be purely functional, for enjoyment or for educational purposes. Early gaming experience, such as Pong and Space Invaders came to the forefront in the 1970s. As Sahay et al. [27] report, although these early gaming iterations, like all games have the ability to engage people, due to a lack of processing power for example, they lacked features, such as shading, texture, realism and dimensionality, with unattractive and unrealistic graphics. With improvements in software and hardware not only has gaming made huge strides with graphics becoming more realistic, but modern gaming also now incorporates artificial intelligence (AI), Evolutionary advances in portability, range of consoles, including mobile, and network-based gaming [27] has culminated in modern online games, with more responsive controllers that take place in virtual environments with the ability to compete against remote opponents [28]. This in turn has increased the appeal of gaming through immersion. As Jennett et al [28] argue not only does immersion transcend the idea of flow, cognitive absorption [CA] and presence, it is a measure of engagement, engrossment and total immersion, as also reported by Brown and Cairns [29]. Csikszentmihalyi [30] argues that flow happens when individuals are completely engrossed in an activity to the detriment of other things. Thus, the concept of immersion involves losing track of time and cognisance of the real world, involvement and becoming lost in the game, or virtual environment, and is dependent on a good gaming experiences [28]. Thus, the overall UX is enhanced, mediated through more intuitive, interactive, realistic, multi-modal and responsive UI. As Brown and Cairns [29] state “engagement, and therefore enjoyment through immersion, is not possible if there are usability and control problems. Essentially there needs to be an invisibility of the controls for total immersion to take place.” In other words, for enhanced UX, UI need to evolve to become unobtrusive, intuitive to use and multi-sensorial, so that UI are subsumed within the interactive experience. Such advances in UI and increased UX are also apposite to interactions with MR environments.
Although most applications still try to cope with a WIMP-style user interface and two-dimensional input, devices with multiple degrees of freedom are still rare [11]. However with the growth in 3-D applications and MR environments UI are evolving to meet the needs of users interacting with such environments. The overriding difference is that in MR environments the UI has to shift away from virtual interfaces designed to mediate interactions with computer systems to interfaces that combine both real and virtual environments and objects, dispersed at any point along the MR continuum. The ultimate aim is seamless interaction in the same environment. In this way UI in MR environments need to be able to integrate with a real environment where static and dynamic information streams are combined at runtime [2]. Billinghurst et al. [31] sum this up when stating that “AR interfaces are designed to enhance interactions in the real world.” UI designed to work within 3 dimensions contain greater complexity and need to be multi-modal and sensorial in nature. They require more degrees of freedom (DOF) and greater user efficiency due to the greater number of non-serial tasks, involving parallelism [11]. Additionally, due to the wide range of MR environments and possible applications more interactions between users and the environments are needed and a wider range of UI are needed. As Bowman et al. [32] state performance of UI in such environments is task and environment dependent with specific UI, targeted at displays that may be fully immersive or semi-immersive, being needed. Such UI are dependent on ergonomics and the target device with input/ output interactions in MR interfaces trending towards increasing naturalness becoming more intuitive and seamless. Complexities in UI applicable to MR and 3-D environments are due to several factors. These include the range of applicable input devices, which may be discrete, continuous or a hybrid of both, alongside the navigational options potentially available, ranging from more general exploration of such environments to searching for specific locations as well as more precise manoeuvring [32]. In addition, interfaces in such environments need to allow for the ability to interact with, and manipulate, objects in such environments. This can involve zooming and rotation with direct user control, physical control and/or virtual control [33]. One central feature of MR UI is the integration with a real environment. The application requires information about objects and spaces, whose geometry and behavior is not under the control of the designer but must be acquired from the real environment. Real objects can be subject to real-world manipulation [e.g., in a maintenance task] or external forces. Therefore, it must be possible to track state changes in the environment. In practice the “real world” model of a mixed reality application often consists of a combination of static information [e.g., geometry of the environment that is assumed to be fixed] and dynamic information [e.g. position and orientation information for the user and central objects] that is acquired by sensors at runtime. Sherman and Craig [33] describe direct user control as mimicking real world interaction, physical control that uses real devices and virtual control using virtual devices [11]. All these factors point to the fact that UI applicable to MR environments, unlike WIMP interfaces, need high bandwidth as well as efficient processors. In addition, continuous sampling and processing, probabilistic decoding and recognition that can unify input from parallel channels through multi-modal interfaces are needed [12]. As Van Dam [12] describes UI in MR environments need to facilitate body part tracking, gesture and speech recognition as well as haptic force input and feedback devices. Sub-subsections can also be used throughout the manuscript.
Due to the small screen size, lack of memory, low to moderate processing power, smaller and fewer buttons and limited battery power, alongside the array of sensors, UI for mobile devices have numerous constraints, which can affect overall levels of UX. Subramanya and Li [33] classify these types of constraints as device related constraints with user related constraints including limited attention spans affected by mobility, change in locations and contexts and users’ idiosyncrasies. Chong et al. [34] argue the UI and mobile device size are one of the most significant factors in mobile device design and report on the use of a single-layer touch screen UI as opposed to the more conventional multi-layer UI, with promising results in increasing overall UX. The use of low-level computer languages, termed code optimization [34] also helps in reducing strains on available memory, as does the use of touchscreen UI, as opposed to mouse based and command-based UI topologies. This use of low-level language and single-layer UI can potentially overcome issues due to the noted complexities involved in developing applications and UI across various mobile platforms. Such mobile platforms can be incompatible, alongside the variety of programming languages and hardware differences as reported in [35]. Touchscreen UI obviate the need for physical keyboards, thereby maximising available screen sizes whilst at the same time increasing mobility with concomitant reductions in device sizes, as argued in [34]. Touchscreen UI are also aesthetically more pleasing and intuitive to use, thereby potentially facilitating increased UX. As Dunlop and Brewer [36] report with the increasing proliferation and popularity of mobile devices issues of widening access to powerful computing services and resources through the UI need to be overcome when designing UI with good UX. In addition, alongside the small visual displays mobile devices have had poor interaction facilities, including audio and limited input/output (I/O) [36] which create challenges posed by mobile device UI, which are exacerbated by network access issues. However, with advances in mobile device software and hardware leading to increased performance, effective UI designs have and are being proposed and developed. As Choi [37] report such UI can be classified into hardware and vision based, with vision-based UI receiving more focus due to not needing extra technical equipment or physical sensors. Such extra equipment may be inconvenient and relatively inaccurate [37], potentially leading to less well perceived UX due to the need to interact with additional layers, increasing the complexity of the HCI.
Skarbez et al. [8] have suggested or proposed a revised RV continumm as shown in Figure 2, based on the idea that MR environments do not affect the interoceptive senses, can be termed as “external” MR environments. It is only when technology can also stimulate internal senses that virtual environments can be separate from the MR continuum, This revised continuum introduces a discontinuity within VR environments. That is, External Virtual Reality (EVR) environments, next to AV environments and the discontinuity before a ‘Matrix-like’ VR environment at the extremity. This allows the continuum to take cognisance of VR environments that focus on stimulations of the interoceptive senses, while external virtual reality environments are remain MR environments. Note, in the revised RV continuum, the EVR is equivalent to the “Virtual Environment” extremity in Figure 1 and is still part of the MR environment.
Revised RV contimuum.
Skarbez et al consider any form of technology-mediated reality as MR [8]. This is comprehensible when mediated reality encompasses users’ interactions with the world around them, through the use of technology as an extension of users’ minds and bodies [38]. Such arguments expand on MR experiences as going beyond just visual interactions [7]. This is implicit when Paradiso and Landay [38] define extended reality (XR) as a MR environment that involves the union between sensor/actuator networks and shared online virtual worlds. To take account of the interaction between sensor networks and virtual worlds and how a user experiences them, Skarbez et al have re-defined MR as an environment “in which real world and virtual world objects and stimuli are presented together within a single percept,” where different senses, not just sight, may be affected.
As van Dam [12] argues evolutions in UI need to match human perceptual, cognitive, manipulative and social abilities. At the same time interactions need to be as seamless and natural as possible, thereby increasing overall UX. What these evolutionary advancements perhaps highlight, concomitant with advancements in gaming and 3-D MR environments, is that an overall paradigm shift has, and is occurring, from UI that can be viewed as purely functional and non-interactive, such as line printers and earlier iterations of Visual Display Units (VDU) to Graphics Processing Units (GPU) and onto more encompassing, immersive and interactive UI, in which UX is of greater importance. In simple terms non-interactive and more functional UI, that may not have such a high degree of UX, involve using and displaying texts and images as labels, that provide contextual information about objects, images etc., In contract interactive UI, where UX is more of an important paradigm, include buttons, toggles, sliders and other components that facilitate interactions with UI tools, such as icons on touch screens. Evolutionary UI inputs have been aimed at increasing productivity and efficiency through increased interaction, starting with the mouse developed by Douglas Engelbart in 1964. The mouse allowed for greater computer screen interaction in 2-D worlds. Since then, to input UI devices have evolved from the mouse, in line with advancements in gaming and 3-D MR environments, in which improvements in UX are paramount, to include game controllers, motion controllers, hand tracking devices to the Litho controller in 2018 [39]. According to Hillman [39] the Litho controller is an innovative solution that may be able to address shortcomings in hand input or traditional controllers helping with hand fatigue and increasing haptic feedback.
The beginnings of HCI in the late 1950s and early 1960s involved “batch processing” in which programs and data were read from cards or tape (paper or magnetic) until termination with a printed output, via line printers. VDUs superseded such operations, which were still restricted to scrolling commands and responses one line at a time [40]. Research carried out by Ivan Sutherland in the early 1960s led to the development of more powerful computing systems and graphics, with developments in GPU, or graphics cards, as well as developments and evolution in object-oriented programming concepts [41]. Object oriented programming is the fundamental paradigm in the C# computer programming language and focuses on data objects instead of functions and logic, as well as providing the inspiration for the development of Object-Oriented User Experience (OOUX), that classifies objects that users interact with first, before assigning actions to such objects [41]. This seems particularly apposite for MR environments and UI. As Hillman [41] argues OOUX allows for better interaction with spatial 3-D worlds. GPU developments have facilitated accelerations in graphical rendering with many pieces of data being processed simultaneously, leading to more powerful and faster computers. Such evolutionary developments led to the creation of the Xerox Alto in 1973. Although too expensive for widespread use, the Alto supported the use of GUI, as opposed to prototypes [42], as well as being the precursor for evolutionary advancements in gaming and ultimately developments in 3-D immersive MR environments. The emergence of GUI was seen as a disruptive revolution in HCI, being more advantageous and attractive in the early iterations to new users. It was not until 1985, with the release of the Apple Mac, that GUI started to be seen as being successful, and even more importantly with the successful release of Windows 3.0 in 1990 were GUI more widely accepted by government agencies and businesses who controlled research funding [40]. Also, during the late 1960s the first computer aided design [CAD] systems were promulgated with the development of 2-D and 3-D wireframe graphics, with all CAD systems now being based on a windows – menu interface with 3-D models [43]. Wireframe graphics map models, images and objects in 3-D, comprising vertices and edges [44] using triaxial [x,y,z] cartesian coordinates, where the z coordinate represents the height. Wireframe graphics allow for simplicity in presentation and flexibility in the use of colour [45]. Vertices are a collection of the 3-D coordinates connected together into triangles which can contain information such as colours, textures and directions [46], which are displayed through rendering and shading. Evolutions and developments in rendering and shading have further enhanced graphics and GUI. Rendering is the process of generating images and shaders are programmes that take meshes and textures etc. as inputs to generate the outputted image [47]. Figure 3 illustrates how rendering works in Unity.
The rendering workflow.
Numerous frameworks have been proposed for designing and developing UI taking into account UX. Indeed, with the advent of immersive 3-D MR environments and their concomitant UI, in which UX is an increasingly more important concept, UX has in many cases subsumed UI as part of the design process and framework. In this way a more holistic approach can be taken in which UI and UX are combined into one paradigm, which for the sake of this paper can be termed user experienced interface [UXI]. As Hassenzahl and Tractinsky [48] argue, overall UX is influenced by end users’ internal states, including predispositions, expectations, needs, motivations and emotions; as well as the characteristics of the designed interface, including complexity, purpose, usability and functionality, and; the context within which the interaction occurs, be it the organisational or social setting and meaningfulness of the activity.
The design of the interface, or system, can be conflated with UI, whereas the context in which the interaction occurs can be conflated with immersive experiences in 3-D MR environments, whether that involves mobile devices or not, all encompassed within the overarching UX paradigm. Going a step further Hassenzahl [49] put forward a model for UX design in which users perceive interactions with products in two dimensions: hedonism and pragmatism. The hedonic aspect refers to the users’ interactive experiences and the ability of the system to support what has been termed “be-goals, which correlate more to the enjoyability, and emotions involved with interaction. In contrast the pragmatic aspect refers to the perceived ability of users’ interactions with the system to support “do-goals,” which correlate more to functionality and efficiency domains.
Hillman [39] argues in favour of the importance of frameworks for designing and deploying UX, in regard to MR, or XR, environments and applications. Such frameworks can be enhanced by incorporating integrated development environments [IDE] with built in presets that allow for faster prototyping and iterations. One such appropriate IDE is the Unity 3-D game engine which provides opportunities for developing UX for MR environments. Unity is a software framework, that provides a set of tools for “developers around the world to create rich, interactive, 2-D, 3-D, VR and AR experiences” (Unity public relations fact page, n.d.), negating the need for the construction of virtual spaces from the ground up [50]. Examples of preset built in core functionality includes the AR Foundation package which provides presets and plugins to enable development of immersive AR applications, to mobile devices [both Android and Apple], as well as web based and wearables. This is especially true when having to deal with mobile device considerations, which have been outlined in Section 2.3.
Other important considerations in UX design include the interaction between user needs, whether that is private enterprise or public organisations, and business goals along with the fundamentals, of end users wants and needs, ideation, prototyping, testing and implementation, with iteration [39]. Figure 4 illustrates this principle.
The UX design process.
By evaluating end users’ needs and wants the useability, usefulness and desirability of the UX in MR can be determine. Hillman [39] classifies this as the trinity of UX design and is illustrated in Figure 5.
The Trinity of UX.
To arrive at this trinity and design UX effectively and efficiently it would therefore seem that collaboration with end users is another key facet of any framework, much like the incorporation of an IDE, such as Unity. By doing this a modified UXI framework built on foundations outlined by Hillman’s UX design proces is proposed. This is illustrated in Figure 6.
UXI framework.
In this framework aimed at MR applications, UI and UX are merged into one holistic paradigm: UXI. In the consultation phase a collaborative approach is needed to ascertain end users’ needs and wants, be the desired goal an AR education app or a VR app aimed at private enterprise, alongside usability, more specifically ease of use. This leads to the ideation phase in which the development of MR application will take place using the Unity IDE, with built in packages aimed at the development of MR immersive environments. One such example is the AR Foundations package, which contains monobehaviours for such things as planar surface detection; point clouds; reference points: arbitrary positions and orientations that devices track; light estimation: estimates for average colour temperature and brightness in physical spaces, and world tracking: tracking the device’s position and orientation in physical spaces [51]. Post development, deployment of the MR UXI will take place, after which feedback will be a key factor leading to iteration and continual deployment, with or without changes.
The advances in computing and HCI have led to changes in how humans use and interact with computers and other devices, through evolutionary developments in UI and UX. Latterly mobile devices, such as tablets and especially smart phones have become widespread in their proliferation and use. Such mobile devices now have many of the capabilities of larger computers and laptops, albeit with limitations, such as lack of memory, power and smaller screen sizes. Due to advancements in mobile devices such evolutions in UI and UX have been even more pronounced, leading to the blurring between UI and UX, which can no longer be viewed as discrete and separate. UI have been subsumed into overall concepts of UX and frameworks for development and deployment. This is even more pertinent with the advent of MR 3-D immersive environments and how users interact with them. This occurs in a variety of contexts, with interactions occurring more and more on mobile devices. This paper discussed evolutions in UI and UX and how they merged into UXI and proposed a framework for the development of MR UXI, applicable to mobile devices, as well as other devices in general. The next steps are to use this framework in the development of a MR environment UXI for mobile devices and analyse the results.
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Extreme weather conditions and changes in humidity rates significantly affect the concrete compressive strength development. Concrete as one of the substantial material used in residential buildings and infrastructures is subjected to a massive strength change under extreme weather conditions. For understanding, the different concrete’s behavioral aspects, various commercial cement types under different temperatures, and humidity rates are investigated in this chapter. The experiments are aimed to investigate the concrete strength development over time when the material is cast at lower to mild temperatures and different humidity index rates. Results show that reducing the curing temperature more than 15° could result in 20% reduction in total compressive strength, while decreasing humidity rates by 50% leads to less than 10% drop in ultimate strength. To understand the strength developing process, maturity tests are conducted. It is shown that concrete is not able to reach to the expected ultimate strength if the temperature is significantly low regardless of curing time. The effect of temperature change during the curing process is more tangible on strength development compared to cement type and humidity rate values.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Alireza Farzampour",authors:null},{id:"51720",doi:"10.5772/64574",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4840,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"51861",doi:"10.5772/64779",title:"Concretes with Photocatalytic Activity",slug:"concretes-with-photocatalytic-activity",totalDownloads:2832,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This chapter is a short review about the modified concretes with photocatalytic activity. In the beginning, the photocatalysis process is explained; the authors are focused on the mechanism of organic contamination and nitrogen oxide decomposition. Next the three main methods for concretes modification are presented: the first group is when the concrete is covered by thin layer of TiO2 materials, e.g., paints or TiO2 suspensions. The second group is the concretes with thick layer of photoactive concrete on the top. The third group constitutes concretes modified in mass with TiO2. The two main methods for photocatalytic activity of the modified concrete determination were shown: an air purification by a nitrogen oxide decomposition and the self-cleaning properties by dyes decomposition. Also in this chapter the mechanical properties of the modified concrete are presented. In the end, the examples of the buildings made of photocatalytic concretes are shown.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Magdalena Janus and Kamila Zając",authors:[{id:"180824",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}]},{id:"51409",doi:"10.5772/64386",title:"Application of Polypropylene Fibrillated Fibres for Reinforcement of Concrete and Cement Mortars",slug:"application-of-polypropylene-fibrillated-fibres-for-reinforcement-of-concrete-and-cement-mortars",totalDownloads:2423,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Polypropylene fibres have been applied for reinforcement of cement mortars and concrete for many years. The fibres restrict crack propagation and positively affect several concrete parameters. To improve the adhesion of polypropylene to cement matrix, geometrically deformed or modified fibres are commonly used. Good results are obtained by application of fibrillated fibres with the net-like structure obtained from the polypropylene types. The fibrillated polypropylene fibres were produced. The fibres were chopped to specified lengths and used for the reinforcement of concrete and cement mortars. The parameters of fresh concrete and mechanical parameters of reinforced concrete and mortar were determined. It was stated that the fibres do not affect the compressive strength of the reinforced concrete and mortar. The beneficial effect of fibres on the compressive strength of concrete is revealed after freezing and thawing cycles. The fibres influence the bending strength of the mortars. For mortars reinforced with fibrillated fibres a significant increase in the bending strength is observed. The increase in the bending strength results from enhanced interfacial adhesion and mechanical anchoring, which results from opening of the network structure and splitting of fibrillated fibres.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Jan Broda",authors:[{id:"104226",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Broda",slug:"jan-broda",fullName:"Jan Broda"}]},{id:"68188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88057",title:"Compressive Strength of Lightweight Concrete",slug:"compressive-strength-of-lightweight-concrete",totalDownloads:1713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter has been prepared with the hope that its readers will become interested in lightweight concrete (LWC). Therefore, after a brief background of lightweight concrete, different types of LWC will be introduced and then LWC made of lightweight aggregates (LWA) will be specifically discussed. Compressive strength and density of LWC are the main points of interest in this chapter. In addition to conventional compression test, a nondestructive test (NDT) method will be used to assess the compressive strength of a variety of lightweight concrete mixes. A case study has been designed and conducted including an experimental program on the LWC made of expanded glass aggregate. The experimental program includes about 150 specimens, incorporating different unit weight for the entire specimens. In the end, it can be observed that the properties of LWC depend on the properties of the used LWA, and therefore for each specific type of lightweight aggregate, a brand new equation will be required for prediction of concrete compressive strength. The author hopes that the present chapter and the discussed case study on LWC would attract the attention of researchers to the importance of LWC in the future of construction industry.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Saman Hedjazi",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51720",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4841,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"70930",title:"The Influence of Interfacial Transition Zone on Strength of Alkali-Activated Concrete",slug:"the-influence-of-interfacial-transition-zone-on-strength-of-alkali-activated-concrete",totalDownloads:900,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"A process of structure formation taking place in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) “cement stone-aggregate” was studied on a variety of concretes made with artificial and real aggregates. The study of these processes in the case of artificial aggregate prepared from a mixture of clay loam and alkali-activated slag cement showed that not only active SiO2 and Na2O but also other substances of both cement and aggregate are involved in the formation of the ITZ. This results in the formation of alkaline and alkaline-alkali-earth aluminosilicate hydrates which strengthen the ITZ and improve strength and durability of the concrete. Thus, the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) transforms from a destructive one (negative effect) into a constructive one (positive effect). The study on the ITZ in the alkali-activated cement concretes made with real alkali-susceptible aggregates selected from crushed basalt rock, glassy waste product from basalt fiber production, crushed perlite rock, and expanded perlite suggested to make a conclusion on the possibility to prevent the destructive processes in the ITZ through the addition of the metakaolin additive into the cement composition in quantities of 5–10% by mass. These conclusions were supported by the long-term testing of strength of these concretes, by measuring the deformations “shrinkage-expansion” as well as the results of study on hardness of the ITZ.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Pavel Krivenko, Oleh Petropavlovskyi, Oleksandr Kovalchuk and Oleksandr Gelevera",authors:null},{id:"68188",title:"Compressive Strength of Lightweight Concrete",slug:"compressive-strength-of-lightweight-concrete",totalDownloads:1713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter has been prepared with the hope that its readers will become interested in lightweight concrete (LWC). Therefore, after a brief background of lightweight concrete, different types of LWC will be introduced and then LWC made of lightweight aggregates (LWA) will be specifically discussed. Compressive strength and density of LWC are the main points of interest in this chapter. In addition to conventional compression test, a nondestructive test (NDT) method will be used to assess the compressive strength of a variety of lightweight concrete mixes. A case study has been designed and conducted including an experimental program on the LWC made of expanded glass aggregate. The experimental program includes about 150 specimens, incorporating different unit weight for the entire specimens. In the end, it can be observed that the properties of LWC depend on the properties of the used LWA, and therefore for each specific type of lightweight aggregate, a brand new equation will be required for prediction of concrete compressive strength. The author hopes that the present chapter and the discussed case study on LWC would attract the attention of researchers to the importance of LWC in the future of construction industry.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Saman Hedjazi",authors:null},{id:"51409",title:"Application of Polypropylene Fibrillated Fibres for Reinforcement of Concrete and Cement Mortars",slug:"application-of-polypropylene-fibrillated-fibres-for-reinforcement-of-concrete-and-cement-mortars",totalDownloads:2423,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Polypropylene fibres have been applied for reinforcement of cement mortars and concrete for many years. The fibres restrict crack propagation and positively affect several concrete parameters. To improve the adhesion of polypropylene to cement matrix, geometrically deformed or modified fibres are commonly used. Good results are obtained by application of fibrillated fibres with the net-like structure obtained from the polypropylene types. The fibrillated polypropylene fibres were produced. The fibres were chopped to specified lengths and used for the reinforcement of concrete and cement mortars. The parameters of fresh concrete and mechanical parameters of reinforced concrete and mortar were determined. It was stated that the fibres do not affect the compressive strength of the reinforced concrete and mortar. The beneficial effect of fibres on the compressive strength of concrete is revealed after freezing and thawing cycles. The fibres influence the bending strength of the mortars. For mortars reinforced with fibrillated fibres a significant increase in the bending strength is observed. The increase in the bending strength results from enhanced interfacial adhesion and mechanical anchoring, which results from opening of the network structure and splitting of fibrillated fibres.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Jan Broda",authors:[{id:"104226",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Broda",slug:"jan-broda",fullName:"Jan Broda"}]},{id:"51780",title:"High-Performance Concrete and Fiber-Reinforced High- Performance Concrete under Fatigue Efforts",slug:"high-performance-concrete-and-fiber-reinforced-high-performance-concrete-under-fatigue-efforts",totalDownloads:2321,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Fatigue is the process of mechanical degradation of a material, which leads to its collapse. Repeated load applications with a maximum value lower than the one that provokes the static failure of the material, causes internal damage in the material that, progressively, reduces its mechanical capacity until it finally collapses. The increasingly widespread use of high-strength concretes permits the construction of more lightweight structures. This implies that the variable loads (which are the causes of fatigue) represent an ever larger percentage of the total load. In consequence, fatigue is an increasingly important factor in concrete structures. In some cases, it even begins to be the dimensioning load of the structure. In addition, the presence of fibers within the concrete modifies the fatigue response of the concrete. In this chapter, the classic theory of fatigue is presented in detail and the most recent developments in the study of concrete fatigue are discussed.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Miguel A. Vicente, Jesús Mínguez, José A. Martínez and Dorys C.\nGonzález",authors:[{id:"181643",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Vicente",slug:"miguel-vicente",fullName:"Miguel Vicente"},{id:"182032",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Minguez",slug:"jesus-minguez",fullName:"Jesus Minguez"},{id:"182033",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",slug:"jose-antonio-martinez",fullName:"Jose Antonio Martinez"},{id:"182034",title:"Prof.",name:"Dorys",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"dorys-gonzalez",fullName:"Dorys Gonzalez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1348",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/110643",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"110643"},fullPath:"/profiles/110643",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()