\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8141",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Social Media and Machine Learning",title:"Social Media and Machine Learning",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Social media has transformed society and the way people interact with each other. The volume and speed in which new content is being generated surpasses the processing capacity of machine learning systems. Analyzing such data demands new approaches coming from natural language processing, text mining, sentiment analysis, etc to understand and resolve the arising challenges. There is a need to develop robust and adaptable systems to tackle these open issues in real time, as well as to provide a meaningful summarization and visualization to the end users. This book provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in social media and machine learning, addressing research innovations, applications, trends, and open challenges in this crucial area.",isbn:"978-1-78984-028-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-027-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-616-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78089",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"social-media-and-machine-learning",numberOfPages:96,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"155aa6c54dc411b5d2a1498f10f9417e",bookSignature:"Alberto Cano",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8141.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8537,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:47,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:74,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 10th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 7th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 6th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 27th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 26th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"200724",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Cano",slug:"alberto-cano",fullName:"Alberto Cano",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/200724/images/system/200724.jpg",biography:"Alberto Cano is an Associate Professor with the Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States, where he heads the High-Performance Data Mining laboratory. His research is focused on machine learning, big data, data streams, concept drift, continual learning, GPUs and distributed computing.",institutionString:"Virginia Commonwealth University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Virginia Commonwealth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"582",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",slug:"information-and-knowledge-engineering-machine-learning-and-data-mining"}],chapters:[{id:"70687",title:"Introductory Chapter: Data Streams and Online Learning in Social Media",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90826",slug:"introductory-chapter-data-streams-and-online-learning-in-social-media",totalDownloads:751,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alberto Cano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70687",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70687",authors:[{id:"200724",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Cano",slug:"alberto-cano",fullName:"Alberto Cano"}],corrections:null},{id:"65993",title:"Automatic Speech Emotion Recognition Using Machine Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84856",slug:"automatic-speech-emotion-recognition-using-machine-learning",totalDownloads:4634,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:42,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter presents a comparative study of speech emotion recognition (SER) systems. Theoretical definition, categorization of affective state and the modalities of emotion expression are presented. To achieve this study, an SER system, based on different classifiers and different methods for features extraction, is developed. Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) and modulation spectral (MS) features are extracted from the speech signals and used to train different classifiers. Feature selection (FS) was applied in order to seek for the most relevant feature subset. Several machine learning paradigms were used for the emotion classification task. A recurrent neural network (RNN) classifier is used first to classify seven emotions. Their performances are compared later to multivariate linear regression (MLR) and support vector machines (SVM) techniques, which are widely used in the field of emotion recognition for spoken audio signals. Berlin and Spanish databases are used as the experimental data set. This study shows that for Berlin database all classifiers achieve an accuracy of 83% when a speaker normalization (SN) and a feature selection are applied to the features. For Spanish database, the best accuracy (94 %) is achieved by RNN classifier without SN and with FS.",signatures:"Leila Kerkeni, Youssef Serrestou, Mohamed Mbarki, Kosai Raoof, Mohamed Ali Mahjoub and Catherine Cleder",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65993",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65993",authors:[{id:"247090",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Leila",surname:"Kerkeni",slug:"leila-kerkeni",fullName:"Leila Kerkeni"}],corrections:null},{id:"67538",title:"A Case Study of Using Big Data Processing in Education: Method of Matching Members by Optimizing Collaborative Learning Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85526",slug:"a-case-study-of-using-big-data-processing-in-education-method-of-matching-members-by-optimizing-coll",totalDownloads:1049,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this paper is to optimize the combination of members for collaborative learning that utilized learning management system (LMS), a kind of social media. It is considered that there is a problem of this combinatorial optimization because of various discrete elements in education and it is difficult to find exact solution. Then, we have solved this problem by the method of approximate solution in nursing science class with big data processing, for instance, individual traits, learning outcome, and so on. The result shows continuously learning effects. We will report in this fundamental research how to gather learners’ various data and optimize matching members of team by local searching. It might be explained how to solve problems of combinatorial optimization by AI.",signatures:"Keiko Tsujioka",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67538",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67538",authors:[{id:"276365",title:"M.A.",name:"Keiko",surname:"Tsujioka",slug:"keiko-tsujioka",fullName:"Keiko Tsujioka"}],corrections:null},{id:"69743",title:"Literature Review on Big Data Analytics Methods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86843",slug:"literature-review-on-big-data-analytics-methods",totalDownloads:1389,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Companies and industries are faced with a huge amount of raw data, which have information and knowledge in their hidden layer. Also, the format, size, variety, and velocity of generated data bring complexity for industries to apply them in an efficient and effective way. So, complexity in data analysis and interpretation incline organizations to deploy advanced tools and techniques to overcome the difficulties of managing raw data. Big data analytics is the advanced method that has the capability for managing data. It deploys machine learning techniques and deep learning methods to benefit from gathered data. In this research, the methods of both ML and DL have been discussed, and an ML/DL deployment model for IOT data has been proposed.",signatures:"Iman Raeesi Vanani and Setareh Majidian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69743",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69743",authors:[{id:"296037",title:"Mrs.",name:"Setareh",surname:"Majidian",slug:"setareh-majidian",fullName:"Setareh Majidian"},{id:"296039",title:"Dr.",name:"Iman",surname:"Raeesi Vanaei",slug:"iman-raeesi-vanaei",fullName:"Iman Raeesi Vanaei"}],corrections:null},{id:"70437",title:"Information and Communication-Based Collaborative Learning and Behavior Modeling Using Machine Learning Algorithm",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90427",slug:"information-and-communication-based-collaborative-learning-and-behavior-modeling-using-machine-learn",totalDownloads:717,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rapid growth of smart phone industries has led people to use more technology and thus aided in adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in educational purposes for enhancing students? performance. This chapter shows that students use social media platform or virtual environment for learning, especially in Open University or online learning system. In such environment, the students? drop rate is extremely high. This work primarily aims at reducing students? dropout or students? fails to finish course within prerequisite time using student behavior styles. For addressing research problems, this research aims in building efficient student behavior learning model for improving the performance of student applying machine learning (ML) models. The behavior extraction and study have been carried utilizing decision tree (DT) ML algorithm. Further, a model has been proposed for provisioning student contextual information to different students utilizing VLE platform interaction (collaborative learning) using DT algorithm which considered bagging. The DT with bagging is an ensemble learning (EL) model that depicts bootstrap aggregating (BA), which is modeled for enhancing accuracies and stabilities of every distinct predictive trees. Bagging aids DT in influencing overfitting problems and minimizes its variance. The proposed method is efficient in extracting learning styles and intrinsic behavior of students.",signatures:"Nityashree Nadar and R. Kamatchi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70437",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70437",authors:[{id:"313995",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",surname:"Kumar",slug:"anil-kumar",fullName:"Anil Kumar"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1358",title:"Knowledge-Oriented Applications in Data Mining",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ab9e02a9453e1c7bd85182eb3f322e11",slug:"knowledge-oriented-applications-in-data-mining",bookSignature:"Kimito Funatsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1358.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16715",title:"Prof.",name:"Kimito",surname:"Funatsu",slug:"kimito-funatsu",fullName:"Kimito Funatsu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"30",title:"New Fundamental Technologies in Data Mining",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"new-fundamental-technologies-in-data-mining",bookSignature:"Kimito Funatsu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/30.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16715",title:"Prof.",name:"Kimito",surname:"Funatsu",slug:"kimito-funatsu",fullName:"Kimito Funatsu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2746",title:"Theory and Applications for Advanced Text Mining",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed74b8719e654014932e764fe1e57816",slug:"theory-and-applications-for-advanced-text-mining",bookSignature:"Shigeaki Sakurai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2746.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150787",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigeaki",surname:"Sakurai",slug:"shigeaki-sakurai",fullName:"Shigeaki Sakurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66064",slug:"corrigendum-to-textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high",title:"Corrigendum to: Textured BST Thin Film on Silicon Substrate: Preparation and Its Applications for High Frequency Tunable Devices",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66064.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66064",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66064",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66064",chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9665",leadTitle:null,title:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa",subtitle:"Biofilm Formation, Infections and Treatments",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Emerging antibiotic resistance of bacteria is driving us to catastrophic failure of the healthcare system. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one such pathogen that is responsible for causing nosocomial infections, urinary tract infections, cystic fibrosis, otitis media, and infections of wounds and burns. P. aeruginosa is a critical pathogen as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to its intrinsic and adaptive competence to defy antibiotics and persist as a superbug. This book covers a wide array of subjects relevant to bacterial biofilms specifically focusing on P. aeruginosa and associated infections. It provides readers with a clear and comprehensive overview of biofilm formation and associated detrimental impacts. In addition, this book also examines topics related to biosynthesis virulence factors by P. aeruginosa to facilitate biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and infections.",isbn:"978-1-83968-648-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-647-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-649-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87468",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pseudomonas-aeruginosa-biofilm-formation-infections-and-treatments",numberOfPages:114,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"00e9f0f41cf8cd97ff33fac3bcea14cb",bookSignature:"Theerthankar Das",publishedDate:"June 9th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9665.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:1703,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 1st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 29th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 28th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 16th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 17th 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Through Dr. Theerthankar Das current research in the field of bacterial biofilms at the University of Sydney (Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology), he initiated the establishment of strong collaboration with industry, hospital, and research institutes in Australia such as Whiteley Corporation, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), University of New South Wales, Macquarie University Liverpool Hospital and others.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"179493",title:"Dr.",name:"Theerthankar",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"theerthankar-das",fullName:"Theerthankar Das",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179493/images/system/179493.png",biography:"Dr. Theerthankar Das (Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia) is an experienced microbiologist. He joined the University of Sydney after being awarded the prestigious University of Sydney Fellowship in 2015. His primary research focuses on the development of novel strategies to disrupt bacterial biofilms. In recent years, he has won various research funding/grants from Sydney University, Industry, and the Australian Government valued at more than $4.5 million. To date, Dr. Das has authored/co-authored thirty publications, and six book chapters in eminent journals and books and have edited a book and guest editor for Scientific Journal. He is also a reviewer for many high-impact scientific journals. Dr. Das currently supervises Ph.D. students and teaches first-year Medical and Advanced Medical Bacteriology students.",institutionString:"University of Sydney",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Sydney",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"906",title:"Bacteriology",slug:"pure-microbiology-bacteriology"}],chapters:[{id:"76707",title:"Introductory Chapter: Understanding Infections Caused by Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens",slug:"introductory-chapter-understanding-infections-caused-by-opportunistic-bacterial-pathogens",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"179493",title:"Dr.",name:"Theerthankar",surname:"Das",slug:"theerthankar-das",fullName:"Theerthankar Das"}]},{id:"74413",title:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Diseases, Biofilm and Antibiotic Resistance",slug:"-em-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-em-diseases-biofilm-and-antibiotic-resistance",totalDownloads:476,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"250698",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein",surname:"O. M. Al-Dahmoshi",slug:"hussein-o.-m.-al-dahmoshi",fullName:"Hussein O. M. Al-Dahmoshi"},{id:"272591",title:"Dr.",name:"Noor S.K",surname:"Al-Khafaji",slug:"noor-s.k-al-khafaji",fullName:"Noor S.K Al-Khafaji"},{id:"338694",title:"MSc.",name:"Raad D.",surname:"Al-Obaidi",slug:"raad-d.-al-obaidi",fullName:"Raad D. Al-Obaidi"}]},{id:"75039",title:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a Cause of Nosocomial Infections",slug:"-em-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-em-as-a-cause-of-nosocomial-infections",totalDownloads:255,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"311482",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Labovská",slug:"silvia-labovska",fullName:"Silvia Labovská"}]},{id:"74799",title:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Lung Infection in Cystic Fibrosis: The Challenge of Persisters",slug:"-em-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-em-biofilm-lung-infection-in-cystic-fibrosis-the-challenge-of-persisters",totalDownloads:313,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"334557",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gianmarco",surname:"Mangiaterra",slug:"gianmarco-mangiaterra",fullName:"Gianmarco Mangiaterra"},{id:"335142",title:"BSc.",name:"Nicholas",surname:"Cedraro",slug:"nicholas-cedraro",fullName:"Nicholas Cedraro"},{id:"335143",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesca",surname:"Biavasco",slug:"francesca-biavasco",fullName:"Francesca Biavasco"},{id:"344065",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",surname:"Amiri",slug:"mehdi-amiri",fullName:"Mehdi Amiri"}]},{id:"75844",title:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa Secreted Biomolecules and Their Diverse Functions in Biofilm Formation and Virulence",slug:"-em-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-em-secreted-biomolecules-and-their-diverse-functions-in-biofilm-formation",totalDownloads:296,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"179493",title:"Dr.",name:"Theerthankar",surname:"Das",slug:"theerthankar-das",fullName:"Theerthankar Das"}]},{id:"75457",title:"Chemotherapy and Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Agent",slug:"chemotherapy-and-mechanisms-of-action-of-antimicrobial-agent",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"334102",title:"Prof.",name:"Rahman",surname:"Chelab",slug:"rahman-chelab",fullName:"Rahman Chelab"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5471",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514afc8c2d4eb28ddca22c032ad96d9e",slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany and Laura E. Crotty Alexander",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5831",title:"Clostridium Difficile",subtitle:"A Comprehensive Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fabbec5ed99960d2fb904f16790e8b97",slug:"clostridium-difficile-a-comprehensive-overview",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10442",title:"Cyanobacteria",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Taxonomy and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fec78743d3f973c80881957ce3e6d79",slug:"cyanobacteria-recent-advances-in-taxonomy-and-applications",bookSignature:"Wael N. Hozzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10442.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189233",title:"Prof.",name:"Wael N.",surname:"Hozzein",slug:"wael-n.-hozzein",fullName:"Wael N. Hozzein"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"76224",title:"Roles of the Serotoninergic System in Coping with Traumatic Stress",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97221",slug:"roles-of-the-serotoninergic-system-in-coping-with-traumatic-stress",body:'
Following exposure to traumatic events as a succession of inescapable stressful stimuli or life-threatening accidents, most people adapt and cope with the stress and return to their normal life when the stressful event (s) has (ve) stopped. However a minority of them, 6-8% of people [1, 2] develop PTSD characterized by a variety of symptoms precisely defined by “the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders” [3]. It includes intrusive memories of the traumatic event, nightmares, irritability, sleep impairment, attention deficit and/or emotional withdrawal. Post-traumatic stress disorder is often associated with several comorbidities such as inflammation [4], chronic pain and heightened risk of neurodegenerative disease. This disorder is more often than we believe difficult to treat as many patients suffer from it during several years after the traumatic event has stopped. For instance, 40 years after the Vietnam War, 11% of the veterans still experienced PTSD [5]. This disorder is primarily due to an overload of traumatic sensory stimuli inducing continuous overproduction of cortisol in the brain and body [6] generating secondary cascades of deregulations that prevent a return to the original homeostatic biological state by the parasympathetic brake, essential for the patient [6, 7, 8]. These biological impairments lead to the anchoring of fear memories in the limbic cerebral circuits which include primarily the amygdala complex (AMY) handling the emotional processing related to stress associated with memory processing of the hippocampal-cortical circuits [6, 9, 10].
The fact that a minority of people undergoing traumatic events don’t recover and develop long-lasting PTSD suggests that among the population different genetic/epigenetic predispositions unique for each individual impact the way patients are able to cope or not with stressful events [6]. Impairments of the limbic circuitry and activity are among the key features explaining various PTSD symptoms. Numerous examples have shown that the serotoninergic system is well positioned to modulate the activity of the amygdalo-hippocampal-prefrontal hub. The serotoninergic system is widely known to play a critical role in mood regulation and it is not surprising that different pharmacological treatments initially proposed to relieve PTSD symptoms modulate serotoninergic systems [11, 12, 13, 14]. Among them serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; i.e. citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline) causing high extracellular 5-HT levels are classically used for their anxiolytic effects and treatment of depression and for their relative minor side effects [12, 13, 14, 15]
We will review how the limbic system is modulated by changes in 5-HT homeostasis by acting through 5-HT transporter or receptors during development and in adults.
We analyze knowledge obtained from relevant adult rodent models and extend them to human data when possible. Indeed, rodent models, appear useful for understanding the etiology of PTSD, as the “fear circuitry” and the endocrine responses to stress are fairly conserved across species. However, they lack the complexity of the cognitive treatment mediated by highly developed cortical circuits observed in primates [6, 16, 17, 18]. We will also review literature clearly demonstrating that imbalance in the serotonergic system during development associated or not with genetic alterations may modify the way patients are able to cope with stressful events.
Regardless of its intensity, stress induces primarily stimulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis that coordinates the body-brain biological response through a highly regulated neurohormonal cascade. Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) or factor (CRF) is released from hypothalamic neurons, letting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) out of pituitary cells, which in turn stimulates the secretion of cortisol (CORT) into the bloodstream by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol activates glucocorticoid receptors (GR) that are widely distributed in the brain, mainly along the HPA axis itself and in major limbic structures such as the amygdala complex (AMY), the hippocampal formation (HIP) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). When the stress is qualified as « adaptive », activation of hypothalamic GR decreases HPA axis activity, creating a negative feedback loop leading to corticoid levels returning to normal with the stress responses turned off [6, 7, 8, 19]. In parallel the HPA axis interacts with the limbic structures afore mentioned which in turn participate to the feedback inhibition and feed-forward stimulation of the HPA axis that regulate stress responses [20, 21, 22]. When stressful events are perceived as particularly severe and/or persistent, the stressors can cause long-lasting changes in active stimulation of the HPA axis modifying the “body-brain” responses to CORT and CRH. In this context, corticoids flowing continuously in the brain and the body generate long lasting modifications/alterations of the limbic and cortical circuits contributing to induce a large array of PTSD symptoms [6, 7, 8] (Figure 1).
The « reward/action » versus the « fear/inhibitory » circuits. Following a threat (stressor), sensory information arising from sensory stimuli is conveyed to the thalamus (light green) that relays information to the lateral amygdala (LA) of the amydgala complex (AMY; orange). The amygdala, in concert with the hippocampal and cortical memory circuits (blue), attributes an emotional valence to the stressor. When adaptive behaviour is possible, the basal nucleus (BA) of the amygdala complex is activated leading to stimulation of the « reward/action » systems (dark green) that includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the accumbens nucleus and the striatum. Action is also modulated by cognitive prefrontal circuits. If the threat is inescapable the central amygdala (CE) is activated, inducing an inhibition of the motor system (gray) and freezing behaviour (red). In parallel, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis; yellow) induces a surge of neurohormones leading to the liberation of cortisol/corticosterone (violet) in the brain and body. When adaptive behaviour is possible and efficient, cortisol/corticosterone return to normal levels. If the stressor is too strong, HPA axis retrocontrol is blunted and cortisol production continues. In addition, inflammatory cytokines are released. Cortisol damages the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus that become hypotrophic. AMY is by contrast hypersollicitated and increased synaptic complexity of glutamatergic neurons induces its hypertrophy. Monoamines, including serotonin, that send axons in almost every brain regions mentioned are potent modulators (violet) of the reward/action and fear/freezing circuits.
The amygdala complex is considered as “a hub” of cerebral emotional processing, receiving inputs from sensory areas (including sensory thalamus), autonomic system, HIP and cortical regions such as the infra-limbic (IL) prefrontal cortex. By « computing » information stored in the HIP and cortical structures, AMY attributes an emotional valence to the event and plays a crucial role in fear learning and extinction [10, 23, 24]. In patients suffering PTSD, exaggerated responses to emotional stimuli induce hyperactivation of AMY, which become hypertrophic by the increased complexity of their glutamatergic neurons [6, 25]. Then in PTSD, the different subnuclei of AMY are modified in their connections and their complex regulation of inhibitory GABA neurons network. The basolateral nucleus (BLA) that receives sensory information stimulates abnormally the central nucleus (CE), which regulates the output of fear behavior [10, 26, 27, 28]. Different Pavlovian rodent models analyzed the neural basis for encoding association of two stimuli, a neutral stimulus (a sound, a light) and a painful stimulus (a footshock). They revealed that the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) receives inputs of both stimuli, conveyed information to the basal nucleus (BA), then to the output CE which coordinates the expression of defensive behaviors such as freezing [29, 30, 31]. Recently, it was suggested that the BA may not be implicated in the defensive behavior but rather in avoidance [32]. The extended amygdala as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is also largely implicated in anxiety [10, 26, 28] and its role will be developed later. The reciprocal connections of AMY with HIP and PFC, in particular IL cortex (in rodents) that participate in the inhibition of learned fears are defective in PTSD patients leading to the persistence of fearful memories and other emotional symptoms [24].
The HIP is known to play a critical role in learning and memory integrating contextual information to regulate behavior (Reviewed by [33]). In PTSD, it mediates memory-related problems including persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events and impaired context-dependent modulation of memory as well as increased salience of negative emotional memories deficits in working and verbal memory [6, 34]. Studies in rats have shown that the dorsal HIP (homologous to the human posterior HIP) is mostly associated with cognitive performance while the ventral HIP (homologous to the human anterior HIP) rather participates in the regulation of stress response and affect [35]. Hippocampal volume is reduced in individuals with PTSD compared to controls. The HIP morphology is highly plastic and size reduction could indicate predisposition for PTSD while increase in volume may underlie positive responses to treatment. The HIP reciprocal connections to other brain areas are critical in these regulations; importantly, the HIP interacts with the AMY to regulate emotional arousal and consolidation of fear memories (as previously mentioned [10, 27, 36] and with the PFC to regulate memory [37].
The prefrontal part (PFC) of the frontal lobe plays essential roles in attention, working memory, decision-making and regulation of emotion [38]. Its role is crucial for PTSD patients in the regulation of fear, learning, expression, and extinction [39]. Interestingly the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the medial PFC (mPFC) display abnormal levels of activation in PTSD patients [40]. The human ventromedial PFC (vmPFC; analogous to the IL cortex in rodents) plays a key role in the extinction of fearful memories by processing “safety signals” and interacting with the AMY to inhibit fear expression [41]. In PTSD patients, impaired vmPFC activation leads to altered emotional processing and impaired retention of fear extinction learning. Other cortical structures such as the insular cortex (visceral regulation) intervene in the emotional processing and interoception that are altered in PTSD patients.
Going back to everyday life stress regulation, the response to an adaptive stress involves motivation and action giving rise to pleasure by activation of
Serotonin is synthesized from the essential amino-acid L-tryptophan. In the blood stream, L-tryptophan is linked to serum-albumin but a free proportion that decreases with age and physiological status freely crosses the BBB (10% at postnatal day 12 when BBB is thought fully functional in rat [48]). In 5-HT-producing cells, tryptophan is then transported, accumulated and hydroxylated by the tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph) enzymes. Tryptophan hydroxylase type 2 (Tph2) is expressed in serotoninergic neurons of the raphe nuclei and myenteric neurons [49, 50] while Tph1 is expressed in the gut enterochromaffin cells, the pineal gland and various peripheral tissues [51, 52] and possibly in the placenta depending on the species [53]. 5-hydroxytryptophan is then further decarboxylated into 5-HT by the aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase (AADC). It has been shown that the availability of tryptophan to synthesize 5-HT depends on the inflammatory status of the organism. Interestingly, patients suffering PTSD develop a pro-inflammatory status with increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [6]. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is generated following inflammation and can lead to 5-HT depletion in the organism [54]. Such a state may impact the levels of 5-HT in PTSD patients and favor the emergence of depressive-like status.
5-HT producing cells express the SERT and vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) allowing respectively 5-HT uptake and storage in those cells [55]. In the CNS these transporters regulate the level of 5-HT, not only at the synaptic cleft, but also when 5-HT is release along 5-HT-containing (5-HT+) axons in a « volume-transmission » manner [56]. The use of SSRIs have been used for treatment of PTSD symptoms [6]. In various rodent models, SSRIs were shown to relieve some of the PTSD-like symptoms (reviewed in [57]). Indeed, administration of SSRIs or ketamine ameliorate PTSD-like behavioral deficits in restraint paired forced swimming test (or other stressors) [58]. These models are attempting to reproduce unpredictable stress as those observed by soldiers experiencing war zones [59, 60, 61]. Similarly, exposure to a predator induces hyperarousal, avoidance and fear, [62, 63, 64] increases anxiety-like behavior and reduces fear extinction. In these models, animals also respond to sertraline reducing anxiety-like behavior and cue avoidance [65, 66]. Interestingly, SSRI treatment appears efficient only when administered chronically, at least for 3-6 month in patients. Initially depressive symptoms worsen by 5-HT increase activating the inhibitory 5-HT1 autoreceptors in the raphe nuclei, before they get desensitized following chronic treatment. Alternatively, the delayed therapeutic effects of SSRIs may be due to neuroplastic changes that need time to develop in mature brain [62, 67].
5-HT is catabolized by monoamine oxidases A or B (MAOA or MAOB; located in the mitochondria and by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) [68, 69]. MAOA has higher affinity for 5-HT than MAOB and is co-expressed with MAOB in rodent serotoninergic neurons [70]. MAOs are also expressed by many non-aminergic structures, in particular MAOB is expressed in glial cells throughout the brain [71] and our unpublished results). MAOA mRNA has been detected in the deep layers of the rodent prefrontal cortex [72]. MAOs may thus regulate the amount of 5-HT locally, throughout the brain and in the peripheral tissues where they are also expressed [70, 71]. Interestingly, MAOs expression and protein synthesis are tightly regulated and have been shown to be sensitive to environmental factors such as inflammation [73] and stress. Indeed, glucocorticoids increase MAOA in the brain through the stimulation of the Kruppel-like factor11 and cell-division associated 7-Like protein pathways [74]. Animals under chronic stress show increased MAOA and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio suggesting a higher 5-HT turnover levels [75]. MAOA inhibitors have been shown to reverse the decreased neurogenesis and dendritic plasticity in the hippocampus of chronically stressed rats [76].
At least fourteen 5-HT receptor subtypes have been identified in the mammalian brain and periphery ([77, 78, 79]; see [80] for the latest classification). Isoform diversity, alternative splicing of some subtypes and RNA editing add to the complexity of serotoninergic receptor functions. With the exception of 5-HT3 receptors, all 5-HT receptors are coupled to G-proteins. According to their second messenger coupling pathways, 5-HT receptors have been categorized into four groups. 5-HT1 and 5-HT5 receptors are coupled to Gi/Go proteins and exert their inhibitory effects on adenylate cyclase, inhibiting cAMP formation. Within the raphe nuclei, 5-HT1A receptors are acting as autoreceptors inhibiting the release of 5-HT by serotoninergic neurons. After the start of SSRI treatment, they are proposed to be responsible for the initial worsening of depressive symptoms [13, 81]. 5-HT2 receptors are coupled to Gq proteins and stimulate phospholipase C to increase the hydrolysis of inositol phosphates and elevate intracellular Ca2+. 5-HT4,6,7 receptors are coupled to Gs proteins and are positively linked to adenylate cyclase and increase cAMP formation. 5-HT3 receptors are ligand-gated ion channel receptors and are a unique 5-HT receptor able to mediate fast response to neurotransmitter release [82]. It is generally admitted that, in the limbic structures 5-HT1A receptors are mainly expressed by glutamatergic neurons. 5-HT3 receptors are expressed by subtypes of interneurons expressing mainly the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), cholecystokinin (CCK) or calretinin (CR) (but never expressing parvalbumin (PV) and rarely somatostatin (SOM)). 5-HT2 receptors are expressed in both neuronal populations [83, 84, 85]. 5-HT7 receptor expression has been shown in the deep layers of the rodent prefrontal cortex. For additional precision, see also [86].
Different subsets of 5-HT+ neurons of brainstem raphe nuclei (average of 26 000 neurons in rodents) send diffuse axonal networks to specific brain areas throughout the brain. Pioneer studies using 5-HT or SERT Immunolabeling, coupled or not to retrograde tracing [87, 88, 89] provided a general description of these 5-HT projections towards numerous areas including the cerebral cortex. More recently, anterograde tracing (injection of adeno-associated viruses) in raphe nuclei of mice conditionally expressing the green fluorescent protein/channel rhodopsin under the control of the SERT or TPH2 promoter [47, 90, 91] have provided evidence that limbic structures receive 5-HT afferences from topographically organized subpopulations of dorsal DR (the largest 5-HT+ nuclei in rodent and primates) and median raphe nuclei (MnR). Using genetic activation of specific 5-HT+ projections, some studies allowed to correlate activation/inhibition of specific 5-HT+ subgroups/afferences to behaviour. Interestingly they revealed that DR and MnR 5-HT+ neurons should be apprehended as neuronal populations having the ability to release a large numbers of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in addition to 5-HT [92, 93]. Such a diversity in subtypes, targeting and functions is already underlined by the complexity observed in 5-HT+ developmental programming (i.e. specification and axonal targeting; see [93, 94]).
As a whole, it is generally admitted that exposure to a severe/inescapable shock as in predator exposure, social defeat or other stress conditions [95] induces a surge of 5-HT in the vicinity of DR/MnR and in the corticolimbic structures such as the AMY, HIP and mPFC. Only a few studies have reported a decrease of serotoninergic activity following severe stressful situation. That may match with the genuine possibility of specific individual/strain to cope with stress [96]. Interestingly, around 80% of 5-HT+ neurons in the ventral portion of the DR (DRv) and MnR express the vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (Vglut3) and send axons to AMY and HIP. These neurons can release 5-HT and/or glutamate and then modulate the activation of AMY and HIP [93, 94, 97]. Generally, low frequency stimulation (<10Hz) induces glutamate release resulting in fast excitation of the targeted neuron while higher frequency stimulations (10-20Hz) induce 5-HT release suggesting that these neurons could rapidly switch their neurotransmitter output depending on activation [97]. A subgroup of DR 5-HT+/Vglut3+ neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and orbitofrontal cortex (OPFc) to specifically receive inputs and integrate information from “reward encoding regions” such as the ventral pallidum. Conversely, another group of DR 5-HT+/Vglut3+ neurons specifically receives inputs from the “fear encoding regions” (periacqueducal grey (PAG) and LC) and project to the BA. This last subpopulation appears to potentiate fear via the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor pathways and to impair fear extinction [98]. Interestingly, in rats some DRv 5-HT+/Vglut3+ neurons are sensitive to CRH released by the AMY that induces a decrease of TPH2 in them and ameliorates stress-induced anhedonia [99]. The level of TPH2 regulation by CRH could be the signature of a resilience status [99]. In the MnR 5-HT+/Vglut3+ neurons appear to integrate selectively negative events and may play a central role in depression-related mood disorders [100]. Subgroups of MnR 5-HT neurons express the type 2 CRH receptor. These examples illustrate the complexity of the 5-HT neuron-driven behaviors. Possible co-transmission based on gene expression suggests that DR and MnR 5-HT+ neurons could potentially also co-release GABA, dynorphin, galanin, cholecystokinin (CCK), nitric oxide (NO), CRH and other neuropeptides for which a role remains to be established (Reviewed in [93]).
Serotoninergic axonal projections to the AMY mainly arise from 5HT+ DR neurons while only rare axons arise from MnR. The 5-HT+ axonal density is strong in BA, moderate in LA, and moderate to low in CE, intercalated nuclei and BNST [87, 89, 91]. 5-HT axons target both glutamatergic principal neurons (PN, not interneurons) bearing 5-HT2C receptors in LA and, 5-HT2A/1A receptors in BA and a variety of GABAergic interneurons [101]. GABAergic interneurons expressing PV bear 5-HT2A, receptors receive inputs from glutamatergic PN and project reciprocally on them and on somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) GABAergic neurons. 5-HT exerts most of its effects on PV+ GABAergic neurons that express the strongest levels of 5-HT2A receptors and facilitate GABAergic inhibition. Following inescapable stress 5-HT2A-receptor mediated facilitating actions are severely impaired. 5-HT2A receptor-mRNA is downregulated following the surge of 5-HT in the AMY leading to hyperactivity of PN neurons [102]. Neuropeptide Y-containing (NPY+) (5-HT2C+ and 5-HT1A+ receptor) and CCK+ and VIP+ (5-HT3A+receptor) also project on glutamatergic PN (Figure 2 in [15]. Within the BA and LA the role of 5-HT3A remains to be clarified. Glutamatergic principal neurons of LA and BA send numerous efferents to CE and to a lesser extent to BNST. These plastic efferent fields are sensitive to environmental conditions and in PTSD patients this could be responsible for the increased sensitivity of CE and BNST [103, 104]. The lateral part of the CE (CEL) receives major inputs from BA and LA but also from ventral HIP or sensory regions. CE is mainly populated by GABAergic interneurons. When avoidance of stressful stimulus is possible CRH+ GABAergic neurons are activated and SOM+ GABAergic projection neurons are inhibited [105]. Following fear conditioning, SOM+ GABAergic projection neurons disinhibiting the medial part of the CE (CEM) allowed a range of defensive behaviour as freezing [105, 106, 107] and fear recall [108]. Direct cross-talk between CRH+ and SOM+ neuronal populations allow the specific appropriate action [105].
The amygdala complex is modulated by serotonin via various 5-HT receptor expressions. A, The major GABAergic neuron subtypes modulating the function of the amygdala complex are represented in the left panel. They could be subdivided into four main classes: the somatostatin-containing (SOM; orange), the 5-HT3A-expressing (5-HT3A; green), the parvalbumin-containing (PV; bleu) and the neuropeptide Y-containing (NPY; pink). The 5-HT3A-expressing GABAergic neurons could be further subdivided into three classes: the vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing (VIP), the cholecystokinin-containing (CCK) and the calretinin-containing (CR) GABAergic neurons. Their activities are modulated by serotoninergic axons arising from the dorsal raphe nucleus (violet arrows). B, In the amygdala complex, the lateral amygdala (LA) glutamatergic neurons (principal neurons, PN; black) that receive thalamic inputs stimulate glutamatergic neurons (principal neurons; PN) of the basal complex (BA; black). These neuronal populations are modulated by 5-HT2A/2C receptors and 5-HT1A autoreceptors. Glutamatergic BA neurons send outputs to the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) and to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). LA and BA stimulate neurons of the central amygdala (CE). The central amygdala (CE) is mainly composed of GABAergic neurons. Lateral CE (CEL) contains GABAergic projection neurons that express somatostatin (SOM+) and are modulated by 5-HT2A receptors. These neurons send outputs to the medial CE (CEM) that drives the anxiogenic pathway. CEM modulates the periaqueducal gray (PAG) and brainstem to induce freezing behaviour. By contrast, CEL receives corticotropin-releasing factor inputs (CRF+; yellow) that suppresses anxiety-like behaviour and anxiogenic pathway. Cross-talk between CRF+ and CEL neurons are continuous (double headed arrow).
Interestingly, 5-HT2A receptors are expressed by SOM+ neurons of the CEL and the selective 5-HT2A receptor inactivation in CEL increases innate freezing behaviour but decreases learned freezing induced by predator odor. Innate freezing behaviour and risk assessment are processed by the dorsal PAG while learned freezing is processed by the ventral PAG. These data suggest that 5-HT2A receptor control innate freezing behaviour by the AMY-hypothalamus-dPAG pathway [109, 110]. As innate and acquired fears are controlled by antagonistic mechanisms, drugs that treat one type of fear could worsen the other one, leading to paradoxical results. Risperidon is largely used to treat various psychiatric disorders including PTSD. Although its main therapeutic target acts by antagonizing dopamine-D2 receptors, it is also targeting 5-HT2 and therefore should be used carefully.
The activity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is correlated with fear mediated by uncertain threats [111]. It integrates fear, reward and stress-related circuits. BNST receives inputs from various limbic structures including BA and CE. The BNST displays a rich array of 5-HT receptors which define the three cell types I-III identified in this structure [112]. The 5-HT1A receptor is the most abundant in BNST and the global effect of increased 5-HT in the BNST is a hyperpolarization of type I BNST neurons [113, 114]. Such hyperpolarization is associated with suppression of anxiety [115]. By contrast, type III cells express 5-HT2C receptors and CRH and send outputs to the same hypothalamic and brainstem targets to which the CE projects and stimulate the anxiogenic pathway [116]. 5-HT2C receptor-mRNA splicing/editing that leads to overexpression of 5-HT2C receptors enhances anxiety and innate fear behaviour [117]. Specific 5-HT2C receptor antagonists are now considered as possible compounds to treat anxiety disorders including PTSD as they relieve anxiety symptoms in patients and are well tolerated [118]. Interestingly, high-frequency BLA stimulations in rat models of anxiety or PTSD reduce anxiety-like behaviour following exposure to predator odor. These results can be compared to those observed after deep brain stimulation in humans [119].
A dense serotoninergic innervation from the MnR is present in the hippocampus proper and has a powerful modulatory influence on hippocampal functions and memory formation [120]. In the CA1-CA3 hippocampal fields, stimulation of serotoninergic axons potentiates excitatory synapses and has positive effects on spatial memory processing in the dorsal hippocampus. Conversely, optogenetic silencing of CA1 5-HT terminals within the dorsal hippocampus inhibits spatial memory. Systemic modulation of 5-HT4 receptor function can impact memory formation. PTSD patients display memory deficits in encoding and retrieval as well as in extinction learning such as fear extinction. In these patients, the hippocampal volume is smaller [121]. This is a consequence of the damage caused by the continuous release of cortisol associated with an increase of glutamate release (Figure 3).
The hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex are modulated by serotonin via various 5-HT receptors. A. The major GABAergic neuron subtypes modulating the function of the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex are represented in the left panel. They could be subdivided into four main classes: the somatostatin-containing (SOM; orange), the 5-HT3A-expressing (5-HT3A; green), the parvalbumin-containing (PV; bleu) and the neuropeptide Y-containing (NPY; pink). The 5-HT3A-expressing GABAergic neurons could be further subdivided into three classes: the vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing (VIP), the cholecystokinin-containing (CCK) and the calretinin-containing (CR) GABAergic neurons. Their activities are modulated by serotoninergic axons arising from the dorsal (violet arrows) and median (MnR) raphe nuclei (purple arrows). B, The CA1-CA3 hippocampal neurons express 5-HT2A,4,7, receptors and 5-HT1A autoreceptors, they send axonal projections to the prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala and the raphe. C, The prefrontal pyramidal glutamatergic neurons express 5-HT2A,2C,4 receptors and 5-HT1A autoreceptors. In addition 5-HT7 receptors are transiently expressed in layer 5-6 (L5-6) pyramidal neurons. The mPFC send axons to the hippocampus with which its activity is synchronized and to the amygdala and raphe nuclei. D, The dorsal (violet) and/or medial (purple) raphe nuclei send axons to the different structures mentioned above. A large number of raphe neurons located in the medial dorsal raphe (DR) and in the medial raphe (MnR) contain 5-HT and express the vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (Vglut3; red dots in raphe). Some raphe neurons are sensitive to the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; yellow).
MnR also sends axons to the ventral part of the hippocampus that is more specifically involved in anxiety-related disorders. Indeed, rats infused bilaterally with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (that induces a drastic reduction (80%) of 5-HT levels in the structure) in the ventral hippocampus spend less time in the open arm of an elevated plus maze. This suggests that reducing 5-HT level in the ventral hippocampus increases anxiety-like behavior [122]. In the same line of evidence, a rat strain selected for high levels of anxiety displayed reduced stress-induced 5-HT activation [123]. Increased anxiety-like behavior has been associated with decreased 5-HT1A receptor numbers in the ventral hippocampus [124] while reduced anxiety-like behavior has been reported to be associated with global overexpression of 5-HT1A receptors [125]. 5-HT2 receptors are expressed in both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons of the hippocampus. 5-HT2 receptors modulate 5-HT-induced outward currents in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and facilitate GABAergic transmission [85]. The precise roles of hippocampal 5-HT2 receptors in the control of anxiety-like phenotype remains to be investigated.
The modulation of 5-HT7 receptors appears promising for the treatment of PTSD. 5-HT7 receptors are expressed by CA3 neurons and activation of 5-HT7 receptors hyperpolarizes these neurons and induces freezing. By contrast, infusion of 5-HT7 antagonists in the ventral hippocampus decreases freezing behaviour induced by contextual fear conditioning [126, 127]. Since blockade of MnR 5-HT+/CRH2+ neurons reverse the effect mediated by 5-HT released in the ventral hippocampus, it has been speculated that 5-HT7+ CA3 neurons would receive specific 5-HT+/CRH2+ inputs [127]. 5-HT7 receptor antagonists are already used for the treatment of colonic intestinal symptoms and could be safely used for the treatment of fear-related disorders [128].
5-HT4 receptor antagonists appear to modulate stress induced defecation but not freezing suggesting that this role may engage different sub-circuits [127]. 5-HT4 receptor agonists may act rapidly and reduce immobility in forced swimming test, decrease sucrose intake following chronic mild stress and have been shown to display antidepressant potential. Drugs acting on 5-HT4 receptors should be carefully considered and used depending on the level/type of stress induced by the trauma [129].
The serotoninergic system appears a potent regulator of the PFC circuitry acting through a variety of 5-HT receptors [85, 92, 130]. Throughout the rodent PFC, pyramidal neurons largely express 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2c receptors. Some pyramidal neurons co-express 5-HT1A/5-HT2A receptors [131] whereas 5-HT2A and 5-HT2c receptors are expressed by overlapping populations [132]. The 5-HT2A receptor is more strongly expressed by layer 5 neurons [133, 134, 135]. 5-HT4 receptors are expressed by PFC glutamatergic neurons [136] and pyramidal neurons of deep layers express transiently (P2-P14) 5-HT7 receptors [137]. GABAergic interneurons express a large array of 5-HT receptors that mainly segregated in two subpopulations: 1/ the PV+ fast-spiking interneurons and the SOM+ interneurons both localized in deep cortical layers and expressing 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors [130] and 2/the slow-spiking interneurons (VIP+, CR+) located in the superficial cortical layers and expressing 5-HT3A receptors [83, 84, 138]. This variety of 5-HT receptor expression allows 5-HT to finely tune the excitability of pyramidal neurons, and therefore control the mPFC top-down exerted on other structures, such as the AMY, the HIP and raphe nuclei.
The global effect of 5-HT application in vitro or the stimulation of endogenous 5-HT release in vivo in PFC is inhibitory and mediated by 5-HT1A receptors. 5-HT1A receptor stimulation (via LY341495) appears to play antidepressant role as shown by the reduction of the immobility time in 24h forced swim test which is partially reversed by infusion of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 in the mPFC [139]. Regulation of the GABAergic tone in the AMY (BLA) appears to be sensitive to mPFC top down-down control. 5-HT depletion in the mPFC increases expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the BLA in the forced swimming test. It reduces GABA release induced by stress in the AMY [140, 141]. Moreover, unilateral 5-HT depletion in mPFC and infusion of an inhibitor of GABA synthesis into the contralateral BLA, selectively decrease immobility in the forced swimming test by inducing a “disconnection” between the PFC and the AMY [140].
The 5-HT2A receptor is the major excitatory serotonin receptor in the brain. 5-HT2A receptors have been implicated in mediating specific aspects of stress-induced responses. Indeed, stressful events as those induced by a six week isolation in rat, induces 5-HT2A upregulation participating in anchoring the associative memory related to the stressful event [142, 143]. In humans, the density of 5-HT2A receptors in the mPFC was negatively associated with reduced threat-related right AMY reactivity [144].
mPFC and HIP form a functional neural networks as their activities are highly synchronized. Specific oscillatory activities, detectable by EEG, correlate with specific behaviors [85] and may provide means for regulating neural communications. Synchronous firing between different neuronal populations should more efficiently in driving the firing of downstream neurons. Such process is important for complex cognitive tasks that require coordination of long-range networks across the brain. Interestingly, in humans transcranial stimulation or deep-brain stimulation in mPFC can assist major treatment-resistant depression probably by stimulating the afore-mentioned pathway [145].
PFC and raphe nuclei form a functional loop. PFC is reciprocally connected to both the DR and MnR [146] and exerts a top-down control on 5-HT neurons. Descending excitatory fibers from the PFC exert complex functional regulation of 5-HT neuronal activity with an overall inhibitory effect mediated by 5-HT1A autoreceptors and feedforward inhibition [147, 148]. 5-HT2C receptors, the targets of antidepressant (mirtazapine, agomelatine) and antipsychotic drugs are expressed by GABAergic interneurons of the PFC and may function in a negative feedback loop involving reciprocal interactions between GABAergic and serotonergic neurons [149]. 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 receptors also exert a top-down control on DR and MnR 5-HT+ neurons. 5-HT4 receptor activation is associated with hypophagia induced by stress [150]. Selective activation of 5-HT4 receptors in the PFC has been shown to induce modifications of SERT (dowregulation) and 5-HT1A receptors and an increase in 5-HT release in the raphe [150]. 5-HT7 receptors are transiently co-expressed with SERT in layers 5-6 neurons of mPFC during the P2-P14 period in mice, and modulate the development of mPFC neurons [137]. While SERT inhibition (SSRI treatment) during the P2-P14 period induces an increase in the number of mPFC synaptic contacts on DR neurons, ablation of 5-HT7 (as observed in SERT-KO mice) induces a reduction of synaptic contacts in mPFC to DR [72, 137]. Therefore 5-HT7 receptor inhibition counteracts the developmental effect mediated by SERT inhibition. SSRI treatment at P2-P14 or 5-HT7 overexpression induces anxiety and depressive-like symptoms in adult mice. Such P2-P14 period is likely to correspond to the last trimester of pregnancy in humans [151]. During this period fetuses/babies (via the maternal milk) are highly impacted by maternal SSRI intake (see section 5). Since SERT-KO mice are not developing altered behavior, 5-HT7 receptor antagonists appear as good candidate for the treatment of mood disorder during pregnancy or post-partum [152, 153].
Interestingly, the developmental maturation of the prefrontal cortex lasts far further into adolescence, up to the age of 20-24 years in humans [154]. Whether stress impacts the development apart the mature functions of mPFC is thus difficult to shape. Furthermore, the developmental expression of SERT in fetuses or infants is not known and much work has to be done to clarify the possible period of vulnerability to SSRI intake in humans (see [138] and section 5).
When reviewing the role of 5-HT in the predisposition to develop PTSD or to cope with stress, it is necessary to untangle what is due to developmental modifications of the neuronal circuits apart from what is specifically due to modifications occurring at mature stages. During development, environmental stimuli sculpt neuronal circuits by an experience-dependent axon/synaptic refinement and pruning over the course of different critical periods, specific for each structure/function (i.e. the prefrontal system maturing all along development [154]). These processes have been shown to be highly sensitive to the imbalance in 5-HT levels depending on numerous genetic/epigenetic modifications of genes encoding the various actors of different 5-HT systems [93, 138, 151].
Although more complex, the development of 5-HT neurons largely depends on two transcription factors Lmx1b and Pet-1 [93, 94, 155, 156]. In Pet-1 knockout (KO) mice only few 5-HT+ neurons are preserved [155]. They correspond to 5-HT+ neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH), the ventral PAG and the ventral medulla, all projecting to the AMY while other brain targets are deprived of 5-HT+ axons. In conflict models, these mice show decreased levels of anxiety but enhanced freezing in fear conditioning tests. This suggests that 5-HT neurons could mediate anxiogenic effects in unconditioned anxiety tasks mainly through the innervation of forebrain areas such as the medial PFC and HIP, which receive no 5-HT innervation in Pet-1KO mice. Conversely data also suggests in Pet-1KO, that 5-HT might inhibit fear responses through the remaining 5-HT innervation toward specific AMY and PAG subnuclei [94, 156]. Further studies are needed for a better understanding of the contradictory effects of 5-HT on fear/anxiety responses in this model. Alternatively, compensatory mechanisms may occur in Pet1-KO mice that remain to go into in depth.
In the mouse, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been identified in the
In serotoninergic cell bodies and axons 5-HT is stored into vesicles preventing its degradation. Evidences that VMAT2 may play a role in regulating stress-related pathology was first discovered by reserpine treatment given to patients. Reserpine blocks VMATs function and induced depressive-like symptoms in humans. Reserpine’s effect appears due to a defective storage of both catecholamine and 5-HT [162]. Mice displaying an altered copy of the VMAT2 allele display exaggerated corticosterone levels in response to forced swim test but respond normally to classic tests measuring anxiety-like behavior. Together this suggests that VMAT2 might play a role in regulating “depressive-like” behavior [163]. Magnitude to the antidepressant-like response appears to depend on the
As discussed above, SSRIs are largely used for their anti-depressant and anti-anxiogenic effects in adults. However, despite the fact that they are largely used in pregnant women (2-13% of women [165]) suffering mood disorders, it has been clearly shown that they have paradoxical long-term effects on fetuses and infant development. When administered during perinatal periods SSRIs increased the risk to develop anxiety and depression in infancy. SSRIs cross the placenta, are detectable in breast milk and reach the developing brain where they disturb the development of neuronal circuitry. During gestation SSRIs induced a reduction of blood flow in the middle cerebral artery and reduced fetal head growth [166, 167]. SSRIs impair motor movements, speech perception at 6-10 months of age, increased irritability and altered psychomotor development in children [168, 169]. When given during pregnancy, they induce a two-fold increased predisposition to develop autism-spectrum disorder [170]. Such alterations appeared correlated with higher dosage of SSRIs [171].
These various developmental roles are mainly related to the different developmental time windows in which SERT is expressed by a large array of glutamatergic neurons, increasing extracellular 5-HT levels and modulating the synaptic and axonal maturation of these neurons. Such a role has been first illustrated by pioneer studies analyzing the development of the somatosensory and visual system. In these systems, 5-HT excess acting via 5-HT1B receptors, reduced glutamate release and induced the maintenance of immature features by SERT+ axons [172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177]. In the limbic system SERT expression has been described in the HIP, the AMY, the mPFC (for exhaustive list and time-window of expression see Table 1 in [173] and Figure 3 in [178]). However, in these regions, SERT+ neurons do not appear to express 5-HT1B receptors during development and are modulated by excess 5-HT via other pathways that remained to be identified.
Similarly, genetic downregulation of the SERT causes depression-related behaviors of developmental origin. In humans, a lesser-expressing form of Slc6a4, the so-called short allele variant (Slc6a4s), has been associated with an increased risk of developing depression in response to early-life stress [179, 180]. This mutation also induces a decreased volume and activity of vmPFC, a structure actively implicated in the control of stress-coping response, which is hypoactive in depressive patients (review in [181]). Interestingly, in mice a subset of glutamatergic neurons located in the layer 5-6 of the IL cortex that transiently express SERT during early postnatal life (P2-P11) project to the DR. Conditional SERT ablation in those neurons leads to a 40% increase in the number of functional PFC synapses onto both 5-HT and GABA neurons of the DR, an effect that is reproduced by postnatal fluoxetine administration. Alteration of this neuronal population has been shown to mediate the depressive- and anxiety-like symptoms observed in adults previously subjected to early postnatal exposure to SSRIs. Thus, this neuronal population provides a top–down control of emotional deficits induced by exposure to SSRIs during early postnatal life, resulting in long-lasting effects on mood. Interestingly, 5-HT blockade during the P2-P11 period also impacts the development of prelimbic (PL) pyramidal neurons that neighbor IL neurons but in a reverse way. These neuronal populations which normally play a role in promoting fear extinction or inhibiting fear extinction respectively are permanently altered by SERT blockade leading to the emergence of affective and fear-related altered behaviours [72, 182].
Long life expression changes in SERT expression, such as those observed in mice knockout for SERT (SERT-KO) or overexpressing SERT (SERT-OE) result in altered development of limbic structures. SERT-KO mice display impaired recall of fear extinction compared to wild-type littermate controls. In these mice, BA and LA principal glutamatergic neurons display abnormal dendritic spine density [183]. Conversely, SERT-OE mice have lower extracellular 5-HT levels [184] and exhibit impaired fear learning [185]. Genetic manipulation of SERT during development induces compensatory mechanisms leading to modified levels of 5-HT1A [11] and 5-HT2A receptor expression [185, 186] in the AMY. Constitutive low levels of 5-HT2A receptors in BA and LA may result in a reduced GABAergic tone in this structure that would be hyperresponsive to traumatic reminders or even innocuous stimuli [102].
It is to note that other risk alleles could interact within a context of SERT deficiency and further increase the risk for abnormal neural circuitry development. For instance, it has been observed in rodents that
MAOA blockade was one of the first treatments used in humans to relieve symptoms of depression. However they showed side effects since they increased anxiety-like behavior and caused resistance to chronic mild stress habituation [189]. MAOA-KO mice display increase 5-HT levels in the brain that normalized with age (by 6 months). These mice show exaggerated unconditioned and conditioned fear behavior as well as increase aggressive-like behavior [190]. Such increased outbursts of aggressive behavior were also observed in a Dutch family by men lacking MAOA gene (MAOA is located on the X chromosome [191]). More common variants located on the MAOA promoter leading to a low MAOA activity induce, in humans, various social and emotional alterations. They were associated with increased responses of the HIP and AMY to threatening faces and with a reduction of grey matter volume in anterior cingulate cortex, insula and HIP and increased orbitofrontal volumes [192, 193]. Interestingly, human carrier of a hyperactive MAOA form tends to be more prone to depressive-like behavior [194]. By contrast, human carriers of the hypoactive form of MAOA show higher subjective stress, lesser glucocorticoid responses and blunted HPA axis response to chronic stress reflecting HPA axis exhaustion [195]. However, such alterations probably of developmental origin, could not be attributed specifically to 5-HT increase but could also be due to the norepinephrine increase characterized in early developmental and adulthood of MAOA-KO mice [190]. Various interindividual DNA methylations were detected on the promoter core of MAOA in peripheral circulating white cells and appear to predict efficiently the MAOA brain endophenotype and the susceptibility to stressful events [196]. Interestingly, the levels of MAOA methylation return to normal during the process of cognitive therapy of patients undergoing panic disorders. This study suggests that modification of MAOA methylation is part of a process that mediates fear extinction [197, 198].
5-HT appeared early on the scale of evolution and is highly conserved across species. 5-HT modulates nearly all the functions that are needed to sustain life and is also implicated in the formation of brain circuits. Despite the fact that 5-HT was one of the first neurotransmitters/neurohormones discovered, the large number of receptors that mediate its role make it difficult to apprehend how 5-HT regulate these functions. Indeed, some 5-HT receptor expressions and time of expressions (they may be transiently expressed) are still to be determined in rodents and in humans. Even regions and times of SERT expression remains to be established in humans. The treatment of PTSD is complex depending on the delay from the stressful event and although SSRIs associated with various psychotherapies were initially largely prescribed, alternative pharmacological treatments are emerging. Some of them rely on 5-HT and modulate specific receptors, but a large array of pharmacological treatments currently used or clinically tested modulate other neurotransmitters, neurohormones or neuropeptides. They however all have a common goal: to decrease the strength of traumatic memories, to eliminate the pathological memories by reconsolidation blockade or even reducing the association between the traumatic event and the negative emotional valence. Anyway, the history of a patient and its genetic/epigenetic makeup he bears largely impact the way he will cope with a stressor. Regarding this last point it is clear that individual specificities of the 5-HT system will influence how people are coping with stress (Figure 4).
Etiology of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and possible treatments. Risk or protective factors may impact the way people cope with a stressor. This includes the genetic makeup specific to a patient and its personal history. We point here the role of epigenetic modifications impacting the serotoninergic system, the status of the mother during gestation and lactation. In particular, inflammatory status of the patient or of its mother while pregnant could lead to 5-HT depletion (central or peripheral). Maternal serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) intake induces increase 5-HT levels in the embryo, the fetus and in the maternal milk. Recently 5-H7 antagonists were suggested to be used instead of classical SSRIs as they may induce fewer side effects. After the trauma, there is a short intervention time during which the weight of a traumatic memory could be decreased by pharmacological tools. In addition to the norepinephrine receptor (NER) blockade, alternative therapeutics are currently tested or considered. When Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is clearly installed pharmacological treatment in combination with psychotherapy could be used to both alleviate the symptom and decrease the strength of traumatic memories. Alternative treatments are emerging some of them target the serotoninergic system. Blue Blocks depict the patient history and the emergence of PTSD induced by the resurgence of the traumatic event. Green blocks review what is already clearly established. Violet blocks review what should be considered and the interrogation point indicates that the cited compound should be tested with caution. 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamin; 5-HTRs, 5-hydroxytryptamin receptor; Ago., agonist; Antago., antagonist; CCK, cholecystokinin; CRH, corticotropin releasing hormone; DA, dopamine; GABA, gamma aminobutyric acid; MAOs, monoamine oxidase; MDMA, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine; NE, norepinephrine; NER, norepinephrine receptor; NMDA, n-methyl-D-aspartate; NPY, neuropeptide Y; SERT, serotonin transporter; SSRIs, serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SP, substance P; TPH2, tryptophan hydroxylase 2; TPH1, tryptophan hydroxylase 1; VMAT2, vesicular.
TV was founded by the inserm and “The Fondation de France” grant No 00089602. TV and CV warmly thank Dr Pierre Gressens for constant support. TV wish to thank Drs Guilan Vodjdani and Sylvie Berard and, Oriane Bergiers and Renald Buzenet, two master students in the lab and H. Langzam for fruitful discussions.
5-hydroxytryptamin 5hydroxyindolacetic acid aminoacid decarboxylase adrenocorticotropic hormone amygdala complex basal nucleus of amygdala brain blood barrier basolateral nucleus of amygdala bed nucleus of the stria terminalis cyclic adenosin monophosphate hippocampal fields cholecystokinin central nucleus of amygdala lateral part of the CE medial part of the CE central nervous system catéchol-O-méthyltransferase cortisol/corticosterone calretinin corticotrophin releasing hormone/factor dorsal raphe nuclei ventral dorsal raphe gamma aminobutyric acid glucocorticoid receptors hippocampal formation hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase infralimbic cortex knockout lateral nucleus of the amygdala locus coeruleus monoamine oxidase A monoamine oxidase B median raphe nucleus nucleus accumbens nitric oxide neuropeptide Y orbitoprefrontal cortex over expression periacqueductal grey prefrontal cortex prelimbic cortex principal glutamatergic neurons post-traumatic stress disorder parvalbumin paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus serotonin transporter single-nucleotide polymorphism somatostatin serotonin reuptake inhibitor tyrosine Hydroxylase tryptophan hydroxylase tryptophan hydroxylase type1 tryptophan hydroxylase type 2 vesicular glutamate transporter 3 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide vesicular monoamine transporter 2 ventromedial prefrontal cortex ventral tegmental area
Every aspect of our lives includes some form of supply chain and logistics, so the impact of these activities on the environment is of significant importance. The objective of this chapter is to introduce principles and practices that facilitate sustainable logistics operations in a holistic manner and consider factors of logistics affecting the natural environment beyond the usual factors of distance traveled, fuel use, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that have been well discussed in freight transportation literature. Global business is more dominant these days, for example, many manufacturers produce their goods in lesser-developed countries, and then shipped all around the world. This requires global logistics to ensure timely and efficient global distribution of goods from producers to consumers. Logistics and supply chain management (SCM) activities have a significant economic impact on countries and their societies. Grant et al. [1] reported these activities accounted for 8.3 percent of US gross domestic product (GDP) or US $1.45 trillion in 2014 and 6.8 percent of GDP (€876 billion) across the European Union’s (EU) 27 countries in 2012.
This chapter covers sustainable logistics. It starts by presenting an overview of logistics in the second section. The third section discusses the basics of sustainable development and sustainability. The fourth section introduces the basic concept of sustainable business as minimizing costs, which covers the three aspects of business: environmental, financial, and human. The fifth section discusses sustainable supply chain and logistics. As business is becoming more challenging these days, companies need to be aware of and practice sustainable supply chain management to stay competitive. Sustainable supply chain management is about environment protection, social responsibilities, economic growth, and profitability in the long term. It wraps up with a brief section on the evaluation of logistic operations. In addition to cost and speed criteria, sustainability should be introduced in the evaluation criteria.
Effective logistics largely contributes to the success of business through quick deliveries in minimum time and cost. Logistics is the process of getting material, product, and service where and when they are needed. It works to determine the temporal and spatial positioning of raw materials, work in progress, and finished inventories where they are needed and when they are required. Logistics can be categorized into subsistence logistics, operation logistics, and system logistics. Subsistence logistics is concerned with the basic human needs of food, clothing, and shelter within any given conditions, and it provides the foundation of operations logistics. Operations logistics goes beyond subsistence to systems involved in producing luxuries; it incorporates the raw material required by the enterprise in the production. System logistics includes all resources required in keeping a system in operating condition. These resources include personnel, test and support equipment, spare parts for maintenance, technical publication, and facilities. Thus, logistics systems consist of four main activities: purchasing management, inventory management, warehousing management, and transportation management.
Logistics is defined by the Council of Logistics Management (CLM) as “the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements” [2].
Effective logistics minimizes the cost of transportation, inventory, material handling, and other distribution-related activities. In light of the new trends in business, logistics have gained great importance. New trends include high production efficiency, change in inventory philosophy, high transportation cost, production lines replication, propagation of computers and technology, retails fast-growing, globalization, and reduction in economic regulations. Efficient logistics systems throughout the world business are a basis for trade and a better economy. It allows a geographical region to exploit its inherent advantage by focusing its productive efforts on those products in which it has been an advantage, which will result in competitive production cost, logistics cost, and quality compared to other regions.
Global logistics is growing and playing a vital role in international business. It ensures timely and efficient global distribution of goods from producers to consumers through a connection of critical components of the supply chain from a product’s point of origin to its point of consumption. It was reported that global container trade has increased on average 5 percent per year over the last 20 years and at its peak in the mid-2000s comprised 350 million 20-foot equivalent units (TEU) a year [1].
Advancements in information technology and communication, transportation and material handling, and high volume data processing and transmission are revolutionizing logistics control systems. The use of big data tools in logistics and supply chain management gives great advantages as it provides better decision making, improved efficiency, cost reduction, better risk management, and better visibility and competition [3]. Communication technology enables better, faster, and reliable supply chains, communications take place between any firm, suppliers, customers, and other members involved in the chain.
Different people or organizations might have different understandings or definitions for sustainability, depending on their area of specialty or function. Many people think the word sustainability is synonymous with “going green,” or limit their understanding of sustainability to the environment. However, the word sustain means causing or allowing something to continue over a period of time. In the same logic, an unsustainable process or act assumes that it will come to an end sooner rather than later. The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), known by the name of its Chair, Gro Harlem Brundtland, published its report “Our Common Future,” in 1987 [1] and proposed the concept of sustainable development as an ideal for the global economy and corporations. Sustainability was defined as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Based on the WCED definition of sustainability, focusing only on the environmental aspects of sustainability is short-sighted and partial. In addition to the environment, sustainability embraces several arenas including economics, materials, industry, human behavioral science, laws and legislation, social sciences, and finance, as depicted in Figure 1.
Arenas of sustainability.
To achieve sustainable development, there are three goals that need to be fulfilled: waste elimination or minimization, optimization of resources, and cost minimization. Achieving the three goals will lead to environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability, which are the three pillars of sustainability. From a business viewpoint, sustainability is about reducing costs in every conceivable form, which will lead to profitability, competitiveness, and continuity. These costs consist of the costs of raw materials, waste, deficits in resources, poor product design, inefficient production process, climate change, and unemployment. These costs can be grouped into three categories that represent the three aspects of business: Environmental, Economic, and Social.
Sustainable business is about minimizing costs, which covers the three aspects of business: environmental, financial, and human. There are several challenges business need to consider to better compete in the market. The volatile energy prices is a major challenge for business, all options need to be considered to reduce the energy bill and consequently the business’s dependence on oil. The prices of raw material increases due to increase in the world’s population. Increases in waste and disposal costs are becoming critical to business. Most countries of the world have passed laws and regulations for waste regulation and recycling. Plastic, cans, papers, and other recyclable materials are kept away from landfill sites to avoid waste. The legislation to control CO2 pollution is active in many countries, manufacturers and industrial companies not only face a real challenge to keep their level of CO2 within limits, but investors are avoiding investing in companies that are not willing to comply and watch the high cost of change in environment. Customer and business demands and expectations are becoming different, buyers are so much aware of prices and sustainability initiatives. Retailers are concerned with their supply chains, where the majority of their environmental footprint is centered. They are interested to optimize prices of energy, material, and supply chains. Companies that are committed to low-cost sustainable operations gain the best market share; this will put such companies on a competitive advantage compared to others. Nowadays, customers expect companies to be transparent, which is done through two channels: voluntary where information passing from company to customers, or involuntary where information is shared by consumer watchdog groups. There are companies that are making it possible for customers to have online access to follow up on products from concept to material sourcing, to manufacturing and delivery. Companies share ingredients of their products by providing online lists.
Commitment to sustainability helps companies to recruit, and retain smart employees who think about things other than money. Those employees work with pride and purpose, want to feel the ability to make difference and accomplishment. The longer a company takes an action, the higher the cost is, and the further behind it will be in terms of market share, profitability, and innovation. Hidden costs exist, such costs could be building-related low productivity, and sickness resulting from poor ventilation and lighting. In addition, there are costs related to laying off employees, which include the loss of investment in human capital, economic and social ex-communication, and reduction in national economic growth.
As business is becoming more challenging these days, companies need to be aware of and practice sustainable supply chain management to stay competitive. Sustainable supply chain management is about environment protection, social responsibilities, and economic growth and profitability in the long term. Figure 2 depicts the relationships between the three goals that need to be fulfilled: waste elimination or minimization, optimization of resources, and cost minimization, sustainable development with its three dimensions: economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, and social sustainability, and sustainable logistics with its components: logistics concepts, methods, and functions. To achieve sustainable development, integration of its three dimensions is required; any defect in the three dimensions of sustainable development will not lead to its achievement. Logistics is involved in all aspects of business as well daily life of individuals. Sustainable logistics is tied to sustainable development in general, sustainability criteria should be included in the logistic evaluation, in addition to another criterion such as cost and speed. Sustainable logistics is at the intersection of its concepts, methods, and functions. The goal is to eliminate environmental problems in the areas of logistics, which can be achieved by eliminating or minimizing negative impacts of logistics on the environment. Starting from the concepts, these activities include designing sustainable packaging, and reuse of, recycling waste, reducing energy and the pollution caused by transport.
Sustainability framework.
Several concepts and terms of logistics resulted from strict environmental regulations. Reverse logistics is defined as “the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient and cost-effective flow of raw materials, semi-finished and finished products, together with the related information flows, from the point of consumption to the point of origin, in order to recover the value or proper management” [4]. Disposal logistics – “the application of the concept of logistics for the residue, to induce their efficient, economically and ecologically, movements, while the space-time transformation, including changes in the amount and type of” [5]. Recirculation logistics – “suggests that product or packaging, is circulated repeatedly in a closed-loop supply chain” [6]. Downcycling – “process of waste or useless products transformation into new materials or products, having lower quality and functionality” [6]. Green logistics is defined as a “management approach” aimed at minimizing the negative impact on the ecosystem of logistics flows. The problems of excessive environmental degradation concern companies, operating in each market sector. In particular, however, apply to freight forwarders and carriers. The concept of green logistics associated with the strategy consists in the use of their resources in the most efficient and environmentally friendly way. It is a trend that stems from the need to care for the global environment [7].
Logistics includes “efforts to acquire materials and finished products distribution to the right place, at the right time and in the right amount. Typical elements of the logistics system are customer service, demand forecasting, distribution communications, inventory control, warehousing, procurement processes, parts and service support, site selection magazine, shopping, packing, handling complaints, waste management, transport, and storage” [8]. To improve logistic operations, companies collaborate with suppliers, shippers, distributors, and customers. As a result, logistic cost will be reduced and business performance will be improved.
Sustainable supply chain management covers all activities, functions, processes, and relationships, where materials, products, services, information, and monetary transactions move among enterprises. The first step in the implementation of sustainable supply chain management starts with product design. In addition to optimizing quality and cost, the design will allow recycling of products. Sustainable production is the second step, which can be achieved through utilizing clean production methods, use of new technology, reducing raw materials, and resources. Sustainable marketing helps companies to enhance their relationships with stakeholders. Maintaining biological balance, paying more attention to environment, and waste management leads to cost reduction and improved competitiveness. Sustainable transportation is a major element in achieving sustainable supply chain management. Utilizing renewable energy, modes of transport, infrastructure, and operational management practices can be considered to achieve sustainable transportation. Sustainable purchase leads to minimizing waste, hazardous materials, and sources of pollution.
Hammer and Somers [9] discussed concepts that provide possibilities of using resources more productively. The lean methods involve following a product through factory or service operation with the objective to reduce waste of energy and materials. Unlike profit per ton, the concept of profits per hour takes into account the time dimension in production process. This concept enables companies to make wise decisions and choices regarding resources and productivity.
Advanced analytic techniques help companies navigate and sort within different variables such as equipment configuration, raw materials, and process changes. Comprehensive change management effort is required for resource productivity, which ensures that employees create more value from less. Think circular is a sustainable logic that creates new value for companies and societies. This logic relies on looping products, components, and materials back into the production process.
Rothenberg [10] promoted the concept of “servicizing,” where suppliers could focus on providing services instead of selling products as their business models. This will lead to reduced material use as a strategic opportunity. This is in line with the World Commission on Environment and Development definition of “sustainable development.” The author presented the case study of three companies; Gage Products, PPG Industries, and Xerox. The three companies are taking the servicizing approach; they adopted business models that help customers purchase less of their products. The three companies have attracted new customers with their new business models. In addition, they have built stronger customer relationships. This closure customer relationship has led to expanding the range of products they sell, attracting new customers who are impressed with the company’s sustainable social commitment, and usually, customers are less likely to change suppliers.
Similar to other large-scale initiatives for change, moving to servicing is faced with challenges. Changing the culture from selling more products to helping customers to use fewer products is not an easy task. There will be internal resistance at different levels to this change. Managing this change falls into six categories: (1) utilizing existing strengths (2) restructuring profit in contractual agreements (3) introducing the new business model (4) new incentive schemes (5) introducing new skills and (6) expressing major significance and special interest of environmental advantage.
Paine [11] discussed the importance of corporate responsibility to their long-term success. Nike’s corporate committee’s role in supporting innovation was described. The committee was created in 2001 as a result of board member Jill Ker Conway’s lobbying. The committee advises on issues such as labor practices, resource sustainability, innovation, and acquisitions. The author concluded that corporate responsibility committee could help companies in several ways such as a source of knowledge and expertise, accountability, driver of innovation, a source for the full board and constructive critic.
Nidumolu et al. [12] discussed the idea of collaboration, as is a necessity for business sustainability. They introduce four models for systematic sustainability using case studies. The models have two common features; stakeholder inclusion and innovation in either operating processes or business outcomes. Companies can work together on issues such as climate change, depletion of resources, and ecosystem. Two types of collaborations focus on business processes and outcomes. First, is corporate collaboration, which includes all players in business such as manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and retailers. Second, extended collaborations, which covers business and non-corporate partners such as government, NGOs, and academics.
Companies can identify and share operational processes that will minimize consumption of resources and waste, which will lead to natural resources protection. In addition, companies can share defined outcomes that minimize environmental impact. To explain the proposed models, the authors discussed several case studies. Processes were the center of corporate collaborations in the case of Dairy Management Inc. and case of an action to accelerate recycling. The corporate collaboration’s focus was on outcomes in the case of sustainable coalition, and Latin American water funds partnership.
Authors stated seven next practices for successful collaborations in sustainability. (1) Starting with small committed group (2) link self-interest to shared interest (3) monetize system value (4) create a clear path with quick wins (5) acquire independent project management expertise (6) build in structured competition, and (7) nurture a culture of trust.
Doorey [13] describes the case study of Nike and Levis. The contribution of factory disclosure was evaluated, and tracking the change from resistance to transparency in supply chain was tracked. Information disclosure is a tool that is used in business and it affects its behavior. Business leaders can change harmful behavior with transparency and empowering private watchdogs. This is clear from the private movement that took place in the late 1990s to pressure corporations to disclose and declare their global suppliers. It was believed that such disclosure would improve working conditions and labor practices. For example, Nike and Levis published their suppliers list in 1995, which was a surprise to the business community. Information systems were introduced to track information about labor practices including global suppliers’ databases.
Unlike Nike and Levis, many other companies are not welcoming the idea of supplier transparency. Some of these companies cannot track their suppliers, which will lead to ignorance of labor practices. In such case, the role of private actors becomes essential to apply the needed pressure to create transparent supply chains.
New [14] discussed the importance of transparent supply chain. When supply chain is not transparent, trouble will arise. Many companies consider provenance very important, H&M for example declares that labor practices and environmental effects of its suppliers’ suppliers are very important. Origin is considered an important and essential feature of what a customer may buy. Companies such as Wal-Mart are using new technologies to provide origin data. For example, bar codes that can be read with mobile phones, genetic markers for agricultural products and labeling have been transformed by microscopic electronic devices.
Customers have an interest in origins and authenticity. Providing them with information about provenance will become part of the marketing strategy. Provenance is important on downstream and upstream sides of the supply chain. Both customers and suppliers can access this internet of things that gather provenance information.
Until recently, logistic operations were evaluated based on cost and speed criteria. The situation is different now, where sustainability was introduced in the evaluation criteria [15]. Logistics is a human activity and impacts the environment through its components purchasing, inventory, warehousing, and transportation. Decision-making becomes more important in logistic and supply chain management, which may vary from single quantitative criterion to multi-criteria problems. Many problems in logistic management such as supplier selection, purchasing, manufacturing, distribution, collaboration, performance management, and design are covered by suitable multiple criteria decision-making approaches. Mohsen and Murat [16] developed an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methodology to perform a multi-criteria evaluation of freight forwarders. It analyzes different criteria that would be employed in the evaluation and selection of forwarders.
Companies’ competitiveness rely on their ability to ship their products around the globe at the right time in a perfect physical situation. It is suggested that logistic evaluation is based on a multi-criteria in terms of transit time, quality of service, expertise and specialized service, network, competitive prices, technology and information, and sustainability criteria.
In logistics, quality of service is not about responding to emails or calls anymore. The quality of service pertains to such areas as expertise in providing relevant services, ability to work with one point of contact, meeting unique customer requirements, dependability and assurance of the international shipping service, flexibility and ability to provide a wide range of services, and meeting deadlines. Quality of service is about supporting customers to gain a competitive edge against their competitors by using innovative systems, utilizing big data, and advising on the market conditions and logistics trends. Huang et al. (2019) explore some practical business solutions to enhance customer service level of the international freight forwarders. Providing high-quality service is a key objective in this business sector to enhance customer satisfaction since competition is extremely critical.
Ability to provide specialized service is very critical for customers needing special and expert handling of their sensitive cargo. For example, the shipment of a pharma product requires a forwarder who knows the regulations and has proven record experience in handling pharma when it comes to temperature monitoring during the shipping and warehousing requirements.
Network for the logistics partner is defined as the existence of the company around the globe. It is important to deal with a company that has a strong network around factories to the distribution centers to make sure they guarantee space for cargo, and on the other hand to be committed to the agreed transit time. Network dimension concerns such factors as international deployment, number of branches worldwide, and number of countries in which the international shippers are represented.
Price might be critical to some industries, especially for low-value products. Hence, customers seek the most competitive rates in the market to increase their profitability. On the other hand, other industries’ shipping pricing might not be as critical as for pharma and high technology because of the need for special handling and expertise which might not be available in all logistic companies. So, you need to check your industry and value of your product before negotiations. In all cases, the ability to offer service with attractive prices will continue to be an important criterion.
No doubt that technology is so important nowadays, finding a partner with advanced technology would help to have efficient and effective operations. The ability to access and interface with the international shippers’ information technology is a very important factor in evaluating the freight forwarder. Finding a partner with advanced technology will give the company a competitive edge against your competitors by utilizing their big data.
Some shippers have really advanced technology to level that they have platforms, which allow you to predict the economy for every quarter of the year per region by utilizing the big data of logistics (import & export), this will be very helpful, especially for newly launched products.
Saving the environment is everyone’s concern nowadays, all companies giving more attention to sustainability and they made a lot of initiatives to save environment. Finding a logistics partner who cares about sustainability will help the company in its strategy. Some of the logistic and transport companies generate reports for CO2 emission, which will help you in your strategy.
Logistics is a required function for all types of businesses. It covers many actions and activities performed by the companies involved in managing the flow of raw material, unfinished products, and final products. This wide range allows to introduce and use many tools, solutions, or actions that led to the creation of Sustainable Logistics Management term.
Sustainability is the future for logistics and supply chain businesses. It is important to understand the level of social, environmental, and economic impact and viability that suppliers and customers have. It is beyond going green and being environmentally friendly, it has an influence on manufacturing processes, starting from where raw materials are obtained, processes involved, use, and potential recycling of the product or service. In analyzing the problem of selecting a freight forwarder, sustainability will be one amongst other criteria for evaluation. Selecting a logistics partner who cares about sustainability will help in achieving company’s strategy. Some of the logistic and transport companies generate reports for CO2 emission, which will help in achieving specific targets and strategies.
As business is becoming more challenging these days, companies need to be aware of and practice sustainable supply chain management to stay competitive. Sustainable logistic and supply chain management is about environment protection, social responsibilities, and economic growth and profitability in the long term.
In addition to cost and speed criteria, sustainability should be introduced in the evaluation criteria. It is suggested that logistic evaluation is based on a multi-criteria in terms of transit time, quality of service, expertise and specialized service, network, competitive prices, technology and information, and sustainability criteria.
All publications on this website are published under the Open Access model, without any subscription, registration, or access fees required from the user or his/her institution. In accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative's (BOAI) definition of Open Access, users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to the full text versions of all Chapters. To read more about our Open Access Statement click here.
\n\nFor Editorial Policies for journals please consult individual journal pages.
',metaTitle:"Editorial policies",metaDescription:"Editorial policies",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/editorial-policies",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\\n\\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\\n\\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\\n\\n\\n\\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\n\\n\\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\\n\\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\\n\\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\\n\\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\\n\\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\\n\\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\\n\\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\\n\\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\\n\\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\n\n\n\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\n\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\n\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\n\n\n\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\n\n\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\n\n\n\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\n\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\n\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\n\n\n\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\n\n\n\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\n\n\n\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\n\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\n\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\n\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\n\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\n\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\n\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
\n\n\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"7,21,23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sylvanus Gbendazhi Barnabas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"293764",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvanus",surname:"Barnabas",slug:"sylvanus-barnabas",fullName:"Sylvanus Barnabas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11782",title:"Personality Traits - The Role in Psychopathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d3a491e5194cad4c59b900dd57a11842",slug:null,bookSignature:" Vladimir V. Kalinin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. Kalinin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian Sloboda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12239",title:"Topics on Globalization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"43443244d8385c57f1424d5d37c91788",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Elsadig Musa Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12239.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"268621",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsadig",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"elsadig-ahmed",fullName:"Elsadig Ahmed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11779",title:"Non-government Organizations - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c109a472a9e0ea8398ae95e2d21be039",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Vito Bobek and Dr. Tatjana Horvat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11779.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11444",title:"Happiness - Biopsychosocial and Anthropological Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa84e7fc3611e5428e070239dcf5a93f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Floriana Irtelli and Prof. Fabio Gabrielli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11444.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Habtamu Alem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty - Evolutionary, Social and Cultural Perspectives on Attractiveness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8f2773e5d4ffe767f38dd15712258e8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farid Pazhoohi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"470837",title:"Dr.",name:"Farid",surname:"Pazhoohi",slug:"farid-pazhoohi",fullName:"Farid Pazhoohi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11437",title:"Social Media - Risks and Opportunities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"000e31f2e2f7295805e9a3864158ad63",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shafizan Mohamed and Dr. Shazleen Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11437.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"302450",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shafizan",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"shafizan-mohamed",fullName:"Shafizan Mohamed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11443",title:"Empathy - Advanced Research and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4c1042dfe15aa9cea6019524c4cbff38",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sara Ventura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11443.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11769",title:"Multiculturalism and Interculturalism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6c4bda24f278d74f943f2155f13f4d73",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin, Dr. Tareque Aziz and Dr. Sreenivasan Jayashree",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11769.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12109",title:"Identifying Occupational Stress and Coping Strategies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"09a2f5fe50b90b20637b7aceccf1cfdd",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kavitha Palaniappan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12109.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311189",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavitha",surname:"Palaniappan",slug:"kavitha-palaniappan",fullName:"Kavitha Palaniappan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:26},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4422},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1278",title:"Industrial Robot",slug:"cognitive-robotics-industrial-robot",parent:{id:"251",title:"Cognitive Robotics",slug:"cognitive-robotics"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:7,numberOfWosCitations:49,numberOfCrossrefCitations:56,numberOfDimensionsCitations:83,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1278",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6279",title:"RoCKIn",subtitle:"Benchmarking Through Robot Competitions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b30333fe27df104db631b852e8e99c",slug:"rockin-benchmarking-through-robot-competitions",bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6279.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:null,equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"3649",title:"Robot Manipulators",subtitle:"New Achievements",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",bookSignature:"Aleksandar Lazinica and Hiroyuki Kawai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3649.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"10654",doi:"10.5772/9344",title:"Higher Dimensional Spatial Expression of Upper Limb Manipulation Ability Based on Human Joint Torque Characteristics",slug:"higher-dimensional-spatial-expression-of-upper-limb-manipulation-ability-based-on-human-joint-torque",totalDownloads:2404,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"3649",slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",title:"Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Robot Manipulators New Achievements"},signatures:"Makoto Sasaki, Takehiro Iwami, Kazuto Miyawaki, Ikuro Sato, Goro Obinata and Ashish Dutta",authors:null},{id:"10634",doi:"10.5772/9324",title:"Mobile Manipulation: A Case Study",slug:"mobile-manipulation-a-case-study",totalDownloads:2536,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"3649",slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",title:"Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Robot Manipulators New Achievements"},signatures:"A. Hentout, B. Bouzouia, I. Akli and R. Toumi",authors:null},{id:"10621",doi:"10.5772/9311",title:"On Designing Compliant Actuators Based On Dielectric Elastomers for Robotic Applications",slug:"on-designing-compliant-actuators-based-on-dielectric-elastomers-for-robotic-applications",totalDownloads:2444,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3649",slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",title:"Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Robot Manipulators New Achievements"},signatures:"Giovanni Berselli, Gabriele Vassura, Vincenzo Parenti Castelli and Rocco Vertechy",authors:null},{id:"10655",doi:"10.5772/9345",title:"Kinematic Calibration of Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines and Robot Arms Using Passive and Active Self-Centering Probes and Multipose Optimization Algorithm Based in Point and Length Constrains",slug:"kinematic-calibration-of-articulated-arm-coordinate-measuring-machines-and-robot-arms-using-passive-",totalDownloads:3898,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3649",slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",title:"Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Robot Manipulators New Achievements"},signatures:"Jorge Santolaria and Juan Jose Aguilar",authors:null},{id:"10650",doi:"10.5772/9340",title:"Singularity-Based Calibration – A Novel Approach for Absolute-Accuracy Enhancement of Parallel Robots",slug:"singularity-based-calibration-a-novel-approach-for-absolute-accuracy-enhancement-of-parallel-robots",totalDownloads:2164,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"3649",slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",title:"Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Robot Manipulators New Achievements"},signatures:"Philipp Last",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"10630",title:"Kinematics, Singularity and Dexterity Analysis of Planar Parallel Manipulators Based on DH Method",slug:"kinematics-singularity-and-dexterity-analysis-of-planar-parallel-manipulators-based-on-dh-method",totalDownloads:4278,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3649",slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",title:"Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Robot Manipulators New Achievements"},signatures:"Serdar Kucuk",authors:null},{id:"56009",title:"RoCKIn@Work: Industrial Robot Challenge",slug:"rockin-work-industrial-robot-challenge",totalDownloads:1585,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"RoCKIn@Work was focused on benchmarks in the domain of industrial robots. Both task and functionality benchmarks were derived from real world applications. All of them were part of a bigger user story painting the picture of a scaled down real world factory scenario. Elements used to build the testbed were chosen from common materials in modern manufacturing environments. Networked devices, machines controllable through a central software component, were also part of the testbed and introduced a dynamic component to the task benchmarks. Strict guidelines on data logging were imposed on participating teams to ensure gathered data could be automatically evaluated. This also had the positive effect that teams were made aware of the importance of data logging, not only during a competition but also during research as useful utility in their own laboratory. Tasks and functionality benchmarks are explained in detail, starting with their use case in industry, further detailing their execution and providing information on scoring and ranking mechanisms for the specific benchmark.",book:{id:"6279",slug:"rockin-benchmarking-through-robot-competitions",title:"RoCKIn",fullTitle:"RoCKIn - Benchmarking Through Robot Competitions"},signatures:"Rainer Bischoff, Tim Friedrich, Gerhard K. Kraetzschmar, Sven\nSchneider and Nico Hochgeschwender",authors:[{id:"213507",title:"Mr.",name:"Tim",middleName:null,surname:"Friedrich",slug:"tim-friedrich",fullName:"Tim Friedrich"}]},{id:"10645",title:"Stiffness Analysis for an Optimal Design of Multibody Robotic Systems",slug:"stiffness-analysis-for-an-optimal-design-of-multibody-robotic-systems",totalDownloads:2885,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3649",slug:"robot-manipulators-new-achievements",title:"Robot Manipulators",fullTitle:"Robot Manipulators New Achievements"},signatures:"Carbone Giuseppe",authors:null},{id:"56373",title:"RoCKIn@Home: Domestic Robots Challenge",slug:"rockin-home-domestic-robots-challenge",totalDownloads:1400,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Service robots performing complex tasks involving people in houses or public environments are becoming more and more common, and there is a huge interest from both the research and the industrial point of view. The RoCKIn@Home challenge has been designed to compare and evaluate different approaches and solutions to tasks related to the development of domestic and service robots. RoCKIn@Home competitions have been designed and executed according to the benchmarking methodology developed during the project and received very positive feedbacks from the participating teams. Tasks and functionality benchmarks are explained in detail.",book:{id:"6279",slug:"rockin-benchmarking-through-robot-competitions",title:"RoCKIn",fullTitle:"RoCKIn - Benchmarking Through Robot Competitions"},signatures:"Luca Iocchi, G. Kraetzschmar, Daniele Nardi, Pedro U. Lima, Pedro\nMiraldo, Emanuele Bastianelli and Roberto Capobianco",authors:[{id:"78836",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro U.",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",slug:"pedro-u.-lima",fullName:"Pedro U. Lima"},{id:"80197",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Iocchi",slug:"luca-iocchi",fullName:"Luca Iocchi"}]},{id:"56164",title:"RoCKIn Benchmarking and Scoring System",slug:"rockin-benchmarking-and-scoring-system",totalDownloads:1224,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The main innovation brought forth by the European Project RoCKIn is the definition, implementation and application to an actual robot competition of the novel paradigm of benchmarking through competitions. By doing so, RoCKIn set in motion an evolutionary process to transform robot competitions from successful showcases with limited scientific impact into benchmarking tools for the consistent and objective evaluation of the performance of autonomous robot systems. Our work began by revisiting, in the light of the features and limitations of a competition setting, the very foundations of the scientific method; then we built on these by designing a novel type of competitions where the concepts of benchmark and objective performance metrics are the key points; finally, we arrived to the implementation of such concepts in the form of a real-world robot competition. This chapter describes the above process, explaining how each of its several aspects (theoretical, technical, procedural) has been tackled by RoCKIn. Special attention will be devoted to the problems of defining performance metrics and of capturing the ground truth needed to reliably assess robot perceptions and actions.",book:{id:"6279",slug:"rockin-benchmarking-through-robot-competitions",title:"RoCKIn",fullTitle:"RoCKIn - Benchmarking Through Robot Competitions"},signatures:"Giulio Fontana, Matteo Matteucci, Francesco Amigoni, Viola\nSchiaffonati, Andrea Bonarini and Pedro U. Lima",authors:[{id:"213508",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio",middleName:null,surname:"Fontana",slug:"giulio-fontana",fullName:"Giulio Fontana"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1278",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82367",title:"Spatial Variation and Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load among Women in an HIV Hyperendemic Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105547",signatures:"Adenike O. Soogun, Ayesha B.M. Kharsany, Temesgen Zewotir and Delia North",slug:"spatial-variation-and-factors-associated-with-unsuppressed-hiv-viral-load-among-women-in-an-hiv-hype",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82193",title:"Enterococcal Infections: Recent Nomenclature and emerging trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104792",signatures:"Kavita Raja",slug:"enterococcal-infections-recent-nomenclature-and-emerging-trends",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82207",title:"Management Strategies in Perinatal HIV",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105451",signatures:"Kayla Aleshire and Rima Bazzi",slug:"management-strategies-in-perinatal-hiv",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82013",title:"Streamlining Laboratory Tests for HIV Detection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105096",signatures:"Ramakrishna Prakash and Mysore Krishnamurthy Yashaswini",slug:"streamlining-laboratory-tests-for-hiv-detection",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"HIV-AIDS - Updates, Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81972",title:"The Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa; Current Understanding of the Host Immune System and New Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105086",signatures:"Kwame Kumi Asare",slug:"the-submicroscopic-plasmodium-falciparum-malaria-in-sub-saharan-africa-current-understanding-of-the-",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81813",title:"Schistosomiasis: Discovery of New Molecules for Disease Treatment and Vaccine Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104738",signatures:"Andressa Barban do Patrocinio",slug:"schistosomiasis-discovery-of-new-molecules-for-disease-treatment-and-vaccine-development",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:62,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"319576",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Boyadjiev",slug:"nikolay-boyadjiev",fullName:"Nikolay Boyadjiev",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v4b3cQAA/Profile_Picture_2022-06-07T08:30:58.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:151,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:182,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:345,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:210,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78503",title:"Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99569",signatures:"Thomas Rohwedder",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-canine-elbow-joint",totalDownloads:179,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78018",title:"Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99162",signatures:"Gabriel Alexis S.P. Tubalinal, Leonard Paulo G. Lucero, Jim Andreus V. Mangahas, Marvin A. Villanueva and Claro N. Mingala",slug:"application-of-noble-metals-in-the-advances-in-animal-disease-diagnostics",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77455",title:"Marek’s Disease Is a Threat for Large Scale Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98939",signatures:"Wojciech Kozdruń, Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk and Natalia Styś-Fijoł",slug:"marek-s-disease-is-a-threat-for-large-scale-poultry-production",totalDownloads:261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"74655",title:"Taxon-Specific Pair Bonding in Gibbons (Hylobatidae)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95270",signatures:"Thomas Geissmann, Simone Rosenkranz-Weck, Judith J.G.M. Van Der Loo and Mathias Orgeldinger",slug:"taxon-specific-pair-bonding-in-gibbons-hylobatidae",totalDownloads:394,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"