Strategy developed for the plume modeling scenarios
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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It has been studied scientifically from the last century in social sciences. This topic, as it is a human process, is complex, and it is changing because of new technologies. It transforms our society too. It is recognised that we are in a communication society. The management of knowledge is settled in business area too. Communication skills are recognised as competences in education for preparing future citizens. Media communication feeds from different disciplines and it keeps their attention. This book is an attempt to provide theoretical and empirical framework to better understand media communication from different point of views and channels in various contexts. The international authors are specialised on the issues. They cover a wide range of updated issues. They span from deepening about behaviour of media or trends to national cases related to social net and to new phenomena - as it is mindfulness applied to creativity. So in this book, two sections are presented. The first section focuses on the behaviour of media, when it is applied in education field and reception research. The second section provides three case studies about the Internet: platforms and social nets developed and applied to different publics.",isbn:"978-953-51-3198-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3197-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4811-1",doi:"10.5772/65166",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"the-evolution-of-media-communication",numberOfPages:102,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"91d4565f6cae93b6e6bce537c2cf7616",bookSignature:"Beatriz Peña Acuña",publishedDate:"May 31st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5736.jpg",numberOfDownloads:15118,numberOfWosCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:59,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 12th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 8th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 31st 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 28th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 30th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"194887",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Peña-Acuña",slug:"beatriz-pena-acuna",fullName:"Beatriz Peña-Acuña",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194887/images/system/194887.jpg",biography:"Beatriz Peña-Acuña enjoys discovering scientific and human\naspects of reality. She is an Assistant Professor (Tenure). She teaches in the Faculty\nof Education of the University of Huelva. Her interests are\ninterdisciplinar. She has an\nExtraordinary Doctorate Award (2012) with European mention\nin English. Her scientific production is prolific. She participates as a editorial board in several\njournals of impact (Isi Web and Scopus). She has visited several international universities (New York\nUniversity, UEA, University of London, etc.). She also gives international conferences. The academic has been awarded the President’s Lifetime Achievement Award (2015). She also received an Honoris Causa from UFA University (Russia, 2016) and Catholic\nUniversity of New Spain (USA, 2019).Actually she participates in an European Cost Project. Beatriz is an expert evaluator of\nErasmus plus programs in the Spanish SEPIE agency.",institutionString:"University of Huelva",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Huelva",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1329",title:"Media",slug:"media"}],chapters:[{id:"54896",title:"Online Journalism: Current Trends and Challenges",doi:"10.5772/68086",slug:"online-journalism-current-trends-and-challenges",totalDownloads:4286,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the past 25 years, the journalistic sphere has gone through radical changes and transformations, progressively adapting to the contemporary global trends in news‐making. Traditional understanding of journalism as a profession has changed significantly, mostly due to the fact that digital media environment has brought new opportunities but also challenges related to the journalistic practice. The text aims to offer a theoretical reflection on the issue of online journalism. At the same time, the chapter discusses specific forms of Internet‐delivered journalistic production and professional requirements placed on journalists who specialise in online news‐making, taking into consideration the current development tendencies of digital communication forms. The authors work with a basic assumption that many aspects related to form and content of online news need to be discussed in the light of much needed terminological and paradigmatic revisions related to both the general theory of journalism and our practical understanding of journalism as a continual, creative and highly professional, publicly performed activity.",signatures:"Ján Višňovský and Jana Radošinská",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54896",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54896",authors:[{id:"196996",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ján",surname:"Višňovský",slug:"jan-visnovsky",fullName:"Ján Višňovský"},{id:"197484",title:"Dr.",name:"Jana",surname:"Radošinská",slug:"jana-radosinska",fullName:"Jana Radošinská"}],corrections:null},{id:"54943",title:"Mindfulness Based on the Perceptive Consciousness as Pedagogical Link Between Technology and Education",doi:"10.5772/68085",slug:"mindfulness-based-on-the-perceptive-consciousness-as-pedagogical-link-between-technology-and-educati",totalDownloads:1449,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Our research is focused on the effects of an experimental study that examines in depth the discovery of a new methodological paradigm of teaching and esthetic-visual deconstruction, called Mindfulness Composition in Cervantes. Our research line is based, on the one hand, on the esthetic processes of contemporary art by Cervantes of persuasive graphic and visual communication. On the other hand, it is based on Mindfulness as a sophisticated method that allows us to find a way to calm and rescue the potential and maximize the value and effects of communicative and artistic compositions. Innovative analytical method of the communicative process of visual artistic communication establishes, and raises, in our chapter, a connection with sophisticated concepts of Mindfulness applied to visual and graphic composition, efficient, and its application to contemporary art in the theme of Cervantes.",signatures:"José Jesús Vargas Delgado",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54943",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54943",authors:[{id:"204406",title:"Dr.",name:"José Jesús",surname:"Vargas Delgado",slug:"jose-jesus-vargas-delgado",fullName:"José Jesús Vargas Delgado"}],corrections:null},{id:"55035",title:"Mixed Messages for Our Next Generation of Scientists",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68605",slug:"mixed-messages-for-our-next-generation-of-scientists",totalDownloads:1385,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Scientists have been in the media ever since Frankenstein in 1931. Today’s youth may not have seen the original movie or read the book, but they have seen cartoon reiterations of the famous classic as the work has inspired numerous films, television programs, video games, characters in books and movies. The concept of the “mad scientist” creating a creature, monster, or weapon that eventually falls out of his control, leading to the scientist's eventual defeat or ruin, is a common theme in science-fiction and comic books. Draw-A-Scientist protocols have been utilized by science education researchers to investigate learners’ perceptions of scientists. This chapter discusses historical perspectives of scientists in the media, the methods for analyzing students’ perceptions of scientists and how aspects of their illustrations relate students’ perceptions of scientists. The discussion presented here is framed in the context in which young children hold a range of perceptions that are based on cultural influences, and sometimes these images are limited, and sometimes they compete within the individual. The position of this author is that each of these three are interconnected with the others, support each other, and must be considered along with students’ cultural background and science identity if these illustrations are to fulfill any promise of its utility for research or instructional purposes.",signatures:"Donna Farland-Smith",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55035",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55035",authors:[{id:"197003",title:"Dr.",name:"Donna",surname:"Farland-Smith",slug:"donna-farland-smith",fullName:"Donna Farland-Smith"}],corrections:null},{id:"55225",title:"Internet and Social Media in Malaysia: Development, Challenges and Potentials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68848",slug:"internet-and-social-media-in-malaysia-development-challenges-and-potentials",totalDownloads:4855,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The penetration of the Internet and social media has helped Malaysia abreast with the other developed countries. Nonetheless, being a multicultural country, Malaysia has to ensure her multiracial population lives in harmony and peace. This happens with the integrated help of media control and regulations exercise in Malaysia: the Printing Presses and Publications Act (PPPA), Film Censorship Act, Broadcasting Act, Communication and Multimedia Act (CMA), and media ownership control. Many researches have been conducted pertaining to the Internet and social media that have been published locally in line with the development of the Internet and social media in Malaysia. Similarly, new media is also subjected to being controlled through methods such as controlling the Internet, blocking and filtering, and content removal. The chapter also looks into the impact of the Internet and social media on civil society, thus creating a momentum to promote toward giving suggestions for future research involving not only theories but also models using more sophisticated analyses. More research can be done and the future of research is bright. Other areas that can be looked at are the impacts of the Internet and social media on the young populace of the nation.",signatures:"Saodah Wok and Shafizan Mohamed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55225",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55225",authors:[{id:"201019",title:"Dr.",name:"Saodah",surname:"Wok",slug:"saodah-wok",fullName:"Saodah Wok"}],corrections:null},{id:"54575",title:"Opportunities for a New Type of Dialogue with the Organisation’s Publics: A Case Study on How Political Parties Are Adapting in the Basque Country",doi:"10.5772/67937",slug:"opportunities-for-a-new-type-of-dialogue-with-the-organisation-s-publics-a-case-study-on-how-politic",totalDownloads:1398,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The organisational websites and second-generation web-based technologies like social media have led organisations to alter their activities and strategies both internally and externally. This marriage between Internet and organisations is especially relevant in the case of political organisations like parties. Politics in our society is basically media politics, based on socialised communication and the capacity to influence people’s opinions. Online communication has had a direct influence on the parties’ publics and the relations with them: on one side, the citizens, and on the other, the mass media and journalists. While top-down adaptations by organisations generally prove more costly or are even non-existent, what we are witnessing is a horizontal type of adaptation [2]. This gives the political class and press offices the opportunity to descend to ‘street level’ using the tools provided by the web, as well as to become direct communicators that replace the media’s traditional work of interpretation. In this context, this chapter offers results from a study (EHUA13/10) centred on understanding how political parties have adapted their communication strategies to meet the challenges of the multimedia paradigm. For that purpose, it focuses on a concrete case and on political parties with representation in the Basque autonomous parliament.",signatures:"Ainara Larrondo and Irati Agirreazkuenaga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54575",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54575",authors:[{id:"200692",title:"Dr.",name:"Ainara",surname:"Larrondo",slug:"ainara-larrondo",fullName:"Ainara Larrondo"},{id:"200844",title:"Prof.",name:"Irati",surname:"Agirreazkuenaga",slug:"irati-agirreazkuenaga",fullName:"Irati Agirreazkuenaga"}],corrections:null},{id:"55320",title:"“Google It”: Towards Virtual Knowledge and the Influence of Social Media on Education in Ghana",doi:"10.5772/67820",slug:"-google-it-towards-virtual-knowledge-and-the-influence-of-social-media-on-education-in-ghana",totalDownloads:1747,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter attempts to assess the opportunities social media (SM), particularly Facebook, WhatsApp and YouTube, bring to the classroom and how students in Ghana and by extension West Africa use social media to advance learning. Social media continue to influence and reshape teaching and learning in and outside the classroom. In West Africa, just as elsewhere, social media remains a catalyst in developing critical sectors such as health, security and education by eliminating boundaries and providing alternative means of engagement. Research on SM influence in the classroom has received great attention from scholars, what remains is the assessment of proactive use of social media in the classroom. 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\r\n\tThe pipeline system is an integral part of our current civilization. All across the globe, it ensures the economical transmission of essential fluids to different industries, including oil and gas production, food processing, residential and industrial buildings, water supply, pulp and paper mills, pharmaceutical/medical manufacturing, and chemical manufacturing. Pipeline transportation plays a significant role in running the world economy, similar to the contribution of blood vessels in ensuring life. In this background, it is imperative to disseminate a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental and advanced knowledge in various disciplines of pipeline engineering. The successful design, construction, and operation of a pipeline require establishing a balance of production, cost, safety, and integrity. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in technology, networks, modeling, and management with a specific focus on the most important evidence-based developments in this important area. The exploration of the technological details would competently support the decision-making process.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-000-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83769-993-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-001-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"a01da9c63fd3825818d1215bd7c283ff",bookSignature:"Dr. Sayeed Rushd, Dr. Mohamed Ismail and Dr. Kofi Freeman Adane",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11928.jpg",keywords:"Welding, Control, Coating, Inspection, Leak Detection, Valves, Oil, Gas, Hydraulic System, Hazard, Modeling, Management",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 6th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 7th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 24th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 23rd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An active researcher in different fields, including pipeline engineering, computational fluid mechanics, artificial intelligence, and separations processes, and a member of the society of petroleum engineers (SPE).",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Mohamed Anwar Ismail is involved in multiple research projects in pipeline engineering, biomass combustion and pyrolysis, fire dynamics, renewable energy, and emission reduction from diesel engines. 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He obtained his BSc in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Science & Technology, Ghana, in 2000, and MSc (2005) & Ph.D. (2009) in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, where he specialized in heat transfer and fluid engineering.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"267670",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayeed",middleName:null,surname:"Rushd",slug:"sayeed-rushd",fullName:"Sayeed Rushd",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267670/images/system/267670.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sayeed Rushd is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. He obtained his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Alberta, Canada. In addition to teaching, Dr. Rushd is heavily involved in multiple research projects in the fields of pipeline engineering, dynamics of multiphase-flows, rheology, water treatment, and desalination. 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In addition to his long teaching experience, he is heavily involved in multiple research projects in the fields of pipeline engineering, biomass combustion and pyrolysis, fire dynamics, renewable energy, and emission reduction from diesel engines. He holds a Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. Ismail has authored or co-authored more than twenty-three technical papers. He works as a reviewer of various reputed journals, such as Journal of Hydrogen Energy, International Journal of Ambient Energy, Fluid Mechanics Thermal Sciences, Advances in Mechanical Engineering, and Energy Strategy reviews. 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The scope of the center includes: 1) the development of new sampling and site characterization techniques; and 2) other improved groundwater remediation techniques.
Contaminant hydrology is the study of processes that affect both ground and surface water pollution. It draws on the principles of hydrology and chemistry. Contaminant hydrology and water quality research seeks to understand the role of soil properties and hydrologic processes on ground and surface water pollution and develop strategies to mitigate their impacts. Research is done at all scales varying from soil pore to basin scale and covers both traditional and emerging contaminants. Groundwater and contaminant hydrology studies include fate and transport of jet fuel leakages from oil depots, producing water injection in shallow wells from the oil and gas exploration field concession areas, veterinary pharmaceuticals from land-applied manure, pathogen losses from manure application, fate and transport of disposal wastes in unlined evaporation ponds from pharmaceutical industries, impacts of tile drainage on sediment and nutrient pollution on Rivers, sediment-turbidity relationships, water quality modeling, and TMDL and paired watershed studies.
Some research institutes address national and international needs for subsurface contaminant characterization and remediation across a spectrum of approaches - laboratory experiments, field tests, and theoretical and numerical groundwater flow and transport investigations. Some of the developing countries most critical subsurface contamination issues, including the chemical evolution of highly alkaline radioactive waste in storage tanks; reduction, re-oxidation, and diffusion of uranium forms in sediments; hydraulic properties of unsaturated gravels; and the natural production of transport-enhancing mobile nanoparticles in the subsurface. Inverse modeling of reactive transport and joint hydrologic and geophysical inversion are investigated to develop new tools and approaches for estimating field-scale reactive transport parameters and characterizing contamination sites.
Contaminants can migrate directly into groundwater from below-ground sources (e.g. storage tanks, pipelines) that lie within the saturated zone. Additionally contaminants can enter the groundwater system from the surface by vertical leakage through the seals around well casings, through wells abandoned without proper procedures, or as a result of contaminant disposal of improperly constructed wells [1].
Generally three processes can be distinguished which govern the transport of contaminants in groundwater: advection, dispersion and retardation. Dispersion and density/viscosity differences may accelerate contaminant movement, while retardation processes can slow the rate of movement. Some contamination problems involve two or more fluids. Examples include air, water and organic liquids in the unsaturated zone, or organic liquids and water in an aquifer. Tracers are useful for characterizing water flow in the saturated and unsaturated zone.
Advection
The term advection refers to the movement caused by the flow of groundwater. Groundwater flow or advection is calculated based on Darcy\'s law. Particle tracking can be used to calculate advective transport paths [2]. Particle tracking is a numerical method by placing a particle into the flow field and numerically integrating the flow path.
Dispersion
Dispersive spreading within and transverse to the main flow direction causes a gradual dilution of the contaminant plume. The dispersive spreading of a contaminant plume is due to aquifer heterogeneities. Dispersion on the macroscopic scale is caused by variations in hydraulic conductivity and porosity. Solute transport can be influenced by preferential flow-paths, arising from variations of hydraulic conductivity, at a decimetre scale.
Retardation
Two major mechanisms that retard contaminant movement are sorption and biodegradation. If the sorptive process is rapid compared with the flow velocity, the solute will reach an equilibrium condition with the sorbed phase and the process can be described by an equilibrium sorption isotherm. The linear sorption isotherm can be described by the equation:
Where
Non aqueous phase liquids (NAPL)
Organic liquids that have densities greater than water are referred to as DNAPL (dense nonaqueous phase liquids). Nonaqueous phase liquids that have densities less than water are called LNAPLs (light nonaqueous phase liquids). Contamination by LNAPL typically involves spills of fuels like gasoline or jet fuel.
The preliminary steps in modeling groundwater flow and contaminant transport include development of a conceptual model, selection of a computer code, and developing model design [3]. Defining a numerical groundwater flow model is based on parameters like (a) sources and sinks of water in the field system; (b) the available data on geohydrologic system; (c) the system geometry i.e. types and extent of model layers; (d) the spatial and temporal structure of the hydraulic properties; and (e) boundary condition. The widely used MODFLOW [4] and MT3D solute transport [5] numerical codes use finite differences schemes and are considered very reliable. MODFLOW is a three-dimensional modular finite-difference model of U.S. Geological Survey widely used for the description and prediction of the behavior of groundwater system. The program uses variable grid spacing in x and y directions. Parameter estimation can be approached to find the set of parameter values that provides the best fit of model results to field observations,. At first stage, the model computes drawdown, direction of flow and hydraulic heads on each nodal point using a finite difference grid system. Using the steady-state hydraulic heads calculated by the model as the initial condition, the MT3D model is run to simulate contaminant transport in a groundwater system. Once a model is calibrated, it can be used to make predictions for management or other purposes [6].
Two case studies including i) simulated transport of jet fuel leaking into groundwater, Sindh Pakistan; and ii) deep-seated disposal of hydrocarbon exploration produced water using three-dimensional contaminant transport model, Sindh Pakistan have been discussed to highlight the related issues, implications and concerns.
Groundwater is a major source for domestic and industrial uses in many urban settlements of the world. Effluents from industrial areas as well as accidental spills and leaks from surface and underground storage tanks are the main sources of natural groundwater contamination. When such contamination is detected, it becomes essential to estimate the spatial extent of contamination. Conventionally, determination of the extent of contamination is undertaken by taking many samples within time and budgetary constraints from several points, which in general requires the installation of several observation wells. As a result, the cost of such operations can be very high, especially when measurements with higher resolution are required.
A three-dimensional model of the contaminant transport was developed to predict the fate of jet fuel, which leaked from above surface storage tanks in urban site of Karachi, Pakistan. Since the tanks were situated in a sandy layer, the dissolved product entered the groundwater system and started spreading beyond the site. The modelling process comprised of steady-state simulation of the groundwater system, transient simulation of the groundwater system in the period from January 1986 through December 2015, and calibration of jet fuel that was performed in context of different parameters in groundwater system. The fuel was simulated using a modular three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater model (PMWIN) ModFlow and solute transport model (MT3D) in the 1986-2001 periods under a hypothetical scenario. After a realistic distribution of piezometric heads within the aquifer system, calibration was achieved and matched to known conditions; the solute transport component was therefore coupled to the flow. Jet fuel concentration contour maps show the expanding plume over a given time, which become almost prominent in the preceding years.
Two-dimensional (2-D) solute transport models can be used to predict the effects of transverse dispersion of the contaminant plume (spreading). Additionally, 2-D models are appropriate where the contaminant source may lie within or near the radius of influence of a continuously pumping well. While three-dimensional (3-D) numerical models should only be used if extensive data are available regarding vertical and horizontal heterogeneity, and spatial variability in contaminant concentrations. A localized contaminant transport model for groundwater is developed to gain insight into the dynamics of the leakage of jet fuel from above-ground storage tanks in the metropolitan area of Karachi, Pakistan. Jet fuel consists of refined, kerosene-type hydrocarbons, which are mixtures of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and isomers of xylene [7]. Hypothetical monitoring wells were established to estimate the concentrations of jet fuel over a stipulated time period as a result of continuous seepage from the storage depot. Although, no specific data on the history of seepage were available, in view of the results inferred from an electrical resistivity sounding survey (ERSS) regarding the nature of the subsurface lithologies coupled with the findings of previous investigators from Mott MacDonald Pakistan (MMP) [8], it is envisaged that seepage from the storage tanks occurred for more than a decade. ERSS is used to obtain the subsurface resistivity values that are assigned to different geological material. MMP [8] conducted the study on soil and groundwater assessment of environmental damage due to oil pollution and remedial measures were suggested for depots / installations / airfields of Shell Pakistan, scattered throughout the country. Appendix A provides the composition of jet-fuel (Table 1).
The project site is located between longitudes 67º 07´ 20" and 67º 10´ 30" and latitudes 24º 52´ 20" and 24º 54´ 20". The land surface elevation ranges from approximately 15 to 33 meters above mean sea level (masl). In the far south, the Malir River drains into the Arabian Sea (Figure 1). The typical lithology of the site is silty to sandy clay from 0 to 15 ft (4.6 m) bls, gravelly sand from 15 to 43 ft (4.6 to 13 m) bls, and clayey to silty sand from 43 to 80 ft (13 to 24 m) bls. The region is arid with an average annual rainfall of about 200 mm (7.9 in). Out of this, only 10% [9] is considered to recharge the aquifer system (6.34 x 10-9 m/sec).
The vadose zone is contaminated with up to 1300 ppm of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) within the storage site. In the previous study by MMP [8], soil samples were collected from different locations with 3 feet (1 m) below land surface (bls) and analyzed to estimate the concentration of hydrocarbon compound. Soil samples associated with the storage area have indicated higher TPH concentrations. The contaminant plume follows the hydraulic gradient to the southwest.
Kim and Corapcioglu [7] developed two-dimensional model to describe areal spreading and migration of light nonaqueous-phase liquids (LNAPLs) introduced into the subsurface by spills or leaks from underground storage tanks. The nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPL) transport model was coupled with two-dimensional contaminant transport models to predict contamination of soil gas and groundwater resulting from a LNAPL migrating on the water table. Simulations were performed using the finite-difference method to study LNAPL migration and groundwater contamination. The model was applied to subsurface contamination by jet-fuel. Results indicated that LNAPL migration was affected mostly by volatilization. Further, the spreading and movement of the dissolved plume was affected by the geology of the area and the free-product plume. Most of the spilled mass remained as a free LNAPL phase 20 years after the spill. The migration of LNAPL for such a long period resulted in the contamination of both groundwater and a large volume of soil.
El-Kadi [10] investigated the US Navy\'s bulk fuel storage facility at Red Hill located in the island of Oahu. The facility consisted of 20 buried steel tanks with a capacity of about 12.5 million gallons each. The tanks contain jet-fuel and diesel fuel marine. The bottoms of the tanks are situated about 80 feet above the basal water table. The geology of the area is primarily basaltic lava flows. Investigations found evidence of releases from several tanks. Two borings were drilled to identify and monitor potential migration of contamination to the potable water source. A numerical model of the regional hydrogeology at the Red Hill Fuel Storage Facility (RHFSF) was developed to simulate the fate and transport of potential contamination from the jet-fuel tanks and the effect on the saltwater/freshwater transition zone of various pumping scenarios.
Periago et al. [11] investigated infiltration into soil of contaminants present in cattle slurry. Column experiments were performed in order to characterize the release of contaminants at the slurry-soil interface after surface application of slurry with subsequent rainfall or irrigation. The shape of the release curves suggests that the release of substances from slurry can be modeled by a single-parameter release function. They compared prediction of solute transport (a) with input defined by the release function and (b) assuming rectangular-pulse input.
Eric et al. [12] developed a parameter identification (PI) procedure and implemented with the United States Geological Survey\'s Method of Characteristics (USGS-MOC) model. The test results showed that the proposed algorithm could identify transmissivity and dispersivity accurately under ideal situations. Because of the improved efficiency in model calibration, extended application to field conditions was effective.
Location of the study area in Southern Pakistan
Jin et al. [13] investigated hydrocarbon plumes in groundwater through the installation of extensive monitoring wells. Electromagnetic induction survey was carried out as an alternative technique for mapping petroleum contaminants in the subsurface. The surveys were conducted at a coal mining site near Gillette, Wyoming, using the EM34-XL ground conductivity meter. Data from this survey used to validate with the known concentrations of diesel compounds detected in groundwater. Groundwater data correlated perfectly with the electromagnetic survey data, which was used to generate a site model to identify subsurface diesel plumes. Results from this study indicated that this geophysical technique was an effective tool for assessing subsurface petroleum hydrocarbon sources and plumes at contaminated sites.
The groundwater flow system is treated as a two layer. The upper layer (predominantly silty sand) is bounded above by the water table and is 15 ft (4.6 m) thick, while the lower layer (predominantly clayey sand) is 65 ft (20 m) thick. These are unconfined and recharged from the surface by infiltrating rain, but only over permeable surfaces. A small stream runs along east of model area acts as a drain to groundwater, which flows from the northeast to the southwest. With the exception of the stream, all other boundaries are artificial, that is neither constant head, nor constant flow boundaries. The processes that control the groundwater flow are: (i) recharges from infiltrated rainfall; (ii) flow entering the model across the eastern boundary (also across the northern boundary); (iii) flow reaching the stream; (iv) flow leaving the model across the southern boundary; and (v) pumping from one well near tank no. 9. Values of hydraulic conductivities (K) for the layers are taken from the literature [14]. The K value for depth range 16-31 ft (4.9-9.4m) is taken as 1.7x10-6 ft/sec (5.2 x10-7 m/sec) and for depth range 31-97 ft (9.4-30 m) as 1.5x10-5 ft/sec (4.6 x10-6 m/sec).
The transport and fate of hydrocarbons depend on multi physical and chemical processes, including advection, dispersion, volatilization, dissolution, biodegradation, and sorption. When a solute undergoes chemical reactions, its rate of movement may be substantially less than the average rate of groundwater flow. In this study, retardation of the movement of dissolved hydrocarbons is simulated as a sorption process, which includes both adsorption and partitioning into soil organic matter or organic solvents. The MT3D software was used for simulation [5]. It uses a linear isotherm to simulate partitioning of a contaminant species between the porous media and the fluid phase due to sorption. This sorption process is approximated by the following equilibrium relationship between the dissolved and adsorbed phases:
Where
Where rb is the bulk density of the porous material (M/L3) and neff is the effective porosity.
For jet fuel, the distribution coefficient Kd is taken as 0.004415 ft3/kg. With these values [7],
Processing ModFlow for Windows (PMWIN5), a modular 3-D finite-difference groundwater model, is used to configure the flow field [4]. The model consists of 41 columns and 39 rows in each layer (Figure 2). The size of cells is 410 ft x410 ft (125 m x 125 m) outside the fuel storage domain and 205 ft x 205 ft (62.5 m x 62.5 m) within the storage domain. Automatic calibration of the water table was made with algorithm - UCODE and a perfect match obtained with the known condition prior to developing the transport model [6]. Using the steady-state hydraulic heads calculated by PMWIN5 as the initial condition, the solute transport model MT3D was run to simulate the dispersion of the dissolved jet-fuel plume [5]. The parameters adjusted were the retardation factor R for each cell within the finite-difference grid, and the dispersion coefficient. Concentration-time curves have been calculated for ten monitoring wells. PMPATH [19] is used to retrieve the groundwater flow model and simulation result from PMWIN5. A semi-analytical particle-tracking scheme is used to calculate the groundwater flow paths, travel times, and time-related capture zones resulting from pumping a neighboring well at the storage facility [20]. As a preprocessor to modeling and creating input data files, the PMWIN5 utility package was used. Prior to initiating the modeling work, a groundwater information system was established with all data in binary and / or ASCII files that could be exported to other softwares.
The dissolved phase jet-fuel plume was traced using a combination of ten hypothetical monitoring wells (Figure 2) known as MW-1 through MW-10. The wells served to identify lithology, observe water levels, and monitor concentrations of organic compounds. The wells extend to a depth of 80 ft (24 m). In addition, actual well was completed to a depth of 100 ft (30.5 m) near storage tank no.9 in case of emergency need. In the modeling study, this well was used to track the time-related capture zone. The general layout of the storage tanks over the finite-difference grid is shown in Figure 3. The location of the pumping well is marked as a small red square in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Model design indicating finite difference grid and locations of hypothetical monitoring wells
Layout of the storage tanks marked on a finite-difference grid
The model was calibrated for steady-state conditions. Since it was speculated that the seepage of the fuel might have started as early as 1986, simulation of the groundwater flow was begun in January 1971, the opening of storage facility. In the steady-state phase the only input comes from constant head boundaries (along the east and west of the model) and from infiltrated rainfall. All output goes into constant head boundaries (the stream and the southwest boundary of the model). The differences in the known and simulated heads were calibrated to less than 0.30 ft (0.091 m) by making slight adjustments in the
The effect of the pumping well is clearly visible as a cone of depression (Figure 4). The drawdown was determined to be 14.0 ft (4.3 m) near the storage facility.
Cone of Depression visible around pumping well developed in layer 1
The model assumes uniform recharge from infiltrated rainfall to every “recharging” cell. Although effective porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and recharge may vary in space and time, the model is expected to have produced a reasonable configuration of the groundwater flow pattern throughout the whole period of simulation. The time-related capture zones produced due to constant pumping are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. Water balances, which was calculated for each year of the simulated period, showed a perfect match between the input and output components.
Capture zone of the pumping well with arrows indicating flow directions
Days-capture zone calculated by PMPATH
For simulation of the movement of dissolved jet fuel, lateral hydraulic conductivity values equal to 0.864 ft/day (0.263 m/day) for layer 1 and 1.29 ft/day (0.393 m/day) for layer 2 were accepted, while the vertical hydraulic conductivity were taken as 0.0864 ft/day (0.0263 m/day) and 0.129 ft/day (0.0393 m/day) for each layer, respectively [14]. The hydraulic gradient and flow-net were obtained by running the flow component of the model derived from water level information in the previous study.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (GAEPD) recommend that the value for longitudinal dispersion should be one-tenth of the distance from the place where a contaminant enters the groundwater system to the down-gradient receptor (a well, stream, or other point of compliance). The distance from the storage facility (tank no. 7) to the pumping well is approximately 100 ft (30.48 m). In all calibration runs, as recommended, the value for longitudinal dispersion was set at 10 ft (3 m). USEPA and GAEPD also recommend for a solute transport model that the value for transverse dispersion equal one-third for the longitudinal dispersion. For this model, transverse dispersion would equal 3.3 ft (1.0 m). In the simulation of the fate of jet fuel, the transverse dispersion coefficient was varied within a range of 2.0 ft to 3.3 ft (0.61 m to 1.0 m). In the model a value of 0.001 ft2/day (1 x 10-5 cm2/sec) was used for molecular diffusion. With a retardation factor of 1.80, dissolved jet fuel takes 1.33 years to travel a lateral distance of about 70 to 80 ft (21 to 24 m) in groundwater beneath tank no. 8. The best value of the microbial decay coefficient for jet fuel is estimated to be 1-10 / day with a microbial yield coefficient for oxygen of 0.52 [14].
The previous integrity test run on the storage tanks containing 10 million liters of jet fuel indicated no loss. The date when the leak initially began is unknown, although inventory records indicated that the leak was not present before tank integrity testing. The product has been detected in several hypothetical-monitoring wells (notably in MW-2 and MW-4) and in many soil samples taken within several tens of feet of the tank. The initial concentration of jet fuel entering the system is not of prime concern for the modeling. The product of the influx (in
\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t
Safe Period | \n\t\t\t15 years (1971 to 1986) | \n\t\t\tNo leakage | \n\t\t
Hazardous Period | \n\t\t\t10 years (1986 to 1996) | \n\t\t\tLow to moderate leakage | \n\t\t
Risk Assessment | \n\t\t\t5 years (1996-2001) | \n\t\t\tModerate leakage | \n\t\t
Future Prediction | \n\t\t\t14 years (2001 – 2015) | \n\t\t\tAccretion in leakage | \n\t\t
Strategy developed for the plume modeling scenarios
Using steady-state hydraulic heads as initial conditions, the evolution of the plume was modeled over nine stress periods as a result of continuous seepage from cells (18,16,1; tank7), (19,16,1; tank 10), (19,17,1; tank 8), and (20,17,1; tank9) as shown in Table 2.
\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t
1 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t6.30 x 107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1986 – 88 | \n\t\t
2 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t12.60 x 107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1988 – 90 | \n\t\t
3 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t18.92 x 107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1990 – 92 | \n\t\t
4 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t25.23 x 107\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1990 – 94 | \n\t\t
5 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t3.15 x 108\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1994 – 96 | \n\t\t
6 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t3.78 x 108\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1996 - 98 | \n\t\t
7 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t4.41 x 108\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1998 –00 | \n\t\t
8 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t4.73 x 108\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2000 – 01 | \n\t\t
9 | \n\t\t\t14 | \n\t\t\t9.14 x 108\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2001 – 15 | \n\t\t
Stress period used in time-dependent solute transport modeling of jet fuel
Parameters describing various processes are used after calibration with different combination of parameters (Table 3).
\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t
Longitudinal Dispersion | \n\t\t\t10 ft | \n\t\t
Transverse Dispersion | \n\t\t\t3.3 ft | \n\t\t
Molecular Diffusion | \n\t\t\t0.001 ft2/day | \n\t\t
Distribution Coefficient | \n\t\t\t0.004415 ft3/kg | \n\t\t
Retardation Factor ( | \n\t\t\t1.80 to 1.848 | \n\t\t
Decay Coefficient | \n\t\t\t1 x10-9 day--1\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Hydraulic Conductivity | \n\t\t\t1x10-5 ft/sec (0.864 ft/day) | \n\t\t
Hydraulic Conductivity | \n\t\t\t1.49x10-5 ft/sec (1.29 ft/day) | \n\t\t
Effective Porosity (Layer-1) | \n\t\t\t0.25 | \n\t\t
Effective Porosity (Layer-2) | \n\t\t\t0.30 | \n\t\t
Preliminary and final values of parameters used in modeling
The release of the jet fuel is simulated in four cells, all along columns 18 to 20 from row 16 to row 17. The area of injection is equal to 42025 ft2 (3,904 m2). The concentration of jet fuel at the source (95 to 190 mg/ft3 [2.7 to 5.4 g/m3]) maintained constant throughout the designated “hazardous period” simulation period (1986-1996). The concentration was increased slightly (about 0.01 %) from 1996 through 2011 and further up to longer time duration of 4 years i.e., up to 2015. The plume simulations are shown in Figure 7.
Simulated Jet-fuel plumes(1986 to1988 and 1988 to 1990)
The jet-fuel break-through curves for the hypothetical monitoring wells are shown in Figure 8. Conventionally, determination of the extent and level of contamination is undertaken by taking multiple measurements in wells [21-23]. However, higher spatial resolution generally requires installation of monitoring wells, which is costly [24].
Concentration versus time based on data from 10 monitoring wells
The modeled concentration at MW-1, MW-2, and MW-6 was much higher than the concentrations in the remaining wells. The maximum level of concentrations recorded in MW-6 was 2990 μg/ft3. Figure 9 reflects the plume spreading of year 2001.
The shape of the plume is elliptical, with the major axis in the direction of groundwater flow. This shape results from advection and longitudinal dispersion. The lateral spread of the plume results from transverse dispersion and molecular diffusion. Upgradient spread of the plume results from molecular diffusion [25-26]. The plume travels toward the stream, which is still far away in the west. By the end of 2015 the effect of the plume becomes evident and monitoring wells MW-4, MW-5, and MW-6 indicated increased concentration of jet fuel (Figure 10). The resultant plume appears to be spreading more in the elliptical path but in the direction of groundwater flow.
Extent of simulated plume in 2001
Extent of plume spreading in year 2015
Based on the modeling, it is concluded that the jet-fuel plume has neither expanded nor moved considerably. It is less than 250 ft (76.2 m) beyond the storage tanks and is oriented northeast to southwest. The level of concentration found in the simulated monitoring wells is significant, but because groundwater is brackish and thus unlikely to be used, no harmful effects are expected. However, with the continuous process of leaking jet-fuel from the storage depot, the level of concentration is expected to increase over the period of time. Regionally, the jet-fuel expansion will have on prominent effect over a longer areal coverage and will be confined to a localized area.
An interdisciplinary investigation of the processes controlling the fate and transport hydrocarbons in the subsurface is needed. Concentrations should be performed in wells within and down-gradient of the plume, as field data would help develop a stronger argument for the fate of jet fuel in groundwater. Periodic observations need to be carried out in wells to have good control on the changes of groundwater chemistry. Defective storage depots need to be mended to stop the release of jet-fuel in future.
Composition of contaminant (Jet fuel)
Knowledge of the geochemistry of a contaminated aquifer is important to understand the chemical and biological processes controlling the migration of hydrocarbon contaminants in the subsurface. Originally, the jet fuel (kerosene oil) is the name assigned to a material with a biological origin, but now it is used to describe materials most of which contain carbon and hydrogen and which may contain oxygen, nitrogen, the halogens, and lesser amounts of other elements. The simplest of these are the hydrocarbons, molecules of hydrogen and carbon, many of which are the components of natural gas, petroleum, and coal. Petroleum, however, has a very large number of components ranging from methane to the high molecular weight materials asphalt and paraffin. Typical fractions into which crude oil is separated in an oil refinery and some principal molecular species are shown in Table 4.
\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t
Gas | \n\t\t\tBelow 20o C | \n\t\t\tGas Liquefied Pet. Gas (LPG) | \n\t\t\tCH4 methane, C2H6 ethane C 3H8 propane, C 4H10 butane | \n\t\t
Naphtha | \n\t\t\t20o – 175o C | \n\t\t\tNaphtha gasoline | \n\t\t\tC 11H24 C 18H38\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Kerosene | \n\t\t\t175o – 400o C | \n\t\t\tKerosene diesel fuel | \n\t\t\tC 11H24 C 18H38\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t | Lubricating oil | \n\t\t\tC 15H32 C 40H82\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
Residue | \n\t\t\tabove 400o C | \n\t\t\tAsphalt | \n\t\t\tHeavier hydrocarbons | \n\t\t
The Fractions and Representative Components obtained from Crude Oil
It is important to maintain the existing quality of groundwater because once contamination occurs; it is sometime difficult or rather impossible to clean the aquifer. There is high probability associated with certain landuses like agriculture, industrial/urban land and drainage wells for contaminating the groundwater. The early detection of such contamination can be executed through proper monitoring of the groundwater quality. Many oil & gas companies are disposing off their producing water into the deep Ranikot formation in Bhit oil-field area of southern Pakistan. The producing water contains Total dissolved solid (TDS) within range of 18,000 - 22,000 mg/l besides oil condensate. There were concerns that the producing water is affecting the fresh water aquifers belonging to the overlying Nari and Kirthar formations. This phenomenon has been studied by the utilization of groundwater contaminant transport model. Injection has been monitored at 2100 meters depth in the Pab sandstone formation. A three-dimensional contaminant transport model was developed to simulate and monitor the migration of disposal of hydrocarbon exploration produced water in Injection well at 2000 meters depth in the Upper Cretaceous Pab sandstone in the study area. Framework of regional stratigraphic and structural geology, landform characteristics, climate and hydrogeological setup were used to model the subsurface aquifer. The shallow and deep-seated characteristics of geological formations were obtained from electrical resistivity sounding surveys, geophysical well-logging information and available drilling data. The modeling process comprised of steady-state and transient simulations of the prolific groundwater system and, predictive simulation of contaminants transport after 1-, 10- and 30-year of injection. The contaminant transport was evaluated from the bottom of the injection well and its short and, long-term effects were determined on aquifer system lying in varying hydrogeological and geological conditions.
The study area of Bhit oil field is located about 43 km south of the Manchhar Lake within longitudes 67 o 25\' - 67 o 48\' E and latitudes 26 o 01\' - 26 o 30\' N in Dadu district in Sindh province of Pakistan (Figure 11). Manchhar Lake, one of the largest lake in Pakistan and in Asia, is formed in a depression in the western side of the Indus River in Sindh province. The total catchment area of the lake is about 97,125 km2 [27]. The surface area of the lake fluctuates with the seasons from as little as 350 km² to as much as 520 km² [28]. The lake is fed by two canals, the Aral and the Danister emerging from the river Indus in their eastern side. Due to less rainfall and contamination of surface water, the Manchhar Lake contains brackish water. The elevation ranges between 45 m at the Manchhar Lake and 163 m towards Bhit study area. On regional scale the area is a part of Gigantic Indus river basin composed of alluvium transported by the river and its tributaries. The main surface water sources are Naig Nai stream originating from Bhit Mountain range in the west, Dhanar Dhoro stream passing close to the oil-field plan, besides other small intermittent streams which remain dry in most parts of the year. The discharge data of these streams were not available. The water supply for local communities is maintained by the springs originating from the nearby Limestone Mountains of the Kirthar Range. According to reconnaissance studies conducted in the area, fresh groundwater source is available at different locations in the alluvium. Presently, there is no significant groundwater development in the area. Only few water wells were constructed to fulfill the requirements of local communities. The major sources of potable water to humans and livestock and for irrigation are unconsolidated aquifers. A water supply scheme consisting of four tube wells at Jhangara village is providing water to the villages between Manchhar Lake and Jhangara. The rainfall is scanty. Average annual rainfall is about 200 mm. It is higher in summer months like July and August due to prevalence of monsoon conditions. The aquifer area is located in the alluvial deposits along the Naig Nai stream.
Location of study area in southern Pakistan
The water table is generally in phreatic to semi-unconfined conditions. The observation wells drilled in the area indicated water table depth of about 12 m and hydraulic head value of 148.8 meter above sea level (masl). The groundwater flow is generally from southwest towards northeast direction. The flow direction of groundwater is true replica of the flow direction of Naig Nai stream draining the area. The groundwater level is mainly influenced by seasonal floods, stream flows and tubewell (water well) discharge. The fluctuations are small in the deep water table in the piedmont plain.
The data of subsoil properties, aquifer characteristics and existing groundwater conditions were collected through reconnaissance level field investigations including geophysical survey. The electrical resistivity soundings survey (ERSS) was conducted primarily to collect required input data for the modeling. The surface drainage and topographic information were extracted from the topo-sheets prepared by Survey of Pakistan on 1:50,000 scale. The climate data i.e. precipitation and temperature, of 1961-1976 period were acquired of nearby meteorological stations like Karachi, Nawabshah, Moenjodaro and Khuzdar from Meteorological Department and Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) Pakistan. The published literatures of the region i.e. see [29-32] had been used to firm up the study results.
The geophysical/drill logs of the injection well field suggest that the subsurface material is composed of layers of sandstone, limestone, dolomite and clay-stone of different formations. One of the interpretative seismic sections of the Bhit concession area (shown in Figure 12) indicates the deeper Chiltan limestone formation beyond the depth of injection well. The hard rock aquifers are mainly composed of partially fractured limestone and sandstone belonging to Nari and Kirthar formations. Limestone, which is the dominant formation, has solution channels due to water action having secondary permeability characteristics. Further, chances of transport contamination could take place much significantly through fracture zone of limestone and dolomitic formations. The hydraulic properties of the underlying overburden and rocks evaluated through geophysical well log data are shown in Table 5.
\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t
1 | \n\t\t\tNari (sandstone) | \n\t\t\t113 | \n\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t\t130 (S=.01) | \n\t\t
2 | \n\t\t\tKirthar (limestone) | \n\t\t\t616 | \n\t\t\t24 | \n\t\t\t2000 (S=.04) | \n\t\t
3 | \n\t\t\tGhazij (claystone) | \n\t\t\t762 | \n\t\t\tzero | \n\t\t\tRegional Seal | \n\t\t
4 | \n\t\t\tLaki (limestone & dolomite) | \n\t\t\t1,259 | \n\t\t\t0.165 | \n\t\t\t4 (S=0.00005) | \n\t\t
5 | \n\t\t\tDunghan (dolomite and claystone) | \n\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t- | \n\t\t
6 | \n\t\t\tRanikot (Lakhra+Bara+Khadro) | \n\t\t\t1,799 | \n\t\t\t0.68 | \n\t\t\t14.97 (S=0.000007) | \n\t\t
7 | \n\t\t\tPab (sandstone) | \n\t\t\t2,000 to onward | \n\t\t\t0.138 | \n\t\t\t17.5 (S=0.000005) | \n\t\t
Summary of the Aquifer characteristics of hard rock formations
The hydraulic conductivity of the unconsolidated deposits is about 19 m/day and the effective porosity is 0.25. Several hydrocarbon wells are producing gas in the Bhit concession area. The Ghazij (claystone) was found to be a cap rock (regional seal) over Pab sandstone - an enriched reservoir of hydrocarbon. The Ranikot formation is a prolific rock unit having good transmissivity and storativity to accumulate disposal waste of the producing gas Bhit concession.
Interpretative seismic depth section indicating several geological formations
The groundwater flow system was treated as a multi-layered system. The upper layer aquifer is mainly unconfined and at depths where silt and clay horizons are present, the sand could probably cause partial confinement in some areas. The chances of transport contamination could take place much significantly through fracture zone of limestone and dolomitic formations. Seven aquifer layers were defined on the basis of physical characteristics of lithological formations (Table 1). The disposal of produced water in the injection well is set at 2,100 m depth in the Pab sandstone formation. The main source of recharge to groundwater is rainfall which is highly variable. During rains, different nullahs carry flows and infiltrations through the piedmonts and alluvial fans and cause subsequent lateral movement at depth. The recharge is higher in summer especially in the months of July and August. It may occur during rainy month of March in winter, a mean value for the limestone recharge may be taken as 200 mm/year based on the recharge data of rainfall. The main discharge components are groundwater extraction from water wells/dug wells, evapotranspiration, and spring discharge. The abstraction of groundwater becomes higher during months of little recharge to groundwater i.e. November to January, which may affect the storage of groundwater for a limited period.
The MODFLOW code and the MT3DMS code were used to solve the flow and transport equations. The model domain comprised of 40 x 30 grid network with total area of 1200 sq km (Figure 13). First, the model was run for steady state condition. The model took up groundwater extraction from the oil-field water wells (TW1 & TW2) and the community tube wells (TW3 & TW4). The discharge rate of the water wells was 0.0083 m3/sec and discharge rate of deep seated injection well (DW) as supplied was 0.00152 m3/sec. The injection of the produced wastewater from the injection well was considered during simulation. Once the flow model was completed and run was carried out, the contaminant transport model was set and simulated to evaluate the groundwater contamination and movement of plume.
Manchhar Lake treated as constant head boundary; Bhit Range as impervious boundary.
The steady-state hydraulic heads were used as initial condition in MT3DMS option available in PM5 to simulate the dispersion of plume. The MT3DMS model simulates the processes i.e. advection, mechanical dispersion, retardation, decay and molecular diffusion related to the fate of contaminant. Initial concentration was set to zero in all the layers. In Advection package, 3rd order TVD scheme [12, 33] was selected. This method is considered as a good compromise between the standard finite difference and particle tracking approaches. In dispersion package, TRPT (Horizontal transverse dispersivity/Longitudinal dispersivity) was set to 0.3 for all the layers except in layer 3, where it was set to 0.1. In dispersion package, TRPV (Vertical transverse dispersivity/Longitudinal dispersivity) was set to 0.3 for all the layers except in layer 3. For this layer, it was set to 0.1. Longitudinal dispersivity was set to 10 m. There was no sorption selected in chemical reaction package. The injection well was set at layer 7 in the sink/source menu. The concentration of the injection well liquid was considered to be 100 ppm. The model was then simulated for 1-, 10-, and 30-year period for studying the behaviors produced wastewater in and around the injection well.
The computations were carried out for three cases i.e. in case-I, Injection well was continuously discharged for one-year period, in case-II it well was simulated for 10-year period and in case-III for 30-year period. The hydraulic heads and drawdown were computed in all three cases. The velocity vectors prominent in layer-1 tend to move in the northeast direction towards Manchhar Lake. The groundwater flow had shown decline in confining layers like 4 and 7. The two tube wells of the oil-fields each discharging at the rate of 8.3 x 10-3 m3/sec along with community wells were used for the study. The results obtained from the 3-D transport model are shown in Table 6 and transport of contaminant plumes in three simulation periods in Figures 14-16.
\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t
1 | \n\t\t\t- | \n\t\t\t2.21 x 10-23\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.96 x 10-20\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
2 | \n\t\t\t3.16 x 10-27\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.88 x 10-21\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.32 x 10-18\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
3 | \n\t\t\t3.14 x 10-21\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.54 x 10-16\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t4.01 x 10-14\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
4 | \n\t\t\t3.16 x 10-15\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t3.18 x 10-11\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1.06 x 10-09\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
5 | \n\t\t\t9.58 x 10-10\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t9.53 x 10-07\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t2.45 x 10-05\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
6 | \n\t\t\t8.04 x 10-05\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t7.95 x 10-03\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t7.21 x 10-02\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t
7 Pab (Sandstone) | \n\t\t\t6.28 x 10-02\n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t0.626 | \n\t\t\t1.861 | \n\t\t
Maximum concentration observed in different simulation periods (ppm)
After 30 years of simulation period, only traces of contamination were found in Ghazij Formation. Moreover, it is found that after 1-year period of simulation the produced wastewater will reach upward in layer-5 (Ranikot Formation) emerging from layer 7 (Pab sandstone) as shown in Figure 14. In this period, no contamination was found in layer 1 and 2. In 10-year simulation a plume of produced water moved from layer 7 to layer 5 (Figure 15). Only traces of contamination were found in layer 3 (Ghazi Formation). In Figure 6, plume of produced water contamination indicates movement from layer 7 to layer 4 after 30 years simulation. The layer 3 was found to be acting as a regional confining seal. In this layer, only traces of contamination were present. The movement of produced wastewater was found within a radius of 3 km at the bottom of injection well in the Pab sandstone. The upper aquifers in the alluvial deposit, Nari sandstone, and Kirthar limestone was remain safe from the effects of produced wastewater disposal from the deep seated injection well. The community wells tapping in the upper few tens of meters, naturally oozing springs and the Manchhar Lake located about 43 km from the injection well were also found to be safe from the effects of produced water injection even after contaminant transport simulation of 30-year period. The development of plume was significant in layer 7 and upward in the three cases (shown in Figures 14-16).
Upward movement of the plume from layer 7 to layer 6 (a); from layer 6 to layer 5 (b) and from layer 5 to layer 4 (c) after 1 year simulation period
Upward movement of the plume from layer 7 to layer 6 (a); from layer 6 to layer 5 (b) and from layer 5 to layer 4 (c) after 10 year simulation period
Upward movement of the plume from layer 7 to layer 6 (a); from layer 6 to layer 5 (b) and from layer 5 to layer 4 (c) after 30 year simulation period
The results of the three-dimensional groundwater modeling study highlighted the hydrogeological characteristics and features of the contaminant transport of the deep injected tube well in the Bhit oil-field area. The groundwater contaminant transport modeling technique has proved to be effective in simulating produced wastewater plume from the deep seated injection well. The study would provide base for evaluating risks of contaminants on long term basis in similar conditions in future. Risk of expansion of plume regionally does not exist as the disposal of wastewater is made in the deeper horizon well below the aquifers and also the quantity is quite limited.
Thorough understanding of surface hydrology, hydrogeological conditions and contaminant behavior in the aquifer system coupled with application of reliable modeling techniques could be helpful in dealing with water management issues related to contaminant hydrology.
Beta-thalassemia disease is one of the most common congenital hemolytic anemia commonly found in the malarial belt areas including the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Transcaucasus, Africa, South and Southeast Asian countries, and China [1]. It is inherited by autosomal recessive manner [1, 2]. Beta-thalassemia disease is the result from the mutation of beta-globin genes causing decrease of beta-globin leading to imbalance of alpha-globin and beta-globin and subsequently causing ineffective erythropoiesis. According to the Thalassemia International Federation (TIF), patients with thalassemia disease can be categorized into two groups, transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) and non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT), based on their phenotypes and genotypes [1, 2, 3]. The major long-term complication of TDT is hemochromatosis-induced organ failures secondary to red blood cell (RBC) transfusion [1, 2], while the complications of NTDT are hemochromatosis secondary to increased iron absorption from gastrointestinal tract, pulmonary hypertension, leg ulcer, and thromboembolism (TE) [3, 4, 5].
\nThe incidence of thromboembolism is between 0.8 and 2.7 per 1000 population [6] which has been increasing over the decades in both adult and pediatric population [6, 7] patients with thalassemia disease are at risk of hypercoagulable state and thromboembolism [8, 9]. The studies of thromboembolism in thalassemia disease have been increasingly published recently. Understanding the pathophysiology of thromboembolism in thalassemia diseases is the key for the management to prevent this complication.
\nThe incidence of thromboembolism in patients with thalassemia diseases is between 1.7 and 9.2% [4, 10, 11]; therefore, the incidence of thromboembolism in patients with thalassemia diseases is approximately 10 times higher than normal population [6]. The incidence is 4.4 times more prevalent in patients with NTDT than ones with TDT [10]. However, this complication could be seen in both patients alpha- and beta-thalassemia diseases [4].
\nThe pathophysiology of thromboembolism in beta-thalassemia disease is the combinations of abnormalities in several parts of hemostatic system including [9, 12]:
Exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) to external membrane of abnormal RBCs called “flip-flop phenomenon” which is caused by the decrease of normal asymmetrical dissemination of RBC membrane phospholipids [9]. In addition, free iron secondary to hemochromatosis induces lipid oxidation and elevates the level of membrane-bounded hemichromes and immunoglobulin causing alteration of the structures of spectrin and band 3 protein of RBC membrane and consequently resulting in aggregation and adhesion of abnormal RBCs to endothelial cells [9].
Increased number of circulating activated and aggregated platelets which are especially found in splenectomized patients [13, 14]. The activated and aggregated platelets of splenectomized patients with thalassemia usually have shorter platelet lifespan [14], higher response to several agonists, i.e., adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, and collagen [15], and more elevated level of plasma beta-thromboglobulin [16] than the platelets of normal population. All findings reflect hyperaggregation of platelets which result in increased thrombin generation [15].
Increased endothelial activation caused by the activation of monocytes and granulocytes leads to endothelial injury and increased level of endothelial adhesion proteins and tissue factor contributing to hypercoaguable state. Moreover, the elevation of endothelial cell, platelet and white blood cell (WBC) and RBC microparticles, which are the shedded fragments containing high PS with the size of 0.1–2 μm from activated and apoptotic cells, leads to increased activation of hemostatic system [17, 18, 19].
Decreased nitric oxide (NO), secondary to hemolysis caused by the decreased level of arginine leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction and subsequently results in chronic pulmonary thromboembolism [12, 20].
Rise of platelet count and nucleated RBCs (NRBCs) after splenectomy which was firstly reported in 1966 [21]. This phenomenon is a strong associated factor of thromboembolism in patients with thalassemia disease particularly when the platelet count is higher than 600,000/mm3 and the NRBCs count is more than 300/mm3 after splenectomy [22].
Organ dysfunction resulting from hemochromatosis particularly cardiac hemochromatosis causes cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrhythmia [12] which is found in beta-thalassemic patients who TDT for 42% [23].
Thrombophilia, i.e., natural anticoagulant deficiencies, leads to hypercoagulable state. Deficiencies of protein C and protein S, the natural anticoagulant proteins, have been reported as a risk factor of thromboembolism in patients with beta-thalassemia disease [12, 24, 25]. In addition, increased incidence of antiphospholipid antibodies, i.e., lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti-beta 2-glycoprotein 1, is commonly found in patients with beta-thalassemia disease. Those antibodies are considered as strong thrombophilic risk factors causing thromboembolism [12, 26].
Thromboembolism in patients with beta-thalassemia diseases could be found in both arterial and venous sites. However, venous thromboembolism is more commonly found in patients with thalassemia intermedia or NTDT, while arterial thromboembolism is more frequently seen in patients with thalassemia major or TDT [10].
\nAlthough patients with beta-thalassemia disease are at risk of venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism, the two common types of venous thromboembolism in normal population, are not generally observed. Pulmonary thromboembolism was found in lung biopsy to 41% of patients with beta-thalassemia/hemoglobin E. However, higher incidence was found in the older and splenectomized patients [27]. Simplified, revised Geneva score, based on several clinical variables, i.e., hemoptysis, old age of more than 65 years, history of venous thromboembolism, tachycardia, unilateral lower limb pain with or without deep palpation and edema, active malignancy, and surgery or fracture of lower limb within 1 month prior to the suspected symptoms and signs, has been published to use for diagnosing pulmonary thromboembolism. The more scores patients get, the higher chance of pulmonary embolism patients have [28]. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography, magnetic resonance pulmonary angiography, and ventilation/perfusion scan could be used to diagnose pulmonary thromboembolism even though conventional pulmonary angiography is the gold standard [29].
\nPortal vein thrombosis, which is considered as venous thrombosis of an unusual site, is more commonly reported in patients with beta-thalassemia disease [30, 31, 32, 33, 34] with the odds ratio of 3.5 [31]. Patients with acute portal vein thrombosis usually present with symptoms and signs of portal hypertension of bowel ischemia, i.e., abdominal pain and distension, fever, nausea/vomiting, rectal hemorrhage, and splenomegaly. If patients were not diagnosed, they might turn to sepsis-like symptoms, e.g., shock, signs of peritonitis, and even death [35]. Unlike acute portal vein thrombosis, patients with chronic portal vein thrombosis are usually asymptomatic until the presence of first symptoms and signs, i.e., upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, splenomegaly, and ascites [35]. Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging could be used for diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis [35]. Apart from splenectomy, higher splenic weight and thalassemia intermedia are major risk factors of portal vein thrombosis in patients with beta-thalassemia disease [30, 33]. Laparoscopic splenectomy was reported about the higher incidence of portal vein thrombosis even though this technique provided the better other surgical outcomes than the conventional technique [30].
\nBeta-thalassemia disease has been reported as a risk factor of arterial ischemic stroke since 1972 [36]. Compared to venous thromboembolism, arterial ischemic stroke is more common in patients with beta-thalassemia major [11]. Moyamoya syndrome, a cerebral vasculopathy caused by spontaneous occlusion of the arteries at the circle of Willis [37], was also reported in pediatric patients with beta-thalassemia disease and caused arterial ischemic stroke [38, 39]. Symptom and signs of acute ischemic stroke are based on the involved cerebral areas ranging from nonspecific symptoms, i.e., headache, nausea and vomiting, seizure, and impaired consciousness to specific neurological deficits, i.e., abnormal speech and spatial perception, hemiparesis, hemianesthesia, blurred vision, and poor coordination or walking, and cranial nerve palsies [40]. Though computed tomography of the head with or without angiography is the standard for diagnosing arterial ischemic stroke, magnetic resonance imaging of head with or without angiography could provide more details of the affected parts of the brain with higher sensitivity [40].
\nMoreover, the focal foci in the cerebral white matter on the magnetic resonance imaging of the brain called “silent cerebral infarction” could be found at 24–61% of patients with beta-thalassemia disease [41, 42]. However, a recent study in adult patients with beta-thalassemia disease who were asymptomatic showed that the abnormal findings on the magnetic resonance imaging of the brain were not different from the adult controls [43].
\nMaking a diagnosis of thromboembolism in patients with beta-thalassemia does not differ from diagnosing this condition in normal population which is usually based on the imaging of the suspected area of thromboembolism, e.g., computed tomography with angiography of the brain in a patient who is suspicious for having an arterial ischemic stroke. Several studies have demonstrated derangement of proteins hemostatic system in patients with beta-thalassemia diseases including increased platelet aggregation and coagulation proteins (factor VIII and von Willebrand factor) and decreased natural anticoagulants (protein C, protein S, and antithrombin) [24, 25] which encourage hypercoagulable state [44]. Besides diagnosing a symptomatic patient, the novel investigations, i.e., thrombin generation assay and rotatory thromboelastometry (ROTEM®), are able to demonstrate patients with hypercoagulable state in patients with beta-thalassemia disease who are at risk of developing thromboembolism [45, 46]. In addition, yearly monitoring of thrombin generation markers, e.g., D-dimer and thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex, is recommended by TIF in patients with thalassemia who are splenectomized [47].
\n\n
Regular RBC transfusion is recommended to treat patients with beta-thalassemia disease, particularly NTDT, who are at risk of thromboembolism or have developed thromboembolic events by keeping hemoglobin level higher than 9 g/dL [3] to correct hypercoagulable state as transfusion naïve patients are prone to have thromboembolism [12, 22, 48].
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been reported as the management that could normalize the abnormal hemostatic derangement in patients with beta-thalassemia disease by increasing natural anticoagulant proteins and decreasing microparticles and RBC-expressing PS and activating platelets in the circulation [49, 50].
Antithrombotic agents in patients with beta-thalassemia disease who have thromboembolism are recommended as per the standard local or international guidelines to treat patients with thromboembolism [3, 12].
Anti-platelets: acetyl salicylic acid (ASA)
ASA 2–5 mg/kg/day is the mainstream management for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolism in patients in beta-thalassemia especially in splenectomized patients who have platelet count higher than 500,000/mm3 [3]. However, ASA resistance has been reported in patients with thalassemia who were splenectomized, and increase dose of ASA could overcome this resistance [51].
Anticoagulants consist of conventional anticoagulants, i.e., unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, vitamin K antagonist (VKA), and direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) including direct oral anti-activated factor X (Xa), e.g., rivaroxaban, and direct oral antithrombin (IIa), i.e. dabigratan. Those medications are used to treat thromboembolism in patients with beta-thalassemia disease. Unlike sickle cell disease, the evidences of using DOAC in patients with thalassemia disease who develop thromboembolism are limited [52]. However, the recent study showed that using rivaroxaban in patients with hemoglobinopathies including thalassemia was effective and did not increase risk of bleeding or thrombosis [53].
Hydroxyurea, a hemoglobin F stimulating agent, was reported about the favorable effects not only increased hemoglobin F, hemoglobin level and improved the clinical symptoms of beta-thalassemia disease but also decreased hypercoagulable state due to the diminished exposure of PS on RBC membrane [54, 55]. Moreover, Iqbal et al. recently reported the change of metabolites, i.e., glycerol, triethanolamine, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid to the healthy pattern of metabolic pathway in pediatric patients with beta-thalassemia disease after treating with hydroxyurea [56].
Since patients with beta-thalassemia disease are at risk of thromboembolism as the same as other medical inpatients, the current approach is to stratify patients with the optimal risk assessment model (RAM) by using the available approaches, e.g., Padua Prediction Score and the Caprini Risk Assessment Model, to guide thromboprophylaxis [57]. However, the systematic review showed that there was not any specific risk assessment model which was superior to the others [58]. Moreover, thalassemia-specific risk assessment model for thromboprophylaxis may need to be developed due to distinctive pathophysiology of thromboembolism in patients with beta-thalassemia disease.
\nIn conclusion, the hypercoagulable state in beta-thalassemia disease is the result of several risk factors, a combination of which is often the drive behind a clinical thromboembolism. Splenectomy and transfusion naivety are increasingly highlighted as important risk factors for thromboembolism, especially in patients with NTDT. An individualized approach is recommended to establish an optimal strategy for preventing the occurrence of this complication in patients with beta-thalassemia disease.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"437913",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Urriolagoitia-Sosa",slug:"guillermo-urriolagoitia-sosa",fullName:"Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"435126",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"José de Castro Ferreira",slug:"joaquim-jose-de-castro-ferreira",fullName:"Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"437899",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ángel Castillo-Martínez",slug:"miguel-angel-angel-castillo-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ángel Castillo-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"289955",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor Duggirala",slug:"raja-kishor-duggirala",fullName:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"5",type:"subseries",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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