Various names of
Abstract
Aegle marmelos is the only member of the monotype genus Aegle and belongs to the Rutaceae family, the citrus fruits family. This review shows the economically feasible pharmacological applications and the nutritional properties of A. marmelos. Each part of the A. marmelos/Bael tree such as root, bark, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed has therapeutic significance in Ayurvedic systems as well as other traditional medicines. In bael fruit, there are various valuable bioactive compounds that have remarkable nutritional and medicinal properties. The isolated components belong to alkaloids, terpenoids, vitamins, coumarins, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, fatty acids, essential oils, and various other important biological agents. Various research studies have revealed the therapeutic effects that include antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antidiarrheal, antiviral, antidiabetic, antiulcerative, and colitis nature of bael, which aids in inhibiting gastrointestinal problems, different cardiac issues, and other possible health benefit effects such as radioprotective effects, hepatoprotective effects, wound healing, peroxidation, inhibition of lipid, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, and free-radical scavenging (antioxidant) activity.
Keywords
- Aegle marmelos
- phytoconstituents
- medicinal value
- antioxidant
- anticancer
1. Introduction
Food is essential for life, and the main sources of food for animals especially for humans are different parts of the plant such as leaf, stem, fruits, seeds, flowers, and roots. Plants and their parts are not only used as a food but are also used as medicines. This is due to the presence of active chemical components in parts of the plant. Nowadays, various research and study applications have focused on the active chemical constituents of the plants and their functions due to the effectiveness, less side effects, synthesized easily, and most importantly economically feasible. Traditional uses of plants and plant parts also demonstrate the direction to use plants for the specific type of disease.
Languages | Different names of |
---|---|
Hindi | Bel, Belgiri, Beli |
Sanskrit | Bilva, Shivadrum, Vilva, Shivaphala |
Telegu | Maredu |
Kannada | Bilpatra, Malura, Kumbala, |
Tamil | Kuvalum |
Bengali | Bel |
Gujrati | Bil |
Cambodia | Phneou or Pnoi |
Portugese | Marmelos |
Java | Mojdo |
French | Oranger du Malabar |
Vietnamese | Bau Nau |
Thai | Matum, Mapin |
In different fields of science and technology, every part of this plant has a great utilization to cure many diseases. The variety of fruits is smaller in size than the other variety in the similar cultivated type [1]. Most common cultivar varieties of
2. Botanical description
The growth of the
Kingdom | Plantae |
---|---|
Order | Sapindales |
Family | Rutaceae |
Subfamily | Aurantioideae |
Genus | Aegle |
Species |
The color of the leaves is different in different phase of the leaves; it is very green and fresh to see in the early stages, but later on it looks like dark green in color [13]. On observing the bark of the tree, it has been found that it is thick in nature, and after slightly thrashing the bark, then gum secretion is also observed, and it becomes thicker with the presence of air [13].
3. Home remedy
Many home remedies are there, which are very useful for different diseases such as dysentery, diarrhea, digestion problem, etc. 1–3 drachms(drs) of the powder made from the mixture of
4. Traditional uses
Extensive use of
5. Nutritional properties
In
6. Phytochemicals present in bael/Aegle marmelos
Flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, polysaccharides, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, tannins, marmin, coumarin, etc., can found in
Many of the phytoconstituents having very good medicinal effects such as
Phytochemicals | Bael parts | Analysis method | Biological activities |
---|---|---|---|
Coumarins | Leaves, seed, fruit, bark, root | Colorimetric method, permanganate oxidation method | Antioxidant, antidiabetic, Anti-inflammatory, analgesic agents |
Alkaloids | Leaves, fruits | Hager’s test, Wagner’s test, Mayer’s test, Dragendorff’s test | anti-inflammatory, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, antibacterial, analgesic effects |
Phenolic acids | Fruit | LC-MS, HPLC studies, Ferric chloride test | Antioxidant Activity |
Terpenoid | Leaf, fruit, and bark | Noller’s test | Anticancer And antimalarial |
Flavonoids | Fruit | Shinoda’s test | Antioxidant activity |
Tannins | Unripe bael fruit | Gelatin test, Goldbeater’s test | Antimicrobial, helps in reducing blood pressure |
Fatty acid | Seed, fruit, leaf | Gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector | Antimicrobial activity |
7. Quantitative analysis of phytochemicals
From the nutritional composition of
8. Medicinal effects of bael
8.1 Antidiarrheal activity
Figure 3a and b shows the biological importance of
8.2 Antimicrobial activity
It has been reported that
8.3 Antiulcer activity
A very common disease of the gastrointestinal tract is ulcer, which can be caused by oxidative stress and presence of
8.4 Anticancer activity
Cancer is very big and challenging issue to survive as a healthy life in current world. The main reasons for cancer are hectic lifestyle with slow rate poisonous food. This leads to oxidative stress, which makes an easy pathway for cancer, very common disease [98]. Leaf extract of
8.5 Anti-inflammatory activity
Inflammation is a defense mechanism and is activated when invader pathogen or foreign particles attack our system. Many indicators are there, which reflect inflammation very well; these are swelling, heat, pain, redness, etc. [67].
8.6 Antipyretic activity
Antipyretic function in human is to lower down the body temperature. This is required only when there is fever or illness. Allopathic medicines can do that, but it has side effects, whereas
8.7 Antispermatogenic activity
8.8 Diuretic activity
Through urination, our body expels out the salt and other materials with water and balances body temperature and water level. Those suffering from water retention and anxiety need medication.
8.9 Antigenotoxic activity
Antigenotoxic activity of
8.10 Radioprotective activity
Radiotherapy is used in the treatment of cancer, but it has some side effects, which are harmful. The side effect occurs due to invariable exposure of radio sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of ionized radiation on treatment. At the time of ionized radiation treatment, many cells are damaged because of the formation of free radicals, which can be effectively countered by antioxidant compounds [113]. It has been reported that bael fruit juice has potential to minimize the effect of free radicals; as a result, the severity reduces and survival probability is enhanced in mice [114]. In the radiation treatment of mouse in intestine and bone marrow, the detrimental effect of radiation is significantly reduced by
8.11 Antidiabetic activity
Nowadays, one of the very common diseases is diabetes mellitus. Stressful lifestyle, fastfood consumption, and genetic issues make diabetes a very common disease [118]. Specially, oxidative stress of the body is closely related with this disease.
8.12 Wound-healing activity
Wound healing is a multistep process and involves different techniques such as contraction of collagen lattice production, cell proliferation, inflammation, etc. Pain is the common symptoms of wound, and main key factor for wound healing is the discharge of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which helps in healing [125]. In an experiment, reports on the Wistar albino rats showed that methanolic
8.13 Immunomodulatory effect
8.14 Nephroprotective activity
8.15 Antiasthmatic activity
In phelgm and asthma, decoction of
8.16 Antithyroid activity
9. Conclusion and future prospectives
In recent years, scientific studies have validated many of the ethnomedicinal uses and reports on various parts of
Acknowledgments
This scientific work has been funded by the TATA College, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, India.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.
References
- 1.
Sharma PC, Bhatia V, Bansal N, Sharma A. A review on Bael tree. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2007; 6 :171-178 - 2.
Lim TK. Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants. Netherlands: Springer; 2015. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9511-1 - 3.
Bhardwaj RL, Nandal U. Nutritional and therapeutic potential of Bael ( Aegle marmelos Corr.) fruit juice: A review. Nutrition & Food Science. 2015;45 :895-919 - 4.
Bhardwaj RL. Role of Bael fruit juice in nutritional security of Sirohi tribals. Benchmark Survey Report of Sirohi Tribals, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, AU, Jodhpur 2014:11-37 - 5.
Manandhar B, Paudel KR, Sharma B, Karki R. Phytochemical profile and pharmacological activity of Aegle marmelos Linn. Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2018;16 :153-163 - 6.
Rajan S, Gokila M, Jency P, Brindha P, Sujatha RK. Antioxidant and phytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos fruit pulp. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research. 2011;3 :65-70 - 7.
Anurag S, Pragati KSHK, Ashutosh U. Bael ( Aegle marmelos Correa) products processing: A review. African Journal of Food Science. 2014;8 :204-215 - 8.
Jindal M, Kumar V, RanaV TAK. Aegle marmelos fruit pectin for food and pharmaceuticals: Physico-chemical, rheological and functional performance. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2013;93 (2):386-394 - 9.
Baliga MS, Bhat HP, JosephN FF. Phytochemistry and medicinal uses of the Bael fruit ( Aegle marmelos Correa): A concise review. Food Research International. 2011;44 (7):1768-1775 - 10.
Chakraborty K, Saha J, Raychaudhuri U, Chakraborty R. Optimization of bioprocessing parameters using response surface methodology for bael ( Aegle marmelos L.) wine with the analysis of antioxidant potential, colour and heavy metal concentration. Nutrafoods. 2015;14 (1):39-49 - 11.
Bhattacherjee AK, Dikshit A, Pandey D, Tandon DK. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of marmelosin and psoralen in bael ( Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa) fruit. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015;52 (1):597-600 - 12.
Jagtap AG, Shirke SS, Phadke AS. Effect of a polyherbal formulation on experimental models of inflammatory bowel diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004; 90 :195-204 - 13.
Bhar K, Mondal S, Suresh P. An eye-catching review of Aegle marmelos L. (golden apple). Pharmacognosy Journal. 2019;11 :207-224 - 14.
Patel AR, Garach D, Chakraborty M, Kamath J. Aegle marmelos (Linn.): A therapeutic boon for human health. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. 2012;3 (2):159-163 - 15.
Sonawane A, Pathak SS, Pradhan RC. Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of Bael fruit. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 2020: 43 ;e13393 - 16.
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. 2nd ed. Allahabad, India: Lalit Mohan Basu; 1939. pp. 499-502 - 17.
Nadkarni MK. Indian Materia Medica. 3rd ed. India: Popular Prakashan; 2009. pp. 45-49 - 18.
Daniel M. Medicinal plants-chemistry and properties of medicinal plants. IBH Publication. 2006; 147 :6 - 19.
Balakumar S, Rajan S, Thirunalasundari T, Jeeva S. Antifungal activity of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Rutaceae) leaf extract on dermatophytes. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2011;1 (4):309-312 - 20.
Atul NP, Nilesh VD, Akkatai AR, Kamlakar SK. A review on Aegle marmelos : A potential medicinal tree. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2012;3 :86-91 - 21.
Sampath KP, Umadevi M, Bhowmik D, Singh DM, Dutta AS. Recent trends in medicinal uses and health benefits of Indian traditional herbs Aegle marmelos . Pharma Innovation. 2012;1 :57-65 - 22.
Fawzi Mahomoodally M, Mollica A, Stefanucci A, Zakariyyah Aumeeruddy M, Poorneeka R, Zengin G. Volatile components, pharmacological profile, and computational studies of essential oil from Aegle marmelos (Bael) leaves: A functional approach. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018;126 :13-21 - 23.
Lakht-e-Zehra A, Dar NG, Saleem N, Soomro UA, Afzal W, Naqvi B, et al. Nutritional exploration of leaves, seed and fruit of bael ( Aegle marmelos L.) grown in Karachi region. Pakistan Journal of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 2015;48 (3):61-65 - 24.
Gautam MK, Purohit V, Agarwal M, Singh A, Goel RK. In vivo healing potential ofAegle marmelos in excision, incision, and dead space wound models. Scientific World Journal. 2014;9 :459-486 - 25.
Mani A, Singh A, Jain N, Misra S. Flowering, Fruiting and physio-chemical characteristics of bael ( Aegle marmelos correa.) grown in northern districts of West Bengal. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology. 2017;23 :1-8 - 26.
Shirwaikar A, Shenoy R, Udupa AL, Udupa SL, Shetty S. Wound healing property of ethanolic extract of leaves of Hyptis suaveolens with supportive role of antioxidant enzymes. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2003;41 :238-241 - 27.
Kala CP. Ethnobotany and Ethnoconservation of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2006;5 (4):537-540 - 28.
Sharma J, Painuli RM, Gaur RD. Plants used by the rural communities of district Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2010; 9 :798-803 - 29.
Yadav KP, Gupta LN, Shukla AK. Outcome of bilwa ( Aegle marmelos ) phala majja churna on intestinal transit. Ayurpharm International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences. 2015;4 :23-28 - 30.
Kakiuchi N, Senaratne LRE, Huang SL, Yang XW, Hattori M, Pilapitiya U, et al. Effects of constituents of Beli ( Aegle marmelos ) on spontaneous beating and calcium-paradox of myocardial cells. Planta Medica. 1991;57 :43-47 - 31.
Lock JM, Gaur RD. Flora of the district garhwal north west himalaya (with ethnobotanical notes). Kew Bulletin. 2001; 56 :251 - 32.
Dhankhar S, Ruhil S, Balhara M, Dhankhar S, Chhillar AK. Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa: A potential source of phytomedicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011;5 (9):1497-1507 - 33.
Kirtikar BD, Basu KR. Indian medical plants. Goyal Offset Printers. 1984; 3 :2143-2155 - 34.
Chauhan H, Kaul RK, Ahmed N, Gupta P, Anjum A. Preparation and evaluation of Bael ( Aegle marmelos ) vermouth. International Journal of Food and Fermentation Technology. 2016;6 (1):41-47 - 35.
Mali SS, Dhumal RL, Havaldar VD, Shinde SS, Jadhav NY, Gaikwad BS. A systematic review on Aegle marmelos (Bael). Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2020;12 (1):31-36 - 36.
Gupta D, John P, Kumar P, Jain J. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of unripe Aegle marmelos corr. Fruits. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2018;1 (1):4-7 - 37.
Nandal UA. Handbook of Foods and Nutritional Biochemistry: A Complete Source Book. Agrobios India; 2013 - 38.
Murthy HN, BhatMA DD. Bioactive compounds of Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa). In: Bioactive Compounds in Underutilized Fruits and Nuts. New York: Springer; 2020. pp. 459-486 - 39.
Singh K, Chakraborty I, Chaurasiya AK. Bael preserve syrup as booster of human health as a health drink. The Bioscan. 2014; 9 (2):565-569 - 40.
Bhardwaj RL, Nandal U, Pal A, Jain S. Bioactive compounds and medicinal properties of fruit juices. Fruits. 2014; 69 (5):391-412 - 41.
Sharma K, Chauhan ES. Nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of fruit pulp, powder of Aegle marmelos (Bael). JCPS. 2017;10 (2):809-814 - 42.
Bhattacherjee AK, Dikshit A, Tandon DK. Nutraceutical changes during ripening of bael [ Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa] fruits harvested at different maturity periods. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2020;19 (2):416-422 - 43.
Kumar KS, Umadevi M, Bhowmik D, Singh DM, Dutta AS. Recent trends in medicinal uses and health benefits of Indian traditional herbs Aegle marmelos . The Pharma Innovation. 2012;1 (4):57-65 - 44.
Bajaniya VK, Kandoliya UK, Bodar NH, Bhadja NV, Golakiya BA. Fatty acid profile and phytochemical characterization of bael seed ( Aegle marmelos L.) oil. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2015;4 (2):97-102 - 45.
Chhikara N, Abdulahi B, Munezero C, Kaur R, Singh G, Panghal A. Exploring the nutritional and phytochemical potential of sorghum in food processing for food security. Nutrition & Food Science. 2019; 49 (2):318-332 - 46.
Yadav SD, Muley RD, Kulkarni AU, Sarode BN. Study of Bael oil ( Aegle marmelos ) and its properties. Women. 2013;1 :1904-1913 - 47.
Snehlata K, Sheel R, Kumar B. Evaluation of phytochemicals in polar and non polar solvent extracts of leaves of Aegle marmelos (L.). Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2018;4 (5):31-38 - 48.
Gurjar PS, Bhattacherjee AK, Singh A, Dikshit A, Singh VK. Characterization of nutraceuticals in bael powder prepared from fruits harvested at different developmental stages. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2019; 18 :724-730 - 49.
Bisht NV, Johar V. Bael ( Aegle marmelos ) extraordinary species of India: A review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2017;6 :1870-1887 - 50.
Ohashi K, Watanabe H, Okumura Y, Uji T, Kitagawa I. Indonesian medicinal plants. XII. Four isomeric lignanglucosides from the bark of Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae). Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994; 42 (9):1924-1926 - 51.
Srivastava SD, Srivastava S, Srivastava SK. New anthraquinones from the heartwood of Aegle marmelos . Fitoterapia. 1996;67 :83-84 - 52.
Radhika Samarasekera JKR, Khambay BPS, Hemalal KP. A new insecticidal protolimonoid from Aegle marmelos . Natural Product Research. 2004;18 :117-122 - 53.
Kamalakkannan N, Prince PSM. Effect of Aegle marmelos Correa. (Bael) fruit extract on tissue antioxidants in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2003;41 :1285-1288 - 54.
Karunanayake EH, Welihinda J, Sirimanne SR, Adorai GS. Oral hypoglycaemic activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1984; 11 :223-231 - 55.
Sabu MC, Kuttan R. Antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos and its relationship with its antioxidant properties. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2004;48 (1):81-88 - 56.
Benni JM, Jayanthi MK, Suresha RN. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Aegle marmelos (Bilwa) root. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2011;43 :393-397 - 57.
Ashkenazi S, Pickering LK. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of bacterial diarrhoea. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 1989; 8 :203-206 - 58.
Gupta D, John PP, Pankaj K, Kaushik R, Yadav R. Pharmacological review of Aegle marmelos corr. Fruits. IJPSR. 2011;2 (8):2031-2036 - 59.
Wallace JL, Granger DN. The cellular and molecular basis of gastric mucosal defense. The FASEB Journal. 1996; 10 :731 - 60.
Mazumder R, Bhattacharya S, Mazumder A, Pattnaik AK, Tiwary PM, Chaudhary S. Antidiarrhoeal evaluation of Aegle marmelos (correa) Linn. Root extract. Phytherapy Research. 2006;20 :82-84 - 61.
Rahman S, Parvin R. Therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos (L.)-an overview. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 2014;4 :71-77 - 62.
Dhuley JN. Investigation on the gastroprotective and antidiarrhoeal properties of Aegle marmelos unripe fruit extract. Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin. 2003;45-46 :41-46 - 63.
Sondhi N, Bhardwaj R, Kaur S, Kumar N, Singh B. Isolation of 24-epibrassinolide from leaves of Aegle marmelos and evaluation of its antigenotoxicity employingAllium cepa chromosomal aberration assay. Plant Growth Regulation. 2008;54 :217-224 - 64.
Sekar DK, Kumar G, Karthik L, Rao KVB. A review on pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae). Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 2011;1 (2):8-17 - 65.
Joshi PV, Patil RH, Maheshwari VL. In vitro antidiarrhoeal activity and toxicity profile ofAegle marmelos Correa ex Roxb. Dried fruit pulp. Natural Product Radiance. 2009;8 (5):498-502 - 66.
Shoba FG, Thomas M. Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in castor-oil induced diarrhoea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001; 76 :73-76 - 67.
Maity P, Hansda D, Bandyopadhyay U, Mishra DK. Biological activities of crude extracts and chemical constituents of bael, Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2009;47 :849-861 - 68.
Daniel M. Medicinal Plants: Chemistry and Properties. London: CRC Press; 2006 - 69.
Rakulini R, Kalaichelvi S, Prasad S. A review of anti-diarrheal activity of Aegle marmelos . Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research. 2019;7 :1-10 - 70.
Jagetia GC, Venkatesh P, Baliga MS. Fruit extract of Aegle marmelos protects mice against radiation-induced lethality. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2004;3 :323-332 - 71.
Kamalakkannan N, Prince PS. The effect of Aegle marmelos fruit extract in streptozotocin diabetes: A histopathological study. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy. 2005;5 :87-96 - 72.
Jagtap AG, Shirke SS, Phadke AS. Effect of polyherbal formulation on experimental models of inflammatory bowel diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004; 90 :195-204 - 73.
Liu ESL, Cho CH. Relationship between ethanol-induced gastritis and gastric ulcer formation in rats. Digestion. 2000; 62 :232-239 - 74.
Badam L, Bedekar SS, Sonawane KB, Joshi SP. In vitro antiviral activity of Bael (Aegle marmelos Corr) upon human coxsackieviruses B1-B6. Journal of Communication Disorders. 2002;34 :88-89 - 75.
Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN, Ray C. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: I. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1968; 6 :232-247 - 76.
Rani P, Khullar N. Antimicrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti-enteric potential against multi-drug resistant salmonella typhi. Phytherapy Research. 2004; 18 :670-673 - 77.
Rana BK, Singh UP, Taneja V. Antifungal activity and kinetics of inhibition by essential oil isolated from leaves of Aegle marmelos . Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1997;57 :29-34 - 78.
Sahare KN, Anandhraman V, Meshram VG, Meshram SU, Reddy MVR, Tumane PM, et al. Anti-microfilarial activity of methanolic extract of Vitex negundo andAegle marmelos and their phytochemical analysis. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2008;46 :128-131 - 79.
Walker AF. Herbs of choice: The therapeutic use of phytomedicinals. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 1995; 16 :76-77 - 80.
Singh P, Kumar A, Dubey NK, Gupta R. Essential oil of Aegle marmelos as a safe plant-based antimicrobial against postharvest microbial infestations and aflatoxin contamination of food commodities. Journal of Food Science. 2009;74 :M302-M307 - 81.
Pratheepa V, Ramesh S, Sukumaran N. Immunomodulatory effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on freshwater fishCyprinus carpio infected by bacterial pathogenAeromonas hydrophila . Pharmaceutical Biology. 2010;48 :1224-1239 - 82.
Elango G, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Zahir AA, Rajakumar G, et al. Efficacy of botanical extracts against Japanese encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus . Parasitology Research. 2010;106 :481-492 - 83.
Chakthong S, Weaaryee P, Puangphet P, Mahabusarakam W, Plodpai P, Voravuthikunchai SP, et al. Alkaloid and coumarins from the green fruits of Aegle marmelos . Phytochemistry. 2012;75 :108-113 - 84.
Kothari S, Minda M, Tonpay SD. Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of methanol extract of Aegle marmelos leaves in mice. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2010;54 :318-328 - 85.
Sabde S, Bodiwala HS, Karmase A, Deshpande PJ, Kaur A, Ahmed N, et al. Anti-HIV activity of Indian medicinal plants. Journal of Natural Medicines. 2011; 65 :662-669 - 86.
Mujeeb F, Bajpai P, Pathak N. Phytochemical evaluation, antimicrobial activity, and determination of bioactive components from leaves of Aegle marmelos . BioMed Research International. 2014;2014 :497606. DOI: 10.1155/2014/497606 - 87.
Rejiniemon TS, Arasu MV, Duraipandiyan V, Ponmurugan K, Al-Dhabi NA, Arokiyaraj S, et al. In-vitro antimicrobial, antibiofilm, cytotoxic, antifeedant and larvicidal properties of novel quinone isolated fromAegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2014;13 :48. DOI: 10.1186/s12941-014-0048-y - 88.
Jamal MAHM, Rahman MS, Hossain MB, Sharma SP, Chung HJ, Kim HJ, et al. Antibacterial properties and chemical composition of essential oil from Aegle marmelos (L.) corr. Leaves growing in Bangladesh. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 2017;20 :155-174 - 89.
Raja SB, Murali MR, Devaraj SN. Differential expression of ompC and ompF in multidrug-resistant Shigella dysenteriae andShigella flexneri by aqueous extract ofAegle marmelos , altering its susceptibility toward β-lactam antibiotics. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2008;61 :321-328 - 90.
Nemkul CM, Bajracharya GB, Shrestha I, Gan C, Bajracharya B. Phytochemical, antibacterial and DPPH free radical scavenging evaluations of the barks of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;7 :1637-1641 - 91.
Ibrahim NA, El-Sakhawy FS, Mohammed MMD, Farid MA, Abdel-Wahed NAM, Deabes DAH. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antifungal activities of essential oils of the leaves of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa growing in Egypt. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2015;5 (2):1-5 - 92.
Biswas K, Bandyopadhyay U, Chattopadhyay I, Varadaraj A, Ali E, Banerjee RK. A novel antioxidant and antiapoptotic role of omeprazole to block gastric ulcer through scavenging of hydroxyl radical. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003; 278 :10993-11001 - 93.
Goel RK, Maiti RN, Manickam M, Ray AB. Antiulcer activity of naturally occurring pyrano-coumarin and isocoumarins and their effect on prostanoid synthesis using human colonic mucosa. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1997; 35 :1080-1083 - 94.
Madhu C, Hindu K, Sudeepthi CD, Maneela P, Venkat Reddy K, Bhagya SB. Anti ulcer activity of aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaves on rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2012;2 :132-135 - 95.
Ramakrishna YG, Savithri K, Kist M, Devaraj SN. Aegle marmelos fruit extract attenuateshelicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide induced oxidative stress in Sprague Dawley rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;15 :375. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0915-x - 96.
Das S, Roy C. The protective role of Aegle marmelos on aspirin-induced gastro-duodenal ulceration in albino rat model: A possible involvement of antioxidants. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology. 2012;18 :188-194 - 97.
Sharma AK, Bharti S, Goyal S, Arora S, Nepal S, Kishore K, et al. Upregulation of PPARγ by Aegle marmelos ameliorates insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in high fat diet fed-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats. Phytherapy Research. 2011;25 :1457-1465 - 98.
Sardana RK, Chhikara N, Tanwar B, Panghal A. Dietary impact on esophageal cancer in humans: A review. Food & Function. 2018; 9 (4):1967-1977 - 99.
Lampronti I, Martello D, Bianchi N, Borgatti M, Lambertini E, Piva R, et al. In vitro antiproliferative effects onhuman tumor cell lines of extracts from the Bangladeshi medicinal plant Aegle marmelos Correa. Phytomedicine. 2003;10 (4):300-308 - 100.
Murthy HN, Bhat MA, Dalawai D. Bioactive Compounds of Bael ( Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa). In Bioactive Compounds in under-Utilized Fruits and Nuts. New York, NY: Springer; 2020. pp. 459-486 - 101.
Perumal A, Krishna S, Madhusree M. GC-MS analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanol extract of leaves of Aegle marmelos (L.) corraša. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2018;8 (4):247-255 - 102.
Subramaniam D, Giridharan P, Murmu N, Shankaranarayanan NP, May R, Houchen CW, et al. Activation of apoptosis by 1-hydroxy-5, 7-dimethoxy-2-naphthalene-carboxaldehyde, a novel compound from Aegle marmelos . Cancer Research. 2008;68 (20):8573-8581 - 103.
Chandrasekara A, Daugelaite J, Shahidi F. DNA scission and LDL cholesterol oxidation inhibition and antioxidant activities of Bael ( Aegle marmelos ) flower extracts. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2018;8 (3):428-435 - 104.
Husain Khan T, Sultana S. Effect of Aegle marmelos on DEN initiated and 2-AAF promoted hepatocarcinogenesis: A chemopreventive study. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods. 2011;21 (6):453-462 - 105.
Jatav S, Dwivedi P, Singh M, Sehra N, Mishra BB. Properties and Important Molecules of Medicinal Interest in Wood Apple ( Aegle marmelos ). In Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants USA. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2018. pp. 127-150 - 106.
Geetha T, Varalakshmi P. Anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol and lupeol linoleate in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001; 76 :77-80 - 107.
Patel PK, Sahu J, Sahu L, Prajapati NK, Dubey BK. Aegle marmelos : A review on its medicinal properties. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research. 2012;1 (5):332-341 - 108.
Nigam V, Nambiar VS. Therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa leaves as an antioxidant and anti-diabetic agent: A review. International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research. 2015;6 (3):611-621 - 109.
Arul V, Kumaraguru S, Dhananjayan R. Effects of aegeline and lupeol-the two cardioactive principles isolated from the leaves of Aegle marmelos Corr. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1999;51 :252 - 110.
Agrawal SS, Kumar A, Gullaiya S, Dubey V, Nagar A, Tiwari P, et al. Antifertility activity of methanolic bark extract of Aegle marmelos (L.) in male wistar rats. Daru. 2012; 20 (1):94 - 111.
Chauhan A, Agarwal M. Reversible changes in the antifertility induced by Aegle marmelos in male albino rats. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine. 2008;54 (6):240-246 - 112.
Verma RS, Padalia RC, Chauhan A. Essential oil composition of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa: Chemotypic and seasonal variations. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2014;94 (9):1904-1913 - 113.
Baliga MS, Bhat HP, Pereira MM, Mathias N, Venkatesh P. Radioprotective effects of Aegle marmelos Corr: A concise review. The Journal Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2010;16 (10):1109-1116 - 114.
Sharma PC, Bhatia V, Bansal N, Sharma A. A review on Bael. Natural Product Radiance. 2007; 6 (2):171-178 - 115.
Jagetia GC. Venkatesh P, Baliga MS. Aegle marmelos L. Corr inhibits the proliferation of transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. Biology and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2005;28 (1):58-64 - 116.
Jagetia GC, Venkatesh P, Baliga MS. Fruit extract of Aegle marmelos Corr protects mice against radiation-induced lethality. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2004;3 (4):323-325 - 117.
Sharma GN, Dubey SK. Ulcer healing potential of Aegle marmelos Corr fruit seed. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Life Science. 2011;1 (2):172-178 - 118.
Maity P, Hansda D, Bandyopadhyay U, Mishra DK. Biological activities of crude extracts and chemical constituents of Aegle marmelos L. Corr. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2009;47 (11):849-861 - 119.
Simmons RA. Developmental origins of diabetes: The role of oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2006; 40 (6):917-922 - 120.
Upadhya S, Shanbhag KK, Suneetha G, Naidu BM, Upadhya S. A study of hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity of Aegle marmelos in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Indian Journal Physiology and Pharmacology. 2004;48 (4):476-480 - 121.
Kamalakkannan N, Prince PSM. Hypoglycaemic effect of water extract of Aegle marmelos Corr: Fruit in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003;87 (2/3):207-210 - 122.
Birudu R, Pamulapati P, Manoharan S. Evaluation of biochemical changes in diabetic rats treated with Aegle marmelos (L.) methanolic leaf extract. Pharmacognosy Research. 2020;12 :127 - 123.
Gohil T, Pathak N, Jivani N, Devmurari V, Patel J. Treatment with extracts of Eugenia jambolana seed and Aegle marmelos leaf extracts prevents hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in alloxan induced diabetic rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2010;4 :270-275 - 124.
Kamalakkannan N, Prince PSM. Antihyperlipidaemic effect of Aegle marmelos Corr fruit extract in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2005;85 :569 - 125.
Ilango K, Chitra V. Wound healing and anti-oxidant activities of the fruit pulp of Limonia acidissima Linn (Rutaceae) in rats, Trop. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2010;9 :223-230 - 126.
Pattanayak SP, Sunita P. Wound healing, anti-microbial and antioxidant potential of Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f) Ettingsh. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008;120 :241-247 - 127.
Veerappan A, Miyazaki S, Kadarkaraisamy M, Ranganathan D. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of Aegle marmelos Corr., an Indian medicinal plant. Phytomedicine. 2007;14 :209-215 - 128.
Patel P, Asdaq SMD. Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic fruit extract of Aegle marmelos in experimental animals. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2010;18 :161-165 - 129.
Duraipandiyan V, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2006; 6 :35 - 130.
Chatterjee P, Chakraborty B, Nandy S. Review on Nephroprotective activity study by different plant extract. Advanced Journal of Pharmacie and Life Science Research. 2014; 2 (2):24-40 - 131.
Ahmad R, Mujeeb M, Ahmad A, Anwar F. Ameliorative effect of Aegle marmelos leaves extract against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology. 2016;11 :101-109 - 132.
Arul V, Miyazaki S, Dhananjayan R. Mechanisms of the contractile effect of the alcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos Corr. On isolated Guinea pig ileum and tracheal chain. Phytomedicine. 2004;11 :679-683 - 133.
Laphookhieo S, Phungpanya C, Tantapakul C, Techa S, Tha-In S, Narmdorkmai W. Chemical constituents from Aegle marmelos . Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. 2011;22 :176-178 - 134.
Sankari M, Chitra V, Silambujanaki P, Raju D. Anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of Aegle marmelos (leaves) in mice. International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2010;2 :640-643 - 135.
Behera J, Mohanty B, Ramani Y, Rath B, Pradhan S. Effect of aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos unripe fruit on inflammatory bowel disease. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2012;44 :614-618