IntechOpen

Home > Books > New Innovations in Engineering Education and Naval Engineering

Open access peer-reviewed chapter

Vortex-Induced Vibration of a Marine Riser: Numerical Simulation and Mechanism Understanding

Written By

Xiangxi Han, Youhong Tang, Zhiqiang Feng, Zhanbin Meng, Ang Qiu, Wei Lin and Jiaming Wu

Submitted: September 9th, 2018 Reviewed: November 13th, 2018 Published: December 16th, 2018

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82516

IntechOpen
New Innovations in Engineering Education and Naval Engineering Edited by Nur Md. Sayeed Hassan and Sérgio Lousada

From the Edited Volume

New Innovations in Engineering Education and Naval Engineering

Edited by Nur Md. Sayeed Hassan and Sérgio António Neves Lousada

Book Details Order Print

Chapter metrics overview

758 Chapter Downloads

View Full Metrics
Advertisement

Abstract

Marine riser is a key equipment connecting a floating platform and a seabed wellhead. Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is the main cause of the fatigue damage of the riser. The prediction of marine riser VIV is very difficult because of its strong non-linearity, instability and uncertainty. In recent years, many numerical models of VIV of marine riser have been developed to explore the mechanism of marine riser VIV, providing scientific theoretical basis and practical engineering methods for vibration control and engineering design of marine riser. Combined with the authors’ own recent research, this chapter discusses the research progress on marine riser VIV in the ocean engineering, including phenomenon mechanism analysis and different numerical research methods.

Keywords

  • fluid-structure interaction
  • marine riser
  • numerical simulation
  • structural dynamics
  • vortex-induced vibration

1. Introduction

As a key part of the deep-sea oil and gas exploitation system, the marine riser known as the “life line of offshore oil” is an important transport component connecting the undersea oil field with the ocean platform, as shown in Figure 1. In the process of operation, the marine riser bears the impact, erosion and other damage of seawater, and it needs to be repaired or renewed frequently. Its service life is only 2–3 years. Marine riser related technology has become one of the main obstacles to human being’s deep-sea development. As the key structure connecting floating platform and underwater production system, marine riser generally bears the axial tension. The lower end connects with the seabed wellhead through the universal joint, and the upper end is coordinated with the slip joint on the platform or the bottom of the ship to carry out drilling, liquid guiding, mud guiding and other work. It is a necessary equipment for the deep-sea oil and gas development and transportation. In deep-sea environments, currents passing through the riser may induce the rear edge of the riser releasing the vortex alternately, known as “Karman vortex street”. The presence of “Karmen vortex street” causes the riser structure vibrating simultaneously in the cross-flow (CF) and the in-line (IL) directions, and the vibration of the riser will in turn change the vortex characteristics of the flow field. This phenomenon of fluid structure interaction is called “VIV”. When the frequency of vortex release is close to the natural frequency of the riser structure, the phenomenon of “Lock-in” occurs. With the significant increase of the vibration amplitude of the riser, fatigue damage and even failure of the riser structure are often caused. In 2011, the “Gannet Alpha” drilling platform of shell oil company on the North Sea area of the United Kingdom suffered a sudden accident, resulting in the fatigue fracture of the oil pipeline connected with the platform. As a result, about 21.6 billion tons of crude oil leaked into the sea, causing serious pollution to the surrounding environment and causing major economic losses. However, the strong non-linearity, non-stationarity and uncertainty of the VIV of marine riser make it extremely difficult to predict the VIV of marine riser. How to accurately predict the VIV of marine riser and provide a more comprehensive theoretical basis for the design and daily maintenance of marine riser has been an ideal goal pursued by engineers and scientists.

Figure 1.

Schematic diagram of marine riser operation.

For the study of VIV of marine riser, early scholars started from the simplest riser section, and now they have carried out a very rich experimental and numerical simulation study on two-dimensional (2D) rigid cylinder, including the study of flow around fixed cylinder, forced vibration and self-excited vibration of cylinder. The study of a rigid cylinder VIV (2D VIV) establishes many basic concepts of VIV, explores the law of rigid cylinder VIV, and lays a foundation for the construction of three-dimensional (3D) riser VIV algorithm model. However, the vibration of marine riser shows the characteristics of high order vibration and the vortex released by the rear edge of the riser has obvious 3D characteristics. Therefore, the research results based on the 2D VIV fail to provide complete technical support for the 3D marine riser. This prompted the researchers to study the VIV of 3D marine riser based on the research results of a rigid cylinder VIV. Due to the different emphases of the study on the VIV of a rigid cylinder and slender flexible riser, there are also many differences in the research methods and research hotspots. So far, there have been abundant researches on VIV, and many reviews have summarized the results of studies on the VIV of a rigid cylinder or a riser. For example, Williamson [1], Williamson and Govardhan [2, 3], Sarpkaya [4], Gabbai and Benaroya [5], Bearman [6], Wu et al. [7] have summarized the research results of a cylindrical structure or a riser VIV in recent decades. In this chapter, the numerical simulation study of marine riser VIV in recent decades are summarized, and the development process, advantages and disadvantages of different numerical research methods are analyzed and summarized. Finally, the research progress of current basic research and hot issues in engineering practice is discussed. The numerical analysis methods of marine riser are mainly divided into two categories: one is the empirical model method based on experimental data, the other is the numerical simulation method based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational structure dynamics (CSD).

Advertisement

2. Empirical model

The numerical prediction method based on empirical model is suitable for solving practical engineering problems, because the physical model is clear, and the calculation is simple. Empirical models mainly include wake oscillator model, modal superposition model, statistical model, etc. Among them, wake oscillator model and its improvement model are most widely used. Bishop and Hassan [8] and Hartlen and Currie [9] proposed the wake oscillator model and described the hydrodynamic force with the nonlinear Van de Pol equation. In the model, the hydrodynamic equation is coupled with the vibration equation which describes the transverse VIV of the structure. This model can simulate many phenomena in the experiment qualitatively. Iwan and Blevins [10] and Iwan [77] deduced the coupling equation of wake oscillator and structural motion based on momentum conservation principle. The model has clear physical meaning and well reflects the hydrodynamic characteristics of VIV. The empirical parameters in the equation are determined by the test results of forced vibration. Therefore, the wake oscillator model is highly dependent on the empirical coefficient, and the empirical parameters selected by different wake oscillator models are greatly different. Therefore, even for the same research object, the prediction results of different wake oscillators are also significantly different. As demonstrated by Chaplin et al. [11], the amplitude response predicted by fourteen empirical models for the prediction of VIV in the same physical experiment is smaller than the experimental value, and the prediction results of each empirical model are also significantly different. The wake oscillator model has been widely accepted as a mainstream semi-empirical and semi-theoretical algorithm for a long time. However, the inherent deficiency of the algorithm lies in that the hydrodynamic frequency of the algorithm is obtained mainly through the calculation of the St number (St) obtained by the experiments of fixed circular cylinder. However, the frequency of hydrodynamic force of circular VIV of cylinder differs greatly from the frequency corresponding to the St number in the flow around the fixed cylinder. Therefore, in most cases, this algorithm can only obtain qualitative results, and its accuracy is greatly different from the experimental results. Facchinetti et al. [12] improved the dynamic characteristics of the wake oscillator model and, respectively, considered the coupling effect of displacement, velocity and acceleration on the wake oscillator. By comparing the prediction results of different coupling modes with the experimental results, it is found that the coupling of acceleration and lift induced by vortices can reflect the VIV characteristics of rigid cylinders quantitatively. Facchinetti et al. [13] further extended the model and applied it to VIV response of slender flexible cables. Mathelin and Langre [14] extend the work of Facchinetti et al. [13] to predict VIV response in shear flow. Furnes and Sørensen [15], Ge et al. [16] and Li et al. [17] proposed the simulation of dual-coupling oscillator model to simulate flow direction and transverse pulse dynamics, but the wake oscillator processed separately in both directions could not accurately predict the phase difference between flow direction and transverse response. Srinil [18] and Srinil and Zanganeh [19] used a double duffing-van der Pol oscillator to predict VIV responses to flow and lateral coupling. The model can predict the amplitude response of flow direction and transverse VIV more successfully. In general, the empirical model approach does not consider the specific flow field structure, but directly considers the flow field and structure as a whole system. A set of equations is used to describe the characteristics of the whole system, which has the advantages of simple model, wide application range, and low requirement for computing power and storage capacity of the computer. However, this set of equations has many parameters, and the selection of these parameters is determined by experience or experiment. The choice of these parameters is crucial to the result, and the choice of parameters of different empirical models varies greatly. How to apply forced and self-excited vibration test data under specific conditions has not been completely solved, which constitutes a major shortcoming of the empirical model method. In addition, the empirical model is mainly applied to the prediction of VIV response of riser, which is not suitable for the study of VIV mechanism, wake vortex law and fluid-solid coupling characteristics of riser.

Advertisement

3. Numerical model based on CFD method

3.1 Numerical simulation of 2D VIV

Numerical simulation of 2D VIV can be divided into two aspects. On the one hand, how to simulate the numerical results and phenomena which match the physical experiments; on the other hand, the intrinsic mechanism of VIV is studied by numerical simulation. In the study of a cylinder VIV, there are two topics that attract most attention: one is the super upper branch, and another is phase jump.

3.1.1 Super upper branch

Jauvtis and Williamson [20, 21] studied the VIV characteristics of a cylindrical structure at low mass and damping with 2 DOF and found that when the mass ratio m* dropped to 2.6, the 2 DOF system got a super upper branch of transverse response amplitude, the largest response amplitude reaching 1.5 D, which all previous experiments had failed to get, and the “2T” vortex mode corresponding to the maximum transverse amplitude is observed.

Blevins and Coughran [22] adopted the physical experiment method to study comprehensively the VIV of cylindrical structure for 1 DOF and 2 DOF with variable mass ratio, damping, and found that the measured maximum amplitude was 1.75 D for a smooth 2 DOF cylinder at Reynolds number of 139,000. Based on experimental study, many scholars have carried out numerical study of VIV. Most scholars have used 2D numerical simulation to study the VIV of a cylindrical structure with low mass-damping [23, 24, 25, 26]. For Re = 100–200, numerical simulations [23, 24, 25, 26], including our previous research [27, 28, 29], gave similar amplitude results (Ay/D = 0.6) which were lower than the expected values. Subsequently, some scholars simulated the VIV of a cylindrical structure with Re = 1000, with the amplitude of transverse vibration reaching a value of Ay/D = 0.7. All these numerical simulations were carried out at low Reynolds numbers, well below the Reynolds numbers used in the classic experiment [21]. For this reason, numerical simulation seemed to capture only the initial and lower branches, whereas the upper and super upper branches were absent. Recently, some scholars began to use numerical simulation methods to study the VIV of a cylindrical structure at Reynolds numbers matched with the classic experimental values. Guilmineau and Queutey [30] used the incompressible two-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) scheme to simulate the VIV of an elastically mounted rigid cylinder with low mass-damping, constrained to oscillate transversely to a free stream and compared their results with compared with the 1996 experimental results of Khalak and Williamson [31]. According the initial condition used, the simulations predict correctly the maximum amplitude. On the other hand, the numerical results do not match the upper branch found experimentally. However, these results are encouraging, because no simulations have yet predicted such a high amplitude of vibration. Wanderley et al. [32] used the Roe-Sweby scheme to solve the compressible RANS equations to simulate the VIV of an elastically mounted rigid cylinder for 1 DOF with the mass ratio m* = 1.8. The numerical results obtained in the present work agree remarkably well with experimental data obtained from the literature (Khalak and Williamson [31]) which the mass ratio was equal to 2.4 and captured the corresponding response branch and vortex patterns. Pan et al. [33] also adopted the incompressible two-dimensional RANS scheme to simulate the VIV of an elastically mounted rigid cylinder for 1 DOF with the mass ratio m* = 2.4, and the result was compared with the experimental data reported by Khalak and Williamson [31]. The absence of the upper branch in RANS simulations is explained in depth because of discrepancies, which exist between experiments and RANS simulations. Srinil et al. [34] presents an experimental and numerical investigation of an elastically mounted rigid cylinder for 2 DOF with variable nature frequency ratios fx/fy and reported that when fx/fy =1.0 and mass ratio m* = 3.5, the transverse amplitude of the numerical simulation was much smaller than that of the experimental value. Gsell et al. [35] investigated the VIVs of an elastically mounted circular cylinder using a direct numerical simulation method. In the upper branch, the maximum amplitude predicted by the simulation at U* = 6.5 (about 1.2D) is lower than the amplitude measured experimentally [21] at the same reduced velocity. The author thinks that some deviations are expected due to the difference in the value of Re. Zhao and Cheng [36, 37] used the incompressible two-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes scheme to obtain the super upper branch and 2T vortex shedding pattern with initial conditions of velocity increasing constantly, which was in a good agreement with the experimental results [21]. Li et al. [38] adopted two typical turbulent models to simulate the VIV of a cylindrical structure for 1 DOF, and the predicted maximum amplitude was lower than that obtained by Khalak and Williamson [31]. Kang et al. [39] applied a modified SST model based on OpenFOAM to simulate experimental results [21] and it captured the maximum amplitude reaching values of 1.4 D when the entrance velocity was made to increase constantly in the process of numerical simulation. In previous studies [36, 37, 39], the initialization of numerical simulation started from the entrance, the inflow velocity is increased gradually from 0 or one low velocity value to the target value at a constant acceleration value and then is kept constant. The results show that the maximum transverse amplitude can be captured more accurately with appropriate inflow acceleration value. The value of this acceleration is usually very small, it takes a long time to accelerate to the target value, and how to determine the appropriate value of acceleration needs to be tested. Using this method to simulate the upper branch, the workload and computation time of is very large. Han et al. [40] successfully capture the initial branch, the lower branch, and the super upper branch with more accurate results, as shown in Figure 2. The units of each coordinate axis in the figure are dimensionless. The corresponding reduced velocity range of each branch is consistent with the classical experimental results [21]. The maximum value of the super upper branch is 1.46 D.

Figure 2.

Response amplitudes of the transverse directions under different reduced velocities [40].

The vortex pattern at different reduced velocities is simulated successfully, as shown in Figure 3. The VIV of the streamwise direction is in a resonance state at a low reduced velocity and the vortex pattern in the wake is a symmetric pair in vortex modes. With the increase in reduced velocity, the transverse amplitude increases continuously, the cylindrical structure response enters the super upper branch, and the vortex pattern switches from 2S to 2T. When the reduced velocity increases further, the cylindrical structure’s response enters the lower branch and the vortex pattern becomes 2P. With further increase in the reduced velocity, the transverse amplitude decreases continuously, and the vortex pattern becomes 2S.

Figure 3.

Vorticity contours under different reduced velocity [40].

3.1.2 Phase jump

Previous work has also shown phase differences between lift and CF displacements. In 1964, Bishop and Hassan [8] experimented on the lateral forced oscillation of a cylinder in a uniform flow, identifying the important phenomenon that when a cylinder oscillation frequency is near a natural vortex shedding frequency, the phase difference of the cylinder lift and the CF response undergoes a “sudden” jump from an “out-of-phase” mode to an “in-phase” mode. Then, Sarpkayab [41, 42], Bearman and Currie [43], Gopalkrishnan [44], and Carberry et al. [45] conducted similar experiments and reported the same phenomenon. The experimental study of Carberry et al. showed that in the process of a cylinder oscillating from a low frequency area (lower than the natural vortex shedding frequency) to a high frequency area (higher than the natural vortex shedding frequency), there is a transition zone. In the transition zone the mode of the vortex wake changes and at the same time the phase difference of the lift and CF responses undergoes a “sudden” jump. Sarpkaya [41] concluded that the phase difference between the lift and CF responses was closely related to an energy transfer between the cylinder and fluid. Zdravkovich [46] used visual means to analyze the previously studied flow field and found that a phase difference between the lift and CF responses was related to the vortex shedding time. Ongoren and Rockwell [47] used visualization analysis and reached a similar conclusion. Gu et al. [48] pointed out that with an increase in the frequency ratio, at a certain critical frequency, compared with the initial time, the cylindrical vortex shedding jumped from one side to another. Previous research has also shown that a phase difference between the cylinder lift and displacement, which determines the amplitude of a cylinder vibration, is related to the energy transfer between the cylinder and fluid. Govardhan and Williamson [49] used the particle image velocimetry method to study transverse VIVs and highlighted that the phase remained slightly above throughout the initial and upper branch regimes and jumps of almost occurred throughout the upper and lower branch. Guilmineau and Queutey [30] used the RANS method to simulate a cylindrical CF forced oscillation and also found that the phase difference jumped about 180°. Li et al. [50] studied the nonlinear characteristics of VIV at and successfully captured phase-switch, lock-in, and beat phenomena. Wang et al. [51] has demonstrated the importance higher harmonic flow forces and phase mechanisms related to relative velocity and has study the effects of the relative velocity of the cylinder’s oscillation with respect to the follow. Vortex formation modes been studied by 2D and 3D simulations before [6, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56]. The abovementioned research [6, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56] highlighted typical behaviors in the relation between CF responses and lift and vortex shedding modes of the both elastically mounted cylinders and forced VIVs but did not clarify the science behind the law of the relationship between vortex shedding and phase difference, or how the vortex affects the phase difference. Despite numerous studies of typical behaviors of the VIV of an elastic cylinder, the underlying mechanisms governing typical behaviors such as phase difference remain to be elucidated. Han et al. [28] investigates the VIV of an elastically mounted cylinder at various frequency ratios. According to differences in the vortex shedding location, the vortex wake can be characterized by two kinds of mode, that is, the “first mode” and the “second mode”. The mechanisms behind the phases of the first mode and the second mode vortex wakes are investigated and it is found that the flow speed induced by a cylindrical transverse vibration and the position of a vortex release are the root causes of the phase difference between the lift coefficient and transverse displacement. The speeds caused by a cylinder vibration and a cylinder shed vortex are the reasons that the lift amplitude of an oscillatory cylinder is different from that of a fixed cylinder. For a CF VIV, when a cylinder sheds the vortex, in addition to producing a flow similar to that of a fixed cylinder with a velocity of Δv0, it also produces flow caused by the cylinder vibrating with a velocity of Δv1. Figure 4 shows the schematic diagram of the flow field around a fixed cylinder. As shown in the figure, when the vortex is released from the upper surface of the cylinder, flow velocity v is generated around the cylinder, making the upper surface velocity change to U−Δv0and the lower surface velocity change to U+Δv0. At this point, the pressure on the upper surface is greater than the pressure on the lower surface due to the small upper surface velocity and the large small surface velocity, resulting in a downward lift. Figure 5 shows the schematic diagram of the “first mode” flow field around a cylinder moving to the maximum displacement for the CF VIV. The “first mode” means when a cylinder moves to the maximum displacement, the cylindrical upper surface begins to shed vortex. At this time, Δv1and Δv0were in the opposite direction. The direction of the lift depended on the positive or negative condition of Δv0−Δv1. When Δv0−Δv1>0, the cylinder formed a downward lift and when Δv0−Δv1<0, the cylinder formed an upward lift. Figure 6 shows the schematic diagram of the “second mode” flow field around a cylinder moving to the maximum displacement for CF VIV. The “second mode” means when a cylinder moves to the maximal displacement and the cylindrical lower surface begins to shed vortex. At this time, Δv1and Δv0are in the same direction and the upper surface velocity is higher than the lower surface velocity, causing lowering of the cylinder’s upper surface pressure compared to that of the lower surface pressure, thereby producing an upward lift [28].

Figure 4.

Schematic diagram of the flow field around a fixed cylinder [28].

Figure 5.

Schematic diagram of the “first mode” flow field around a cylinder for CF VIV [28].

Figure 6.

Schematic diagram of the “second mode” flow field around a cylinder for CF VIV [28].

3.2 Numerical simulation of 2.5D VIV

The basic idea of the multi-strip method is to take a certain number of 2D slices of the riser in the axial direction to simulate the flow field and extract the load acting on the riser. Then, the load is applied to the riser to obtain the motion response of the riser, and the load is applied to the riser to obtain the movement response of the riser, which is carried out repeatedly, and finally to predict the VIV of the riser. This multi-strip method can effectively reduce the calculation time, and many scholars [57, 58, 59, 60, 61] compare the prediction data obtained by the multi-strip method with the experimental data, and the results are relatively consistent. Willden and Graham [59] used the multi-strip method to construct the quasi-three-dimensional riser model to simulate the VIV of riser in the transverse direction under shear flow and found that the fluid controlled the vibration frequency of the structure by influencing additional mass. Yamamoto et al. [57] established a quasi-three-dimensional CFD model, solved the hydrodynamic force of each section with the discrete vortex method, and calculated the vibration response of marine riser based on the Euler Bernoulli beam theory. The vibration response of the riser at different reduction velocities was calculated and compared with the test results. It was found that there was a vortex in the form of “2P” in the larger amplitude and a vortex in the form of “2S” in the smaller amplitude. Based on the theory of slicing method and the radial basis function dynamic mesh technology. Professor Wan [62, 63, 64, 65, 66] led the team to use OpenFOAM to solve the fluid field at each section and used the structural finite element method to simulate the motion response of the riser. The effects of various parameters (such as mass ratio, tip pretension, flow velocity and flow profile) on VIV of a riser were investigated. However, the VIV of a marine riser is a 3D problem in nature, and it is impossible to consider the influence of the flow along the axial direction by using the multi-strip method, and the description of the vibration mechanism of multi-modal coexistence is relatively vague. In addition, for the slicing method, it needs some interpolation algorithms to deal with the relationship between the slices, but this interpolation algorithm does not have a uniform standard [67, 68]. Hovor et al. [69] studied the three-dimensional effect of the wake of oscillating cylinder and the correlation of the flow force along the axial direction and proposed that the three-dimensional flow field characteristics of the vertical tube VIV are closely related to its structure amplitude, and the three-dimensional effect of the wake limited the further increase of the structure response amplitude.

3.3 Numerical simulation of 3D VIV

In recent years, due to the improvement of computer hardware, several fully 3D numerical simulations of a marine riser VIV are generated. Constantinides et al. [67] used a finite element Navier-Stokes (NS) solver to study a high L/D riser model. This method overcame the shortcomings of the Q3D method and correctly estimated the 3D effect. The response amplitude of the numerical simulation was compared with experiment to verify the rationality of the algorithm and vortex shedding modes were briefly analyzed. Holmes et al. [68] used fully 3D CFD methods to simulate a straked riser VIV. The resulting solutions were compared with available experiment data on a 38 m long riser model based on RMS displacements. Xie et al. [70] used a finite-volume method to study the multi-mode VIV of a flexible circular cylinder. Huang et al. [71, 72] used a RANS method and an overlapping mesh technique to simulate the VIV of a riser with the length to diameter ratio of 482 in uniform flow and shear flow environments and compared numerical calculation results with the experiment to verify the accuracy of the calculation procedure. Bourguet et al. [73, 74, 75, 76] used direct numerical simulation of the 3D incompressible NS equations and a beam model to simulate the VIV of a cylindrical tensioned beam with the aspect ratio of 200 in linear and exponential shear flows at a Reynolds number equal to 330. Phasing mechanisms between the IL and CF, mono- and multi-frequency, and lock-in of VIV were explained.

In recent studies, many researches have investigated the VIV of marine risers but most of their research has been limited to 2D or rigid cylinder VIV. For the 3D flexible riser VIV, researchers have mostly adopted the 2.5D method. Only a few studies have adopted a bidirectional fluid-structure interaction method to simulate the VIV of the riser. In such studies, the displacement of the riser was solved using a mode superposition method or the Euler-Bernoulli bending beam equations. Most of these studies have concentrated on quantification of the vibration response. Nevertheless, the frequency characteristics of the vibration response and the universal rule of vortex shedding modes and trajectories in the spanwise direction have been less addressed, so further research is needed. Meanwhile, some studies have focused only on the VIV of a riser in linear and exponential shear flows at low Reynolds numbers, and further study is needed for the VIV of a riser in uniform flows at higher Reynolds numbers.

Advertisement

4. Research focus and prospect

4.1 Study on the nonlinear mechanism of VIV

Studies on VIV in recent decades are often accompanied by the discovery of new phenomena and locked-in, jump, lower branch, upper branch, super upper branch, lower branch, and various wake vortex forms (such as 2P, 2T, P + S) are found in cylindrical VIV; in the study of 3D marine riser VIV, the phenomenon of traveling-standing wave interaction propagation, multi-modal vibration and high-order modal vibration was found. Scholars have been continuously exploring the conditions and internal mechanism of these new phenomena, but it is difficult to give a conclusion at present. The goal is to further understand the phenomenon of VIV and extract the internal logic relations of major factors affecting VIV, to establish a more reasonable prediction model to serve ocean engineering practice.

4.2 Improve the prediction model of marine riser VIV

The prediction model of marine riser VIV still needs to be improved. Different from the numerical simulation based on CFD and FEM, these prediction models applied to practical engineering should be of high computational efficiency and can be easily applied to the structural design of marine riser. Perfect forecast model mainly from the following two aspects, that is, one is using simple parameters reflect the basic characteristics of VIV problem and special phenomenon of VIV (jumping, the response of each branch, etc.), and the selection of its value cannot rely too much on user’s personal experience, avoid parameters selection process cumbersome and lose operability. Another is building empirical models that can be validated on a broader scale. At present, although there are various models, and each of them can be verified well under certain conditions, there will be great differences in the calculation of back-to-back verification. No model has absolute advantage, and it is difficult for one model to match the results of multiple experiments.

4.3 Fluid-structure interaction model based on CFD and CSD

With the continuous improvement of computer operation speed, numerical methods have been developed rapidly, and now have become one of the main research methods in parallel with theoretical analysis and tank test. The fluid-solid coupling numerical methods based on CFD and CSD are playing more and more important roles in the field of ocean engineering, especially in the design of offshore platforms and structural safety reliability analysis. The development of efficient large-scale parallel numerical analysis system will be an important direction to enhance the competitiveness in the field of ocean engineering in the future.

The 3D numerical simulation of the VIV of marine riser requires a hydrodynamic computational program and a structural mechanical computational program. In the coupling interface, fluid dynamic data and structural displacement data are exchanged, which involves grid data mapping, interpolation and fluid mesh reconstruction of fluid and solid media, resulting in the reduction of precision. In addition, the computing technology also involves some key technical problems, such as efficient interactive use between different solvers, economic and practical parallel algorithm and parallel programming, etc., and exploring more effective algorithms to further improve precision and efficiency is still one of the focuses of recent research. With the increase of the length-diameter ratio of marine riser and the increase of Reynolds number (the actual Reynolds number of marine engineering is mostly within the range of 105–106), the above problems become more difficult to solve. Research on circular VIV within the range of high Reynolds number is still rare, so it is necessary to conduct research on VIV under the condition of high Reynolds number, further enrich the research results, explore new fluid-solid coupling phenomena and theories, and lay a theoretical foundation for the conceptual design of marine engineering riser.

Advertisement

5. Conclusions

This chapter summarizes the research status of various numerical calculation methods, including empirical model and CFD numerical calculation. In the aspect of experience model, this chapter briefs the development process of experience model and the deficiency of current experience model is proposed. In the aspect of 2D numerical simulation, the progress of 2D numerical simulation of VIV is summarized combining the author’s own research work on the two hot phenomena of super upper branch and phase jump. The development process of the multi-strip method for 3D marine riser VIV simulation is introduced in the aspect of 2.5D numerical simulation. In the aspect of 3D numerical simulation, numerical simulation of 3D marine riser VIV is analyzed with the limitations of current 3D marine riser research. At the end of the chapter, the future research direction is proposed, including the nonlinear mechanism of VIV, prediction models, and CFD and CSD fluid-solid interaction models.

Advertisement

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Guangxi natural science foundation (No. 2018GXNSFBA281138), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51809144), the Guangxi Major science and technology projects (No. AA17292007), a middle-aged and young teachers’ basic ability promotion project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China (2019KY0443), Qinzhou College Scientific Research Project (2016PY-SJ08), Key subject of Guangxi (Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering of Qinzhou University) Foundation, and Haiou Talent Plan of Qinzhou City.

Advertisement

Conflict of interest

No conflict of interest declared.

Advertisement

Appendices and nomenclature

Aythe amplitude of the transverse vibration
Dthe cylinder diameter
Uthe inlet velocity
m∗=m/mdratio of oscillating mass over displaced mass
ma=ρπD2/4added mass in still water
St=f0D/UStrouhal number in still water
Re=UD/νReynolds number
νkinematic viscosity coefficient
U∗=U/fnDreduced velocity in water
fn=12πkm+manatural frequency of elastic cylinder in still water
fnxnatural frequency of elastic cylinder of x direction in still water
fnynatural frequency of elastic cylinder of y direction in still water

References

  1. 1. Williamson CHK. Vortex dynamics in the cylinder wake. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 1996;28(1):477-539. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.002401
  2. 2. Williamson CHK, Govardhan R. Vortex-induced vibrations. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 2004;36(1):413-455. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122128
  3. 3. Williamson CHK, Govardhan R. A brief review of recent results in vortex-induced vibrations. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 2008;96(6-7):713-735. DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2007.06.019
  4. 4. Sarpkaya T. A critical review of the intrinsic nature of vortex-induced vibrations. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2004;19(4):389-447. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2004.02.005
  5. 5. Gabbai RD, Benaroya H. An overview of modeling and experiments of vortex-induced vibration of circular cylinders. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2005;282(3-5):575-616. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2004.04.017
  6. 6. Bearman PW. Vortex shedding from oscillating bluff bodies. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 2003;16(1):195-222. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.fl.16.010184.001211
  7. 7. Wu X, Ge F, Hong Y. A review of recent studies on vortex-induced vibrations of long slender cylinders. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2012;28(1):292-308. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2011.11.010
  8. 8. Bishop RED, Hassan AY. The lift and drag forces on a circular cylinder oscillating in a flowing fluid. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 1964;277(1368):51-75. DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1964.0005
  9. 9. Hartlen RT, Currie IG. Lift-oscillator model of vortex-induced vibration. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division. 1970;96(5):577-591
  10. 10. Iwan WD, Blevins RD. A model for vortex induced oscillation of structures. Journal of Applied Mechanics. 1974;41(3):581-586. DOI: 10.1115/1.3423352
  11. 11. Chaplin JR, Bearman PW, Cheng Y, Fontaine E, JMR G, Herfjord K, et al. Blind predictions of laboratory measurements of vortex-induced vibrations of a tension riser. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2005;21(1):25-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2005.05.016
  12. 12. Facchinetti ML, Langre ED, Biolley F. Coupling of structure and wake oscillators in vortex-induced vibrations. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2004;19(2):123-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2003.12.004
  13. 13. Facchinetti ML, Langre ED, Biolley F. Vortex-induced travelling waves along a cable. European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids. 2004;23(1):199-208. DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechflu.2003.04.004
  14. 14. Mathelin L, Langre E. Vortex-induced vibrations and waves under shear flow with a wake oscillator model. European Journal of Mechanics—B/Fluids. 2005;24(4):478-490. DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechflu.2004.12.005
  15. 15. Furnes GK, Sørensen K. Flow induced vibrations modeled by coupled non-linear oscillator. The Seventeenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference; 1-6 July 2007; Lisbon, Portugal. 2007. p. 2781-2787
  16. 16. Ge F, Long X, Wang L, Hong YS. Flow-induced vibrations of long circular cylinders modeled by coupled nonlinear oscillators. Science in China Series G Physics Mechanics and Astronomy. 2009;52(7):1086-1093. DOI: 10.1007/s11433-009-0128-8
  17. 17. Li XM, Guo HY, Meng FS. Nonlinear coupled in-line and cross-flow vortex-induced vibration analysis of top tensioned riser. China Ocean Engineering. 2010;24(4):749-758
  18. 18. Srinil N. Analysis and prediction of vortex-induced vibrations of variable-tension vertical risers in linearly sheared currents. Applied Ocean research. 2011;33(1):41-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2010.11.004
  19. 19. Srinil N, Zanganeh H. Modelling of coupled cross-flow/in-line vortex-induced vibrations using double Duffing and van der Pol oscillators. Ocean Engineering. 2012;53(3):83-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.06.025
  20. 20. Jauvtis N, Williamson CHK. Vortex-induced vibration of a cylinder with two degrees of freedom. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2003;17(7):1035-1042. DOI: 10.1016/S0889-9746(03)00051-3
  21. 21. Jauvtis N, Williamson CHK. The effect of two degrees of freedom on vortex-induced vibration at low mass and damping. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2004;509:23-62. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112004008778
  22. 22. Blevins RD, Coughran CS. Experimental investigation of vortex-induced vibration in one and two dimensions with variable mass, damping, and Reynolds number. Journal of Fluids Engineering. 2009;131(10):101202. DOI: 10.1115/1.3222904
  23. 23. Blackburn HM, Govardhan RN, Williamson CHK. A complementary numerical and physical investigation of vortex induced vibration. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2001;15(3-4):481-488. DOI: 10.1006/jfls.2000.0345
  24. 24. Brika D, Laneville A. Vortex-induced vibrations of a long flexible circular cylinder. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1993;250:481-508. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112093001533
  25. 25. Newman DJ, Karniadakis GE. A direct numerical simulation study of flow past a freely vibrating cable. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1997;344(01):95-136. DOI: 10.1017/S002211209700582X
  26. 26. Zhou CY, So R, Lam K. Vortex-induced vibrations of an elastic circular cylinder. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 1999;13(2):165-189. DOI: 10.1006/jfls.1998.0195
  27. 27. Han X, Lin W, Tang Y, Zhao C, Sammut K. Effects of natural frequency ratio on vortex-induced vibration of a cylindrical structure. Computers & Fluids. 2015;110:62-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.compfluid.2014.12.022
  28. 28. Han X, Zhang X, Tang Y, Qiu A, Lin W, Zhao C. Dynamic mechanism of phase differences in one degree-of-freedom vortex-induced vibration of a cylindrical structure. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment. 2017. DOI: 10.1177/1475090217717356
  29. 29. Han X, Lin W, Zhang X, Tang Y, Zhao C. Two degree of freedom flow-induced vibration of cylindrical structures in marine environments: Frequency ratio effects. Journal of Marine Science and Technology. 2016;21(3):1-14. DOI: 10.1007/s00773-016-0370-5
  30. 30. Guilmineau E, Queutey P. Numerical simulation of vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder with low mass-damping in a turbulent flow. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2004;19(4):449-466. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2004.02.004
  31. 31. Khalak A, Williamson CH. Dynamics of a hydroelastic cylinder with very low mass and damping. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 1996;10(5):455-472. DOI: 10.1006/jfls.1996.0031
  32. 32. Wanderley JBV, Souza GHB, Sphaier SH, Levi C. Vortex-induced vibration of an elastically mounted circular cylinder using an upwind TVD two-dimensional numerical scheme. Ocean Engineering. 2008;35(14-15):1533-1544. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2008.06.007
  33. 33. Pan ZY, Cui WC, Miao QM. Numerical simulation of vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder at low mass-damping using RANS code. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2007;23(1):23-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2006.07.007
  34. 34. Srinil N, Zanganeh H, Day A. Two-degree-of-freedom VIV of circular cylinder with variable natural frequency ratio: Experimental and numerical investigations. Ocean Engineering. 2013;73(8):179-194. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2013.07.024
  35. 35. Gsell S, Bourguet R, Braza M. One- versus two-degree-of-freedom vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder at Re=3900. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2016;67:156-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2016.09.004
  36. 36. Zhao M, Cheng L. Numerical investigation of local scour below a vibrating pipeline under steady currents. Coastal Engineering. 2010;57(4):397-406. DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2009.11.008
  37. 37. Zhao M, Cheng L. Numerical simulation of two-degree-of-freedom vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder close to a plane boundary. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2011;27(7):1097-1110. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2011.07.001
  38. 38. Li W, Li J, Liu S. Numerical simulation of vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder at low mass and damping with different turbulent models. In: Ocean; 7-10 April 2014; TAIPEI. New York: IEEE; 2014. pp. 1-7
  39. 39. Kang Z, Ni W, Sun L. A numerical investigation on capturing the maximum transverse amplitude in vortex induced vibration for low mass ratio. Marine Structures. 2017;52:94-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.marstruc.2016.11.006
  40. 40. Han X, Lin W, Wang D, Qiu A, Feng Z, Tang Y, et al. Numerical simulation of super upper branch of a cylindrical structure with a low mass ratio. Ocean Engineering. 2018;(15):108-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.09.014
  41. 41. Sarpkaya T. Fluid forces on oscillating cylinders. Journal of the Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Division. 1978;104(3):275-290
  42. 42. Sarpkaya T. Hydrodynamic damping, flow-induced oscillations, and biharmonic response. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. 1995;117(4):232-238. DOI: 10.1115/1.2827228
  43. 43. Bearman PW, Currie IG. Pressure-fluctuation measurements on an oscillating circular cylinder. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1979;91(04):661-677. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112079000392
  44. 44. Gopalkrishnan R. Vortex-induced forces on oscillating bluff cylinders [thesis]. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 1993. p. 1993
  45. 45. Carberry J, Sheridan J, Rockwell D. Controlled oscillations of a cylinder: Forces and wake modes. Journal of Fluids & Structures. 2005;538:31-69. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112005005197
  46. 46. Zdravkovich MM. Modification of vortex shedding in the synchronization range. Journal of Fluids Engineering. 1982;104(4):513-517. DOI: 10.1115/1.3241895
  47. 47. Ongoren A, Rockwell D. Flow structure from an oscillating cylinder. I—Mechanisms of phase shift and recovery in the near wake. II—Mode competition in the near wake. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1988;191:197-223. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112088001569
  48. 48. Gu W, Chyu C, Rockwell D. Timing of vortex formation from an oscillating cylinder. Physics of Fluids. 1994;6(11):3677-3682. DOI: 10.1063/1.868424
  49. 49. Govardhan R, Williamson CHK. Modes of vortex formation and frequency response of a freely vibrating cylinder. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2000;420:85-130. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112000001233
  50. 50. Li T, Zhang J, Zhang W. Nonlinear characteristics of vortex-induced vibration at low Reynolds number. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation. 2011;16:2753-2771. DOI: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2010.10.014
  51. 51. Wang XQ, Rmc S, Chan KT. A non-linear force model for vortex-induced vibration of an elastic cylinder. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2003;260(2):287-305. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-460X(02)00945-8
  52. 52. Evangelinos C, Karniadakis GE. Dynamics and flow structures in the turbulent wake of rigid and flexible cylinders subject to vortex-induced vibrations. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1999;400:91-124. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112099006606
  53. 53. Lucor D, Foo J, Karniadakis GE. Vortex mode selection of a rigid cylinder subject to VIV and low mass damping. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2005;20:483-503. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2005.02.002
  54. 54. Williamson CHK. Vortex dynamics in the cylinder wake. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 2003;28:477-539. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.fl.28.010196.002401
  55. 55. Williamson CHK, Roshko A. Vortex formation in the wake of oscillating cylinder. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 1988;2:355-381. DOI: 10.1016/S0889-9746(88)90058-8
  56. 56. Zhao M, Cheng L, An H, Lu L. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of VIV of an elastically mounted rigid circular cylinder in steady current. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2014;50:292-311. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2014.05.016
  57. 57. Yamamoto CT, Fregonesi RA, Meneghini JR, Saltara F. Numerical simulation of the flow around flexible cylinders. In: 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering; 23-28 June 2002; Oslo. 2002. pp. 837-846
  58. 58. Shulz KW, Meling TS. Multi-strip numerical analysis for flexible riser response. In: 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering; 20-25 June 2004; Vancouver. 2004. pp. 379-384
  59. 59. Willden RHJ, Graham JMR. Multi-modal vortex-induced vibrations of a vertical riser pipe subject to a uniform current profile. European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids. 2004;23(1):209-218. DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechflu.2003.09.011
  60. 60. Willden RHJ, Graham JMR. CFD simulations of the vortex-induced vibrations of model riser pipes. In: 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering; 12-17 June 2005; Halkidiki. 2005. pp. 837-846
  61. 61. Willden RHJ, Graham JMR. Numerical prediction of VIV on long flexible circular cylinders. Journal of Fluids and Structures. 2001;15(15):659-669. DOI: 10.1006/jfls.2000.0359
  62. 62. Fu B, Zou L, Wan D. Numerical study of vortex-induced vibrations of a flexible cylinder in an oscillatory flow. Journal of Fluids & Structures. 2018;77:170-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2017.12.006
  63. 63. Fu B, Wan D. Numerical study of vibrations of a vertical tension riser excited at the top end. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science. 2017;2(4):268-278. DOI: 10.1016/j.joes.2017.09.001
  64. 64. Yu D, Lu Z, Wan D. Numerical simulations of vortex-induced vibrations of a flexible riser with different aspect ratios in uniform and shear currents. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B. 2017;29(6):1010-1022. DOI: 10.1016/S1001-6058(16)60815-6
  65. 65. Yu D, Zou L, Wan D. Numerical analysis of multi-modal vibrations of a vertical riser in step currents. Ocean Engineering. 2017;152:428-442. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.12.033
  66. 66. Ye H, Wan D. Benchmark computations for flows around a stationary cylinder with high Reynolds numbers by RANS-overset grid approach. Applied Ocean Research. 2017;65:315-326. DOI: 10.1016/j.apor.2016.10.010
  67. 67. Constantinides Y, Oakley OH, Holmes S. CFD high L/D riser modeling study. In: 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering; 10-15 June 2007; San Diego. 2007. pp. 715-722
  68. 68. Holmes S, Oakley OH, Constantinides Y. Simulation of riser VIV using fully three dimensional CFD simulations. 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering; 4-9 June 2006; Hamburg. 2006. pp. 563-570
  69. 69. Hover FS, Davis JT, Triantafyllou MS. Three-dimensionality of mode transition in vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder. European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids. 2004;23:29-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechflu.2003.04.002
  70. 70. Xie F, Deng J, Zheng Y. Multi-mode of vortex-induced vibration of a flexible circular cylinder. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Series B. 2011;23:483-490. DOI: 10.1016/S1001-6058(10)60139-4
  71. 71. Huang K, Chen HC, Chen CR. Vertical riser VIV simulation in uniform current. 28th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering; 31 May–5 June, 2009 Honolulu. 2009. pp. 395-405
  72. 72. Huang K, Chen HC, Chen CR. Vertical riser VIV simulation in sheared current. 19th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference; 21-26 June 2009 Osaka. 2009. pp. 1369-1376
  73. 73. Bourguet R, Karniadakis GE, Triantafyllou MS. Lock-in of the vortex-induced vibrations of a long tensioned beam in shear flow. Journal of Fluids & Structures. 2011;27:838-847. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2011.03.008
  74. 74. Bourguet R, Lucor D, Triantafyllou MS. Mono- and multi-frequency vortex-induced vibrations of a long tensioned beam in shear flow. Journal of Fluids & Structures. 2012;32:52-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2011.05.008
  75. 75. Bourguet R, Karniadakis GE, Triantafyllou MS. Multi-frequency vortex-induced vibrations of a long tensioned beam in linear and exponential shear flows. Journal of Fluids & Structures. 2013;41:33-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2012.07.007
  76. 76. Bourguet R, Karniadakis GE, Triantafyllou MS. Phasing mechanisms between the in-line and cross-flow vortex-induced vibrations of a long tensioned beam in shear flow. Computers & Structures. 2013;122:155-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2013.01.002
  77. 77. Iwan WD. The Vortex-induced oscillation of non-uniform structure analysis. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 1981;79:291-301. DOI: 10.1016/0022-460X(81)90373-4

Written By

Xiangxi Han, Youhong Tang, Zhiqiang Feng, Zhanbin Meng, Ang Qiu, Wei Lin and Jiaming Wu

Submitted: September 9th, 2018 Reviewed: November 13th, 2018 Published: December 16th, 2018

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Continue reading from the same book

View All