EMI sources from home, outdoor, medical, and industrial environments.
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1509",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Supercooling",title:"Supercooling",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Supercooled liquids are found in the atmosphere, in cold hardy organisms, in metallurgy, and in many industrial systems today. Stabilizing the metastable, supercooled state, or encouraging the associated process of nucleation have both been the subject of scientific interest for several hundred years. This book is an invaluable starting point for researchers interested in the supercooling of water and aqueous solutions in biology and industry. The book also deals with modeling and the formation subsequent dendritic growth of supercooled solutions, as well as glass transitions and interface stability.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0113-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4962-0",doi:"10.5772/1978",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"supercooling",numberOfPages:144,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"10935f2552a4b6f2c3045da88ebcb199",bookSignature:"Peter Wilson",publishedDate:"March 9th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1509.jpg",numberOfDownloads:24161,numberOfWosCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:38,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 14th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 12th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 16th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 16th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 15th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"92584",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"peter-wilson",fullName:"Peter Wilson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92584/images/2369_n.jpg",biography:"Professor Wilson gained his undergraduate degree in physics and then postgraduate degrees in electronics and in optics from Otago University in New Zealand. His interests then changed to soft condensed matter and in particular the antifreeze proteins polar\nfish use to survive in ice-laden waters. Postdoctoral work included measuring the thickness of the ice-water interface and for much of his career Professor Wilson has been studying the nucleation of supercooled solutions and how best to measure the nucleation temperature. In 2005, Roskilde University, Denmark, awarded him the degree Doctor Scientiarum. Professor Wilson now works in the Faculty of Life and Environmental Science at the University of Tsukuba in Japan.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Tsukuba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"492",title:"Solid-State Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-inorganic-chemistry-solid-state-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"31428",title:"Supercooling of Water",doi:"10.5772/39200",slug:"supercooling-of-water",totalDownloads:5604,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Peter Wilson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31428",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31428",authors:[{id:"92584",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Wilson",slug:"peter-wilson",fullName:"Peter Wilson"}],corrections:null},{id:"31429",title:"Supercooling and Freezing Tolerant Animals",doi:"10.5772/39027",slug:"supercooling-and-freezing-tolerant-animals",totalDownloads:5257,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"David A. Wharton",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31429",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31429",authors:[{id:"128856",title:"Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Wharton",slug:"david-wharton",fullName:"David Wharton"}],corrections:null},{id:"31430",title:"Glass Transition Behavior of Aqueous Solution of Sugar-Based Surfactants",doi:"10.5772/35373",slug:"glass-transition-behavior-of-aqueous-solution-of-sugar-based-surfactants",totalDownloads:3057,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shigesaburo Ogawa and Shuichi Osanai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31430",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31430",authors:[{id:"104110",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",surname:"Osanai",slug:"shuichi-osanai",fullName:"Shuichi Osanai"},{id:"116537",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigesaburo",surname:"Ogawa",slug:"shigesaburo-ogawa",fullName:"Shigesaburo Ogawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"31431",title:"Suppressing Method of Supercooling State in Cool Box Using Membrane",doi:"10.5772/35545",slug:"suppressing-method-of-supercooling-state-in-cool-box-using-membrane",totalDownloads:2441,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Seiji Okawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31431",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31431",authors:[{id:"104925",title:"Dr.",name:null,surname:"Okawa",slug:"okawa",fullName:"Okawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"31432",title:"Supercooling at Melt Growth of Single and Mixed Fluorite Compounds: Criteria of Interface Stability",doi:"10.5772/34014",slug:"supercooling-at-melt-growth-of-single-and-mixed-fluorite-compounds-criteria-of-interface-stability",totalDownloads:2591,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jordan T. Mouchovski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31432",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31432",authors:[{id:"98304",title:"Dr.",name:"Jordan",surname:"Mouchovski",slug:"jordan-mouchovski",fullName:"Jordan Mouchovski"}],corrections:null},{id:"31433",title:"Formation of Dissipative Structures During Crystallization of Supercooled Melts",doi:"10.5772/33362",slug:"formation-of-dissipative-structures-during-crystallization-of-supercooled-melts-",totalDownloads:2338,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Leonid Tarabaev and Vladimir Esin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31433",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31433",authors:[{id:"95073",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonid",surname:"Tarabaev",slug:"leonid-tarabaev",fullName:"Leonid Tarabaev"},{id:"96389",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Esin",slug:"vladimir-esin",fullName:"Vladimir Esin"}],corrections:null},{id:"31434",title:"Phase Field Modeling of Dendritic Growth and Coarsening",doi:"10.5772/34248",slug:"phase-field-modeling-of-dendrite-growth",totalDownloads:2879,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zhang Yutuo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31434",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31434",authors:[{id:"99351",title:"Prof.",name:"Yutuo",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yutuo-zhang",fullName:"Yutuo Zhang"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3480",title:"Recent Developments in the Study of Recrystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a56b6e28967152fcfcce3021465d0709",slug:"recent-developments-in-the-study-of-recrystallization",bookSignature:"Peter Wilson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3480.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92584",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Wilson",slug:"peter-wilson",fullName:"Peter Wilson"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2283",title:"Advances in Crystallization Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fbac03612cea22d52fd05bd8ebace89c",slug:"advances-in-crystallization-processes",bookSignature:"Yitzhak Mastai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2283.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41724",title:"Prof.",name:"Yitzhak",surname:"Mastai",slug:"yitzhak-mastai",fullName:"Yitzhak Mastai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1980",title:"Crystallization",subtitle:"Science and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b512238b6bad61510871f4871c41dafe",slug:"crystallization-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Marcello Rubens Barsi Andreeta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1980.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114928",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcello",surname:"Andreeta",slug:"marcello-andreeta",fullName:"Marcello Andreeta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"914",title:"Current Trends in X-Ray Crystallography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3affdb143c8dd481536ecb0531969cc0",slug:"current-trends-in-x-ray-crystallography",bookSignature:"Annamalai Chandrasekaran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72043",title:"Dr.",name:"Annamalai",surname:"Chandrasekaran",slug:"annamalai-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Annamalai Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6407",title:"Application of Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdb4aecdbffe5d2f4415d8b36d71143d",slug:"application-of-titanium-dioxide",bookSignature:"Magdalena Janus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6407.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199458",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5211",title:"Chemical Vapor Deposition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Optical, Solar Cells and Solid State Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc03fdc6ad1c27ebfcb54e337cbf03ce",slug:"chemical-vapor-deposition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-optical-solar-cells-and-solid-state-devices",bookSignature:"Sudheer Neralla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128532",title:null,name:"Sudheer",surname:"Neralla",slug:"sudheer-neralla",fullName:"Sudheer Neralla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4531",title:"Advanced Topics in Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1b75a72987c71a8eb02ddb014b99882",slug:"advanced-topics-in-crystallization",bookSignature:"Yitzhak Mastai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4531.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41724",title:"Prof.",name:"Yitzhak",surname:"Mastai",slug:"yitzhak-mastai",fullName:"Yitzhak Mastai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4783",title:"Apatites and their Synthetic Analogues",subtitle:"Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d435b3984fa4d5d2d6921679511fe384",slug:"apatites-and-their-synthetic-analogues-synthesis-structure-properties-and-applications",bookSignature:"Petr Ptacek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4783.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"76186",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petr",surname:"Ptáček",slug:"petr-ptacek",fullName:"Petr Ptáček"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"5985",title:"Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d5a07758249f9e02ca1b83ee1f8efef",slug:"titanium-dioxide",bookSignature:"Magdalena Janus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199458",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2779",title:"Tungsten Carbide",subtitle:"Processing and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f0be5d1ab810ad901c2866bc030a903f",slug:"tungsten-carbide-processing-and-applications",bookSignature:"Kui Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2779.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137537",title:"Dr.",name:"Kui",surname:"Liu",slug:"kui-liu",fullName:"Kui Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"47331",slug:"correction-to-the-cultural-reinforcers-of-child-abuse",title:"Correction to: The Cultural Reinforcers of Child Abuse",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/47331.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47331",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47331",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/47331",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/47331",chapter:{id:"37763",slug:"the-cultural-reinforcers-of-child-abuse",signatures:"Essam Al-Shail, Ahmed Hassan, Abdullah Aldowaish and Hoda Kattan",dateSubmitted:"November 8th 2011",dateReviewed:"June 14th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 11th 2012",book:{id:"2663",title:"Child Abuse and Neglect",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Approach",fullTitle:"Child Abuse and Neglect - A Multidimensional Approach",slug:"child-abuse-and-neglect-a-multidimensional-approach",publishedDate:"July 11th 2012",bookSignature:"Alexander Muela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2663.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138437",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Muela Aparicio",slug:"alexander-muela-aparicio",fullName:"Alexander Muela Aparicio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"85712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"M.",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Ahmed Hassan",slug:"ahmed-hassan",email:"amh_64@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"139594",title:"Prof.",name:"Essam",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shail",fullName:"Essam Al-Shail",slug:"essam-al-shail",email:"shail@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:{name:"Alfaisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"149745",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Kattan",fullName:"Hoda Kattan",slug:"hoda-kattan",email:"hoda@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:null},{id:"149746",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Aldowaish",fullName:"Abdullah Aldowaish",slug:"abdullah-aldowaish",email:"dowaish@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"37763",slug:"the-cultural-reinforcers-of-child-abuse",signatures:"Essam Al-Shail, Ahmed Hassan, Abdullah Aldowaish and Hoda Kattan",dateSubmitted:"November 8th 2011",dateReviewed:"June 14th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 11th 2012",book:{id:"2663",title:"Child Abuse and Neglect",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Approach",fullTitle:"Child Abuse and Neglect - A Multidimensional Approach",slug:"child-abuse-and-neglect-a-multidimensional-approach",publishedDate:"July 11th 2012",bookSignature:"Alexander Muela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2663.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138437",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Muela Aparicio",slug:"alexander-muela-aparicio",fullName:"Alexander Muela Aparicio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"85712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"M.",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Ahmed Hassan",slug:"ahmed-hassan",email:"amh_64@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"139594",title:"Prof.",name:"Essam",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shail",fullName:"Essam Al-Shail",slug:"essam-al-shail",email:"shail@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:{name:"Alfaisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"149745",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Kattan",fullName:"Hoda Kattan",slug:"hoda-kattan",email:"hoda@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:null},{id:"149746",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Aldowaish",fullName:"Abdullah Aldowaish",slug:"abdullah-aldowaish",email:"dowaish@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"2663",title:"Child Abuse and Neglect",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Approach",fullTitle:"Child Abuse and Neglect - A Multidimensional Approach",slug:"child-abuse-and-neglect-a-multidimensional-approach",publishedDate:"July 11th 2012",bookSignature:"Alexander Muela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2663.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138437",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Muela Aparicio",slug:"alexander-muela-aparicio",fullName:"Alexander Muela Aparicio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11441",leadTitle:null,title:"Psychometrics - New Insights",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tPsychometrics generally refers to a specialized field of psychology concerning the techniques of assessment, measurement, and their respective theories. Psychometrics include objective measurement of cognitive functions (intelligence, memory, attention, reaction times, etc.), characteristics of personality (e.g. hypochondria, hysteria, paranoia, social introversion, psychotic traits), emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise), behavior, and socio-educational qualities. Their constructs are also applied to emotional and mental disorders (especially anxiety and depression). Psychometric measures are inferred through mathematical models based on observation and statistical analysis conducted on a sample of subjects in comparison with the general population that leads to the planning of mental tests, scales, and open or close-ended questionnaires. Psychometricians usually possess specific qualifications such as those of psychologists and other operators with experience and training in psychometrics and with knowledge in measurements theories.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book aims to provide an update on theoretical approaches, instruments, and procedures of modern psychometrics. Authors are encouraged to include examples of psychometric assessments in human experimental models and possible clinical applications in human disorders.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-189-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-188-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-190-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"c0fb1dfb98e0ae76496610595407145e",bookSignature:" Sandro Misciagna",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11441.jpg",keywords:"Psychometrics, Mathematical Base, Statistical Base, Psychometric Instrument, Psychometric Procedure, Human Cognition, Personality Testing, Clinical Application, Psychometric Experiments, Questionnaires, Neuropsychology, Psychological Testing",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 3rd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 6th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 24th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 23rd 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Sandro Misciagna is a clinical neurologist and researcher in cognitive sciences with experience in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cognitive disorders or affected by epilepsy. He has worked in various neurology departments, Alzheimer’s clinics, neuropsychiatric clinics, and neuro-rehabilitative departments.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",middleName:null,surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103586/images/system/103586.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sandro Misciagna received degrees in Medicine and Neurology from Catholic University, Rome, in 1995 and 1999, respectively. From 1993 to 1995, he was involved in researching cerebellar functions. From 1994 to 2003, he worked in the Neuropsychological Department, researching cognitive and behavioural disorders of the same university. From 2001 to 2003, he taught neuropsychology, neurology, and cognitive rehabilitation. In 2003, he obtained a Ph.D. in Neuroscience with a thesis about the behavioural and cognitive profile of frontotemporal dementia. Dr. Misciagna has worked in various neurology departments, Alzheimer’s clinics, neuropsychiatric clinics, and neuro-rehabilitative departments. Since 2016, he has worked at the Neuroscience Department of Belcolle Hospital, Viterbo, dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.",institutionString:"Belcolle Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Ospedale di Belcolle",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444318",firstName:"Nika",lastName:"Karamatic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444318/images/20011_n.jpg",email:"nika@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3454",title:"Positron Emission Tomography",subtitle:"Recent Developments in Instrumentation, Research and Clinical Oncological Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"391535d2cdebfe48d3fd6822480d9079",slug:"positron-emission-tomography-recent-developments-in-instrumentation-research-and-clinical-oncological-practice",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3454.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9519",title:"Epilepsy",subtitle:"Update on Classification, Etiologies, Instrumental Diagnosis and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9074ae871f3044a2cfa973e8f516f546",slug:"epilepsy-update-on-classification-etiologies-instrumental-diagnosis-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8317",title:"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c0d8be344e32f62e4ea4223425d8e4c",slug:"cognitive-behavioral-therapy-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8317.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9451",title:"Learning Disabilities",subtitle:"Neurological Bases, Clinical Features and Strategies of Intervention",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9c7a717ecf24f759a2b2111dfca99960",slug:"learning-disabilities-neurological-bases-clinical-features-and-strategies-of-intervention",bookSignature:"Sandro Misciagna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9451.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103586",title:null,name:"Sandro",surname:"Misciagna",slug:"sandro-misciagna",fullName:"Sandro Misciagna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6494",title:"Behavior Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72a81a7163705b2765f9eb0b21dec70e",slug:"behavior-analysis",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou and Carolyn S. Ryan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96493",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei Tse",surname:"Hou",slug:"huei-tse-hou",fullName:"Huei Tse Hou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9052",title:"Psychoanalysis",subtitle:"A New Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69cc7a085f5417038f532cf11edee22f",slug:"psychoanalysis-a-new-overview",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli, Barbara Marchesi and Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9052.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10981",title:"Sport Psychology in Sports, Exercise and Physical Activity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5214c44bdc42978449de0751ca364684",slug:"sport-psychology-in-sports-exercise-and-physical-activity",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10981.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde",surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde Nielsen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10211",title:"The Science of Emotional Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447fc7884303a10093bc189f4c82dd47",slug:"the-science-of-emotional-intelligence",bookSignature:"Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202046",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon George",surname:"Taukeni",slug:"simon-george-taukeni",fullName:"Simon George Taukeni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7811",title:"Beauty",subtitle:"Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f6fd59694706550db8dd1082a8e457b",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine and Júlia Scherer Santos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7811.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"4659",title:"Attentional Selection for Action in Mobile Robots",doi:"10.5772/5533",slug:"attentional_selection_for_action_in_mobile_robots",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/4659.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/4659",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/4659",totalDownloads:4428,totalViews:159,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:75,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"October 1st 2008",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/4659",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/4659",book:{id:"3691",slug:"advances_in_robotics_automation_and_control"},signatures:"Pilar Bachiller, Pablo Bustos and Luis J. Manso",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3691",type:"book",title:"Advances in Robotics, Automation and Control",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Robotics, Automation and Control",slug:"advances_in_robotics_automation_and_control",publishedDate:"October 1st 2008",bookSignature:"Jesus Aramburo and Antonio Ramirez Trevino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3691.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-16-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5737-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:69,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"132800",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Arámburo-Lizárraga",slug:"jesus-aramburo-lizarraga",fullName:"Jesús Arámburo-Lizárraga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"132802",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",slug:"antonio-ramirez",fullName:"Antonio Ramirez"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1294"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"4653",type:"chapter",title:"Adaptive Control Optimization of Cutting Parameters for High Quality Machining Operations Based on Neural Networks and Search Algorithms",slug:"adaptive_control_optimization_of_cutting_parameters_for_high_quality_machining_operations_based_on_n",totalDownloads:10548,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"J. V. Abellan, F. Romero, H. R. Siller, A. Estruch and C. Vila",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4654",type:"chapter",title:"JPEG for Arabic Handwritten Character Recognition: Add a Dimension of Application",slug:"jpeg_for_arabic_handwritten__character_recognition__add_a_dimension_of_application",totalDownloads:8756,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abdurazzag Ali Aburas and Salem Ali Rehiel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4655",type:"chapter",title:"Predicting Surface Roughness in Grinding Using Neural Networks",slug:"predicting_surface_roughness_in_grinding_using_neural_networks",totalDownloads:6603,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Paulo R. Aguiar, Carlos E. D. Cruz, Wallace C. F. Paula and Eduardo C. Bianchi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4656",type:"chapter",title:"An Implementation of High Availability in Networked Robotic Systems",slug:"an_implementation_of_high_availability_in_networked_robotic_systems",totalDownloads:3454,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Florin Daniel Anton, Theodor Borangiu and Silvia Anton",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4657",type:"chapter",title:"Fault Diagnosis in Discrete Event Systems Using Interpreted Petri Nets",slug:"fault_diagnosis_in_discrete_event_systems_using_interpreted_petri_nets",totalDownloads:3533,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Jesús Arámburo-Lizárraga, Antonio Ramírez-Treviño, Ernesto López-Mellado and Elvia Ruiz-Beltrán",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4658",type:"chapter",title:"Cognitive Approach to Control in Ill-Structured Situation and the Problem of Risks",slug:"cognitive_approach_to_control_in_ill-structured_situation_and_the_problem_of_risks",totalDownloads:4008,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abramova N.A., Avdeeva Z.K. and Kovriga S. V.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4659",type:"chapter",title:"Attentional Selection for Action in Mobile Robots",slug:"attentional_selection_for_action_in_mobile_robots",totalDownloads:4428,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Pilar Bachiller, Pablo Bustos and Luis J. Manso",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4660",type:"chapter",title:"Estimation of Tire-Road Forces and Vehicle Sideslip Angle",slug:"estimation_of_tire-road_forces_and_vehicle_sideslip_angle",totalDownloads:7652,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Guillaume Baffet, Ali Charara and Daniel Lechner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4661",type:"chapter",title:"A New Load Adjustment Approach for Job-Shops",slug:"a_new_load_adjustment_approach_for_job-shops",totalDownloads:3071,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zied Bahroun, Mourad Fendouli and Jean-Pierre Campagne",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4662",type:"chapter",title:"Discovering Strategic Behaviors in Multi-Agent Scenarios by Ontology-Driven Mining",slug:"discovering_strategic_behaviors_in_multi-agent_scenarios_by_ontology-driven_mining",totalDownloads:3685,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Davide Bacciu, Andrea Bellandi, Barbara Furletti, Valerio Grossi and Andrea Romei",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4663",type:"chapter",title:"A New Algorithm for Initialization and Training of Beta Multi-Library Wavelets Neural Network",slug:"a_new_algorithm_for_initialization_and_training_of_beta_multi-library_wavelets_neural_network",totalDownloads:3414,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Wajdi Bellil, Mohamed Othmani, Chokri Ben Amar and Mohamed Adel Alimi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4664",type:"chapter",title:"A Tree-Climbing Robot Platform: Mechanical Concept, Control Software and Electronic Architectures",slug:"a_tree-climbing_robot_platform__mechanical_concept__control_software_and_electronic_architectures",totalDownloads:5490,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Reinaldo de Bernardi and José Jaime da Cruz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4665",type:"chapter",title:"Modeling Virtual Reality Web Application",slug:"modeling_virtual_reality_web_application",totalDownloads:4508,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Berta Buttarazzi and Federico Filippi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4666",type:"chapter",title:"Outlier Detection Methods for Industrial Applications",slug:"outlier_detection_methods_for_industrial_applications",totalDownloads:7972,totalCrossrefCites:15,signatures:"Silvia Cateni, Valentina Colla and Marco Vannucci",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4667",type:"chapter",title:"Multi-Model Approaches for Bilinear Predictive Control",slug:"multi-model_approaches_for_bilinear_predictive_control",totalDownloads:3424,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anderson Cavalcanti, André Maitelli and Adhemar Fontes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4668",type:"chapter",title:"The Holonic Production Unit: an Approach for an Architecture of Embedded Production Process",slug:"the_holonic_production_unit__an_approach_for_an_architecture_of_embedded_production_process",totalDownloads:3845,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Edgar Chacón, Isabel Besembel, Dulce M. Rivero and Juan Cardillo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4672",type:"chapter",title:"Artificial Intelligence Rationale for Autonomous Vehicle Agents Behaviour in Driving Simulation Environment",slug:"artificial_intelligence_rationale_for_autonomous_vehicle_agents_behaviour_in_driving_simulation_envi",totalDownloads:5666,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Vassilis Charissis and Stylianos Papanastasiou",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4671",type:"chapter",title:"Humanoid Robot Balancing",slug:"humanoid_robot_balancing",totalDownloads:5985,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Youngjin Choi and Doik Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4676",type:"chapter",title:"Multiresolutional Filter Application for Spatial Information Fusion in Robot Navigation",slug:"multiresolutional_filter_application_for_spatial_information_fusion_in_robot_navigation",totalDownloads:3088,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Özer Ciftcioglu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4670",type:"chapter",title:"Interception and Rendezvous Between Autonomous Vehicles",slug:"interception_and_rendezvous_between_autonomous_vehicles",totalDownloads:3858,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yechiel J. Crispin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4673",type:"chapter",title:"Efficient Data Collection with an Automated Robotic Helicopter Using Bayesian Adaptive Sampling Algorithms for Control",slug:"efficient_data_collection_with_an_automated_robotic_helicopter_using_bayesian_adaptive_sampling_algo",totalDownloads:3109,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Steven M. Crunk and Marian Farah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4669",type:"chapter",title:"MO-Miner: A Data Mining Tool Based on Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms",slug:"mo-miner__a_data_mining_tool_based_on_multi-objective_genetic_algorithms",totalDownloads:3790,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gina M. B. de Oliveira, Luiz G. A. Martins and Maria C., S. Takiguti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4674",type:"chapter",title:"Practical Computer Vision Techniques for Interactive Robotic Heads",slug:"practical_computer_vision_techniques_for_interactive_robotic_heads",totalDownloads:3523,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Oscar Deniz, Javier Lorenzo, Modesto Castrillon, Luis Anton, Mario Hernandez and Gloria Bueno",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4675",type:"chapter",title:"Progress in Speech Recognition for Romanian Language",slug:"progress_in_speech_recognition_for_romanian_language",totalDownloads:4631,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Corneliu-Octavian Dumitru and Inge Gavat",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3626",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"automation-and-control-theory-and-practice",bookSignature:"A D Rodić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3626.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120794",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",surname:"Rodic",slug:"aleksandar-rodic",fullName:"Aleksandar Rodic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"8773",title:"Assembly Line Balancing Problem Single and Two-Sided Structures",slug:"assembly-line-balancing-problem-single-and-two-sided-structures",signatures:"Waldemar Grzechca",authors:[null]},{id:"8774",title:"A Software Architecture for Cognitive Technical Systems Suitable for an Assembly Task in a Production Environment",slug:"a-software-architecture-for-cognitive-technical-systems-suitable-for-an-assembly-task-in-a-productio",signatures:"Eckart Hauck, Arno Gramatke and Klaus Henning",authors:[null]},{id:"8775",title:"Two Stage Approaches for Modeling Pollutant Emission of Diesel Engine Based on Kriging Model",slug:"two-stage-approaches-for-modeling-pollutant-emission-of-diesel-engine-based-on-kriging-model",signatures:"El Hassane Brahmi, Lilianne Denis-Vidal, Zohra Cherfi, Nassim Boudaoud and Ghislaine Joly-Blanchard",authors:[null]},{id:"8776",title:"An Approach to Oobtain a PLC Program from a DEVS Model",slug:"an-approach-to-obtain-a-plc-program-from-a-devs-model",signatures:"Hyeong T. Park, Kil Y. Seong, Suraj Dangol, Gi N. Wang and Sang C. Park",authors:[null]},{id:"8777",title:"A Framework for Simulating Home Control Networks",slug:"a-framework-for-simulating-home-control-networks",signatures:"Rafael J. Valdivieso-Sarabia, Jorge AzorÂn-Lopez, Andres Fuster-Guillo and Juan M. Garcia-Chamizo",authors:[null]},{id:"8778",title:"Comparison of Defuzzification Methods: Automatic Control of Temperature and Flow inHeat Exchanger",slug:"comparison-of-defuzzification-methods-automatic-control-of-temperature-and-flow-inheat-exchanger",signatures:"Alvaro J. Rey Amaya, Omar Lengerke, Carlos A. Cosenza, Max Suell Dutra and Magda J.M. Tavera",authors:[null]},{id:"8779",title:"Nonlinear Analysis and Design of Phase-Locked Loops",slug:"nonlinear-analysis-and-design-of-phase-locked-loops",signatures:"G.A. Leonov, N.V. Kuznetsov and S.M. Seledzhi",authors:[null]},{id:"8780",title:"Methods for Parameter Estimation and Frequency Control of Piezoelectric Transducers",slug:"methods-for-parameter-estimation-and-frequency-control-of-piezoelectric-transducers",signatures:"Constantin Volosencu",authors:[null]},{id:"8781",title:"Design of the Wave Digital Filters",slug:"design-of-the-wave-digital-filters",signatures:"Bohumil Psenicka, Francisco Garcia Ugalde and Andres Romero M.",authors:[null]},{id:"8782",title:"Neural PDF Control Strategy for a Hydroelectric Station Simulator",slug:"neural-pdf-control-strategy-for-a-hydroelectric-station-simulator",signatures:"German A. Munoz-Hernandez, Carlos A. Gracios-Marin, Alejandro Diaz-Sanchez, Saad P. Mansoor and Dewi I. Jones",authors:[null]},{id:"8783",title:"Intelligent Network System for Process Control: Applications, Challenges, Approaches",slug:"intelligent-network-system-for-process-control-applications-challenges-approaches",signatures:"Qurban A Memon",authors:[null]},{id:"8784",title:"Neural Generalized Predictive Control for Industrial Processes",slug:"neural-generalized-predictive-control-for-industrial-processes",signatures:"Sadhana Chidrawar, Balasaheb Patre and LaxmanWaghmare",authors:[null]},{id:"8785",title:"Forecasting, Diagnosis and Decision Making with Neural Networks and Self-Organizing Maps",slug:"forecasting-diagnosis-and-decision-making-with-neural-networks-and-self-organizing-maps",signatures:"Kazuhiro Kohara, Katsuyoshi Aoki and Mamoru Isomae",authors:[null]},{id:"8786",title:"Challenges of Middleware for the Internet of Things",slug:"challenges-of-middleware-for-the-internet-of-things",signatures:"Michal Nagy, Artem Katasonov, Oleksiy Khriyenko, Sergiy Nikitin, Michal Szydlowski and Vagan Terziyan",authors:[null]},{id:"8787",title:"Artificial Intelligence Methods in Fault Tolerant Control",slug:"artificial-intelligence-methods-in-fault-tolerant-control",signatures:"Luis E. Garza Castanon and Adriana Vargas Martinez",authors:[null]},{id:"8788",title:"A Real Time Expert System For Decision Making in Rotary Railcar Dumpers",slug:"a-real-time-expert-system-for-decision-making-in-rotary-railcar-dumpers",signatures:"Osevaldo Farias, Sofiane Labidi, Joao Fonseca Neto, Jose Moura and Samy Albuquerque",authors:[null]},{id:"8789",title:"Modular and Hybrid Expert System for Plant Asset Management",slug:"modular-and-hybrid-expert-system-for-plant-asset-management",signatures:"Mario Thron and Nico Suchold",authors:[null]},{id:"8790",title:"Image Retrieval System in Heterogeneous Database",slug:"image-retrieval-system-in-heterogeneous-database",signatures:"Khalifa Djemal, Hichem Maaref and Rostom Kachouri",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3626",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"automation-and-control-theory-and-practice",bookSignature:"A D Rodić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3626.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120794",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",surname:"Rodic",slug:"aleksandar-rodic",fullName:"Aleksandar Rodic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3691",title:"Advances in Robotics, Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances_in_robotics_automation_and_control",bookSignature:"Jesus Aramburo and Antonio Ramirez Trevino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3691.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"132800",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",surname:"Arámburo-Lizárraga",slug:"jesus-aramburo-lizarraga",fullName:"Jesús Arámburo-Lizárraga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3693",title:"Robotics, Automation and Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robotics-automation-and-control",bookSignature:"Pavla Pecherkova, Miroslav Flidr and Jindrich Dunik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3693.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"132916",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavla",surname:"Pecherková",slug:"pavla-pecherkova",fullName:"Pavla Pecherková"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78114",title:"Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues in Medical Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99694",slug:"electromagnetic-compatibility-issues-in-medical-devices",body:'Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major cause of death globally, which takes an estimated 17.9 million lives per year based on the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics. Especially, arrhythmia has a strong clinical correlation with sudden cardiac death (SCD) [1]. The irregular heart rhythm called arrhythmia can mainly be divided into two main types: tachycardia arrhythmia and bradycardia arrhythmia. As shown in Figure 1, the tachycardia and bradycardia arrhythmia represent the heart beats too fast and slow, respectively. The physical treatment for tachycardia and bradycardia syndrome required a regulator to suppress the abnormal heart rhythm. The implantable cardiac pacemaker is commonly applied in the cardiac modulation that generates the electrical stimulation pulse to regulate the heart’s sinoatrial node, thus obtaining the normal rhythm.
Heart rhythm is divided into normal rhythm, tachycardia arrhythmia, and bradycardia arrhythmia.
As shown in Figure 2, the cardiac pacemaker would be activated once the heart detector measures the abnormal cardiac rhythm. Thus, the stable operation of a cardiac pacemaker is important for adverse patients, thus providing prompt treatment in arrhythmia.
Schematic of the detection and treatment system for cardiac arrhythmia.
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that can induce the brain activities abnormal, causing seizures and further loss of awareness suddenly [2, 3, 4]. According to WHO statistics, epilepsy is a chronic non-communicable brain disease that affects humans of all ages, around 50 million globally, becoming one of the most common neurological diseases worldwide. The risk in the death probability of epilepsy patients is up to three times higher than healthy people. In epilepsy diagnosis, Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the most common non-invasive approach to record the brain’s electrical activity and identify the measured signals, whether it is epilepsy or not [5]. In addition, the imaging-based diagnosis of computed tomography (CT) [6], positron emission tomography (PET) [7], and MRI [8] can help further examining brain-tumor-induced epilepsy. In epilepsy treatment, an vagus nerve stimulator is the common physical approach implanted near the left chest area, as shown in Figure 3. The electrode is attached around the vagus nerve in the neck to generates the electrical pulses to the brain via the vagus nerve. The delay time more than 10 minutes from seizure onset would increase mortality, which emphasizes the importance of timely treatment and time and medical emergency [9]. Therefore, high reliability is crucial for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) during incidental neurological disease. Moreover, VNS is also widely applied in significant disease treatment, including cardiac function [10], depression [11], anxiety [12], Parkinson’s disease [13], and Alzheimer’s disease [14].
Schematic of vagus nerve stimulation and its installations.
The electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the implantable medical device can be produced by the external source with the combined electric and magnetic fields [10, 15], as shown in Figure 4. EMI is due to radiation that can be through the air from many possible sources (Table 1) in our daily life [17, 18, 19, 20], including the common consumer device such as mobile phones, radio frequency identification (RFID) based systems, and microwaves. Moreover, the medical procedure-induced EMI is a critical concern. For example, dental equipment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can generate EMI. In particular, the MRI equipment can cause a strong EMI that is very hard to guard against. The MRI machine can produce an intense magnetic field of about two or three teslas that are dangerous to any electronic device. The electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) is frequently used to define immunity for EMI, which implies the degree of electronic system malfunctions under varying levels of EMI. Therefore, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in implantable medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers and vagus nerve stimulators is important to sustain the stable and normal function to treat accidental cardiac issues because humans are always surrounded by electrical equipment [21, 22].
EMI in medical devices from external sources with time-varying electrical and magnetic fields such as base station, radar, mobile device, and microwave oven [
Home environment |
Mobile phone (RF) |
Microwave oven (Microwave) |
Remote controller (RF) |
Refrigerator (ELF) |
Electric razor (ELF) |
Outdoor environment |
Radar (Microwave) |
Base station (Microwave) |
High voltage power lines (ELF) |
Medical environment |
Magnetic resonance image machine (RF) |
Radio-based therapy (RF) |
Ionizing-based radiation therapy (X-ray) |
Defibrillation (ELF) |
Lithotripsy (ELF) |
Industrial environment |
Transformer (ELF) |
High voltage power lines (ELF) |
Electric motor (ELF) |
Radiofrequency identification (RF) |
EMI sources from home, outdoor, medical, and industrial environments.
The EMI shield is designed to decrease the electromagnetic (EM) wave transmission using a shield to increase the reflection or absorption of EM wave incident at the interfaces between different mediums. As shown in Figure 5, the electric and magnetic fields of EM waves are perpendicular to each component and the EM propagation direction, which can be expressed as phasor form [23], according to Eqs. (1) and (2). Where γ, α, β are the propagation, attenuation, phase constants of the medium, respectively; E0 and H0 are the amplitude of the electric and magnetic fields.
Time-varying EM waves and the propagation, transmission, and reflection of the EM waves in different mediums.
The EM wave propagates at the interface of two different mediums that induce reflection due to impedance mismatching. The reflection coefficient (R12) and transmission coefficient (T12) at the interface between two mediums can be determined, according to Eqs. (3) and (4). Ei, Er, η1, η2 represent incident, reflected electric fields, impedances in Medium 1 and Medium 2, respectively. The impedance in the medium can be defined by a ratio of electric field and magnetic field, which is related to the permittivity (ε), permeability (μ), and conductivity (σ), according to Eq. (5).
The time-domain electric field can be rewritten as Eq. (6), according to Eq. (1).
When the EM wave propagates in the conductive shield (loss medium) at a time of zero, the expression between the distance and amplitude of the electric field can be obtained, according to (7).
Figure 6 demonstrates the EM wave propagation in the conductive shield. The skin depth (δ) can be defined as that penetration distance at which the intensity of the electric field attenuates to 1/e of the original incident wave intensity. According to the Eqs. (8) and (9), the skin depth (δ) is the reciprocal of attenuation constant (α), which is related to the EM operating frequency, permeability (μ), and conductivity (σ) in the medium [10].
Schematic of skin depth of EM waves using the shield.
Thus, conductivity and permeability in shielding design play an important role in EM wave absorption enhancement, thus increasing the overall EMI shielding effectiveness.
However, the implantable medical device is not a fully closed system that must require the openings of the shield to interact with external equipment such as body sensing devices for signal transmit or receive. In some cases, the external controlled magnetic fields or electrical signals can be utilized to externally modulate the stimulation protocol of implantable medical devices according to patients’ clinical requirements. So, the selective filtering of EMI waves is important for implantable medical devices to classify the noise and external signals. Thus, the EMI filter was provided in the following subsection to promote the EMC applications in implantable medical devices.
The filter implementation is also a strategy for EMI elimination in medical devices [24, 25, 26, 27]. For example, the typical ranges of P, R, T waves in ECG are 20 to 40 Hz, 18 to 50 Hz, and 0 to 10 Hz [28], as shown in Table 2.
Frequency (Hz) | Signal amplitude (mV) | |
---|---|---|
T-waves | 0–10 | 3.5 |
R-waves | 18–50 | 30 |
P-waves | 20–40 | 4.5 |
Muscle signals | 30–200 | 3.5 |
Significant frequency bandwidth of ECG waveform [28].
Filtering can be divided into active and passive modes. Active filters consist of several operational amplifiers and passive elements such as capacitors and resistors. [29, 30, 31, 32]. The active filters are applied in wide applications owing to excellent filter performance. However, the active filters need a power source to sustain the operations. Moreover, the upper frequency of active filters may be limited. Thus, the active filter is not suitable for EMI filtering in implantable medical devices. The active filter can perform programmatical filtering for the received signals, thus separating the signal from noise. However, programmatical computation requires a high-cost and complex circuit with larger power consumption to sustain the processing functions. Because the implantable devices aim to sustain life, such devices are not expected to remove or insert frequently because of extremely high costs for device failure.
Moreover, it is not easy to replace it if the devices fail due to the high risk of surgery. The concern regarding the surgery risk, which makes battery life issues more important. Owing to the battery requirements of implantable medical devices, the minimization of filters’ power is crucial to prolong the implantable device lifespan.
The capacitor-based passive filter is frequently used for most high-frequency noise in the surrounding ambient for the filter design regarding implantable medical devices. Capacitors can filter EMI noise utilizing absorption and smoothing of electromagnetic noise. The high-frequency noise attenuates as quickly as charging and discharging the capacitor-based filter. Absorbing such EMI noise to the ground will neutralize or prevent specific frequencies from passing through the circuit, as shown in Figure 7.
Filter implementation for removing the time-varying electric and magnetic fields.
The discoidal capacitor and feedthrough capacitor array were commonly utilized in the practical applications of medical devices, which deliver high-density performance with low-volume packaging [33, 34, 35], as shown in Figure 8.
The feedthrough capacitor array and discoidal capacitor for the implantable medical device.
The circular-shaped discoidal capacitor is one of the most common constructions for feed-through-style EMI filters. Circular capacitors outside and inside diameters serve as connection points for the case and the lead and serve as the capacitor poles. Moreover, several discoidal capacitors can be assembled to integrate as a capacitor array on a single piece of ceramic [36]. Such assembly offers the highest filter performance within the limited physical dimension. Thus, the feedthrough capacitor array provides the merits of the miniature dimension and lightweight within a high-density implantable device [37].
However, a feedthrough filter will have a double impact on battery life. First, a minimal amount of current always flows between the plates of the charging capacitor. Since one capacitor is processing the signal and the other capacitor is grounded, the leakage current will drain the battery over time. A strong dielectric with an appropriate thickness can resist this current flow, thereby significantly reducing battery consumption. Besides, filter design in implantable medical devices is to minimize the loss of expected signals. The filter’s insertion loss implies how much a signal will be lost or reduced for each frequency. An excellent filter requires a lower insertion loss for signal frequencies and a higher insertion loss for noise frequencies. Some energy in the expected signal will attenuate in internal resistance and inductance of the filter, which implies that the implantable battery needs optimize in the power design. Thus, an optimized design can suppress the energy loss. The less power dissipated in the battery, which extends battery life and improves effectiveness.
This chapter has demonstrated the EMC methodology for implantable medical devices. A common effective EMI removal approach was provided by EMI shielding and filtering. Such EMC design in implantable medical devices can resist EMI day-to-day exposure to ensure the stable and reliable operation in implantable medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers and vagus nerve stimulators.
As a company committed to the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).
',metaTitle:"OAI-PMH",metaDescription:"As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/oai-pmh",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\\n\\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\\n\\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\\n\\nREQUESTS
\\n\\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at ai@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nDATABASES
\\n\\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\\n\\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\\n\\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\\n\\n\\n\\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\n\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\n\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\n\nREQUESTS
\n\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at ai@intechopen.com.
\n\nDATABASES
\n\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\n\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\n\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\n\n\n\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{regionId:"4",sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6583},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17529}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12511},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"11,14"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11929",title:"Drilling Engineering and Technology - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"969d1c6315b04584c2f011e03dad69c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11929.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92105",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansoor",surname:"Zoveidavianpoor",slug:"mansoor-zoveidavianpoor",fullName:"Mansoor Zoveidavianpoor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11934",title:"Hydrogen Energy - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"360fe5dabd12a1f91a5658a5fe3eff66",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Murat Eyvaz and Dr. Ahmed Albahnasawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11934.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11506",title:"Antenna Arrays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b378e33d6f6e73721ee0dacbbb89aa1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hussain Al-Rizzo, Dr. Nijas Kunju and Dr. Aldebaro Klautau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11506.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11470",title:"Graphene - Recent Advances, Future Perspective and Applied Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"409e022e3baf48795e816576a6ee66e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mujtaba Ikram, Dr. Asghari Maqsood and Dr. Aneeqa Bashir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11470.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"286820",title:"Dr.",name:"Mujtaba",surname:"Ikram",slug:"mujtaba-ikram",fullName:"Mujtaba Ikram"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11519",title:"Vibration Monitoring and Analysis - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f0d2d82a5c1a49020abf39dc8aabd89d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr.Ing. Louay Yousuf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11519.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"322417",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Louay",surname:"Yousuf",slug:"louay-yousuf",fullName:"Louay Yousuf"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11525",title:"Wood Industry - Past, Present and Future Outlook",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ccb74142053c89e0e572ac1c5d717a11",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Guanben Du and Dr. Xiaojian Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11525.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"291315",title:"Prof.",name:"Guanben",surname:"Du",slug:"guanben-du",fullName:"Guanben Du"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11468",title:"High Entropy Alloys - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3b4ef3ce01f8f9b113dc28ac847b8c0d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yong A Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203937",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yong-zhang",fullName:"Yong Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11484",title:"Thin Film Deposition - Fundamentals, Processes, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c10a55203c2f0f7d47c743e6cfa2492",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dongfang Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11484.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"177814",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfang",surname:"Yang",slug:"dongfang-yang",fullName:"Dongfang Yang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11121",title:"Crystal Growth - Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"81f076fab2acb567946aeaa4b7281fc1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11121.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11512",title:"Photodetectors - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"01d4be8e37c9bf12fd8dcb67c135b29b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Kuan W. A. Chee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11512.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206271",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuan",surname:"Chee",slug:"kuan-chee",fullName:"Kuan Chee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11544",title:"Failure Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4ff5277ca99c7d717cc47be22b0d92de",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gobinath Ravindran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11544.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"145364",title:"Dr.",name:"Gobinath",surname:"Ravindran",slug:"gobinath-ravindran",fullName:"Gobinath Ravindran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11534",title:"Renewable Energy - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"170d1a20a1925b6a29c6146f12ade4a5",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ahmed M. Nahhas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11534.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"140058",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Nahhas",slug:"ahmed-nahhas",fullName:"Ahmed Nahhas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:87},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"492",title:"Solid-State Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-inorganic-chemistry-solid-state-chemistry",parent:{id:"83",title:"Inorganic Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-inorganic-chemistry"},numberOfBooks:15,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:322,numberOfWosCitations:702,numberOfCrossrefCitations:298,numberOfDimensionsCitations:703,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"492",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10581",title:"Alkaline Chemistry and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ed90bdab4a7211c13cd432aa079cd20",slug:"alkaline-chemistry-and-applications",bookSignature:"Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10581.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",middleName:null,surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7760",title:"Structure Processing Properties Relationships in Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Oxides",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e41f9a3546e36dbf70a36974f74e9845",slug:"structure-processing-properties-relationships-in-stoichiometric-and-nonstoichiometric-oxides",bookSignature:"Speranta Tanasescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24934",title:"Dr.",name:"Speranta",middleName:null,surname:"Tanasescu",slug:"speranta-tanasescu",fullName:"Speranta Tanasescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7358",title:"Cerium Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Attributes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d1cd9a9ecf46270e344d15f94bc66ef",slug:"cerium-oxide-applications-and-attributes",bookSignature:"Sher Bahadar Khan and Kalsoom Akhtar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7358.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"245468",title:"Dr.",name:"Sher Bahadar",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"sher-bahadar-khan",fullName:"Sher Bahadar Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6133",title:"Cobalt",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96be0c35234ae3c889e6ce68b218fe04",slug:"cobalt",bookSignature:"Khan Maaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6133.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5829",title:"Rare Earth Element",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93922f185a0904a74542fd26ac1e241d",slug:"rare-earth-element",bookSignature:"Jose Edgar Alfonso Orjuela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5829.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106069",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Edgar Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Orjuela",slug:"jose-edgar-alfonso-orjuela",fullName:"Jose Edgar Alfonso Orjuela"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5985",title:"Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d5a07758249f9e02ca1b83ee1f8efef",slug:"titanium-dioxide",bookSignature:"Magdalena Janus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199458",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6407",title:"Application of Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdb4aecdbffe5d2f4415d8b36d71143d",slug:"application-of-titanium-dioxide",bookSignature:"Magdalena Janus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6407.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199458",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5211",title:"Chemical Vapor Deposition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Optical, Solar Cells and Solid State Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc03fdc6ad1c27ebfcb54e337cbf03ce",slug:"chemical-vapor-deposition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-optical-solar-cells-and-solid-state-devices",bookSignature:"Sudheer Neralla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128532",title:null,name:"Sudheer",middleName:null,surname:"Neralla",slug:"sudheer-neralla",fullName:"Sudheer Neralla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4783",title:"Apatites and their Synthetic Analogues",subtitle:"Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d435b3984fa4d5d2d6921679511fe384",slug:"apatites-and-their-synthetic-analogues-synthesis-structure-properties-and-applications",bookSignature:"Petr Ptacek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4783.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"76186",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Ptáček",slug:"petr-ptacek",fullName:"Petr Ptáček"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"4531",title:"Advanced Topics in Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1b75a72987c71a8eb02ddb014b99882",slug:"advanced-topics-in-crystallization",bookSignature:"Yitzhak Mastai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4531.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41724",title:"Prof.",name:"Yitzhak",middleName:null,surname:"Mastai",slug:"yitzhak-mastai",fullName:"Yitzhak Mastai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2779",title:"Tungsten Carbide",subtitle:"Processing and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f0be5d1ab810ad901c2866bc030a903f",slug:"tungsten-carbide-processing-and-applications",bookSignature:"Kui Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2779.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"137537",title:"Dr.",name:"Kui",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"kui-liu",fullName:"Kui Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1980",title:"Crystallization",subtitle:"Science and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b512238b6bad61510871f4871c41dafe",slug:"crystallization-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Marcello Rubens Barsi Andreeta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1980.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114928",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Andreeta",slug:"marcello-andreeta",fullName:"Marcello Andreeta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:15,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"39143",doi:"10.5772/35844",title:"Thin Film Growth Through Sputtering Technique and Its Applications",slug:"thin-film-growth-through-sputtering-technique-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:7952,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:null,book:{id:"1980",slug:"crystallization-science-and-technology",title:"Crystallization",fullTitle:"Crystallization - Science and Technology"},signatures:"Edgar Alfonso, Jairo Olaya and Gloria Cubillos",authors:[{id:"106069",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Edgar Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Orjuela",slug:"jose-edgar-alfonso-orjuela",fullName:"Jose Edgar Alfonso Orjuela"},{id:"108488",title:"Dr.",name:"Jairo",middleName:null,surname:"Olaya",slug:"jairo-olaya",fullName:"Jairo Olaya"},{id:"108490",title:"MSc.",name:"Gloria",middleName:null,surname:"Cubillos",slug:"gloria-cubillos",fullName:"Gloria Cubillos"}]},{id:"36355",doi:"10.5772/35347",title:"Crystallization Kinetics of Amorphous Materials",slug:"crystallization-kinetics-of-amorphous-materials",totalDownloads:9259,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:37,abstract:null,book:{id:"2283",slug:"advances-in-crystallization-processes",title:"Advances in Crystallization Processes",fullTitle:"Advances in Crystallization Processes"},signatures:"Miray Çelikbilek, Ali Erçin Ersundu and Süheyla Aydın",authors:[{id:"104015",title:"Dr.",name:"Miray",middleName:null,surname:"Çelikbilek Ersundu",slug:"miray-celikbilek-ersundu",fullName:"Miray Çelikbilek Ersundu"},{id:"112542",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Erçin",middleName:null,surname:"Ersundu",slug:"ali-ercin-ersundu",fullName:"Ali Erçin Ersundu"},{id:"112543",title:"Prof.",name:"Suheyla",middleName:null,surname:"Aydin",slug:"suheyla-aydin",fullName:"Suheyla Aydin"}]},{id:"51808",doi:"10.5772/64654",title:"Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition: Where we are and the Outlook for the Future",slug:"plasma-enhanced-chemical-vapor-deposition-where-we-are-and-the-outlook-for-the-future",totalDownloads:7720,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:"Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a technique for the fabrication of thin films of polymeric materials, which has successfully overcome some of the issues faced by wet chemical fabrication and other deposition methods. There are many hybrid techniques, which arise from CVD and are constantly evolving in order to modify the properties of the fabricated thin films. Amongst them, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a technique that can extend the applicability of the method for various precursors, reactive organic and inorganic materials as well as inert materials. Organic/inorganic monomers, which are used as precursors in the PECVD technique, undergo disintegration and radical polymerization while exposed to a high-energy plasma stream, followed by thin film deposition. In this chapter, we have provided a summary of the history, various characteristics as well as the main applications of PECVD. By demonstrating the advantages and disadvantages of PECVD, we have provided a comparison of this technique with other techniques. PECVD, like any other techniques, still suffers from some restrictions, such as selection of appropriate monomers, or suitable inlet instrument. However, the remarkable properties of this technique and variety of possible applications make it an area of interest for researchers, and offers potential for many future developments.",book:{id:"5211",slug:"chemical-vapor-deposition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-optical-solar-cells-and-solid-state-devices",title:"Chemical Vapor Deposition",fullTitle:"Chemical Vapor Deposition - Recent Advances and Applications in Optical, Solar Cells and Solid State Devices"},signatures:"Yasaman Hamedani, Prathyushakrishna Macha, Timothy J. Bunning,\nRajesh R. Naik and Milana C. Vasudev",authors:[{id:"181604",title:"Dr.",name:"Milana",middleName:null,surname:"Vasudev",slug:"milana-vasudev",fullName:"Milana Vasudev"}]},{id:"55345",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68883",title:"Titanium Dioxide as Food Additive",slug:"titanium-dioxide-as-food-additive",totalDownloads:2404,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Titanium dioxide is a white metal oxide used in many food categories as food additives to provide a whitening effect. If its use complies with the five specifications including synthesis pathway, crystallographic phase, purity, amount and innocuousness, all other parameters are not defined and were hardly documented. However, in the last 3 years, two studies have deeply characterized food-grade TiO2 and converged to the fact that the size distribution of food-grade TiO2 spans over the nanoparticle range (<100 nm) and the surface is not pure TiO2 but covered by phosphate and eventually silicon species or aluminium species, which modify the surface chemistry of these particles. Until now, this material was considered as safe. However, the toxicological studies later to the last re-evaluation by the European Food Safety Agency reveal some concerns due to the ability of TiO2 particles to alter the intestinal barrier. This reinforces the idea to go on reinforcing the risk assessment about food-grade TiO2.",book:{id:"6407",slug:"application-of-titanium-dioxide",title:"Application of Titanium Dioxide",fullTitle:"Application of Titanium Dioxide"},signatures:"Marie-Hélène Ropers, Hélène Terrisse, Muriel Mercier-Bonin and\nBernard Humbert",authors:[{id:"203603",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie-Hélène",middleName:null,surname:"Ropers",slug:"marie-helene-ropers",fullName:"Marie-Hélène Ropers"},{id:"206434",title:"Dr.",name:"Hélène",middleName:null,surname:"Terrisse",slug:"helene-terrisse",fullName:"Hélène Terrisse"},{id:"206435",title:"Dr.",name:"Muriel",middleName:null,surname:"Mercier-Bonin",slug:"muriel-mercier-bonin",fullName:"Muriel Mercier-Bonin"},{id:"206436",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Humbert",slug:"bernard-humbert",fullName:"Bernard Humbert"}]},{id:"55301",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68802",title:"Recent Overview on the Abatement of Pesticide Residues in Water by Photocatalytic Treatment Using TiO2",slug:"recent-overview-on-the-abatement-of-pesticide-residues-in-water-by-photocatalytic-treatment-using-ti",totalDownloads:1959,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"The water bodies’ pollution with phytosanitary products can pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and drinking water resources. The usual appearance of pesticides in surface water, waste water and groundwater has driven the search for proper methods to remove persistent pesticides. Although typical biological treatments of water offer some advantages such as low cost and operability, many investigations referring to the removal of pesticides have suggested that in many cases they have low effectiveness due to the limited biodegradability of many agrochemicals. In recent years, research for new techniques for water detoxification to avoid these disadvantages has led to processes that involve light, which are called advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Among the different semiconductor (SC) materials tested as potential photocatalysts, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most popular because of its photochemical stability, commercial availability, non-toxic nature and low cost, high photoactivity, ease of preparation in the laboratory, possibility of doping with metals and non-metals and coating on solid support. Thus, in the present review, we provide an overview of the recent research being developed to photodegrade pesticide residues in water using TiO2 as photocatalyst.",book:{id:"6407",slug:"application-of-titanium-dioxide",title:"Application of Titanium Dioxide",fullTitle:"Application of Titanium Dioxide"},signatures:"Nuria Vela, Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, José Fenoll and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"202989",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Fenoll",slug:"jose-fenoll",fullName:"José Fenoll"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57464",title:"General Aspects of the Cobalt Chemistry",slug:"general-aspects-of-the-cobalt-chemistry",totalDownloads:2241,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter aims to collect and summarize the chemical properties of cobalt and some new cobalt compounds. It deals with the progress of cobalt chemistry. Cobalt has been substantial in both chemical reactions and within many compounds. Some of them are heterocyclic reactions, cobalt-based catalyst and cobalamin. Also, it discusses variety of applications of cobalt in a wide range of areas and toxicity of cobalt. The studies carried out in this area so far have enabled and will be continued to be responsible for producing unknown and difficult reactions. This survey of the recent literature illustrates the fact that many different approaches on cobalt and new cobalt compounds are being used in many different areas.",book:{id:"6133",slug:"cobalt",title:"Cobalt",fullTitle:"Cobalt"},signatures:"Yasemin Yildiz",authors:[{id:"208129",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Yıldız",slug:"yasemin-yildiz",fullName:"Yasemin Yıldız"}]},{id:"55301",title:"Recent Overview on the Abatement of Pesticide Residues in Water by Photocatalytic Treatment Using TiO2",slug:"recent-overview-on-the-abatement-of-pesticide-residues-in-water-by-photocatalytic-treatment-using-ti",totalDownloads:1962,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"The water bodies’ pollution with phytosanitary products can pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and drinking water resources. The usual appearance of pesticides in surface water, waste water and groundwater has driven the search for proper methods to remove persistent pesticides. Although typical biological treatments of water offer some advantages such as low cost and operability, many investigations referring to the removal of pesticides have suggested that in many cases they have low effectiveness due to the limited biodegradability of many agrochemicals. In recent years, research for new techniques for water detoxification to avoid these disadvantages has led to processes that involve light, which are called advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Among the different semiconductor (SC) materials tested as potential photocatalysts, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most popular because of its photochemical stability, commercial availability, non-toxic nature and low cost, high photoactivity, ease of preparation in the laboratory, possibility of doping with metals and non-metals and coating on solid support. Thus, in the present review, we provide an overview of the recent research being developed to photodegrade pesticide residues in water using TiO2 as photocatalyst.",book:{id:"6407",slug:"application-of-titanium-dioxide",title:"Application of Titanium Dioxide",fullTitle:"Application of Titanium Dioxide"},signatures:"Nuria Vela, Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, José Fenoll and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"202989",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Fenoll",slug:"jose-fenoll",fullName:"José Fenoll"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"}]},{id:"49965",title:"Utilization of Apatite Ores",slug:"utilization-of-apatite-ores",totalDownloads:2563,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Phosphate rock is an important mineral commodity used in the chemical industry and production of food. The first section of ninth chapter of this book introduces utilization of apatite ores for manufacturing of phosphorus. The second part deals with production of phosphoric acid via wet and thermal process and utilization of byproducts such as phosphogypsum, phosphorous slag and ferrophosphorus. The last section of this chapter describes the methods for production of fertilizers, such as supephosphates, Thomas slag, ammonium phosphates, thermophosphates, etc., and the chapter ends with environmental demand of phosphate fertilizers.",book:{id:"4783",slug:"apatites-and-their-synthetic-analogues-synthesis-structure-properties-and-applications",title:"Apatites and their Synthetic Analogues",fullTitle:"Apatites and their Synthetic Analogues - Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications"},signatures:"Petr Ptáček",authors:[{id:"76186",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Ptáček",slug:"petr-ptacek",fullName:"Petr Ptáček"}]},{id:"49970",title:"Introduction to Apatites",slug:"introduction-to-apatites",totalDownloads:3007,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Apatite is the generic name, which was first introduced by German geologist A.G. Werner. These minerals and their synthetic analogs represent a major class of ionic compounds and the most common crystalline form of calcium phosphates, which are of interest of many industrial branches and scientific disciplines. Since, apatite (fluorapatite) is the most abundant phosphate mineral, apatite bearing phosphate rocks represents an important source of inorganic phosphorus. First chapter of this book introduces the basic concepts of nomenclature, composition, classification, crystal structure, mineralogy and properties of minerals from the supergroup of apatite. Furthermore, the minerals from the group of apatite and polysomatic apatites are described. Since, the most of the topics mentioned in this chapter will be developed in the following chapters, the key concepts provided in this chapter are important to understood before proceeding further.",book:{id:"4783",slug:"apatites-and-their-synthetic-analogues-synthesis-structure-properties-and-applications",title:"Apatites and their Synthetic Analogues",fullTitle:"Apatites and their Synthetic Analogues - Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications"},signatures:"Petr Ptáček",authors:[{id:"76186",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Ptáček",slug:"petr-ptacek",fullName:"Petr Ptáček"}]},{id:"39146",title:"ArF Excimer Laser Annealing of Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film",slug:"crystallization-of-silicon-copper-film-by-excimer-laser-annealing",totalDownloads:6964,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"1980",slug:"crystallization-science-and-technology",title:"Crystallization",fullTitle:"Crystallization - Science and Technology"},signatures:"Noriah Bidin and Siti Noraiza Ab Razak",authors:[{id:"112868",title:"Prof.",name:"Noriah",middleName:null,surname:"Bidin",slug:"noriah-bidin",fullName:"Noriah Bidin"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"492",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"