Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9932",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Analytical Chemistry - Advancement, Perspectives and Applications",title:"Analytical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advancement, Perspectives and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Analytical insight of materials provides a lucid pathway for further opportunities in the development of high-potential modified materials. The analytical assessment also enhances the probability of finding suitable materials for various applications. This book presents the latest advancements and applications of analytical chemistry in a systematic manner. It is an anthology of scientific findings and views of researchers from various research centers across the globe on emerging topics of instrumentation, energy, environment, biotechnology, and synthetic enhancement analysis techniques related to analytical chemistry. The volume contains twelve chapters containing discussion, analogies, and graphics for a better understanding of the presented concepts.",isbn:"978-1-83968-021-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-020-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-022-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87743",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"analytical-chemistry-advancement-perspectives-and-applications",numberOfPages:248,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"18f54a89cdbbafde70f56e55e122171a",bookSignature:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva",publishedDate:"September 8th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9932.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5579,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 11th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 6th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 5th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 24th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 22nd 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"293623",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay Nanda",middleName:null,surname:"Srivastva",slug:"abhay-nanda-srivastva",fullName:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293623/images/system/293623.jpg",biography:"Dr. Abhay Nanda Srivastava has been appointed as Assistant\nProfessor in the chemistry department of Babasaheb Bhim Rao\nAmbedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur-India, and then posted as Head of Chemistry Department at Nitishwar College (A\nconstituent unit of B.R.A. Bihar University), Muzaffarpur-India\nin 2017. Along with this, Dr. Srivastva has also been entrusted\nwith additional academic and research activities in the University Department of Chemistry, B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur-India. Before\njoining BU, Dr. Srivastava was an assistant professor of chemistry at the Engineering College, Delhi, NCR, affiliated to Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,\nLucknow, India. He obtained his master’s and doctorate degrees in Chemistry from\nChaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut. His areas of interest include coordination chemistry, medicinal chemistry, green chemistry, and bioinorganic/organic\nchemistry. Dr. Srivastva supervises Ph.D. scholars in these areas. He has authored\nmany research papers, edited books, and contributed chapters to reputed international and national journals and book publishers. He is the associate editor of the\nJournal of Transition Metal Complexes and an editorial board member for several\ninternational journals. Dr. Srivastva reviews articles, delivers invited talks and\nlectures, and presents research papers at national and international conferences,\nseminars, webinars, and workshops.",institutionString:"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"81",title:"Analytical Chemistry",slug:"chemistry-analytical-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"76345",title:"Advances in Derivative Voltammetry - A Search for Diagnostic Criteria of Several Electrochemical Reaction Mechanisms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96409",slug:"advances-in-derivative-voltammetry-a-search-for-diagnostic-criteria-of-several-electrochemical-react",totalDownloads:195,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"New methods for analysis of current-potential curves in terms of their derivatives are presented for studying various types of electrode processes – such as simple electron transfer reactions (reversible, quasi-reversible, and irreversible electron transfer) as well as chemically coupled electron transfer reactions along with a diagnostic scheme for differentiating these various types of electrochemical reaction mechanisms. Expressions for first- and higher order derivatives are derived from theoretical analytical solutions for currents for the different types of electrode mechanisms. The derivative curves are analyzed in terms of various parameters which characterize peak shape or peak symmetry with an emphasis on the second derivatives with well-defined anodic and cathodic peaks. Second derivatives can yield, in a simpler manner, the symmetry ratios; i.e., a ratio of anodic to cathodic peak-currents (ipa/ipc), and a ratio of anodic to cathodic peak-widths (Wpa/wpc) and a ratio of anodic to cathodic peak potential differences (ΔEpa/ΔEpc) or a peak separation (Epa-Epc) are evaluated, and these ratio can be related to kinetic parameters associated with a particular types of electrode mechanisms. Peaks are found to be symmetrical for a simple reversible electron transfer process (Er). However, peaks become asymmetrical when the electron transfer become slower (namely, irreversible, Eirr) or e− transfer reaction is coupled with homogeneous chemical reactions such as a prior reaction (CEr) or a follower-up reaction (ECr). From measured values of such symmetry ratios above, one can gain insight to the nature of the electrochemical systems enabling us to determine various kinetic parameters associated with a system. A diagnostic criteria for assigning an electrode mechanism is devised based on the values of asymmetry parameters measured, which are unity for a simple reversible electron transfer process.",signatures:"Myung-Hoon Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76345",authors:[{id:"314855",title:"Dr.",name:"Myung-Hoon",surname:"Kim",slug:"myung-hoon-kim",fullName:"Myung-Hoon Kim"}],corrections:null},{id:"72391",title:"UPLC-MS: An Emerging Novel Technology and Its Application in Food Safety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92455",slug:"uplc-ms-an-emerging-novel-technology-and-its-application-in-food-safety",totalDownloads:843,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Over the past decade, food safety has become an important issue worldwide due to higher incidences of food contamination. Currently, one of the great challenges in food safety is the analysis of emerging food contaminants. Moreover, the scope, relevance, and level of food safety and testing have never been in such complexity than in today’s global marketplace. In recent years, a novel technology ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with mass spectroscopy (MS) has been developed to estimate the food contaminants, as well as food components with better accuracy, sensitivity, precision, and high throughput. UPLC–MS works on van Deemter principle, which states that, the flow rate of smaller particles are much faster in compare with large particles as well as unfolding the correlation of flow rate and plate height. Additionally, various food components as well as food contaminants such as vitamins, amino acid, metabolite identification, adulteration, forensic testing, toxicity studies, phytoconstituents, pesticide in agriculture, antibiotic residue, hormones, dyes and pigment analysis can be performed using UPLC–MS. Moreover, uniqueness of UPLC-MS and its wide range of application makes it an important tool for food safety laboratory around the world.",signatures:"Syed Amir Ashraf, Sadaf Nazir, Mohd Adnan and Zulfiqarur Rashid Azaz Ahmad Azad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72391",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72391",authors:[{id:"244929",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Amir",surname:"Ashraf",slug:"syed-amir-ashraf",fullName:"Syed Amir Ashraf"},{id:"253289",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd",surname:"Adnan",slug:"mohd-adnan",fullName:"Mohd Adnan"},{id:"317816",title:"Dr.",name:"Zulfiqarur Rashid Azaz Ahmad",surname:"Azad",slug:"zulfiqarur-rashid-azaz-ahmad-azad",fullName:"Zulfiqarur Rashid Azaz Ahmad Azad"},{id:"317897",title:"Ms.",name:"Sadaf",surname:"Nazir",slug:"sadaf-nazir",fullName:"Sadaf Nazir"}],corrections:null},{id:"73446",title:"Analysis of the Electrochemical Transport Properties of Doped Barium Cerate for Proton Conductivity in Low Humidity Conditions: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93970",slug:"analysis-of-the-electrochemical-transport-properties-of-doped-barium-cerate-for-proton-conductivity-",totalDownloads:316,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Proton-conducting perovskites are among the most promising electrolytes for Proton Ceramic Fuel Cells (PCFCs), electrolysers and separation membranes. Particularly, yttrium-doped barium cerate, BaCe1-xYxO3-δ (BCY), shows one of the highest protonic conductivities at intermediate temperatures (σ ∼ 10−3 S cm−1 at 400°C); values that are typically achieved under humidified atmospheres (pH2O ∼ 10−2 atm). However, BCY has commonly been discarded for such applications due to its instability in the presence of water vapour and carbonaceous atmospheres. A recent discovery has shown that BCY10 exhibits pure protonic conductivity under very low humidity contents (∼10−5–10−4 atm), owing to its very high equilibrium constant for hydration. This peculiar characteristic allows this material to retain its functionally as a proton conductor in such conditions, while preventing its decomposition. Hence, this chapter explores the electrochemical properties of the BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-δ (BCY10) composition, comprehensively establishing its limiting operation conditions through defect chemistry and thermodynamic analyses. Moreover, the importance of such conditions is highlighted with respect to potential industrially relevant hydrogenation/de-hydrogenation reactions at low temperatures under low humidity.",signatures:"Laura I.V. Holz, Vanessa C.D. Graça, Francisco J.A. Loureiro and Duncan P. Fagg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73446",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73446",authors:[{id:"319976",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.A.",surname:"Loureiro",slug:"francisco-j.a.-loureiro",fullName:"Francisco J.A. Loureiro"},{id:"322559",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura I.V.",surname:"Holz",slug:"laura-i.v.-holz",fullName:"Laura I.V. Holz"},{id:"322561",title:"MSc.",name:"Vanessa C.D.",surname:"Graça",slug:"vanessa-c.d.-graca",fullName:"Vanessa C.D. Graça"},{id:"322562",title:"Dr.",name:"Duncan P.",surname:"Fagg",slug:"duncan-p.-fagg",fullName:"Duncan P. Fagg"}],corrections:null},{id:"75505",title:"Application of Carbon Nanomaterials Decorated Electrochemical Sensor for Analysis of Environmental Pollutants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96538",slug:"application-of-carbon-nanomaterials-decorated-electrochemical-sensor-for-analysis-of-environmental-p",totalDownloads:277,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), especially carbon nanotubes and graphene, have been attracting tremendous attention in environmental analysis for rapid and cost effective detection of various analytes by electrochemical sensing. CNMs can increase the electrode effective area, enhance the electron transfer rate between the electrode and analytes, and/or act as catalysts to increase the efficiency of electrochemical reaction, detection, adsorption and removal are of great significance. Various carbon nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, mesoporous carbon, carbon dots exhibited high adsorption and detection capacity. Carbon and its derivatives possess excellent electro catalytic properties for the modified sensors, electrochemical methods usually based on anodic stripping voltammetry at some modified carbon electrodes. Metal electrode detection sensitivity is enhanced through surface modification of working electrode (GCE). Heavy metals have the defined redox potential. A remarkable deal of efficiency with the electrochemical sensors can be succeeded by layering the surface of the working electrode with film of active electro-catalytic species. Usually, electro catalysts used for fabrication of sensors are surfactants, nano-materials, polymers, carbon-based materials, organic ligands and biomaterials.",signatures:"Sunil Kumar and Abhay Nanda Srivastva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75505",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75505",authors:[{id:"293623",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay Nanda",surname:"Srivastva",slug:"abhay-nanda-srivastva",fullName:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva"},{id:"328966",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",surname:"Kumar",slug:"sunil-kumar",fullName:"Sunil Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"72317",title:"Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Concentration and Reaction Kinetic Detections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92549",slug:"surface-plasmon-resonance-sensors-for-concentration-and-reaction-kinetic-detections",totalDownloads:335,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an optical phenomenon that occurs on the metal (normally gold or silver) film surface and the light that excited this phenomenon changes with the refractive index of materials on the metal surface. SPR sensors are constructed based on this phenomenon and are used in fields of biological and chemical analyses, drug screening, environmental monitoring, and so on. Here, we will make an introduction to applications of SPR sensors on reaction kinetic and concentration detections. To make this chapter readily comprehensible, we will divide it into three portions. The first part will be an abbreviated depiction of surface plasmon excitation and constructions of an SPR sensor. Then, we will aim at an introduction to the bimolecular interactions in SPR sensors. At last, we will make a summary on applications of SPR sensors.",signatures:"Xiaoying Wang, Mingqiang Ma, Xueliang Wang and Shoujuan Wang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72317",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72317",authors:[{id:"315132",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoying",surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaoying-wang",fullName:"Xiaoying Wang"},{id:"321084",title:"Dr.",name:"Mingqiang",surname:"Ma",slug:"mingqiang-ma",fullName:"Mingqiang Ma"},{id:"321085",title:"Dr.",name:"Xueliang",surname:"Wang",slug:"xueliang-wang",fullName:"Xueliang Wang"},{id:"321086",title:"Dr.",name:"Shoujuan",surname:"Wang",slug:"shoujuan-wang",fullName:"Shoujuan Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"72948",title:"Crude Distillation Unit (CDU)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90394",slug:"crude-distillation-unit-cdu-",totalDownloads:1346,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter considers the technology of the crude distillation unit in general. The crude distillation unit is at the front-end of the oil refinery. The desalting process and distillation of crude oil are included in the crude distillation unit (CDU). The desalting process of crude oil is imperative to ensure the good quality of crude oil, that is, to remove impurities before its transfer to refining. This procedure minimizes or eliminates harmful substances such as sulfur, water, salts, and even mechanical impurities, which ensures a long operation of pipelines. However, the desalting process is only part of the distillation unit. The other phase of this unit is as already mentioned above is: distillation. Distillation is a more physical than a chemical process. The distillation process is characterised by mass-thermal transfer of materials, which leads to the obtaining of fractions. The distillation in the crude distillation unit is carried out consecutively in two ways: atmospheric and vacuum. In the Russian Federation, we classify oil refining plants in general as follows: fuel, fuel-oil, fuel-petrochemical, and fuel-oil-petrochemical. Also, regardless of the profile of the refinery, great importance is given to the crude distillation unit. The crude distillation unit, if well modeled and organized, makes it possible to obtain already more light products at this stage; therefore, there is a reduction of heavy residues, the refinement of which requires more expensive processes such as hydrocracking or catalytic cracking. The oil topping column K-1, within this framework, has been adopted in several oil refining plants in addition to the main column commonly referred to as K-2. The principal purpose of column K-1 is the separation of light gasoline and the major part of dissolved gases from crude oil. This first step of distillation at K-1 has the effect of normalizing the amount of gasoline hydrocarbons and stabilizing the operation of the main column K-2 despite possible fluctuations in the composition of crude oil. Besides, the CDU equipped with column K-1 demonstrates an increase in some valuable products such as methane, ethane, naphtha, etc.",signatures:"Serge-Bertrand Adiko and Rifat Radisovich Mingasov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72948",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72948",authors:[{id:"309691",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Serge-Bertrand",surname:"Adiko",slug:"serge-bertrand-adiko",fullName:"Serge-Bertrand Adiko"},{id:"309722",title:"Dr.",name:"Rifat",surname:"Mingazov",slug:"rifat-mingazov",fullName:"Rifat Mingazov"}],corrections:null},{id:"72887",title:"CO2-Philic Surfactants Structural Morphology Prerequests for CO2 Philicity for Foam Durability for EOR Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90994",slug:"co-sub-2-sub-philic-surfactants-structural-morphology-prerequests-for-co-sub-2-sub-philicity-for-foa",totalDownloads:318,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In oil fields CO2-EOR have extravagant interest because of its increasing microscopic sweep efficiency. As a balance and dense solution over a huge range of temperature and pressure, carbon dioxide can improve viscosity reduction and oil swelling because of all partial miscibility with heavy oils and proportion miscibility with light oils, and also carbon dioxide has mutual solubility with water and hydrocarbons that these properties result in increasing microscopic sweep efficiency in mechanism of CO2 injection. However, due to CO2 lower viscosity than water and oil, CO2-EOR efficiency is limited that causes near well-bore conformance issue and mobility contrast problem such as gravity override and fingering. The carbon dioxide philic surfactant blends traditionally includes foam booster, foam stabiliser and foaming surfactant. An integrated property-performance analysis of blends of anionic surfactants includes carbon dioxide philic groups such as twin-tailed carbonyl group, propylene-oxide and methyl group of CO2-philic groups under the circumstances of reservoir showed that carbon dioxide philic surfactants can be the mixture of CO2 problems. Here we will underline that modifying the surfactant tail can be a proper path to surpass foaming performance.",signatures:"Muhammad Sagir, Muhammad Bilal Tahir, Muhammad Pervaiz, Muhammad Hassan Qasim, Sami Ullah and Reema Ansar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72887",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72887",authors:[{id:"209075",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Sagir",slug:"muhammad-sagir",fullName:"Muhammad Sagir"}],corrections:null},{id:"73202",title:"Analytical, Bioanalytical, Stability-Indicating Methods: Key Part of Regulatory Submissions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93566",slug:"analytical-bioanalytical-stability-indicating-methods-key-part-of-regulatory-submissions",totalDownloads:549,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"According to the International Conference for Harmonization (ICH), the validation and verification data must be included in the Electronic Common Technical Document. The validated analytical procedure gets automatically Food and drug approved (FDA) if it is part of New drug application (NDA), Abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) or Biologic license application (BLA). The analytical, bioanalytical and stability-indicating methods are essential part of all above said regulatory submissions. There are certain ways to generate these analytical methods like U.S. pharmacopeia/National Formulary which are Food and drug approved. The validated analytical method can also be submitted by any researcher or agency which can gets the food and drug approval. It is necessary that the methods which are Food and drug approved can only be applied to the various drugs and drugs products. In the current chapter, the meaning and requirements of analytical methods, procedures, acceptance criteria and evaluation of stability indicating methods, need, recommendations for bioanalytical methods are discussed in detail. The analytical techniques like HPTLC, HPLC, Spectrophotometry and Hyphenated techniques are also discussed as these are playing important role in validation of these methods.",signatures:"Mahesh Mukund Deshpande",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73202",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73202",authors:[{id:"270956",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahesh",surname:"Deshpande",slug:"mahesh-deshpande",fullName:"Mahesh Deshpande"}],corrections:null},{id:"73030",title:"Cost-Effective Technical Tips for Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93439",slug:"cost-effective-technical-tips-for-agarose-gel-electrophoresis-of-deoxyribonucleic-acid",totalDownloads:496,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Agarose gel electrophoresis is one of the most fundamental experiment in biochemistry and/or molecular biology, especially in analyzing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA). Many laboratories do agarose gel electrophoresis almost every day. Besides, sometimes we need to prepare tens of agarose gels at a time for training and/or practices of students. In such situations, the more cost-effective way we have, the much more experiments in laboratories/trainings of students we can achieve. Actually, experiments of using agarose can be achieved in a more inexpensive way. In this manuscript, conditions of agarose gel electrophoresis experiment (agarose, buffer, and equipment) are considered, and achievements of such efforts are described.",signatures:"Noboru Sasagawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73030",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73030",authors:[{id:"240378",title:"Prof.",name:"Noboru",surname:"Sasagawa",slug:"noboru-sasagawa",fullName:"Noboru Sasagawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"75929",title:"Application of PCR Technique to Detect Polymorphism of the KRTAP1.1 Gene in Three Sheep Breeds - A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96941",slug:"application-of-pcr-technique-to-detect-polymorphism-of-the-krtap1-1-gene-in-three-sheep-breeds-a-rev",totalDownloads:218,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The quality of wool and pelt products depends on the quality of the wool and pelt grown on farm. Genes coding for the proteins involved in the structural components of wool fibre; keratin intermediate filaments (KRTs) and keratin keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) have been extensively researched. The KAPs form a matrix in which the KRTs are embedded. In sheep, KRTAP1.1 (previously B2A) is one of the four genes encoding proteins that make up the KAP1.n family. The ovine KRTAP1.1 gene is clustered with the KRTAP1.3 and KRTAP1.4 genes on chromosome 11. In this chapter, the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – Applied Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) typing method used to detect polymorphism in the KRTAP1.1 gene is reviewed. Three length variation KRTAP1.1 alleles; named A, B and C, of the lengths 341 base pair, 311 base pair and 281 base pair, respectively have been reported in three sheep breeds; Romney sheep of New Zealand, Merino sheep of New Zealand and Swakara sheep of Namibia. Genetic variation within the KRTs and KAPs can be further exploited to determine as to whether such variation impacts on wool quality. The presence of genetic variation within KRTs and KAPs offers opportunities for the development of gene markers affecting wool and pelt quality traits.",signatures:"Theopoline Omagano Itenge",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75929",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75929",authors:[{id:"145741",title:"Dr.",name:"Theopoline",surname:"Itenge",slug:"theopoline-itenge",fullName:"Theopoline Itenge"}],corrections:null},{id:"76418",title:"Considerations for Stability of Environmental Samples in Storage for Long-Term Studies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97445",slug:"considerations-for-stability-of-environmental-samples-in-storage-for-long-term-studies",totalDownloads:260,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is often advantageous to store collected environmental samples for future retrospective analyses. However, information about sample stability is necessary to determine if there will be analyte loss or gain or degradation under the specified storage conditions and storage period. Failure to evaluate stability could result in inaccurate results and biased exposure assessments. As part of the National Children’s Study pilot, we considered which types of environmental samples could be stored for extended periods of time. We conducted an extensive literature review and considered the conduct of long-term stability studies for environmental samples. We present our findings and experience below as guidance for consideration by the environmental research community.",signatures:"Susan Marie Viet, Maire S.A. Heikkinen and Michael Dellarco",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76418",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76418",authors:[{id:"320575",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan Marie",surname:"Viet",slug:"susan-marie-viet",fullName:"Susan Marie Viet"},{id:"320576",title:"Dr.",name:"Maire S.A.",surname:"Heikkinen",slug:"maire-s.a.-heikkinen",fullName:"Maire S.A. Heikkinen"},{id:"414093",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Dellarco",slug:"michael-dellarco",fullName:"Michael Dellarco"}],corrections:null},{id:"72148",title:"Improving the Technology of Synthesis Absolutized Bioethanol",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92332",slug:"improving-the-technology-of-synthesis-absolutized-bioethanol",totalDownloads:429,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The article describes the technology of synthesis of absolute ethyl alcohol, as well as the types, properties and efficiency of water-withdrawing reagents and types, properties and efficiency of reagents (CaO, tetraethoxytitanium), which chemically bind water and dehydrate ethanol. The composition and properties of the absolutized ethanol were studied using the infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and gas-chromatography. The octane number of gasoline with the addition of absolutized ethanol together with the combustion activator (diethyl ether) was measured as well. It has been shown that the content of even very small amounts (up to 2%) of the combustion activator in absolutized ethanol results in the increase of the octane number and improves running abilities of gasoline.",signatures:"Sergiy Kurta and Khatsevich Olga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72148",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72148",authors:[{id:"308280",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergiy",surname:"Kurta",slug:"sergiy-kurta",fullName:"Sergiy Kurta"},{id:"320655",title:"Dr.",name:"Khatsevych",surname:"Olha",slug:"khatsevych-olha",fullName:"Khatsevych Olha"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9190",title:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3f07c532e478beb8fcd2fe53b8c9bcfd",slug:"stability-and-applications-of-coordination-compounds",bookSignature:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9190.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"293623",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay Nanda",surname:"Srivastva",slug:"abhay-nanda-srivastva",fullName:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7488",title:"Analytical Pyrolysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30a667792c3a70b53d30fb6e9e1e7b4d",slug:"analytical-pyrolysis",bookSignature:"Peter Kusch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7488.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"254714",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Kusch",slug:"peter-kusch",fullName:"Peter Kusch"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11072",title:"Sample Preparation Techniques for Chemical Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38fecf7570774c29c22a0cbca58ba570",slug:"sample-preparation-techniques-for-chemical-analysis",bookSignature:"Massoud Kaykhaii",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11072.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"349151",title:"Prof.",name:"Massoud",surname:"Kaykhaii",slug:"massoud-kaykhaii",fullName:"Massoud Kaykhaii"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7319",title:"Color Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c3c446db0a120cfd1f2697760e7d784",slug:"color-detection",bookSignature:"Ling-Wen Zeng and Shi-Lin Cao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7319.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173972",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingwen",surname:"Zeng",slug:"lingwen-zeng",fullName:"Lingwen Zeng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6720",title:"Fractionation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e798d7509b906c1947191552285a628",slug:"fractionation",bookSignature:"Hassan Al- Haj Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12400",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan Al- Haj",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-al-haj-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Al- Haj Ibrahim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65668",slug:"corrigendum-to-clinical-applications-of-mesenchymal-stromal-cells-mscs-in-orthopedic-diseases",title:"Corrigendum to: Clinical Applications of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) in Orthopedic Diseases",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65668.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65668",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65668",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65668",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65668",chapter:{id:"61187",slug:"clinical-applications-of-mesenchymal-stromal-cells-mscs-in-orthopedic-diseases",signatures:"Jiazhao Yang, Shiyuan Fang, Lei Xu, Li Li, Kai Xie, Jinsen Lu, Hao\nWang, Xujin Wang and Lixin Kan",dateSubmitted:"December 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"March 29th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 23rd 2019",book:{id:"6658",title:"Stromal Cells",subtitle:"Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",fullTitle:"Stromal Cells - Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Mani T. Valarmathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6658.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"238560",title:"Dr.",name:"Lixin",middleName:null,surname:"Kan",fullName:"Lixin Kan",slug:"lixin-kan",email:"l-kan@northwestern.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"245732",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Jiazhao",fullName:"Yang Jiazhao",slug:"yang-jiazhao",email:"yangjiazhao@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246322",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Shiyuan",fullName:"Shiyuan Shiyuan",slug:"shiyuan-shiyuan",email:"fangshiyuan2008@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246323",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Lei Xu",slug:"lei-xu",email:"bayinhexl@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246325",title:"Dr.",name:"Li",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Li Li",slug:"li-li",email:"lili@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246326",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Kai Xie",slug:"kai-xie",email:"xiekai@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246327",title:"Dr.",name:"Jinsen",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Jinsen Lu",slug:"jinsen-lu",email:"Lujinsen@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246328",title:"Dr.",name:"Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Hao Wang",slug:"hao-wang",email:"wanghaopiety@vip.qq.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246329",title:"Dr.",name:"Xujin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Xujin Wang",slug:"xujin-wang",email:"Wangxujin@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"399459",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Fang",fullName:"Shiyuan Fang",slug:"shiyuan-fang",email:"dummy+399459@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"61187",slug:"clinical-applications-of-mesenchymal-stromal-cells-mscs-in-orthopedic-diseases",signatures:"Jiazhao Yang, Shiyuan Fang, Lei Xu, Li Li, Kai Xie, Jinsen Lu, Hao\nWang, Xujin Wang and Lixin Kan",dateSubmitted:"December 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"March 29th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 23rd 2019",book:{id:"6658",title:"Stromal Cells",subtitle:"Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",fullTitle:"Stromal Cells - Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Mani T. Valarmathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6658.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"238560",title:"Dr.",name:"Lixin",middleName:null,surname:"Kan",fullName:"Lixin Kan",slug:"lixin-kan",email:"l-kan@northwestern.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"245732",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Jiazhao",fullName:"Yang Jiazhao",slug:"yang-jiazhao",email:"yangjiazhao@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246322",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Shiyuan",fullName:"Shiyuan Shiyuan",slug:"shiyuan-shiyuan",email:"fangshiyuan2008@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246323",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Lei Xu",slug:"lei-xu",email:"bayinhexl@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246325",title:"Dr.",name:"Li",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Li Li",slug:"li-li",email:"lili@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246326",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Kai Xie",slug:"kai-xie",email:"xiekai@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246327",title:"Dr.",name:"Jinsen",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Jinsen Lu",slug:"jinsen-lu",email:"Lujinsen@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246328",title:"Dr.",name:"Hao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Hao Wang",slug:"hao-wang",email:"wanghaopiety@vip.qq.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"246329",title:"Dr.",name:"Xujin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Xujin Wang",slug:"xujin-wang",email:"Wangxujin@126.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"399459",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Fang",fullName:"Shiyuan Fang",slug:"shiyuan-fang",email:"dummy+399459@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6658",title:"Stromal Cells",subtitle:"Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",fullTitle:"Stromal Cells - Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Implications",slug:"stromal-cells-structure-function-and-therapeutic-implications",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2019",bookSignature:"Mani T. Valarmathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6658.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11562",leadTitle:null,title:"Chemistry with Pyridine Derivatives",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tBoosted by research work, a large quantity of information on various fields of chemistry is on continuous flow. The development of pyridine derivatives is no exception to this growth. This compels us to document the developments on this topic in a systematic way in form of a book. In this book titled "Chemistry with Pyridine Derivatives", efforts will be put to present concise and relevant information out of recent developments on pyridine derivatives. The pyridine compounds have grown with time to enrich the heterocyclic chemistry. The fused ring pyridine derivatives have a very interesting chemistry and played a key component in many organic and inorganic reactions. The chemistry of benzo and carbocyclic derivatives of pyridine will be one of the key components of the book. The phenyl pyridine derivatives have played an important role in advancement in inorganic and materials chemistry, where it proved to be a useful ligand in the development of Iridium and Platinum-based luminescent materials. It is an aim to include a brief role of phenyl pyridine derivatives on the development of light-emitting materials as part of the book. Hopefully, the efforts put to bring out the book will certainly help the scientific community and be a source of valuable information.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-663-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-662-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-664-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"3fc5963720fa7ae08c9e31bdec4f7cc2",bookSignature:"Dr. Satyanarayan Pal",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11562.jpg",keywords:"Synthetic Development, Reactivity, Fused Ring, Applications, Importance, Application in Chemistry, Biological Sciences, Other Applications, Complexation Behavior, Types of Metal, Recent Development, Pyridine",numberOfDownloads:6,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 22nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 24th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 23rd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 11th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 10th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An active researcher in Inorganic chemistry. He has published 30 research papers in reputed international journals. Currently, he is working on the development of Ir(III) and Pt(II) luminescent complexes.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"230561",title:"Dr.",name:"Satyanarayan",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"satyanarayan-pal",fullName:"Satyanarayan Pal",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/230561/images/system/230561.jpg",biography:"Dr. Satyanarayan Pal is currently working as Associate Prof. in the P.G. Dept. of Chemistry, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India. He has obtained his Ph. D. from University of Hyderabad, India in the year of 2003. He has worked as post-doctoral fellow under Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) fellowship from Nagoya University, Japan during the period of 2005-2007. He has published 30 research papers in reputed international journals. Currently he is working on development of Ir(III) and Pt(II) luminescent complexes.",institutionString:"Utkal University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Utkal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"82282",title:"Pyridine Nucleus as a Directing Group for Metal-Based C–H Bond Activation",slug:"pyridine-nucleus-as-a-directing-group-for-metal-based-c-h-bond-activation",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"4592",title:"Symbiotic Tabu Search",doi:"10.5772/5598",slug:"symbiotic_tabu_search",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/4592.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/4592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/4592",totalDownloads:2084,totalViews:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:24,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 1st 2008",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/4592",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/4592",book:{id:"6114",slug:"tabu_search"},signatures:"Ramin Halavati and Saeed Bagheri Shouraki",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"6114",type:"book",title:"Tabu Search",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tabu Search",slug:"tabu_search",publishedDate:"September 1st 2008",bookSignature:"Wassim Jaziri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6114.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-3-902613-34-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5831-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:33,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"132091",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaziri",middleName:null,surname:"Wassim",slug:"jaziri-wassim",fullName:"Jaziri Wassim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"590"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"4589",type:"chapter",title:"Tabu Search: A Comparative Study",slug:"tabu_search__a_comparative_study",totalDownloads:7171,totalCrossrefCites:13,signatures:"Harun Pirim, Engin Bayraktar and Burak Eksioglu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4590",type:"chapter",title:"A Multiobjective Tabu Framework for the Optimization and Evaluation of Wireless Systems",slug:"a_multiobjective_tabu_framework_for_the_optimization_and_evaluation_of_wireless_systems",totalDownloads:1886,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Katia Jaffrès-Runser, Jean-Marie Gorce, and Cristina Comaniciu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4591",type:"chapter",title:"SOS-Heuristic for Intelligent Exploration of Search Space in CSOP",slug:"sos-heuristic_for_intelligent_exploration_of_search_space_in_csop",totalDownloads:1793,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jaziri Wassim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4592",type:"chapter",title:"Symbiotic Tabu Search",slug:"symbiotic_tabu_search",totalDownloads:2084,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ramin Halavati and Saeed Bagheri Shouraki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4593",type:"chapter",title:"Tabu Search and Hybrid Genetic Algorithms for Quadratic Assignment Problems",slug:"tabu_search_and_hybrid_genetic_algorithms_for_quadratic_assignment_problems",totalDownloads:3438,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Zvi Drezner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4594",type:"chapter",title:"A Hybrid GA-TS Technique with Dynamic Operators and its Application to Channel Equalization and Fiber Tracking",slug:"a_hybrid_ga-ts_technique_with_dynamic_operators_and_its_application_to_channel_equalization_and_fibe",totalDownloads:1796,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Luis M. San José-Revuelta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4595",type:"chapter",title:"Hybrid Tabu Algorithm for the Synthesis and Fabrication of Fiber Bragg Gratings",slug:"hybrid_tabu_algorithm_for_the_synthesis_and_fabrication_of_fiber_bragg_gratings",totalDownloads:1952,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nam Quoc Ngo and Ruitao Zheng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4596",type:"chapter",title:"Some New Results on Tabu Search Algorithm Applied to the Job-Shop Scheduling Problem",slug:"some_new_results_on_tabu_search_algorithm_applied_to_the_job-shop_scheduling_problem",totalDownloads:3333,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Chaoyong Zhang, Xinyu Shao, Yunqing Rao and Haobo Qiu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4597",type:"chapter",title:"Tabu Search Experience in Forest Management and Planning",slug:"tabu_search_experience_in_forest_management_and_planning",totalDownloads:2297,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pete Bettinger",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4598",type:"chapter",title:"Feature Selection Using Intensified Tabu Search for Supervised Classification",slug:"feature_selection_using_intensified_tabu_search_for_supervised_classification",totalDownloads:2864,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Muhammad Atif Tahir and Jim Smith",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4599",type:"chapter",title:"Hybrid Tabu Search for Re-Entrant Permutation Flow-Shop Scheduling Problem",slug:"hybrid_tabu_search_for_re-entrant_permutation_flow-shop_scheduling_problem",totalDownloads:2095,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Jen-Shiang Chen, Jason Chao-Hsien Pan and Chien-Kuang Wu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4600",type:"chapter",title:"On the Design of Large-Scale Cellular Mobile Networks Using Tabu Search",slug:"on_the_design_of_large-scale_cellular_mobile_networks_using_tabu_search",totalDownloads:2212,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alejandro Quintero and Samuel Pierre",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4601",type:"chapter",title:"Multiple Tabu Search Algorithm for Solving the Topology Network Design",slug:"multiple_tabu_search_algorithm_for_solving_the_topology_network_design",totalDownloads:2491,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kanyapat Watcharasitthiwat, Saravuth Pothiya and Paramote Wardkein",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"4602",type:"chapter",title:"Hybrid Approaches Tabu Learning Algorithm Based Neural Network",slug:"hybrid_approaches_tabu_learning_algorithm_based_neural_network",totalDownloads:1797,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Junfei Qiao, Jian Ye and Honggui Han",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"14",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Donald Davendra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/14.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2961",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",surname:"Davendra",slug:"donald-davendra",fullName:"Donald Davendra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12736",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem: an Overview of Applications, Formulations, and Solution Approaches",slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-an-overview-of-applications-formulations-and-solution-approaches",signatures:"Rajesh Matai, Surya Singh and Murari Lal Mittal",authors:[{id:"13446",title:"Prof.",name:"Surya",middleName:"Prakash",surname:"Singh",fullName:"Surya Singh",slug:"surya-singh"},{id:"23587",title:"Dr.",name:"Murari Lal",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",fullName:"Murari Lal Mittal",slug:"murari-lal-mittal"},{id:"23588",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Matai",fullName:"Rajesh Matai",slug:"rajesh-matai"}]},{id:"12401",title:"The Advantage of Intelligent Algorithms for TSP",slug:"the-advantage-of-intelligent-algorithms-for-tsp",signatures:"Yuan-bin Mo",authors:[{id:"13425",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-bin",middleName:null,surname:"Mo",fullName:"Yuan-bin Mo",slug:"yuan-bin-mo"}]},{id:"12402",title:"Privacy-Preserving Local Search for the Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"privacy-preserving-local-search-for-the-traveling-salesman-problem",signatures:"Jun Sakuma and Shigenobu Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"13496",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",fullName:"Jun Sakuma",slug:"jun-sakuma"},{id:"13503",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigenobu",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Shigenobu Kobayashi",slug:"shigenobu-kobayashi"}]},{id:"12403",title:"Chaos Driven Evolutionary Algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"chaos-driven-evolutionary-algorithm-for-the-traveling-salesman-problem",signatures:"Ivan Zelinka, Roman Senkerik, Magdalena Bialic-Davendra and Donald Davendra",authors:[{id:"2961",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"Davendra",fullName:"Donald Davendra",slug:"donald-davendra"},{id:"10213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Zelinka",fullName:"Ivan Zelinka",slug:"ivan-zelinka"},{id:"14637",title:"Dr.",name:"Roman",middleName:null,surname:"Senkerik",fullName:"Roman Senkerik",slug:"roman-senkerik"},{id:"14638",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Bialic-Davendra",fullName:"Magdalena Bialic-Davendra",slug:"magdalena-bialic-davendra"}]},{id:"12404",title:"A Fast Evolutionary Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"a-fast-evolutionary-algorithm-for-traveling-salesman-problem",signatures:"Xuesong Yan, Qinghua Wu and Hui Li",authors:[{id:"13316",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuesong",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Xuesong Yan",slug:"xuesong-yan"}]},{id:"12405",title:"Immune-Genetic Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"immune-genetic-algorithm-for-traveling-salesman-problem",signatures:"Jingui Lu and Min Xie",authors:[{id:"13508",title:"Prof.",name:"Jingui",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Jingui Lu",slug:"jingui-lu"},{id:"14286",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Min Xie",slug:"min-xie"}]},{id:"12406",title:"The Method of Solving for Traveling Salesman Problem Using Genetic Algorithm with Immune Adjustment Mechanism",slug:"the-method-of-solving-for-traveling-salesman-problem-using-genetic-algorithm-with-immune-adjustment-",signatures:"Hirotaka Itoh",authors:[{id:"14380",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirotaka",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",fullName:"Hirotaka Itoh",slug:"hirotaka-itoh"}]},{id:"12407",title:"High Performance Immune Clonal Algorithm for Solving Large Scale TSP",slug:"high-performance-immune-clonal-algorithm-for-solving-large-scale-tsp",signatures:"Fang Liu, Yutao Qi, Jingjing Ma, Maoguo Gong, Ronghua Shang, Yangyang Li and Licheng Jiao",authors:[{id:"13712",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutao",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yutao Qi",slug:"yutao-qi"},{id:"14343",title:"Prof.",name:"Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Fang Liu",slug:"fang-liu"},{id:"14344",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",fullName:"Jingjing Ma",slug:"jingjing-ma"},{id:"14345",title:"Dr.",name:"Maoguo",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",fullName:"Maoguo Gong",slug:"maoguo-gong"},{id:"14346",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronghua",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",fullName:"Ronghua Shang",slug:"ronghua-shang"},{id:"14347",title:"Dr.",name:"Yangyang",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yangyang Li",slug:"yangyang-li"},{id:"14348",title:"Prof.",name:"Licheng",middleName:null,surname:"Jiao",fullName:"Licheng Jiao",slug:"licheng-jiao"}]},{id:"12408",title:"A Multi-World Genetic Algorithm to Optimize Delivery Problem with Interactive-Time",slug:"a-multi-world-genetic-algorithm-to-optimize-delivery-problem-with-interactive-time",signatures:"Setsuo Tsuruta and Yoshitaka Sakurai",authors:[{id:"13355",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshitaka",middleName:null,surname:"Sakurai",fullName:"Yoshitaka Sakurai",slug:"yoshitaka-sakurai"},{id:"14462",title:"Prof.",name:"Setsuo",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuruta",fullName:"Setsuo Tsuruta",slug:"setsuo-tsuruta"}]},{id:"12409",title:"An Efficient Solving the Travelling Salesman Problem : Global Optimization of Neural Networks by Using Hybrid Method",slug:"an-efficient-solving-the-travelling-salesman-problem-global-optimization-of-neural-networks-by-using",signatures:"Yong-hyun Cho",authors:[{id:"13327",title:"Prof.",name:"Yong-Hyun",middleName:null,surname:"Cho",fullName:"Yong-Hyun Cho",slug:"yong-hyun-cho"}]},{id:"12410",title:"Recurrent Neural Networks with the Soft 'Winner Takes All' Principle Applied to the Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"recurrent-neural-networks-with-the-soft-winner-takes-all-principle-applied-to-the-traveling-salesman",signatures:"Paulo Siqueira, Maria Teresinha Arns Steiner and Sérgio Scheer",authors:[{id:"3191",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Henrique",surname:"Siqueira",fullName:"Paulo Siqueira",slug:"paulo-siqueira"},{id:"13770",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Teresinha",middleName:null,surname:"Arns Steiner",fullName:"Maria Teresinha Arns Steiner",slug:"maria-teresinha-arns-steiner"},{id:"14317",title:"Prof.",name:"Sérgio",middleName:null,surname:"Scheer",fullName:"Sérgio Scheer",slug:"sergio-scheer"}]},{id:"12411",title:"A Study of Traveling Salesman Problem Using Fuzzy Self Organizing Map",slug:"a-study-of-traveling-salesman-problem-using-fuzzy-self-organizing-map",signatures:"Kajal De and Arindam Chaudhuri",authors:[{id:"13511",title:"Dr.",name:"Arindam",middleName:null,surname:"Chaudhuri",fullName:"Arindam Chaudhuri",slug:"arindam-chaudhuri"},{id:"14349",title:"Dr.",name:"Kajal",middleName:null,surname:"De",fullName:"Kajal De",slug:"kajal-de"}]},{id:"12412",title:"Hybrid Metaheuristics Using Reinforcement Learning Applied to Salesman Traveling Problem",slug:"hybrid-metaheuristics-using-reinforcement-learning-applied-to-salesman-traveling-problem-",signatures:"Francisco Chagas De Lima Júnior, Adriao Duarte Doria Neto and Jorge Dantas De Melo",authors:[{id:"14460",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:"Chagas",surname:"De Lima Junior",fullName:"Francisco De Lima Junior",slug:"francisco-de-lima-junior"},{id:"14469",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Dantas de Melo",fullName:"Jorge Dantas de Melo",slug:"jorge-dantas-de-melo"},{id:"23716",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriao",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte Doria Neto",fullName:"Adriao Duarte Doria Neto",slug:"adriao-duarte-doria-neto"}]},{id:"12413",title:"Predicting Parallel TSP Performance: a Computational Approach",slug:"predicting-parallel-tsp-performance-a-computational-approach",signatures:"Dolores Rexachs, Emilio Luque and Paula Cecilia Fritzsche",authors:[{id:"13424",title:"Mrs.",name:"Paula Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Fritzsche",fullName:"Paula Cecilia Fritzsche",slug:"paula-cecilia-fritzsche"},{id:"13619",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Luque",fullName:"Emilio Luque",slug:"emilio-luque"},{id:"14383",title:"Prof.",name:"Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Rexachs",fullName:"Dolores Rexachs",slug:"dolores-rexachs"}]},{id:"12414",title:"Linear Programming Formulation of the Multi-Depot Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem with Differentiated Travel Costs",slug:"linear-programming-formulation-of-the-multi-depot-multiple-traveling-salesman-problem-with-different",signatures:"Moustapha Diaby",authors:[{id:"13467",title:"Dr.",name:"Moustapha",middleName:null,surname:"Diaby",fullName:"Moustapha Diaby",slug:"moustapha-diaby"}]},{id:"12415",title:"A Sociophysical Application of TSP: the Corporate Vote",slug:"a-sociophysical-application-of-tsp-the-corporate-vote-",signatures:"Hugo Hernandez-Saldana",authors:[{id:"13479",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez-Saldana",fullName:"Hugo Hernandez-Saldana",slug:"hugo-hernandez-saldana"}]},{id:"12416",title:"Some Special Traveling Salesman Problems with Applications in Health Economics",slug:"some-special-traveling-salesman-problems-with-applications-in-health-economics",signatures:"Liana Lupsa, Ioana Chiorean, Radu Lupsa and Luciana Neamtiu",authors:[{id:"14115",title:"Prof.",name:"Liana",middleName:null,surname:"Lupsa",fullName:"Liana Lupsa",slug:"liana-lupsa"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"14",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Donald Davendra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/14.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2961",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",surname:"Davendra",slug:"donald-davendra",fullName:"Donald Davendra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1940",title:"Bio-Inspired Computational Algorithms and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9025a709550b508f98bdb47a9a856d89",slug:"bio-inspired-computational-algorithms-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Shangce Gao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111444",title:"Dr.",name:"Shangce",surname:"Gao",slug:"shangce-gao",fullName:"Shangce Gao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6119",title:"Advances in Evolutionary Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49e46daf06834416b65ddf059cae29f6",slug:"advances_in_evolutionary_algorithms",bookSignature:"Witold Kosinski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6119.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6162",title:"Prof.",name:"Witold",surname:"Kosinski",slug:"witold-kosinski",fullName:"Witold Kosinski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6121",title:"Greedy Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7b8354916df79ba38188bafe59e3a89",slug:"greedy_algorithms",bookSignature:"Witold Bednorz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6121.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"130302",title:"PhD.",name:"Witold",surname:"Bednorz",slug:"witold-bednorz",fullName:"Witold Bednorz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7646",title:"Scientometrics Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86bbdd04d7e80be14283d44969d1cc32",slug:"scientometrics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Suad Kunosic and Enver Zerem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7646.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88678",title:"Prof.",name:"Suad",surname:"Kunosic",slug:"suad-kunosic",fullName:"Suad Kunosic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73429",title:"Emerging Trends in Wastewater Treatment Technologies: The Current Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93898",slug:"emerging-trends-in-wastewater-treatment-technologies-the-current-perspective",body:'
1. Introduction
The modern-day world has seen a boom in industrial activities. Due to extensive manufacturing activities taking place, large volumes of waste are produced, including wastewaters which are of major interest for re-use due to the scarcity of potable water in most countries. The wastewater produced poses serious environmental problems in its disposal. Because of new products that are emerging and being manufactured, so are new and recalcitrant wastes produced in production lines. Convectional wastewater technologies may be limited to process these contaminants, further exacerbating the problems the world is already facing with respect to potable water. Hence, there is a dire need to develop new methods to mitigate wastewater’s effect on the already degrading environment. On the other hand, clean, fresh potable water has become scarce especially in most African countries due to contamination by intensive industrial activities. To date over one hundred technologies for the treatment of organic and inorganic wastewater streams have been documented; several of these technologies have been emerging and these range from chemical and physical to biological methods. This book chapter focuses on the emerging trends of wastewater treatment technologies, with respect to membrane and biological methods.
Exhibiting high levels of novelty in purification technologies, membranes have been widely used and serve a crucial role in various fields, such as fatty and oily industrial water treatment [1, 2, 3].
Microalgae-based technologies are autotrophic in nature and microalgae is a highly potential atmospheric carbon fixation technology. After upstream treatment processes, microalgae technology is usually employed as secondary or tertiary treatment process for effluents that are laden with inorganic components such as nitrogen and phosphorus which cause eutrophication and more long term challenges that are caused by organic material and heavy metals in disposed of wastewater. Microalgal processes then chip in to offer at attractive dimension for the treatment of wastewater coupled with the generation of possibly biomass of high value which can further used for various purposes. Microalgae has minimal risk of production of secondary pollution because of its ability to use inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus for their growth; and their ability to remove heavy metals and toxic organics [4, 5, 6].
Another powerful, emerging treatment methodology is the Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) technology which capitalizes on the bioelectrical catalytic activity of microorganisms to generate electric power by oxidizing the organic matter and sometimes inorganic material in wastewater. MFC technology offers a dual goal as it allows for energy recovery and wastewater treatment in a single configuration [7, 8].
2. Wastewater contaminants
The term wastewater is said to be water containing contaminants mainly due to human use. It emanates from diverse sources such as domestic, commercial, agricultural, or infiltration and storm run-off, with most wastewater being 99.9% water and the rest solids [9]. The characteristics of wastewater are usually determined by the chemical components and flow conditions, as this is used in the design of each wastewater treatment plant [10]. The flow conditions of wastewater are based on the seasons and it is mainly the wet season which will result in an inflow of storm run-offs. The organic and inorganic constituents of wastewater are used as an indicator of the chemical quality of wastewater. The following parameters are usually considered when measuring the chemical characteristics of wastewater; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), pH and alkalinity [11]; among others.
2.1 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
This is usually a representative of the contaminants in wastewater as the higher the COD content in wastewater, the higher the degree of contamination. The COD content in industrial wastewater is usually higher when compared to that of domestic/municipal wastewater as presented in Table 1. It gives an indication of the degree of biodegradation in wastewater when compared with BOD as the ratio of BOD to COD higher than 0.5 makes the wastewater biologically treatable [16]. It is measured as the quantity of oxygen required to stabilize the carbonaceous organic matter chemically. It is used to quantify the organic matter, nitrite, sulphide and ferrous salts present in wastewater [17].
Parameters
Brewery
Abattoir
Cane Sugar
Oil refinery
Coke Oven
Tannery
Textile
BOD5, mg/L
1609.34-3980.61
476-3850
350-2750
100-500
510-1360
1000-2000
50-500
COD, mg/L
1096.41-8926.08
935-6600
1000-4340
150-800
930-3120
2000-4000
250-8000
TSS
530.67-3728.02
750-4400
760-800
130-600
19-3330
2000-3000
100-700
pH
4.6-7.3
6.85-8.19
5-6.5
2-6
6.8-8.2
11-12
5.6-9
Table 1.
Characteristics of raw industrial wastewater [12, 13, 14, 15].
COD in wastewater could either be readily biodegradable matter, active autotrophic and heterotrophic biomass, soluble inert organic matter, inert inorganic matter [18]. Generally, the COD content in wastewater is either soluble or particulate (suspended). Classification of domestic wastewater based on COD include low (300-500 mg/L), medium (500-750 mg/L) and high (700 – 1200 mg/L) strength wastewater [19]. According to Henze and Comeau [19], the degradable COD content of a typical medium strength is 90% for soluble COD, 66% for particulate COD and 76% for total COD while the remaining percent are the inert component. The use of membrane technology only is very effective for low-strength wastewater [20] but the efficiency can be increased when combined with other technologies for treatment of high strength wastewater such as seen in the study by Matheus et al. [21] where microfiltration and nanofiltration was preceded by coagulation and flocculation to achieve a 96% COD removal (from 4610 mg/L to 184 mg/L) for dairy wastewater. Wastewater with high COD content usually causes fouling for the membrane [21], therefore, the use of biological treatment techniques such as microalgae and microbial fuel cell are more appropriate for high strength wastewater [22, 23].
2.2 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
This is the quantity of oxygen required by microorganisms for the decomposition of organic matter under aerobic conditions. As stated for COD, BOD is also an indication of the degree of contamination, it affects the amount of dissolved oxygen required by aquatic organisms, and if lower than 6 mg/L could lead to their death. The typical BOD value of domestic wastewater with minor industrial wastewater in it ranges from 100 – 200 mg/L, 200 – 300 mg/L and 300 – 560 mg/L for low, medium and high strength wastewater [19]. The relationship between BOD and dissolved oxygen is inversely proportional, as a low dissolved oxygen indicates a high BOD content in wastewater [24]. However, as the organic biodegradable content of water increases, the BOD increases also [25]. Since increase in biodegradable organic pollutants is an increase in the BOD, therefore, most biological treatment processes such as microalgae or microbial fuel cell technique can remove the BOD content in wastewater. Zhang et al. [26], indicated a 98.6% BOD removal using MFC while Marassi et al. [27] reported a 96-97% efficiency using a tubular MFC. The use of microalgae has also been reported to have effectively reduce the BOD content of wastewater by generation of O2 during photosynthesis [28] and 87% removal efficiency [29].
2.3 Total solid (TS)
This is the organic and inorganic matter; suspended and dissolved solids; settleable and volatile solid content of wastewater. Though physical separation techniques easily remove most suspended solids, some still find their way into the environment. The dissolved and volatile solid (VS) contents are a representative of the degradable content in wastewater; therefore, some treatment techniques do account for the number of volatile solids removed. The VS content of wastewater, likewise, indicate its strength as higher VS indicate high strength wastewater and vice versa. The more the VS content of wastewater, the greater the impact on the treatment plant as it is an indication of the organic solid content. Total dissolved solids (TDS) are composed of inorganic salts and small quantities of organic matter dissolved in water. TDS in wastewater increases due to chemicals either from washing, cleaning, and production processes [30].
2.4 Total nitrogen and phosphorus
These are plant nutrients that are present in wastewater as either nitrates or ammonia, and fertilizer manufacturing companies usually generate them, agricultural sectors and industries that utilize corrosion inhibitors. Total nitrogen is the combination of both the inorganic and organic nitrogen, and ammonia in wastewater, it exists as either nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and organic dissolved compounds such amino acids, urea, and organic nitrogen composites. In aquatic ecosystems, phosphorus is also present as phosphates such as orthophosphates, condensed phosphates and phosphates organically bound [25].
Nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater cause eutrophication in water bodies which can lead to the death of aquatic habitats, if discharged without treatment [31]. High removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus have been achieved using microalgae treatment process with industrial application of this technique been reported to achieve between 87 and 93% removal [32].
2.5 Metals
Metals are generally found in wastewater, mainly from the manufacturing, mining, and textile industries. Metals such as arsenic, iron, chromium, lead, copper, tin, sodium, potassium, mercury, aluminum, and nickel are common pollutants in industrial wastewaters [33]. Industries such as iron and steel, mining, micro-electronics, and textiles often generate wastewater with heavy metals therein. Metals in wastewater lead to an increase in the treatment costs, and they are known to cause varying environmental problems such as distortion in plant growth, algal bloom, death of aquatic biota, debris formation and sedimentation [34]. Human related health effects include carcinogenicity, chronic asthma, skin related problems, depression, internal organ damage, coughing and nervous system-related diseases [35].
The presence of metal in wastewater in low concentration (1-3 mg/L) is toxic because metals are non-biodegradable and some metals do accumulate overtime [33, 36]. Although some metals which are essential to human, animal and plants may still be tolerated in minimal quantities such as copper, zinc, chromium but above the limit required can be toxic. An example is the reproduction of water flea Daphnia affected by exposure to 0.01 mg hexavalent chromium/L, therefore, the lethal chromium level for several aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates has been reported to be 0.05 mg/L. Some elements, however, such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury is known to be toxic to living beings at any concentration and are not required to be taken into the body even at ultra-trace level [33].
2.6 Viruses and bacteria
The occurrence of human pathogenic viruses in wastewater is a usual occurrence, and newly discovered cases that were not associated with wastewater previously, are now considered as wastewater pollutants. Viral and bacterial infections from waterborne outbreaks are usually connected with environments associated with the discharge of wastewater [37, 38]. Enteric viruses are known to cause gastroenteritis infections, hepatitis, and respiratory tract infections. Enteric viruses such as noroviruses, rotaviruses, enteroviruses, sapoviruses, astroviruses, bocaviruses, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, Aichi virus, Human polyomaviruses (PyVs), papillomaviruses, a plant virus called pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and enteric bacteria such as bacteriophages, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli are found in wastewater, and the full details of their occurrence and concentration in untreated and treated wastewater by continents can be seen in a review by Farkas et al., [37]. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus related to the COVID-19 pandemic has been discovered in wastewater with entry through human feaces into sewer systems as other viruses [39, 40]. Research is on-going on the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on aquatic habitats and its resulting long-term effect.
2.7 Pharmaceutical compounds
These compounds are part of the emerging pollutants in wastewater since their long-term effect on human and aquatic habitats are unknown. Compounds such as analgesics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, anti-cancer agents, beta-blockers, contrast agents, hormones, lipid-regulators and antidepressants are pharmaceutical compounds that have recently been found in wastewater [41]. This is because human drugs are excreted either in original or metabolized form after administration. Though most pharmaceutical compounds are biologically degradable, but some product is seen in the effluent of wastewater treatment plant [41]. In effluents from a sewage treatment plants about 2 μg/L of tetracycline, ibuprofen, contrast products, caffeine, and codeine were found [42]. Likewise, Clara et al. [43] reported the presence of antibiotics (such as metronidazole, norfloxacin, and dextromethorphan (DMP)) at concentrations below 0.05 μg/L in another effluent. Studies indicate that the removal rate of antibiotic is around 50% and Bisphenol A 71%, that of analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and beta-blockers is within 30–40% because of their resistant to treatment [41].
3. Emerging trends in wastewater treatment technologies
One of the primary reasons that has driven the inception of new or improved wastewater treatment technologies is the legislation and hefty fines that are attracted when the disposal of wastewater does not meet the set discharge limits. This impact on the financial wellbeing of factories and industries has fueled the emergence of new or improved treatment technologies.
Anaerobic and aerobic technologies have been popular lately in the treatment of organic wastewater because of their friendliness to the environment and cost-effectiveness. Anaerobic technologies are, however, a cut above other technologies because of the low energy consumption.
The nature of the wastewater primarily dictates the choice of technology to be adopted, and thus it is crucial to characterize streams to determine key wastewater characteristics, such as COD, TS, VS, and salt content, among others. The main thrust of this chapter is premised on three emerging technologies, that is, membrane, microalgal, and microbial fuel cell (MFC) technologies. These technologies can be employed independently or in series as a treatment mechanism.
3.1 Membrane technology
Membrane technology (MT) encompasses the related engineering and scientific approaches for the transport of components, species, or substances through or by membranes [44]. This technique is generally adopted to explain the mechanical processes for the separation of gas or liquid streams. Membranes are classified as a thin layer barrier for size differential separation, which are usually integrated with chemical and biological treatments, or as a standalone system in secondary treatment of wastewater [44, 45]. For a typical membrane mechanism, there is usually a driving force such as a semi-permeable barrier which controls the rate of movement of components by fractional permeation, and rejection through pores of different sizes as depicted in Figure 1. The permeation and selective rejection are a function of the membrane pore size and chemical affinity, allows for a product stream devoid of target components. Some advantages and drawbacks are presented in Figure 2.
Figure 1.
Membrane selective permeation for various solutes adapted from Tetteh et al., 2019 [45].
Figure 2.
Some advantages and drawbacks of membrane technology. Adapted from Burggraaf 1996 [46].
3.1.1 Classification of membranes
3.1.1.1 Microfiltration
Microfiltration (MF) employs a sieving mechanism to retain macromolecules or particles larger than 0.1 μm, or more specifically, in the range of 0.1–10 μm [45]. Unlike ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF), the transmembrane pressure (TMP) for both sides of the membrane is low as a result of the retention of smaller particles. Thus MF requires a relatively small TMP, that is, lower than 2 bars but it may vary from 0.1 to 2 bar [47]. Larger pore sizes of MF membranes limit the removal of suspended solids, bacteria, viruses, protozoan cysts and on a lesser extent, organic colloids within the region [48].
3.1.1.2 Ultrafiltration
The performance of ultrafiltration (UF) processes are currently receiving increasing recognition as a pretreatment for desalination and membrane bioreactor applications. UF like MF uses physical sieving as a separation mechanism. The pore size, molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) and pressure for a UF membrane filtration ranges from 0.05 μm to 1 nm, 1–500 kDa and an operating pressure of 1–7 bar [47]. In effect, UF with a definite MWCO are impermeable to compounds with molecular weights exceeding the MWCO and have demonstrated a 3–6 log removal of chlorine resistant protozoan cysts, colloids, viruses, and coliform bacteria. The use of MF and UF as pretreatment to reverse osmosis (RO) has progressively arose at an industrial scale. Both could serve as pretreatment strategies for NF and RO processes for the reduction of membrane fouling, which is applied as a post treatment to chemical precipitation of organic chemical removal, pH adjustment, and phosphorus, hardness, and metal removal. Fouling is extremely distinguished in UF applications, due to the high molecular weight of fractions retained in relation with the small osmotic pressure differentials, and liquid phase diffusivity. However, this does not negatively influence the demand for UF’s, as any design, configuration and application will be fouled [49, 50]. The configuration for application could be influenced by the mechanical stability, hydrodynamic requirement, and cost implications.
3.1.1.3 Ion exchange membranes
Membranes are classified as anion exchange membrane (AEM) if the polymer matrix is embedded with fixed positive charge groups, and vice versa, for cation exchange membranes (CEM) [51], which involves the permeation of anions/cations, and rejection of cations/anions in the effluent. Electrodialysis (ED), reverse electrodialysis (RED), diffusion dialysis (DD) and the Donnan membrane process (DMP) are examples of such, which usually involves the exchange of ions between solutions across the membrane as shown in Figure 3. The application of these processes is usually based on the type of effluent which is usually reported as an energy resourceful mechanism of separation by potential gradient.
Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of ED adapted from Obotey 2020 [47].
3.1.1.4 Reverse and forward osmosis
Reverse osmosis (RO) is often referred to as a tight membrane and has been widely used in brackish and WWT. Its effectiveness in desalination was found to be more effective than conventional thermal multistage flashing [49]. High external pressures of 15 to 150 bars is a result of the hypertonic feed and is usually greater than the osmotic pressure which is applied to retain dissolved solute, and prevent and allow for solvent permeation at a MWCO around 100 Da through diffusion mechanism [47]. Some advantages of the RO system that have been reported in previous studies include low energy consumption, simple configuration and operation, low membrane fouling tendencies and high rejection of a wide range of contaminants. With a concentration gradient as the driving force, the separation and concentration in forward osmosis (FO) occurs as the concentrated solution (e.g. salts such as NaCl) draws water from a less concentrated feed solution. The use of FO operates at ambient conditions, hence irreversible fouling is low. However, to attain the desired process flow and optimum configuration, ROs are arranged in stages and passes. The sequence of the stages has the concentrate stream of the first stage as the feed inlet to the second stage. In addition, the permeate streams from both stages are directed into one discharge channel.
3.1.1.5 Electro-dialysis (ED) and electro-dialysis reversal (EDR)
These processes combine the principles of electricity generation and ion-permeable membranes in the separation of dissolved ions from water [45]. A difference in electric potential leads to a transfer of ions from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through an ion-permeable membrane. During electro dialysis, two types of ion exchange membrane are used as shown in Figure 3. One is permeable to anions and rejects cations, while the other is permeable to cations and rejects anions. There are also two streams which are the concentrate and the diluate (feed). When an electric current is passed through the system, ions from the diluate migrate into the concentrate through oppositely charged membranes (cations migrate to the cathode whiles anions migrate to the anode). The cations are then retained by the positively charged anion-exchange membrane (AEM). Likewise, the anions are retained by the cation-exchange membrane (CEM). The outcome of this is a feed stream depleted of ions, while the concentrate stream becomes rich in ions [44].
3.1.2 Applications of membrane technology (MT)
A wider scope of industrial and environmental applications of MT are based on its advantages such as (1) clean technology, (2) energy saving (in most cases) and (3) ability to replace conventional processes; such as filtration, distillation, ion exchange, and chemical treatment systems [52]. A schematic representation of the applications of MT is depicted in Figure 4. Other advantages are (4) its ability to produce high-quality products and (5) its flexibility in system design. Because of its multidisciplinary application, this technique is applied in several industries, including water treatment for domestic and industrial water supply, chemical, pharmaceutical, biotechnological, beverages, food, metallurgy, and various separation processes.
Figure 4.
Application of membrane processes adapted from Obotey 2020 [47].
3.2 Microalgal wastewater treatment (MWWT)
Water-security is a perspective which defines the reliable availability of an acceptable quality and quantity of water for health, livelihoods and production; coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks [53, 54]. However, population dynamics and the proliferation of industrial set-ups have induced an imbalance in the water-resource equation. Domestic use of water and the demand for water in the production sector of the economy, coupled with commercial services and the agricultural sector, have surpassed the supply capacity of potable water sources [54]. The unethical discharge of wastewater from some of these sources results in serious social, health, and environmental problems. In addition, freshwater-scarce nations have the growing need to encourage strategies for water reuse, because of inadequate precipitation and lack of capacity to harvest rainwater, which in turn aims to reduce effluent wastewater disposal. Functional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for municipalities across the globe have proven to be highly demanding to run in terms of chemical input and energy. Although the basic stages of treatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary, the effluent from these plants contribute to secondary pollution as they are unable to meet the green-drop guidelines [54]. Phytoremediation is a green strategy that sequesters residual pollutants from wastewater and renders it potent for re-injection into the water supply system. The use of microalgae-based WWT systems has received serious scrutiny in the research community; and in synergy with industry, various wastewater technologies and strategies have been developed to address specific needs in the sector [55].
3.2.1 Microalgal intervention
Standard culture media have been optimized for specific microalgae strains and are subsequently modified to cultivate many other strains. These are then used as templates to define wastewater characteristics and to select the microalgal strain or microalgae consortium that would best be able to treat a given wastewater source. The microalgae intervention protocol (MAIP) is mainly designed to rid the effluent wastewater from WWTP of the residual pollutants and concurrently produce high value products, thereby meeting the green-drop requirements [2, 3]. MAIP is therefore integrated into regular WWTP and upgrades it to advanced WWTPs (AWWTPs). This in turn confers the ability to sequester nitrates and orthophosphates, which, if unsuccessful will result in eutrophication to be induced and propagated in the receiving waters [3]. The need to regulate nitrogen and phosphorus discharge to the environment is born out of the following: (i) as free ammonia, ammonia-nitrogen is harmful to fish and other aquatic biota, (ii) ammonia consumes dissolved oxygen (DO) and therefore presents the potential of DO depletion, (iii) both phosphorus and nitrogen are plant nutrients and therefore contribute to eutrophication, (iv) is the NO3- ion, nitrate-nitrogen reacts and combines with hemoglobin, which contributes to infant mortality. In addition, nitrate-nitrogen can be reduced to mutagenic nitrosamines in the gastrointestinal tract thereby posing more hazards to infants [56]. Various research teams [57, 58, 59, 60] reported the presence of emerging pollutants (EP) in WW and the possible undesirable effects many of them can have on the environment and living organisms. These EP include, among others, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products; and some technologies have been proposed for their removal; such as physico-chemical and biological treatment strategies. EP removal using pure microalgae strains has been proven to be effective. However, microalgae-based EP removal technologies have not received appreciable attention in the global research community.
The advocacy for employing microalgae to sequester wastewater nutrients, as a treatment option has attracted global acceptance. However, there are skepticisms in employing wastewaters for microalgal cultivation to produce biomass and bio-products. This is primarily due to the reality that wastewaters are of a wide variety of sources and therefore have a wide range of properties whose stability is in question. Pre-treatment is therefore a necessary stage for microalgal WWT, which imposes on the economy of the process. This brings to bear the necessity to adopt the integrated microalgal WWT protocol [61, 62, 63, 64].
3.2.2 Microalgal WWT strategies
Aside from the ability of microalgae to sequester NH3-N, NO3- -N and PO43-, microalgae also removes heavy metals as well as organic carbon from wastewater, while preventing secondary pollution. However, previous research has indicated that microalgae can rarely grow in undiluted wastewater due to high concentrations of ammonium and other compounds frequently present in wastewater. Different microalgae species present different growth indices in each wastewater treatment application. It is therefore paramount to select a suitable microalgal strain to treat a given wastewater source. Ungureanu and co-workers [63, 65] reported that the microalga C. mexicana recorded the highest removal of N, P and C from piggery wastewater compared with five other species (C. vulgaris, M. reisseri, Nitzschia cf. pusilla, O. multisporus and S. obliquus). On cultivation of the microalga C. zofingiensis with piggery wastewater using different dilution ratios, 79.84% of COD, 82.70% of total N and 98.17% of total P were removed [63]. In another study with V. vulgaris, 60–70% of COD and 40–90% of NH4+ -N were removed from diluted piggery wastewater [65]. The highest removal percentage was obtained with 20-fold diluted wastewater. Whilst tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater effluent and remediation of animal waste streams are an additional technological and economic pressure on municipalities and farms that threatens their economic sustainability, but at the same time it also presents an opportunity [63]. However, there are several challenges with current microalgae growth systems. For example, algae grown in an open pond or raceway system are suspended in the water in the presence of soluble and suspended waste and can be extremely difficult to harvest because oilagenous microalgae are approximately 5–10 micrometers in diameter. Many of the highly productive microalgae cannot be easily filtered and harvested through centrifugation which is an expensive unit operation. Algae can be harvested by sedimentation; however, this is a slow process and requires considerable floor space. Metal salts can be used as flocculants to facilitate sedimentation; however, this results in water contamination. Algal pond systems are also susceptible to washout, where algae leaves the system and enters surface waters [63, 65]. Integrated microalgal WWT systems are examples of green technology, which incorporates both the conventional WWTP and the microalgal WWT protocol which is primarily considered to address imperative issues such as global warming and climate change. The microalgal biomass generated during wastewater treatment, represents a carbon sink, and thus mitigates the negative effect of CO2 by photosynthetic sequestration of this greenhouse gas [66].
3.2.2.1 Open ponds
Open ponds are grouped into natural systems, artificial ponds, and containers. Natural systems include the lakes and lagoons; artificial ponds which are either unmixed open ponds, circular open ponds mixed with a center pivot mixer, or raceway ponds; and containers. The commonly used forms include raceway ponds, circular ponds, and tanks, of which raceway ponds have received the most attention [64].
Waste stabilization ponds are used for wastewater treatment by tens of thousands of small communities around the world. These ponds are low cost, simple to operate and provide effective wastewater treatment in terms of organic carbon and pathogen removal. However, phosphorus removal in waste stabilization ponds is often low, generally between 15 and 50% [62, 64]. Because of this, there is increasing pressure from regulators to upgrade pond systems to prevent eutrophication of receiving water bodies. The problem is that current upgrade options often involve the use of chemical dosing which contributes to secondary pollution that makes recovery and reuse of the phosphorus very difficult, and in some cases almost impossible. What is needed is a sustainable low-cost solution to remove phosphorus from the wastewater and ideally allow the phosphorus to be recovered and reused. A potentially emerging environmental process technology has been identified whereby microalgae in waste stabilization pond systems may be triggered to excessively accumulate phosphorus within their cells. While microalgae in lakes can store polyphosphate there is the potential of using this natural phenomenon to optimize for phosphorus removal in algal wastewater treatment ponds [62, 63].
Figure 5(A) Is the raceway pond that uses a motorized paddle wheel (PW) to initiate and sustain movement and mixing of the microalgal cell (MCs,) thereby preventing them from settling to the reactor bed. It enhances exposure of the MC to light and nutrients and promotes interphase mass transfer. However, while the mixing energy requirement of a PW is relatively low, efficiency of gas transfer is also low. In some instances, aerators are used to supplement CO2 to improve microalgae growth, and hence promote nutrient sequestration from the broth. The pond operates at the prevailing temperature and light intensity depends on the incoming solar insolation [68]. Figure 5(B) is a rectangular open unmixed pond (ROP). The MCs here do not have the privilege of equal exposure to light. The MCs that are near the bottom are shielded from light by those above, thereby creating blind zones to photosynthetic activities resulting in reduction in cell density (CD) and productivity. Figure 5(C) shows open circular containers (OCC) which are unmixed. Figure 5(D) shows circular open pond systems (COPS) equipped with mixers [15, 16].
Figure 5.
Microalgal open pond systems [66, 67, 68].
3.2.2.2 Closed bioreactor (CBR) systems
Closed photobioreactor systems are characterized by (i) efficient photosynthetic activities associated with adequate control of the operational variables, (ii) lower risk of contamination and (iii) minimization of water loss by evaporation, which is a serious concern in open systems. However, closed systems are more expensive, since they must be constructed with transparent materials, and are more complicated to operate and challenging to scale up. Closed photobioreactors vary in configuration, and the main types are bubble columns, airlift reactors, tubular (loop) and stirred tank reactors. Photobioreactors employing microalgae to treat wastewater and produce biomolecules have (i) elevated efficiency in the use of light energy, (ii) an adequate mixing system, (iii) ease of control of the reaction conditions, (iv) reduced hydrodynamic stress on the cells [69, 70, 71].
Figure 6 gives a pictorial view of photobioreactor scenarios for bubble column, airlift, and annular configurations. A bubble column reactor is basically a cylindrical vessel with a gas distributor at the bottom. The gas is sparged in the form of bubbles into either a liquid phase or a liquid–solid suspension without mechanical agitation. During operation, mixing and CO2 mass transfer are carried out through the action of the spargers with an external light supply. The configuration of a gas sparger is important since it determines the properties of bubbles; such as bubble size, which in turn affects gas hold-up and other hydrodynamic parameters associated with bubble columns. Photosynthetic efficiency depends on the gas flow rate, which further depends on the photoperiod as the liquid is circulated regularly from central dark zones to external photic zones. This exposes more MCs to the nutrients in the medium, which in the context of this chapter, is wastewater. Photosynthetic efficiency can be increased by increasing the gas flow rate (≥ 0.05 m/s), which in turn leads to shorter photoperiods [69, 70]. This type of reactor has advantages of higher mass transfer rates; and low operational and maintenance costs due to fewer moving parts. However, back-mixing and coalescence have been identified as major challenges for these reactors. There is an upper limit for increasing the flow rate, beyond which the heterogeneous flow formed will eventually cause the back-mixing of gas components. Scalability and economics of microalgae cultivation using photobioreactors remain the challenges that have to be overcome for large-scale microalgae production.
Figure 6.
Bubble column reactors Płaczek et al., 2017 [47].
Hom-Diaz and co-workers [57], in an outdoor pilot 1200 L microalgal photobioreactor (PBR) used toilet wastewater (WW) and evaluated the PBR’s ability to remove pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs). Nutrients (ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and total phosphorous) were removed and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was efficiently reduced to the extent of 80%, whilst as much as 48% of the pharmaceutical residues were removed, thereby satisfying the green-drop requirement.
Airlift photobioreactors comprise of two interconnecting zones, called the riser and the down-comer, in an annular setup. Generally, there are two types of airlift photobioreactor: (i) the internal-loop and (ii) the external-loop [19]. For the internal-loop airlift reactor, the two regions are separated by either a draft tube or a split cylinder, whilst for an external-loop airlift reactor, the riser and down-comer are separated physically by two different tubes. Mixing is done by bubbling the gas through a sparger in the riser tube, with no mechanical agitation. A riser is synonymous with bubble column, where sparged gas moves upward randomly and haphazardly, and decreases the density of the riser making the liquid move upward. Gas hold up in the down-comer significantly influences the fluid dynamics of the airlift reactor thus forcing the liquid downwards The external-loop which is a draft tube confers certain advantages to the airlift bioreactor, namely, preventing bubble coalescence by directing them in one direction; distributing shear stresses more evenly throughout the reactor. This exposes more MCs to the nutrients, minerals, volatile organic compounds and a host of other pollutants for sequestration and for cell growth; enhancing the cyclical movement of fluid, thus increasing mass and heat transfer rates [71, 72, 73].
Fully closed tubular photobioreactors are potentially attractive for large-scale axenic culture of microalgae and is one of the more suitable types for outdoor mass culture. Tubular photobioreactors consist of an array of straight, coiled, or looped transparent tubes that are usually made of transparent plastic or glass. Algae are circulated through the tubes by a pump, or airlift technology [21].
Many factors contribute to the inability of microalgae to remove nutrients and produce biomass. Some minerals, such as calcium, iron, silica, magnesium, manganese, potassium, copper, sulfur, cobalt, and zinc, also influence microalgae development in wastewater, along with pH, temperature, light, mixing, and dissolved oxygen, which influence development rates and chemical composition of microalgae in wastewater treatment systems [74, 75].
3.2.3 Benefits of microalgal WWT
Molinuevo-Salces and co-workers [76] pointed out the benefits of microalgal-based WWT systems to include:
treating diverse kinds of wastewater including domestic, commercial, agricultural, and industrial wastewater
reducing pollutants and pathogens
recovering nutrients as biomass
mitigating CO2 gas emissions
recovery of metabolites and
energy savings
Starch-based textile de-sizing wastewater (TDW) was treated with the microalgae, Scenedesmus sp. to remove organic carbon with lab-scale reactors, which achieved 92.4% color removal, reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 89.5%, carbohydrates by 97.4% and organic acids by 94.7% [22]. Phasey and co-workers [23] averred that cultivation of microalgae using municipal and agricultural wastewater in high rate algal ponds (HRAP) partitions nutrients into microalgal biomass, which can be recovered and reused.
3.2.4 Microalgal WWT challenges
In spite of all the advantages, some challenges have to be surmounted before the microalgal WWT protocol can be applied. The challenges include (1) land requirement, (2) effect of wastewater characteristics, (3) environmental and operational condition influence and (4) biomass harvesting and valorization [14]. However, limitations such as algae biomass separation from water, process efficiency in cold climates and limited ability of the algae biomass to reduce micropollutant content in wastewater discourages full-scale use [77].
3.3 Microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment
In order to build a sustainable platform for the future society needs to substantially reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. This reduction can then minimize the global scale of pollution. As has been discussed in this chapter, these two global challenges could be concurrently addressed through the application of wastewater treatment technologies which reduce pollution and provide the starting blocks for biofuels. In recent years, a paradigm shift has occurred where wastewater, which can also be referred to as waste matter, is being used by industries generate electricity. In particular, studies have illustrated that a number of biological processing methods can be used to produce bioenergy or bio-chemicals while treating industrial wastewater. Specifically, brewery wastewater treatment has been highlighted for the application of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) [78]. One such instance of this method is using MFCs to simultaneously treat wastewater and produce bioenergy which is most referred to as bioelectricity. Production of these bio-products happens from simply converting the organic and chemical energy contained in wastewater to electrical energy. To further explore these possibilities, this section first describes an MFC, second it discusses applications of MFCs in wastewater treatment, and thirdly it reviews the different techniques and operations that use MFCs to treat wastewater while concurrently producing electricity. In addition, it also describes other applications and bioenergy products of this technique, its advantages and disadvantages, further promising applications of the MFC technology in wastewater treatment. An MFC is a device that converts organic matter to electricity using microorganisms as the biocatalyst. Typical MFCs have three major components: electrodes, separator, and electrogens. All MFCs contain two electrodes, which, depending on the design, can either be separated into one or two chambers. These chambers operate as completely mixed reactors. As illustrated in Figure 7 below, each electrode is placed on each side of the membrane, which can either be a proton exchange membrane (PEM) or a cation exchange membrane (CEM). The anode faces the chamber that contains the liquid phase, and the cathode faces the chamber that only contains air [79].
Figure 7.
Schematic diagram and pictures of a typical double-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC), sourced from Logan et., 2006 [78].
Aforementioned literature proposed the use of carbon, graphite, and metal-based materials as electrodes. For example, materials made from carbon cloth, carbon paper, carbon felt [80], graphite granules, carbon mesh [81], platinum, platinum black and activated carbon with single or tubular or multi-electrode configurations are suitable as electrodes [82]. These electrodes should have properties which render them biocompatible and stable In addition high electrical conductivity, and large surface area is recommended [83, 84]. The cathode can be exposed to air or other additional electron acceptors like permanganate, chromium hexacyanoferrate and azo dye, etc. [85]. The separator is either a cation exchange membrane [86] or a salt bridge [87] which is used to keep the chamber. The potential difference generated between the two chambers drives the electrons to move through the circuit while microbial degradation of wastewater acts as the substrate to generate bioelectricity [88]. MFCs were first considered to be used to treat wastewater as early as 1991 [89]. Municipal wastewater contains a multitude of organic compounds that can fuel MFCs. The amount of power generated by MFCs in the wastewater treatment process can potentially halve the electricity demand in a conventional treatment process which consumes a significant amount of electric power for aerating the activated sludge. MFCs yield 50–90% less solids to be disposed of than conventional activated sludge treatment methods. Anaerobic digesters, are sometimes integrated with aerobic sequencing batch reactors to overcome the challenges of sludge disposal [90]. Furthermore, organic molecules such as acetate, propionate and butyrate can be thoroughly broken down to CO2 and H2O. A hybrid MFC incorporating both electrophiles and anodophiles are especially suitable for wastewater treatment because more organics can be biodegraded by a variety of organics. MFCs using certain microbes display a special ability to remove sulphide as necessary in wastewater treatment [91]. MFCs can enhance the growth of bio electrochemically active microbes during wastewater treatment, thus enabling operational stabilities. Continuous flow, single-compartment MFCs and membrane-less MFCs are favored for wastewater treatment amidst concerns in scale-up of other technologies [92, 93, 94]. Sanitary waste, food processing wastewater, swine wastewater and corn stover are all favorable biomass sources for MFCs because they are rich in organic matters [95, 96, 97]. Up to 80% of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) can be reduced in some cases [96, 98] and a columbic efficiency as high as 80% was obtained by Kim et al. [99].
MFC technologies are a promising yet novel strategy in wastewater treatment, as the treatment process itself becomes a method to capture energy in the form of electricity or hydrogen gas, rather than being a net consumer of electrical energy. In the early 1990s Kim and colleagues illustrated that bacteria could be used in a biofuel cell as an indicator of the lactate concentration in water [80], which in turn supports electricity generation [81]. Although the power generation was low, it was not apparent whether the technology would have much impact on reducing wastewater strength. In 2004 this changed, and the link between electricity generation with MFCs and wastewater treatment was clearly forged when it was proven that domestic wastewater could be treated to practical levels while simultaneously producing electricity [82]. The amount of electricity produced in this study, while low (26 mW/m2), was considerably higher than previously obtained with other wastewater types. Research conducted prior to 2004 had shown that organic and inorganic matter in marine sediments could be used in a novel type MFC design [83], making it apparent that a wide variety of substrates, materials and system architectures could be used to generate electricity from organic content with bacterial biomass. Still, power levels in all these applications were relatively low. The final development that raised the current interest in MFCs was peaked when power densities of two orders of magnitude greater was produced in an MFC with the addition of glucose [84]. This application had no need for exogenous chemical mediators or catalyst thus ensuring this operation was purely biological.
Following these demonstrations, the competition was on to advance a rather practical approach to MFC applications. The first objective being the development of a scalable approach and design of the MFC for various wastewater treatment types [78]. While the energy that could be harnessed from the wastewater may not be enough to power a typical city, it has been reported that a substantial amount of energy can be used to power the WWTPs. As can be observed in the few studies discussed above on MFC technology, the per capital basis of the energy is not particularly substantial and impressive. Also, it can be noted that the most significant energy savings associated with the use of MFC for wastewater treatment, besides generation of electricity and removal of high strengths pollutants form these recalcitrant substrates, is savings in expenses for aeration and solids handling in typical WWTPs. The main operating costs for wastewater treatment are, aeration, sludge treatment and pumping. It has been argued that aeration alone can account for half of the operational costs at a typical WWTP [85]. Reducing this cost can also ensure that WWTPs become net producers of energy if MFCs are integrated with other treatment technologies.
3.3.1 Applications of microbial fuel cells in wastewater treatment
Applications of MFCs in wastewater treatment include a variety of advantages like long-term sustainability, use of renewable resources, degradation of organic and inorganic waste, bio-hydrogen production, and removal of compounds like nitrates, etc. [86]. The electrochemical active microbial community requires an in-depth understanding of its solution chemistry to engage in full-scale implementation and exploitation of MFC technology for electricity generation. [9]. Under ideal laboratory conditions, these systems have produced power densities of 2 to 20 mW/m2 [87]. However, the amount of biomass-based energy produced by microbial processes is very low. It has yet to reach to its full potential to work in pilot scale units. It has also been noted that the success of specific MFC applications in wastewater treatment will depend on the concentrations and biodegradability of the organic matter in the effluent, the wastewater temperature, and the absence of toxic chemicals [78]. One of the first applications could be the development of a pilot-scale reactor at industrial locations where a high quality and reliable influent is available. Food processing wastewaters and digester effluents are good candidates. Moreover, decreased sludge production could substantially decrease the payback time. In the long term, dilute substrates, such as domestic sewage, could be treated with MFCs, thus decreasing society’s need to invest substantial amounts of energy in their treatment. A varied array of alternative applications could also emerge, ranging from biosensor development and sustained energy generation from the seafloor, to bio-batteries operating with various biodegradable fuels. While full scale, and highly effective MFCs are not yet within our reach, the technology holds considerable promise, and major hurdles will undoubtedly be overcome by engineers and scientist in the near future [88]. The growing pressure on our environment, and the call for renewable energy sources will further stimulate development of this technology, to full scale plant operation. As part of the aforementioned applications of MFC in wastewater treatment, potential for application of this technology it as a typical sensor for pollutant strength analysis for in situ process monitoring and control [89]. The proportional correction between the columbic efficacy of MFCs and the strength of the wastewater can propose MFCs to be potential biological oxygen demand (BOD) sensors [80]. An accurate method to measure the BOD value of a liquid is to calculate its Columbic yield. A number of works, namely [80, 90] showed a strong linear relationship between the Columbic yield and the strength of wastewater in BOD concentration range. MFC-type BOD sensors are advantageous because they have excellent operational stability, and good reproducibility and accuracy. An MFC-type BOD sensor constructed with the microbes can be kept operational for over five years without extra maintenance [80]. These biological sensors promise a longer service life than ordinary versions of BOD sensors reported in literature.
3.3.2 Promising techniques of MFCs in wastewater treatment and electricity valorisation
Waste biomass is a cheap and relatively abundant source of electrons for microbes capable of producing electrical current outside the cell [85]. Rapidly developing microbial electrochemical technologies, such as microbial fuel cells, are part of a diverse platform of future substantial energy and chemical production technologies. In this section, we discuss the key advances that will enable the use of exo-electrogenic micro-organisms to generate biofuels, hydrogen gas, methane, and other valuable inorganic and organic chemicals. Moreover, this section will scrutinize the crucial challenges for implementing these systems and compare them to similar renewable energy technologies. Although commercial development is already underway in several different applications, ranging from wastewater treatment to industrial chemical production, further studies are still required regarding efficiency, scalability, system lifetimes and reliability of MFCs in the field of wastewater treatment and bioenergy production [85].
Power generation using domestic wastewater in the flat plate system was developed and found to be capable of continuously generating electricity from the organic matter in the wastewater while undergoing treatment [82]. Following an acclimation period of approximately 1-month, constant power generation from wastewater was obtained with the Flat Plat Microbial Fuel Cell (FPMFC) over a period of five months. For wastewater containing 2463 mg COD/L, an average power density of 560 mW/m2 was obtained with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2.0 h (0.22 mL/min flow rate; 164 mg/L log mean COD) and an air flow rate of 2 mL/min with a 470 ohms’ resistor. Under these operating conditions, the COD removal rate was 1.2 mg/L min (58% COD removal), and the maximum power density was achieved at a flow rate of 0.22 mL/min. This power density was about 10% higher than that obtained under typical operating conditions with a 470 ohms’ resistor.
Continuous wastewater treatment and electricity generation using a Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (SCMFC) was successfully piloted with feasible results [82, 91]. It was found that the system could generate 26 mW/m2 at the maximum power density while reducing 80% of the COD. In a specially designed, smaller batch system by Liu et al. [92] showed that up to 28 mW/m2 of power could be generated with domestic wastewater. It was further demonstrated that by removing the proton exchange membrane (PEM), they could generate a maximum of 146 mW/m2 of power. In these systems, the anode was separated from the PEM/cathode or plain cathode in a large chamber, but the anode chamber was not mixed except by the flow of liquid into the system. In other MFCs, the anode chamber was often mixed in [93, 94, 95] . In hydrogen fuel cells, the electrodes are usually combined into a single strip separated by a PEM. This is necessary to keep the two electrodes near to enhance proton conduction between the two electrodes. However, PEMs such as nafion are permeable to oxygen, resulting in the transfer of small amounts of oxygen from the cathode chamber to the anode chamber.
Domestic wastewater treatment was examined under two different temperature gradients, (23 ± 3°C and 30 ± 1°C) and flow modes (fed-batch and continuous) using a single-chamber air–cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in view of the effect of operating parameters which affect the production of electricity [94]. Temperature was an important parameter which influenced efficiency and power generation. The highest power density of 422 mW/m2 (12.8 W/m3) was achieved under continuous flow and mesophilic conditions, at an organic loading rate of 54 g COD/L-d with reduction of COD by 25.8%. Energy recovery was found to depend significantly on the operational conditions (flow mode, temperature, organic loading rate, and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)) as well as the reactor architecture. The results demonstrate that the main advantages of using temperature gradients, in series MFC configurations for domestic wastewater treatment are power savings, low solids production, and higher treatment efficiencies.
A study on MFCs used to produce electricity from different compounds sources, including acetate, lactate, and glucose has proven its ability in high efficiencies and versatility in applications for wastewater treatment [96]. Clearly, the possibility to produce electricity in a MFC from domestic wastewater, while at the same time accomplishing biological wastewater treatment (reduction of COD) was emphasized. Tests were conducted using SCMFC containing eight graphite electrodes (anodes) and a single air cathode. The system was operated under continuous flow conditions with primary clarifier effluent obtained from a local wastewater treatment plant. The prototype SCMFC reactor generated electrical power (maximum of 26 mW/ m2) while reducing the COD by about 80%. The power output was proportional to the hydraulic retention time over a range of 3 to 33 h, and to the influent wastewater strength over a range of 50–220 mg/L for COD. Current generation was controlled primarily by the efficiency of the cathode. Optimal cathode performance was obtained by allowing passive air flow rather than forced air flow (4.5–5.5 L/min). The Columbic efficiency of the system, based on COD reduction and current generation, was <12%, indicating that a substantial fraction of the organic matter was not accessible to the microorganisms thus limiting the current generation. Bioreactors based on power generation in MFCs may represent a completely new approach to wastewater treatment. If power generation in these systems can be increased, MFC technology may provide a new method to offset wastewater treatment plant operating costs, whilst making advanced wastewater treatment more affordable for both developing and industrialized nations.
The development of electric power from MFCs was initially investigated for its potential contribution to applications in space research [97]. It was discussed that one of the determining factors in MFC technology was the use of applied microbial cultures, which are responsible for converting electric energy from the chemical bonds in the substrates. In the last decade, despite the intensive development there is a knowledge gap regarding electricity production from microbes and the screening for electricity production. The fast screening method was based on microbial iron (III) – reduction, and do not require any MFC infrastructures. The method is suitable for the evaluation of numerous microbe species or strains simultaneously; and in this way there is possibility to extend the range of potential MFC biocatalysts and be able to predict the electricity generation from the chosen cultures. The knowledge which was generated from this study concerning the growth – iron (III) – reduction, substrate utilization, adhering and biofilm forming properties, extracellular conductive proteins and redox mediator production measurements is essential for the utilization of G.toluenoxydans and S. xiamenensis species for the different types of MFC applications (wastewater treatment and/or energy production). This information is vital for further strain-improvement and to create an efficient MFC design for electricity production. S.xiamenensis DSMZ 22215 species can catalyze maltose or maltodextrine efficiently. This ability makes the microbes available to be useful in MFC systems for the treatment of starch-based wastewaters (e.g. Brewery wastewater, starch wastewater and the pulp and paper industry).
Simultaneous wastewater treatment for biological electricity generation, through the membrane electrode assembly air-cathode MFC in starch processing wastewater (SPW) as substrate, was proven in this study [82]. Over the entire experimentation time, it was perceived that the optimum voltage output of 490.8 mV and power density of 293.4 mW/m2 was ascertained with a current density of 893.3 mA/m2. An internal resistance of 120 ohms was also recorded within the third cycle of experiments. Removal efficiencies for COD and NH4+−N increased with time, with a maximum of 98.0% and 90.6%, respectively. This was higher than most reported works on MFC operations. High values of nitrate removal might have been a result of both biological and physiochemical processes. Columbic Efficiency (CE) was not high (maximum 8.0%) and was mainly caused by other electron acceptors in the SPW, and oxygen diffusion during long operation periods. SEM revealed the presence of biofilm on the anode, in which short rod-shaped bacillus might have been the dominating bacteria responsible for MFC operation. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using MFC technology to generate electricity and simultaneously treat SPW with high removals of COD and NH4+−N, thus providing an attractive alternative to reduce the cost of wastewater treatment whilst generating electricity from a renewable resource.
3.3.3 Advantages and disadvantages (Limitations) of MFCs in WWT
MFCs present several advantages and disadvantages (Table 2), both operational and functional in comparison to currently implemented wastewater treatment technologies for both high organic pollutant removals in the form of CODs and for the valorization of bioenergy in the form of electricity [98]. The generation of bioenergy from wastewater treatment is mostly considered to be the green or blue energy aspect of MFCs [92]. Electricity is generated in a direct way from biomass and organic matter, hence chemical energy is directly converted to electrical energy. The direct conversion of wastewater substrates to bioenergy has also been reported to be a third of the input during the thermal combustion of biogas [85]. Due to the harvesting of electrical energy, the bacterial growth yield in a MFC is considerably lower than the sludge output of an aerobic process [85, 99]. Generally the off-gas of an anaerobic process has a high content of nitrous gases together with the targeted hydrogen and methane [78]. The off-gases of MFCs has less economic viability, since the energy contained in the substrate was previously directed towards the anodic chamber of the MFC during processing [78]. The gas produced in the anodic chamber of the MFC can be literally discharged, considering no large amounts or other odorous compounds are present, and in addition no aerosols with noxious or undesired bacterial contents are liberated into the environment. Power generation from MFCs have improved considerably and reached the level of primary power target, at least in small scale systems, but the scale up is still a big challenge and a major limitation of the application of MFC technologies. The high cost of cation exchange membranes, the potential for biofouling and associated high internal resistance restrain the power generation and limit the practicality and commercial application of this technique [100].
Advantages
Disadvantages (Limitations)
Generation of energy from Wastewater / Biomass
Low Power Densities
Direct Conversion of Substrate Energy to Bio Electricity
High Design and Fabrication Costs
Minimal Sludge Production
Electricity Up-Scaling Problems
Less Gas Emissions / Treatment
Activation Losses
Low Aeration Costs
Ohmic Losses
Bacterial Metabolic Losses
Concentration Losses
Table 2.
List of advantages and disadvantages of MFCs, sourced from Quach-Cu et al., 2018 [61].
Domestic wastewater is organic matter with embedded energy content of almost 10 times the energy needed for treatment [101]. While emerging techniques are promising, none of the processes available today can yet fully extract all the energy available in wastewater without further investment in their research and development [100]. A major setback of MFC applications is associated with the process start up time, and sequence which may be between 4 to 103 days depending on the inoculum, electrode materials, reactor design and operating conditions (temperature, external loading rates etc.), but it is largely affected by the type of substrate being fed into the MFC system [96]. Another vital impediment in scaling up of MFCs for wastewater treatment is the shortage of buffer capacity of electrolytes. This might require some external mediators, or chemical substance to maintain and stabilize the hydrogen potential of the anodic and cathodic chambers. This has to enhance the wastewater treatment process but still favor the valorization of bioenergy within the MFC system.
4. Conclusion
In this chapter, we have reviewed the use of the MT, Microalgae and MFC technology, particularly focusing on their strengths and limitations in treating wastewater while producing bioenergy and other viable products. In the case of membrane distillation, continuous studies are needed to adequately understand the concept of temperature polarization and, accordingly, a suitable membrane should be developed to make the process viable for large scale application. Microalgal WWT achieves a dual purpose of reducing wastewater of their pollutants and producing biomass of value. It also adds the benefit of mitigating global warming as microalgae biofix anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Microalgal WWT by the airlift bioreactor technology application has advantages over other available reactor technologies as it maximizes carbon dioxide and oxygen gas mass transfer with high remediation potentials. Presently, MFC technology is at research stage hence more research and practical attempts are a necessity for its commercial viability and applications practically at large scale. Although some of the basic knowledge has been gained in MFC research, there is still a lot to be learned in the scale-up of MFC for real plant application and commercialization.
\n',keywords:"contaminants, membrane technology, microalgae, microbial fuel cell, wastewater treatment",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73429.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73429.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73429",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73429",totalDownloads:886,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"August 19th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 4th 2020",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",dateFinished:"October 1st 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The quality of freshwater and its supply, particularly for domestic and industrial purposes are waning due to urbanization and inefficient conventional wastewater treatment (WWT) processes. For decades, conventional WWT processes have succeeded to some extent in treating effluents to meet standard discharge requirements. However, improvements in WWT are necessary to render treated wastewater for re-use in the industrial, agricultural, and domestic sectors. Three emerging technologies including membrane technology, microbial fuel cells and microalgae, as well as WWT strategies are discussed in this chapter. These applications are a promising alternative for manifold WWT processes and distribution systems in mitigating contaminants to meet acceptable limitations. The basic principles, types and applications, merits, and demerits of the aforementioned technologies are addressed in relation to their current limitations and future research needs. The development in WWT blueprints will augment the application of these emerging technologies for sustainable management and water conservation, with re-use strategies.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73429",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73429",signatures:"Edward Kwaku Armah, Maggie Chetty, Jeremiah Adebisi Adedeji, Donald Tyoker Kukwa, Boldwin Mutsvene, Khaya Pearlman Shabangu and Babatunde Femi Bakare",book:{id:"9921",type:"book",title:"Promising Techniques for Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Assessment",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Promising Techniques for Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Assessment",slug:"promising-techniques-for-wastewater-treatment-and-water-quality-assessment",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Iqbal Ahmed Moujdin and J. Kevin Summers",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9921.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-901-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-900-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-902-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"197244",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Iqbal",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"iqbal-ahmed",fullName:"Iqbal Ahmed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"237732",title:"Dr.",name:"Babatunde",middleName:"Femi",surname:"Bakare",fullName:"Babatunde Bakare",slug:"babatunde-bakare",email:"bfemi@mut.ac.za",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"281613",title:"Dr.",name:"Maggie",middleName:"Manimagalay",surname:"Chetty",fullName:"Maggie Chetty",slug:"maggie-chetty",email:"chettym@dut.ac.za",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Durban University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"323336",title:"Dr.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"Tyoker Kukwa",fullName:"Donald Tyoker Kukwa",slug:"donald-tyoker-kukwa",email:"tyokerdoo@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"324641",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward Kwaku",middleName:null,surname:"Armah",fullName:"Edward Kwaku Armah",slug:"edward-kwaku-armah",email:"edwardkarmah@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"326294",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeremiah Adebisi",middleName:null,surname:"Adedeji",fullName:"Jeremiah Adebisi Adedeji",slug:"jeremiah-adebisi-adedeji",email:"jerry_4real@live.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Durban University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"326593",title:"Mr.",name:"Boldwin",middleName:null,surname:"Mutsvene",fullName:"Boldwin Mutsvene",slug:"boldwin-mutsvene",email:"bmutsvene@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Durban University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"326594",title:"Mr.",name:"Khaya Pearlman",middleName:null,surname:"Shabangu",fullName:"Khaya Pearlman Shabangu",slug:"khaya-pearlman-shabangu",email:"shabanguk@mut.ac.za",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Mangosuthu University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Wastewater contaminants",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Total solid (TS)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Total nitrogen and phosphorus",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Metals",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.6 Viruses and bacteria",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.7 Pharmaceutical compounds",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"3. Emerging trends in wastewater treatment technologies",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.1 Membrane technology",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"3.1.1 Classification of membranes",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_4",title:"3.1.1.1 Microfiltration",level:"4"},{id:"sec_11_4",title:"3.1.1.2 Ultrafiltration",level:"4"},{id:"sec_12_4",title:"3.1.1.3 Ion exchange membranes",level:"4"},{id:"sec_13_4",title:"3.1.1.4 Reverse and forward osmosis",level:"4"},{id:"sec_14_4",title:"3.1.1.5 Electro-dialysis (ED) and electro-dialysis reversal (EDR)",level:"4"},{id:"sec_16_3",title:"3.1.2 Applications of membrane technology (MT)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"3.2 Microalgal wastewater treatment (MWWT)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_3",title:"3.2.1 Microalgal intervention",level:"3"},{id:"sec_19_3",title:"3.2.2 Microalgal WWT strategies",level:"3"},{id:"sec_19_4",title:"3.2.2.1 Open ponds",level:"4"},{id:"sec_20_4",title:"3.2.2.2 Closed bioreactor (CBR) systems",level:"4"},{id:"sec_22_3",title:"3.2.3 Benefits of microalgal WWT",level:"3"},{id:"sec_23_3",title:"3.2.4 Microalgal WWT challenges",level:"3"},{id:"sec_25_2",title:"3.3 Microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25_3",title:"3.3.1 Applications of microbial fuel cells in wastewater treatment",level:"3"},{id:"sec_26_3",title:"3.3.2 Promising techniques of MFCs in wastewater treatment and electricity valorisation",level:"3"},{id:"sec_27_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_30",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Khanzada NK, Farid MU, Kharraz JA, Choi J, Tang CY, Nghiem LD, et al. Removal of organic micropollutants using advanced membrane-based water and wastewater treatment: A review. J. Memb. Sci. 2020.'},{id:"B2",body:'Yue X, Zhang T, Yang D, Qiu F, Li Z, Zhu Y, et al. Oil removal from oily water by a low-cost and durable flexible membrane made of layered double hydroxide nanosheet on cellulose support. J Clean Prod. 2018;'},{id:"B3",body:'Zhang Y, Wei S, Hu Y, Sun S. Membrane technology in wastewater treatment enhanced by functional nanomaterials. J Clean Prod. 2018;'},{id:"B4",body:'Abdel-Raouf N, Al-Homaidan AA, Ibraheem IBM. Microalgae and wastewater treatment. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2012.'},{id:"B5",body:'Gupta S kumar, Bux F. Application of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment Volume 1: Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Treatment. Appl. Microalgae Wastewater Treat. Springer; 2019.'},{id:"B6",body:'Sukla LB, Pradhan D, Subbaiah T. Future Prospects of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment. In: Sukla LB, Subudhi E, Pradhan D, editors. Role Microalgae Wastewater Treat. Springer Singapore; 2019. p. 129-35.'},{id:"B7",body:'Tang RCO, Jang JH, Lan TH, Wu JC, Yan WM, Sangeetha T, et al. Review on design factors of microbial fuel cells using Buckingham’s Pi Theorem. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020.'},{id:"B8",body:'Yaqoob AA, Khatoon A, Setapar SHM, Umar K, Parveen T, Ibrahim MNM, et al. Outlook on the role of microbial fuel cells in remediation of environmental pollutants with electricity generation. Catalysts. 2020.'},{id:"B9",body:'Yongabi K. Biocoagulants for water and waste water purification: a review. Int Rev Chem Eng. 2010;'},{id:"B10",body:'Qasim SR. Wastewater treatment plants: Planning, design, and operation, second edition. Wastewater Treat. Plants Planning, Des. Oper. Second Ed. 2017.'},{id:"B11",body:'Von Sperling M. Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal. Water Intell Online. 2015;'},{id:"B12",body:'Chang EE, Hsing HJ, Chiang PC, Chen MY, Shyng JY. The chemical and biological characteristics of coke-oven wastewater by ozonation. J Hazard Mater. 2008;'},{id:"B13",body:'Fazal T, Mushtaq A, Rehman F, Ullah Khan A, Rashid N, Farooq W, et al. Bioremediation of textile wastewater and successive biodiesel production using microalgae. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018.'},{id:"B14",body:'Enitan AM, Adeyemo J, Kumari S, Swalaha FM, Bux F. Characterization of Brewery Wastewater Composition. Int J Environ Ecol Eng. 2015;'},{id:"B15",body:'Munter R. Industrial wastewater characteristics. Water Use Manag. 2000;'},{id:"B16",body:'Hu Z, Grasso D. Water Analysis - Chemical Oxygen Demand. Encycl Anal Sci Second Ed. 2004.'},{id:"B17",body:'Li D, Liu S. Water Quality Detection for Lakes. Water Qual Monit Manag. 2019.'},{id:"B18",body:'Yu P, Cao J, Jegatheesan V, Du X. A real-time BOD estimation method in wastewater treatment process based on an optimized extreme learning machine. Appl Sci. 2019;'},{id:"B19",body:'Henze M, Comeau Y. Wastewater characterization. Biol Wastewater Treat Princ Model Des [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2020 Sep 3]. p. 33-52. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=41JButufnm8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA33&ots=nSK7g0wE4j&sig=wKmtnw4CGaLlOlm5I-pfjmYkcvc'},{id:"B20",body:'Buscio V, Crespi M, Gutiérrez-Bouzán C. Application of PVDF ultrafiltration membranes to treat and reuse textile wastewater. Desalin Water Treat [Internet]. Taylor and Francis Inc.; 2016 [cited 2020 Sep 3];57:8090-6. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19443994.2015.1021854'},{id:"B21",body:'Mateus GAP, Formentini-Schmitt DM, Nishi L, Fagundes-Klen MR, Gomes RG, Bergamasco R. Coagulation/Flocculation with Moringa oleifera and Membrane Filtration for Dairy Wastewater Treatment.'},{id:"B22",body:'López Velarde Santos M, Rodríguez Valadéz FJ, Mora Solís V, González Nava C, Cornejo Martell AJ, Hensel O. Performance of a microbial fuel cell operated with vinasses using different cod concentrations. Rev Int Contam Ambient. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, UNAM; 2017;33:521-8.'},{id:"B23",body:'Liu F, Sun L, Wan J, Shen L, Yu Y, Hu L, et al. Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process. J Environ Sci (China). 2020;'},{id:"B24",body:'US EPA O of W. 5.2 Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand.'},{id:"B25",body:'Islam MMM, Shafi S, Bandh SA, Shameem N. Impact of environmental changes and human activities on bacterial diversity of lakes. Freshw Microbiol Perspect Bact Dyn Lake Ecosyst. 2019.'},{id:"B26",body:'Zhang L, Fu G, Zhang Z. Electricity generation and microbial community in long-running microbial fuel cell for high-salinity mustard tuber wastewater treatment. Bioelectrochemistry. 2019;'},{id:"B27",body:'Marassi RJ, Queiroz LG, Silva DCVR, Silva FT da, Silva GC, Paiva TCB d. Performance and toxicity assessment of an up-flow tubular microbial fuel cell during long-term operation with high-strength dairy wastewater. J Clean Prod. 2020;'},{id:"B28",body:'Fard FA, Yengejeh RJ, Ghaeni M. Efficiency of Microalgae Scenedesmus in the Removal of Nitrogen from Municipal Wastewaters. Iran J Toxicol [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 3];1-6. Available from: http://www.ijt.ir'},{id:"B29",body:'Ogwueleka TC, Samson B. The effect of hydraulic retention time on microalgae-based activated sludge process for Wupa sewage treatment plant, Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess [Internet]. Springer; 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 3];192:1-16. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-020-8229-y'},{id:"B30",body:'Canada H. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).'},{id:"B31",body:'USEPA. Biological Nutrient Removal Processes and Costs. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2007;'},{id:"B32",body:'Wollmann F, Dietze S, Ackermann JU, Bley T, Walther T, Steingroewer J, et al. Microalgae wastewater treatment: Biological and technological approaches. Eng. Life Sci. 2019.'},{id:"B33",body:'Baysal A, Ozbek N, Akm S. Determination of Trace Metals in Waste Water and Their Removal Processes. Waste Water - Treat Technol Recent Anal Dev [Internet]. InTech; 2013 [cited 2020 Sep 3]. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52025'},{id:"B34",body:'Akpor OB. Heavy Metal Pollutants in Wastewater Effluents: Sources, Effects and Remediation. Adv Biosci Bioeng. 2014;'},{id:"B35",body:'Burakov AE, Galunin E V., Burakova I V., Kucherova AE, Agarwal S, Tkachev AG, et al. Adsorption of heavy metals on conventional and nanostructured materials for wastewater treatment purposes: A review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2018.'},{id:"B36",body:'Al-Saydeh SA, El-Naas MH, Zaidi SJ. Copper removal from industrial wastewater: A comprehensive review. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2017.'},{id:"B37",body:'Farkas K, Walker DI, Adriaenssens EM, McDonald JE, Hillary LS, Malham SK, et al. Viral indicators for tracking domestic wastewater contamination in the aquatic environment. Water Res. 2020.'},{id:"B38",body:'Osuolale O, Okoh A. Human enteric bacteria and viruses in five wastewater treatment plants in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. J Infect Public Health. 2017;'},{id:"B39",body:'Ahmed W, Angel N, Edson J, Bibby K, Bivins A, O’Brien JW, et al. First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community. Sci Total Environ. 2020;'},{id:"B40",body:'Alpaslan Kocamemi B, Kurt H, Hacioglu S, Yarali C, Saatci AM, Pakdemirli B. First Data-Set on SARS-CoV-2 Detection for Istanbul Wastewaters in Turkey. medRxiv. 2020;'},{id:"B41",body:'Deblonde T, Cossu-Leguille C, Hartemann P. Emerging pollutants in wastewater: A review of the literature. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011;'},{id:"B42",body:'Dargnat C, Teil M-J, Chevreuil M, Blanchard M. Phthalate removal throughout wastewater treatment plant. Sci Total Environ. 2009;'},{id:"B43",body:'Clara M, Windhofer G, Hartl W, Braun K, Simon M, Gans O, et al. Occurrence of phthalates in surface runoff, untreated and treated wastewater and fate during wastewater treatment. Chemosphere. 2010;'},{id:"B44",body:'Díez B, Rosal R. A critical review of membrane modification techniques for fouling and biofouling control in pressure-driven membrane processes. Nanotechnol Environ Eng. 2020;5:1-21.'},{id:"B45",body:'Tetteh EK, Rathilal S, Chetty M, Armah EK, Asante-Sackey D. Treatment of water and wastewater for reuse and energy generation-emerging technologies. IntechOpen; 2019.'},{id:"B46",body:'Burggraaf AJ, Cot L. Fundamentals of inorganic membrane science and technology. Elsevier; 1996.'},{id:"B47",body:'Obotey Ezugbe E, Rathilal S. Membrane Technologies in Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Membranes (Basel). 2020;10:89.'},{id:"B48",body:'Pabby AK, Rizvi SSH, Requena AMS. Handbook of membrane separations: chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and biotechnological applications. CRC press; 2015.'},{id:"B49",body:'Jiang K, Song B, Shi X, Song T. An overview of membrane computing. J Bioinforma Intell Control. 2012;1:17-26.'},{id:"B50",body:'Gai H, Zhang X, Chen S, Wang C, Xiao M, Huang T, et al. An improved tar–water separation process of low–rank coal conversion wastewater for increasing the tar yield and reducing the oil content in wastewater. Chem Eng J. 2020;383:123229.'},{id:"B51",body:'Drioli E, Stankiewicz AI, Macedonio F. Membrane engineering in process intensification—An overview. J Memb Sci. 2011;380:1-8.'},{id:"B52",body:'Zheng X, Zhang Z, Yu D, Chen X, Cheng R, Min S, et al. Overview of membrane technology applications for industrial wastewater treatment in China to increase water supply. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2015;105:1-10.'},{id:"B53",body:'Department of Environmental Affairs D. SOUTH AFRICA ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK Executive summary | 1 2 nd South Africa Environment Outlook Executive summary A report on the state of the environment. Pretoria; 2016.'},{id:"B54",body:'Sershen, Rodda N, Stenström TA, Schmidt S, Dent M, Bux F, et al. Water security in South Africa: Perceptions on public expectations and municipal obligations, governance and water re-use. Water SA [Internet]. South African Water Research Commission; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 14];42:456-65. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v42i3.11Availableonwebsitehttp://www.wrc.org.'},{id:"B55",body:'Chalivendra S. Bioremediation of wastewater using microalgae. 2014.'},{id:"B56",body:'Kendrick M. Algal Bioreactors for nutrient removal and biomass production during the tertiary treatment of domestic sewage[Internet]. Loughborough University; 2011 Jan. Available from: https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/thesis/Algal_bioreactors_for_nutrient_removal_and_biomass_production_during_the_tertiary_treatment_of_domestic_sewage/9456713'},{id:"B57",body:'Hom-Diaz A, Jaén-Gil A, Bello-Laserna I, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Vicent T, Barceló D, et al. Performance of a microalgal photobioreactor treating toilet wastewater: Pharmaceutically active compound removal and biomass harvesting. Sci Total Environ. Elsevier B.V.; 2017;592:1-11.'},{id:"B58",body:'Fagan R, McCormack DE, Dionysiou DD, Pillai SC. A review of solar and visible light active TiO2 photocatalysis for treating bacteria, cyanotoxins and contaminants of emerging concern. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 2016.'},{id:"B59",body:'Gimeno O, García-Araya JF, Beltrán FJ, Rivas FJ, Espejo A. Removal of emerging contaminants from a primary effluent of municipal wastewater by means of sequential biological degradation-solar photocatalytic oxidation processes. Chem Eng J. 2016;'},{id:"B60",body:'Xiong JQ , Kurade MB, Abou-Shanab RAI, Ji MK, Choi J, Kim JO, et al. Biodegradation of carbamazepine using freshwater microalgae Chlamydomonas mexicana and Scenedesmus obliquus and the determination of its metabolic fate. Bioresour Technol. 2016;'},{id:"B61",body:'Quach-Cu J, Herrera-Lynch B, Marciniak C, Adams S, Simmerman A, Reinke RA. The effect of primary, secondary, and tertiary wastewater treatment processes on antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) concentrations in solid and dissolved wastewater fractions. Water (Switzerland). 2018;'},{id:"B62",body:'Brown N, Shilton A. Luxury uptake of phosphorus by microalgae in waste stabilisation ponds: Current understanding and future direction. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 2014.'},{id:"B63",body:'Monfet E, Unc A. Defining wastewaters used for cultivation of algae. Algal Res. 2017.'},{id:"B64",body:'Shahot K, Idris A, Omar R, Yusoff HM. Review on biofilm processes for wastewater treatment. Life Sci J. 2014;'},{id:"B65",body:'Houser JB, Venable ME, Sakamachi Y, Hambourger MS, Herrin J, Tuberty SR. Wastewater Remediation Using Algae Grown on a Substrate for Biomass and Biofuel Production. J Environ Prot (Irvine, Calif). 2014;'},{id:"B66",body:'Mambo MP. Integrated Algae Pond Systems for the Treatment of Municipal Wastewater. 2014.'},{id:"B67",body:'Powell N. Biological Phosphorus Removal by Microalgae in Waste Stabilisation Ponds. [Pamerston North]: Massey University; 2009.'},{id:"B68",body:'Institute of Environmental Biotechnolgy. Evaluation of integrated algae pond systems for municipal wastewater treatment. !he Belmont Volley ww w P1lot. Scole lAPS Case Study • • 0 • [Internet]. Republic of South Africa: Water research Commission; 2016 [cited 2020 Aug 14]. Available from: www.wrc.org.za'},{id:"B69",body:'Jacob-Lopes E, Teixeira T. Microalgae-Based Systems for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Industrial Biorefineries. Biomass. 2010.'},{id:"B70",body:'Molina Grima E, Belarbi EH, Acién Fernández FG, Robles Medina A, Chisti Y. Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: Process options and economics. Biotechnol Adv. 2003;'},{id:"B71",body:'Płaczek M, Patyna A, Witczak S. Technical evaluation of photobioreactors for microalgae cultivation. E3S Web Conf. 2017.'},{id:"B72",body:'Cozma P, Gavrilescu M. Airlift reactors: Applications in wastewater treatment. Environ Eng Manag J. 2012;'},{id:"B73",body:'Elawwad A, Karam A, Zaher K. Using an algal photo-bioreactor as a polishing step for secondary treated wastewater. Polish J Environ Stud. 2017;'},{id:"B74",body:'Lin CY, Nguyen MLT, Lay CH. Starch-containing textile wastewater treatment for biogas and microalgae biomass production. J Clean Prod. 2017;'},{id:"B75",body:'Phasey J, Vandamme D, Fallowfield HJ. Harvesting of algae in municipal wastewater treatment by calcium phosphate precipitation mediated by photosynthesis, sodium hydroxide and lime. Algal Res. 2017;'},{id:"B76",body:'Molinuevo-Salces B, Riaño B, Hernández D, García-González MC. Microalgae and wastewater treatment: Advantages and disadvantages. Microalgae Biotechnol Dev Biofuel Wastewater Treat. 2019.'},{id:"B77",body:'Lavrinovičs A, Juhna T. Review on Challenges and Limitations for Algae-Based Wastewater Treatment. Constr Sci. 2018;'},{id:"B78",body:'Logan BE, Hamelers B, Rozendal R, Schröder U, Keller J, Freguia S, et al. Microbial fuel cells: methodology and technology. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40:5181-92.'},{id:"B79",body:'Min B, Cheng S, Logan BE. Electricity generation using membrane and salt bridge microbial fuel cells. Water Res. 2005;39:1675-86.'},{id:"B80",body:'Kim HJ, Park HS, Hyun MS, Chang IS, Kim M, Kim BH. A mediator-less microbial fuel cell using a metal reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2002;30:145-52.'},{id:"B81",body:'Kim JR, Min B, Logan BE. Evaluation of procedures to acclimate a microbial fuel cell for electricity production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005;68:23-30.'},{id:"B82",body:'Liu H, Logan BE. Electricity generation using an air-cathode single chamber microbial fuel cell in the presence and absence of a proton exchange membrane. Environ Sci Technol. 2004;38:4040-6.'},{id:"B83",body:'Prasad J, Tripathi RK. Scale up sediment microbial fuel cell for powering Led lighting. Int J Renew Energy Dev. 2018;7:53.'},{id:"B84",body:'Rabaey K, Verstraete W. Microbial fuel cells: novel biotechnology for energy generation. TRENDS Biotechnol. 2005;23:291-8.'},{id:"B85",body:'Logan BE. Microbial Fuel Cells [Internet]. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience; 2008. Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=219803&site=eds-live'},{id:"B86",body:'Lovley DR. Microbial fuel cells: novel microbial physiologies and engineering approaches. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2006;17:327-32.'},{id:"B87",body:'Ieropoulos IA, Greenman J, Melhuish C, Hart J. Comparative study of three types of microbial fuel cell. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2005;37:238-45.'},{id:"B88",body:'Nishika GVYSA, Mongia SAADG, GulatiMarwah IKDR. A Short Review on Microbial Fuel Cell Technology and A Proposed approach for Generation of Electricity using Waste Water Treatment. 2015;'},{id:"B89",body:'Moon H, Chang IS, Kang KH, Jang JK, Kim BH. Improving the dynamic response of a mediator-less microbial fuel cell as a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor. Biotechnol Lett. 2004;26:1717-21.'},{id:"B90",body:'Zhang Y, Min B, Huang L, Angelidaki I. Electricity generation and microbial community response to substrate changes in microbial fuel cell. Bioresour Technol. 2011;102:1166-73.'},{id:"B91",body:'Lu N, Zhou S, Zhuang L, Zhang J, Ni J. Electricity generation from starch processing wastewater using microbial fuel cell technology. Biochem Eng J. 2009;43:246-51.'},{id:"B92",body:'Liu H, Ramnarayanan R, Logan BE. Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell. Environ Sci Technol. 2004;38:2281-5.'},{id:"B93",body:'Wei J, Liang P, Huang X. Recent progress in electrodes for microbial fuel cells. Bioresour Technol. 2011;102:9335-44.'},{id:"B94",body:'Wen Q , Kong F, Ma F, Ren Y, Pan Z. Improved performance of air-cathode microbial fuel cell through additional Tween 80. J Power Sources. 2011;196:899-904.'},{id:"B95",body:'Ren H, Rangaswami S, Lee H-S, Chae J. A micro-scale microbial fule cell (MFC) having ultramicroelectrode (UME) anode. 2013 IEEE 26th Int Conf Micro Electro Mech Syst. IEEE; 2013. p. 869-72.'},{id:"B96",body:'Wang H, Ren ZJ. A comprehensive review of microbial electrochemical systems as a platform technology. Biotechnol Adv. 2013;31:1796-807.'},{id:"B97",body:'Szöllősi A, Rezessy-Szabó JM, Hoschke Á, Nguyen QD. Novel method for screening microbes for application in microbial fuel cell. Bioresour Technol. 2015;179:123-7.'},{id:"B98",body:'Kalathil S, Khan MM, Lee J, Cho MH. Production of bioelectricity, bio-hydrogen, high value chemicals and bioinspired nanomaterials by electrochemically active biofilms. Biotechnol Adv. 2013;31:915-24.'},{id:"B99",body:'Kim I-S, Chae K-J, Choi M-J, Verstraete W. Microbial fuel cells: recent advances, bacterial communities and application beyond electricity generation. Environ Eng Res. 2008;13:51-65.'},{id:"B100",body:'Hu Z. Electricity generation by a baffle-chamber membraneless microbial fuel cell. J Power Sources. 2008;179:27-33.'},{id:"B101",body:'Shi CY. Mass flow and energy efficiency of municipal wastewater treatment plants. IWA Publishing; 2011.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Edward Kwaku Armah",address:"edwardkarmah@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, South Africa
Department of Chemical Engineering, Mangosuthu University of Technology, South Africa
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9921",type:"book",title:"Promising Techniques for Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Assessment",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Promising Techniques for Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Assessment",slug:"promising-techniques-for-wastewater-treatment-and-water-quality-assessment",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Iqbal Ahmed Moujdin and J. Kevin Summers",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9921.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-901-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-900-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-902-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"197244",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Iqbal",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"iqbal-ahmed",fullName:"Iqbal Ahmed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"245796",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Byrne",email:"jbnov@yahoo.com",fullName:"John Byrne",slug:"john-byrne",position:null,biography:"Dr. John Byrne has contributed to Working Group III of the United Nations-sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since 1992. Dr. Byrne is an advisor to the “Solar City Seoul” initiative, which is building 1 GWp of solar power on public buildings, parking facilities, and residential and commercial buildings. He is co-editor-in-chief of the invitation-only journal, WIREs Energy and Environment. He has published nineteen books and more than 170 research articles.",institutionString:"University of Delaware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245796/images/system/245796.jpeg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"University of Delaware",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"61197",title:"Diversifying Electricity Customer Choice: REVing Up the New York Energy Vision for Polycentric Innovation",slug:"diversifying-electricity-customer-choice-reving-up-the-new-york-energy-vision-for-polycentric-innova",abstract:"Electric utility business models are changing to integrate new technologies and distributed energy resources (DER). Diversifying energy mix and customer choices are both novel and useful in understanding key drivers of this transformation, including distribution system planning and customer-service options. Practical implementation of these solutions, however, shows that without proper planning, energy diversification could come at very high social and economic costs. For example, regulators have been slow in implementing policy, regulatory, and business model constructs that promote customer choice to animate high levels of grid reliability and resiliency. Equally important is how viable existing utility business models are to navigating transformation processes, including strategic resource management, revenue model, customer interface, and value propositions. This chapter discusses our use of the Hamel business model to offer strategic analysis of Reforming the Energy Vision (REV), which is aimed at decarbonizing New York’s energy sector and increasing customer choice and control. Specifically, we build from existing literature to argue that implementing distribution management systems (DMS) in which customer choice and DERs are prominent requires a shared or ‘polycentric,’ networked business-model innovations that build on competitive and comparative advantages of existing institutions to meet the growing demand for electricity services and utility strategic goals.",signatures:"Joseph Nyangon and John Byrne",authors:[{id:"225597",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Nyangon",fullName:"Joseph Nyangon",slug:"joseph-nyangon",email:"jnyangon@gmail.com"},{id:"245796",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Byrne",fullName:"John Byrne",slug:"john-byrne",email:"jbnov@yahoo.com"}],book:{id:"6525",title:"Energy Systems and Environment",slug:"energy-systems-and-environment",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"73728",title:"Introductory Chapter: Sustainable Energy Investment and the Transition to Renewable Energy-Powered Futures",slug:"introductory-chapter-sustainable-energy-investment-and-the-transition-to-renewable-energy-powered-fu",abstract:null,signatures:"Joseph Nyangon and John Byrne",authors:[{id:"225597",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Nyangon",fullName:"Joseph Nyangon",slug:"joseph-nyangon",email:"jnyangon@gmail.com"},{id:"245796",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Byrne",fullName:"John Byrne",slug:"john-byrne",email:"jbnov@yahoo.com"}],book:{id:"9430",title:"Sustainable Energy Investment",slug:"sustainable-energy-investment-technical-market-and-policy-innovations-to-address-risk",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"40845",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel G.",surname:"Neary",slug:"daniel-g.-neary",fullName:"Daniel G. Neary",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"220990",title:"Dr.",name:"Pengchong",surname:"Zhang",slug:"pengchong-zhang",fullName:"Pengchong Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"223329",title:"Dr.",name:"Swapan",surname:"Suman",slug:"swapan-suman",fullName:"Swapan Suman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"225415",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hao",surname:"Yu",slug:"hao-yu",fullName:"Hao Yu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"225417",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei Deng",surname:"Solvang",slug:"wei-deng-solvang",fullName:"Wei Deng Solvang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"226757",title:"Prof.",name:"Fatma Deniz",surname:"Ozturk",slug:"fatma-deniz-ozturk",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Ozturk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"226801",title:"Prof.",name:"Mikhail",surname:"Sorin",slug:"mikhail-sorin",fullName:"Mikhail Sorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"226805",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Khennich",slug:"mohammed-khennich",fullName:"Mohammed Khennich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"228586",title:"Dr.",name:"Cleonilson",surname:"Souza",slug:"cleonilson-souza",fullName:"Cleonilson Souza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"231044",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisabeth",surname:"Román",slug:"elisabeth-roman",fullName:"Elisabeth Román",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12717},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1017},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17720}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134177},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07e8cf78550507643fbcf71a6a9d48b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jacome Bruges Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11566",title:"Periodontology - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"75ef2eae3087ec0c7f2076cc64e2cfc3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jaime Bustos-Martínez and Dr. Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mihaela Laura Vica",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Seyyed Shamsadin Athari and Dr. Entezar Mehrabi Nasab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11583",title:"Parkinson’s Disease - Animal Models, Current Therapies and Clinical Trials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"99788a4a7f9ee0b4de55de293a2ed3d0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Sarat Chandra Yenisetti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11583.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"181774",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarat Chandra",surname:"Yenisetti",slug:"sarat-chandra-yenisetti",fullName:"Sarat Chandra Yenisetti"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11584",title:"Recent Advances in Distinctive Migraine Syndromes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44a6090845f971a215ddf013f1dc2027",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Theodoros Mavridis, Dr. Georgios Vavougios and Associate Prof. Dimos-Dimitrios Mitsikostas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11584.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320230",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",surname:"Mavridis",slug:"theodoros-mavridis",fullName:"Theodoros Mavridis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11587",title:"Updates on ADHD - New Approaches to Assessment and Intervention",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e0718a84e5fda7ed4287095c3ef27dae",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Celestino Rodríguez Pérez and Mrs. Debora Areces",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11587.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"85114",title:"Dr.",name:"Celestino",surname:"Rodríguez Pérez",slug:"celestino-rodriguez-perez",fullName:"Celestino Rodríguez Pérez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11588",title:"Autism Spectrum Disorders - Recent Advances and New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"934f063be3eacb5dd0902ae8bc622392",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Marco Carotenuto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11588.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"305627",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Carotenuto",slug:"marco-carotenuto",fullName:"Marco Carotenuto"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11590",title:"Updates in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8f5d69fff84a3687e5511bade9cc261",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera and Dr. José V Martínez Quiñones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11590.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:116},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:199},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4431},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1379",title:"Theriogenology",slug:"animal-science-theriogenology",parent:{id:"297",title:"Animal Science",slug:"animal-science"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:118,numberOfWosCitations:98,numberOfCrossrefCitations:73,numberOfDimensionsCitations:160,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1379",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6898",title:"Comparative Endocrinology of Animals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c615706c8e4220ea5a24d231947ac7a",slug:"comparative-endocrinology-of-animals",bookSignature:"Edward Narayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6898.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"185",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8c5b0152828cb1d252f0531fe4024fa",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",bookSignature:"Milad Manafi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/185.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"56772",title:"Dr.",name:"Milad",middleName:null,surname:"Manafi",slug:"milad-manafi",fullName:"Milad Manafi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"16107",doi:"10.5772/16563",title:"Effect of Cryopreservation on Sperm Quality and Fertility",slug:"effect-of-cryopreservation-on-sperm-quality-and-fertility",totalDownloads:15471,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:null,book:{id:"185",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Alemayehu Lemma",authors:[{id:"25594",title:"Dr.",name:"Alemayehu",middleName:null,surname:"Lemma",slug:"alemayehu-lemma",fullName:"Alemayehu Lemma"}]},{id:"16100",doi:"10.5772/16592",title:"Artificial Insemination in Pigs",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-pigs",totalDownloads:15245,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"185",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Maes Dominiek, Lopez Rodriguez Alfonso, Rijsselaere Tom, Vyt Philip and Van Soom Ann",authors:[{id:"25704",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominiek",middleName:null,surname:"Maes",slug:"dominiek-maes",fullName:"Dominiek Maes"},{id:"41076",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Lopéz Rodriguez",slug:"alfonso-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Alfonso Lopéz Rodriguez"},{id:"41077",title:"Dr.",name:"Tom",middleName:null,surname:"Rijsselaere",slug:"tom-rijsselaere",fullName:"Tom Rijsselaere"},{id:"41078",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Vyt",slug:"philip-vyt",fullName:"Philip Vyt"},{id:"41079",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Van Soom",slug:"ann-van-soom",fullName:"Ann Van Soom"}]},{id:"16096",doi:"10.5772/17943",title:"Artificial Insemination: Current and Future Trends",slug:"artificial-insemination-current-and-future-trends",totalDownloads:22425,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"185",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Jane M. Morrell",authors:[{id:"29913",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane M.",middleName:null,surname:"Morrell",slug:"jane-m.-morrell",fullName:"Jane M. Morrell"}]},{id:"68173",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86799",title:"A Review on the Influence of Climate Change on Sheep Reproduction",slug:"a-review-on-the-influence-of-climate-change-on-sheep-reproduction",totalDownloads:1252,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Increasing food and natural fibre production ensure food security for nearly 10 billion people, the projected global population in 2050, without causing further environmental damage can be achieved by transforming systems and adopting sustainable agriculture practices within a changing climate. Globally, climate change effects are having both direct and indirect effects on agricultural productivity including changing rainfall patterns, drought, flooding and the geographical redistribution of pests and diseases. Climate change induced heat stress is thus one of the complex factors making sheep management and husbandry challenging in many geographical locations in the world. Within the sheep industry, reproductive wastage (RW) is a major challenge throughout the varying breeding landscapes. Reproductive wastage is defined as the early losses of embryos undergoing natural and/or artificial breeding programs. Our previous research showed that heat stress (THI > 75) and elevated glucocorticoid levels (indexed using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites) are linked to embryo loss in Merino ewes. This mini review discusses how extreme variation in climate such as heat stress affects the maternal reproductive performance in the Merino sheep and the impacts on the wool industry. We provide recommendations to sheep producers for monitoring and managing the effects of heat stress on-farm.",book:{id:"6898",slug:"comparative-endocrinology-of-animals",title:"Comparative Endocrinology of Animals",fullTitle:"Comparative Endocrinology of Animals"},signatures:"Gregory Sawyer and Edward Jitik Narayan",authors:[{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan"},{id:"260924",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Sawyer",slug:"gregory-sawyer",fullName:"Gregory Sawyer"}]},{id:"16098",doi:"10.5772/16642",title:"Artificial Insemination of Sheep - Possibilities, Realities and Techniques at the Farm Level",slug:"artificial-insemination-of-sheep-possibilities-realities-and-techniques-at-the-farm-level",totalDownloads:11150,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"185",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Sandor Kukovics, Erzsebet Gyoker, Timea Nemeth and Elemer Gergatz",authors:[{id:"25894",title:"Prof.",name:"Sándor",middleName:null,surname:"Kukovics",slug:"sandor-kukovics",fullName:"Sándor Kukovics"},{id:"112137",title:"Dr.",name:"Timea",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"timea-nemeth",fullName:"Timea Németh"},{id:"112138",title:"Dr.",name:"Elemér",middleName:null,surname:"Gergátz",slug:"elemer-gergatz",fullName:"Elemér Gergátz"},{id:"112139",title:"Dr.",name:"Erzsébet",middleName:null,surname:"Gyökér",slug:"erzsebet-gyoker",fullName:"Erzsébet Gyökér"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70760",title:"Induction and Synchronization of Estrus",slug:"induction-and-synchronization-of-estrus",totalDownloads:1716,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Estrus cycle is a rhythmic change that occur in the reproductive system of females starting from one estrus phase to another. The normal duration of estrus cycle is 21 days in cow, sow, and mare, 17 days in ewe, and 20 days in doe. The species which exhibit a single estrus cycle are known as monstrous and species which come into estrus twice or more are termed polyestrous animals. Among them some species have estrus cycles in a particular season and defined as seasonal polyestrous. It includes goats, sheep, and horses. On the other hand, cattle undergo estrus throughout the year. The estrus inducers can grossly be divided into two parts, that is, non-hormonal and hormonal. Non-hormonal treatments include plant-derived heat inducers, mineral supplementation, uterine and ovarian massage, and use of Lugol’s iodine. The hormones that are used in estrus induction are estrogen, progesterone, GnRH, prostaglandin, insulin, and anti-prolactin-based treatment. Synchronization can shorten the breeding period to less than 5 days, instead of females being bred over a 21-day period, depending on the treatment regimen. The combination of GnRH with the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)- and progesterone-based synchronization program has shown a novel direction in the estrus synchronization of cattle with the follicular development manipulation.",book:{id:"8545",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Prasanna Pal and Mohammad Rayees Dar",authors:[{id:"299126",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Rayees",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mohammad-rayees-dar",fullName:"Mohammad Rayees Dar"},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal"}]},{id:"16102",title:"Sperm Preparation Techniques for Artificial Insemination - Comparison of Sperm Washing, Swim Up, and Density Gradient Centrifugation Methods",slug:"sperm-preparation-techniques-for-artificial-insemination-comparison-of-sperm-washing-swim-up-and-den",totalDownloads:30025,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"185",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Ilaria Natali",authors:[{id:"27026",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilaria",middleName:null,surname:"Natali",slug:"ilaria-natali",fullName:"Ilaria Natali"}]},{id:"71105",title:"Understanding Sow Sexual Behavior and the Application of the Boar Pheromone to Stimulate Sow Reproduction",slug:"understanding-sow-sexual-behavior-and-the-application-of-the-boar-pheromone-to-stimulate-sow-reprodu",totalDownloads:1168,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, we review the sexual behavior of domestic pigs, and the visible or measurable anatomical features of the pig that will contribute to detecting sows in estrus. We also summarize olfactory organs, and the effects of a sexual pheromone on pig’s biology and sow reproductive performance. We discuss the role of a live boar in the heat detection where the female is in breeding crates. However, there is an increasing interest in being able to breed sows without a boar present. Farm workers must be trained on the fine points of estrus detection so that they can work in a safe and productive setting. After a review of olfactory biology of the pig, the chapter explains how new pheromonal technology, such as BOARBETTER®, aids in the process of heat detection with or without a live boar. To achieve reproductive success, the persons breeding must assimilate all fine points of pig sexual behavior and possess a clear understanding of what they should be looking for in each sow they expect to breed.",book:{id:"8545",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"John J. McGlone, Edgar O. Aviles-Rosa, Courtney Archer, Meyer M. Wilson, Karlee D. Jones, Elaina M. Matthews, Amanda A. Gonzalez and Erica Reyes",authors:[{id:"311962",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"McGlone",slug:"john-mcglone",fullName:"John McGlone"},{id:"315592",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Aviles-Rosa",slug:"edgar-aviles-rosa",fullName:"Edgar Aviles-Rosa"},{id:"315595",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Archer",slug:"courtney-archer",fullName:"Courtney Archer"},{id:"315596",title:"Ms.",name:"Meyer",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"meyer-wilson",fullName:"Meyer Wilson"},{id:"315597",title:"Ms.",name:"Karlee",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",slug:"karlee-jones",fullName:"Karlee Jones"},{id:"315598",title:"Ms.",name:"Elaina",middleName:null,surname:"Mathews",slug:"elaina-mathews",fullName:"Elaina Mathews"},{id:"315599",title:"Ms.",name:"Erica",middleName:"Leighann",surname:"Reyes",slug:"erica-reyes",fullName:"Erica Reyes"},{id:"315600",title:"MSc.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"amanda-gonzalez",fullName:"Amanda Gonzalez"}]},{id:"16099",title:"Artificial Insemination in Dogs",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-dogs",totalDownloads:40129,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"185",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Rita Payan-Carreira, Sonia Miranda and Wojciech Nizanski",authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"},{id:"41065",title:"Dr.",name:"Sónia",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",slug:"sonia-miranda",fullName:"Sónia Miranda"},{id:"62597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Nizanski",slug:"wojciech-nizanski",fullName:"Wojciech Nizanski"}]},{id:"73116",title:"Bovine Mastitis: Part I",slug:"bovine-mastitis-part-i",totalDownloads:802,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Bovine mastitis is one of the most important bacterial diseases of dairy cattle throughout the world. Mastitis is responsible for great economic losses to the dairy producer and to the milk processing industry resulting from reduced milk production, alterations in milk composition, discarded milk, increased replacement costs, extra labor, treatment costs, and veterinary services. Economic losses due to bovine mastitis are estimated to be $2 billion in the United States, $400 million in Canada (Canadian Bovine Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Network-CBMQRN) and $130 million in Australia per year. Many factors can influence the development of mastitis; however, inflammation of the mammary gland is usually a consequence of adhesion, invasion, and colonization of the mammary gland by one or more mastitis pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli.",book:{id:"8545",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",authors:[{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1379",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82096",title:"An Important Component of Tumor Progression: Fatty Acids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105087",signatures:"Jin Wang, Qifei Wang and Guangzhen Wu",slug:"an-important-component-of-tumor-progression-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82029",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzimidazole Amide Derivatives Bearing Thiophene Moiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104908",signatures:"Vinayak Adimule, Pravin Kendrekar and Sheetal Batakurki",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-novel-benzimidazole-amide-derivatives-bea",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:13,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:15,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. Reviews on specialized areas of animal science are also welcome.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:349,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78503",title:"Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99569",signatures:"Thomas Rohwedder",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-canine-elbow-joint",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78018",title:"Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99162",signatures:"Gabriel Alexis S.P. Tubalinal, Leonard Paulo G. Lucero, Jim Andreus V. Mangahas, Marvin A. Villanueva and Claro N. Mingala",slug:"application-of-noble-metals-in-the-advances-in-animal-disease-diagnostics",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77455",title:"Marek’s Disease Is a Threat for Large Scale Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98939",signatures:"Wojciech Kozdruń, Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk and Natalia Styś-Fijoł",slug:"marek-s-disease-is-a-threat-for-large-scale-poultry-production",totalDownloads:261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"74655",title:"Taxon-Specific Pair Bonding in Gibbons (Hylobatidae)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95270",signatures:"Thomas Geissmann, Simone Rosenkranz-Weck, Judith J.G.M. Van Der Loo and Mathias Orgeldinger",slug:"taxon-specific-pair-bonding-in-gibbons-hylobatidae",totalDownloads:396,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.png",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/4592",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"4592"},fullPath:"/chapters/4592",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()