\r\n\t
\r\n\tContamination with biomedical waste and its impact on the environment are global concerns. Biomedical waste that has not been collected and disposed in accordance with the regulations can become a total environmental hazard and cause negative impact on human health and the environment. Medical centers including hospitals, clinics, and places where diagnosis and treatment are conducted generate waste that is highly hazardous and put people under risk of fatal diseases. On the other hand, food waste is commonly produced in all the steps of food life cycle, such as during agricultural production, industrial manufacturing, processing and distribution, and is even consumer-generated within private households. Food waste mostly contains high-value components such as phytochemicals, proteins, flavor compounds, polysaccharides, and fibers, which can be reused as nutraceuticals and functional ingredients. Adsorption is a practicable separation method for purification, along with bulk separation where surface characteristics and pore structures are the main properties in determining equilibrium rate. Managing waste materials on the whole is often unsatisfactory, especially in developing countries, and the unreasonable disposal of waste is a major issue worldwide.
\r\n\tThe following issues will be of particular interest for this book: effects of waste on environment and health, biomedical waste - storage, management, treatment, and disposal, biomedical waste contamination, food waste, potential applications of low-cost sorbents in agricultural and food sectors, biosorbents and bioadsorbents, adsorption of modified agricultural and biological wastes (biosorption), compounds recovered from food waste, and agricultural and food waste-derived sorbents.
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It is widely used in industries and is an important thermosetting resin adhesive [1, 2]. ERA is a thermosetting adhesive with strong adhesion, high cohesion, low shrinkage, low cost and low creep rate. It can be used for several materials, such as metal, cement and wood; thus, it is referred to as a ‘universal and strong’ glue [3]. It has a history of more than 70 years. The molecular end of epoxy resin is connected with epoxy groups. During curing, hydroxyl and ether bonds are formed, and the structure contains benzene or heterocyclic rings. Due to the presence of epoxy groups, hydroxyl groups, ether bonds, ester groups and other polar groups, it has a strong bonding effect on many substances other than non-polar polymers [4]. After the epoxy-based adhesive is cured, it forms a complex three-dimensional (3D) network structure with strong cohesion. The epoxy-based adhesive hardly generates low-molecular products during curing, has a small linear expansion coefficient, stable dimensions, small internal stress and better bonding strength. Epoxy-based adhesives meet the requirements of structural adhesives, but they also have some shortcomings. Because the curing process of epoxy-based adhesives needs a higher temperature, and it contains many rigid groups, such as a benzene or heterocyclic ring, the flexibility of the molecular chain is minimal [5]. Besides, after cross-linking to form a network structure, the deformability is further weakened, showing strong brittleness, which results in low bonding strength, poor impact strength, delamination and easy cracking resulting of epoxy-based adhesives [3]. Meanwhile, its flame retardancy is poor. As a structural adhesive, it is expected to cure quickly, have higher heat resistance and flame retardancy. Therefore, epoxy-based adhesives must be modified to expand its scope of application. This study mainly introduces the curing, heat resistance, toughening and flame-retardant modification of epoxy-based adhesives and their application in different fields.
As a thermosetting adhesive, ERA must be cured at high temperatures. However, for industrial applications, it must be cured at room temperature [6, 7], so the importance of developing curing agents for epoxy-based adhesive cured at room temperature is self-evident. Especially, room-temperature fast-curing epoxy adhesives can be used in aerospace and marine engineering applications, as well as in traditional manufacturing and daily life [8, 9], because of their fast-curing speed, high strength and strong durability [10]. With the continuous development of curing agents, room-temperature fast-curing ERAs as chemical products have become indispensable in the manufacturing industry [11]. The room-temperature curing of ERAs is an energy-saving curing method. The curing process is simple, and it is suitable for various curing situations that do not require heating.
According to the curing temperature, epoxy-based adhesive curing agents can be divided into amines, acid anhydrides, synthetic resins and latent curing agents by different chemical components. Among them, amine-curing agents are often used in ambient curing at room temperature [12]. Amine-curing agents are the earliest room-temperature curing agent used. It adheres excellently to most adherents. However, amine-curing agents have high volatility and toxicity and have strong water and carbon dioxide absorption abilities. The cured surface is prone to whitening and blistering [13]. Among the amine-curing agents, there are mainly polyamides, aliphatic amines, alicyclic amines. In industrial applications, curing agents, such as aliphatic amines, polyamides and alicyclic amines, are often used [14].
As one commonly used curing agent, polyamide accounts for more than 30% of the total epoxy resin-curing agents. It is mainly made of dimers or unsaturated fatty acids and polyamine as raw materials and forms amide bonds through dehydration condensation [15]. Among them, the dimerised fatty acid polyamide can overcome the shortcomings of epoxy-based adhesives’ fragility and has low toxicity, good workability and high-paint film adhesion [16]. Modifying the polyamide-curing agent can effectively improve the properties of epoxy resins. For example, Bryan et al. [17] used polyamide and phthalic anhydride as the curing agent of epoxy resin to improve the curing rate at room temperature. Gholipour et al. [18] improved the thermal properties of epoxy resins by preparing polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer-curing agents grafted with graphene oxide.
The amount of aliphatic amine-curing agents in various curing agents is second only to polyamide because most are liquid and have good miscibility with epoxy resin. Epoxy resin can be cured at room temperature. Modifying the aliphatic amine-curing agent can effectively improve the mechanical properties of epoxy resin. For example, Patel et al. [19] brominated unsaturated castor oil, which was the main raw material, and reacted the resulting material with excess aliphatic diamines, such as ethylenediamine, 1,3-propanediamine and 1,6-hexanediamine, to obtain an amino-functionalised castor-oil-curing agent to improve the mechanical strength of epoxy resins. Wan et al. [20] synthesised a novel low-volatility star aliphatic polyamine with extremely high-NH2 functional groups as the curing agent of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether epoxy resin. The novel curing agent has a high reaction activity, and the reaction has autocatalytic properties. Additionally, compared with linear propylene diamine, it can significantly increase the crosslinking density and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the cured epoxy resin.
Alicyclic amines are amine compounds containing alicyclic rings. The alicyclic amine-curing agent has many spatial conformations and good flexibility. Most alicyclic amines are low-viscosity liquids with long pot life and excellent chroma and gloss. Alicyclic polyamine compounds are widely used as curing agents for epoxy-resin adhesives and other structure adhesives because the molecular structure contains alicyclic rings (five-membered or six-membered rings) with higher stiffness and better stability. Xu et al. [21] used alicyclic polyamines and acrylonitrile to synthesise the curing agent to improve the bonding strength of epoxy-resin-based adhesives.
ERAs can withstand high temperatures up to 175°C and are compatible with all common reinforcement materials. A higher-temperature-resistant ERA can be essentially applied in many fields. In addition to having high-temperature-resistant properties, it can also show strong properties in many aspects, such as high-temperature-resistant epoxy. It has excellent mechanical properties, relatively outstanding strength and has good corrosion resistance and insulation properties [22, 23]. Therefore, research on high-temperature-resistant ERA is extremely necessary. There are two main measures in implementing the modification of high-temperature ERA. The first measure entails introducing new structures into the epoxy resin itself to improve its high-temperature properties. The second measure is blending or co-polymerisation to modify the high-temperature epoxy resin.
The modification treatment of high-temperature-resistant ERA is mainly performed to promote the structure of ERA to be changed to a certain extent. It is more common to improve the high-temperature resistance effect by introducing new structures. This method for introducing a new structure through the epoxy resin also involves many types of processing in actual implementation. For example, the effective use of multifunctional structures can promote the formation of ring structures [24]. The functionality of the epoxy-resin structure increases, which can promote the stability and cross-linking density of the corresponding structure and finally effectively enhance the high-temperature resistance of the epoxy resin. Furthermore, introducing rigid groups that have a good high-temperature resistance effect can promote the epoxy resin to show excellent performance, such as benzene ring, fused ring and biphenyl are some of the more commonly used rigid groups [25]. Moreover, Bismaleimide and epoxy resin may form an interpenetrating network or two-phase system during the polymerisation process, which improves the toughness and heat resistance of the epoxy resin [26].
Luo et al. [27] modified bisphenol A epoxy resin with bismaleimide and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone to produce a two-component high-strength bismaleimide modified epoxy-based adhesive with high cross-linking. The viscosity of the adhesive gradually decreases as temperature increases and can maintain good mechanical properties and storage stability. Cheng et al. [28] used 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene and epi-chlorohydrin as raw materials to synthesise an epoxy-resin-based adhesive containing a naphthalene ring structure. Also, Yang et al. [29] used 1-naphthol and dicyclopentadiene as the main raw materials to synthesise an ERA containing naphthalene ring and dicyclopentadiene structure. The results show that the ERA has a higher heat resistance than the bisphenol A epoxy resin.
The blending and co-polymerisation methods can effectively and mainly help select an ideal material and ERA for effective combination to ensure greater high-temperature-resistant properties. Combined with the specific application and implementation of these methods, the requirements for specific blended or co-polymerised materials are relatively strict [6]. For example, the appropriate use of heat-resistant polymers, nano-materials and silicones can achieve ideal modifications. The treatment effect improves the heat resistance of the epoxy resin; besides, it can also guarantee its toughness or strength to be ideally optimised. Zhang et al. [30] modified ordinary bisphenol A epoxy resin with organic silicon active intermediates, added nitrile-40 and nano-TiO2 active fillers to toughen and strengthen the resin. The results showed that the modified ERA that could be cured at room temperature, used for a long time at 250°C and can withstand 300°C for a short period has been developed. Hu et al. [31] used polymethyltriethoxysilane (PTS) to react with a synthetic phosphorus-containing silane coupling agent in a certain ratio to modify the bisphenol A epoxy resin. The modified ERA retained its tensile strength. However, the Tg, high-temperature thermal stability, impact strength and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were all improved. Ramirez et al. [32] combined epoxycyclohexyldimethylsilyl with the curing agent 4,4′-(1,3-phenylene diisopropylidene) diphenylamine after coordination. Due to the dispersion of the heat-resistant epoxycyclohexyldimethylsilyl in the ERA, the silicon oxide compound formed during the thermal decomposition process deposited on the surface of the unburned polymer, partially forming a protective layer, slowing down the heat transfer to a certain extent and inhibiting the flammability as the gas volatilises, thereby preventing the mixture of flammable gas and oxygen.
ERAs are cost-effective and have simple moulding and processing methods, low chemical shrinkage after curing, good chemical stability, excellent mechanical properties and good bonding properties [33]. However, due to several epoxy groups, the cured structure has a high chemical cross-link density, low-molecular chain flexibility and high internal stress, resulting in greater brittleness, poor impact resistance and fatigue resistance of the ERA. It limits its application and development in some high-tech fields that require high durability and reliability.
ERA has good compatibility with rubber and other elastomers. After the rubber is dissolved in the uncured epoxy-resin matrix, the ERA undergoes a curing reaction, separates from the rubber and is dispersed in the resin to form a ‘sea island’ structure, thereby improving the toughness of the epoxy resin [34]. The rubber molecules containing no reactive groups cannot react with epoxy resin and will precipitate out during curing, which has a toughening effect. However, if excessively added, it weakens the adhesion of the bonding interface. Therefore, rubber molecules with active groups are generally used to modify and toughen epoxy resins. Carboxyl-terminated liquid nitrile rubber (CTBN) and amino-terminated liquid nitrile rubber (ATBN) have been widely mixed with epoxy resins to improve their toughness. For example, Wang et al. [35] used CTBN and ERA to prepare a structural adhesive with high shear and excellent peel strength. Meanwhile, to adapt to the application in different fields and improve the toughness of the cured ERA, flexible segments are often introduced into the curing agent to control its physical and chemical properties. Lou et al. [36] used dendritic polyester polyol as the branching unit and toughening segment and imidazole-terminated diisocyanate as a functional group to synthesise a functional toughening-curing agent to improve the toughness of ERAs. In the initial curing stage, several secondary hydroxyl groups react with the isocyanate groups to form a dendritic epoxy structure, and the bisphenol A epoxy molecule acts as a long-chain polyol to react with the dendritic epoxy structure. Simultaneously, the epoxy group opens a ring to form a secondary hydroxyl group and continuously reacts with the isocyanate group in the cross-linking structure. Furthermore, NH- existing in the carbamate reacts with the epoxy group, thereby obtaining an epoxy resin-curing cross-linking system with a 3D dendritic cross-linking structure. Thus, the toughness of epoxy resin has been greatly improved. Meanwhile, Zheng et al. [37] studied the toughening effect of nano-SiO2 on cycloaliphatic epoxy systems. They used nano-silica to improve the toughness of cycloaliphatic ERA. The coupling agent γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-560) was used to modify the surface properties of SiO2. The results show that adding nano-SiO2 effectively improves the toughness and thermal stability of the cycloaliphatic ERA.
ERAs have been widely used due to their excellent properties [38]. However, the conventional ERA is formed from reacting bisphenol A and epi-chlorohydrin [39]. It is flammable when cured, which could cause a high fire risk when ERAs are used in certain applications, such as printed manufacture, furniture, aircraft and train interiors [40]. Serious consequences could occur due to the high release rate of heat and smoke accompanied by the combustion of epoxy resins. Therefore, it is very important to enhance the flame retardancy of ERA for expanding their application in this field. Many studies have reported improving the flame retardancy of epoxy resins via structural modification or adding various flame retardants [41, 42]. Structural modification introduces the elements with flame-retardant functions into the molecular structure of ERAs. The representative of structural modification is brominated ERA, which is the reaction product of epi-chlorohydrin and brominated bisphenol A, such as tetrabromo diphenylolpropane. The brominated ERA has an outstanding flame ignition resistance, whereas the bromine content is ~18–20% in the finished adhesive. When the product is thermally decomposed at the temperature generated in the fire, it will release acid halide gas, which protects the product from fire. These halide gases act as extinguishers to significantly increase the ignition temperature of the cured ERA. The addition of flame retardants in ERA shows good properties, such as simple processing, low cost, wide source of raw materials and obvious flame-retardant effect. It is one of the most popular strategies for flame-retardant modification of ERA. Flame retardants could be an integral part of the ERA by reacting chemically with the polymers or simply mixed with the ERA without any reaction. All kinds of flame retardants work by acting chemically and/or physically either in the vapour phase and/or condensed phase to interfere with the combustion process during heating, pyrolysis, ignition or flame spread [43]. The types of flame retardants and their operating characteristics are described as follows [38]: (1) char formers: usually, phosphorus compounds, which remove the carbon fuel source and provide an insulation layer against the fire’s heat. (2) Heat absorbers: usually metal hydrates, such as aluminium trihydrate (ATH) or magnesium hydroxide, which remove heat by evaporating the water in their structure. (3) Flame quenchers: usually, bromine- or chlorine-based halogen systems that interfere with the reactions in a flame. (4) synergists: Usually, antimony compounds, which enhance the performance of the flame quencher. The flame-retarding action of ERA could be divided into physical and chemical actions. Physical action includes cooling, barrier action via the formed protective layer and fuel dilution. For the cooling action, flame retardants absorb the heat when they decompose, and the endothermic decomposition may consume the released heat from the combustion of ERA, then the burning adhesive is cooled. Generally, most inorganic-hydrated compounds, such as aluminium and magnesium hydroxides, may play a role via this mode. For the barrier action, the decomposition products of some flame retardants shield the surface of the adhesive and form a protective layer that may act as a barrier to resist oxygen and the produced heat. Consequently, the burning process is difficult to sustain. For fuel dilution, some flame retardants may release water vapour, carbon dioxide, or other inert gases, thereby decreasing the concentration of free radicals and combustible gases in the burning adhesive. Chemical action includes gas-phase and condensed-phase reactions. The gas-phase reaction mechanism is generally regarded as the interruption of the chain reaction of the ERA structural system during burning. The flame retardant that provides the flame-retarding action via the gas-phase reaction action may capture free radicals to decrease the concentration of free radicals than the combustion threshold and then prevent or delay burning, in which halogen-containing flame retardants are the most representative. During burning, the halogen-containing flame retardants release the hydrogen halide, which may react with the free radicals formed during burning to inhibit the combustion of substrates. For the condensed-phase reaction, the flame retardant that provides the flame-retarding action via the condensed-phase reaction may promote the formation of a carbonised or vitreous layer by cross-linking, aromatising, catalytic dehydration of polymers or reacting with the ERA. In this flame-retardant mode, intumescent flame retardants may form an intumescent char layer by some chemical reactions during burning, and generally, the formed char layer may promote the barrier action and improve the flame retardancy of the ERA. Furthermore, some flame retardants can accelerate the rupture of the chains of the ERA, and several droplets are produced under this condition. Then, a large amount of heat may be taken away when these droplets move away from the burning zone [44]. Flame retardants can be classified into several families, including halogen-based compounds, phosphorus-based compounds, silicon-based compounds, nano-composites and metal-based compounds. Among them, halogen-based and phosphorus-based flame retardants are widely used.
For halogen-containing flame retardants, the flammability of ERA can be greatly reduced by incorporating a halogen into the molecule. The best known are the halogen-containing ERAs based on chlorinated, brominated and fluorinated bisphenol A. They often comprise blends of two or more epoxy-resin systems, one of which is a halogenated resin, and the other of which perhaps contains a halogenated curing agent, such as chloric anhydride. These halogen-containing ERAs have been developed over decades and are still used widely due to the obvious advantages of low cost, processability, miscibility and low reduction in physical/mechanical features of the flame-retardant systems. Halogen-containing flame retardants function by liberating acid halide gases as the product thermally breaks down at the high temperatures incurred in a fire. These halide gases act as extinguishers to significantly increase the ignition temperature of the cured ERA. The mechanism of these flame retardants is the release of hydrogen halides (HCl and HBr) during the thermal decomposition of the ERA. The chemical reaction during burning is a free radical chain reaction, and the continuous growth of free radicals is important for maintaining the burning process for the ERA. Several chemical halide intermediates form during the burning of ERAs. These halide species are carried into the flame front of the burning polymer where they inhibit key free radical reactions of combustion. This inhibition results in flames becoming unsteady and extinguishing and lowers the release of heat overall [10, 11]. Generally, alicyclic or aliphatic halogen-containing flame retardants are more efficient than aromatic halogen compounds. Alicyclic or aliphatic halogen-containing flame retardants burn at low temperatures for most polyolefins because of lower carbon-halogen bond energies and easier halogen release [45]. Beach et al. [46] synthesised brominated polybutadiene-polystyrene (BrPBPS) flame retardant from styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock architecture by bromination. The BrPBPS flame retardant contains similar aliphatic bromine as in hexabromocyclododecane, but with a higher-molecular-weight structure. It provides similar flame-retardant activity as hexabromocyclododecane in polystyrene blends, where both release HBr to provide the gas-phase activity. Both also provide enhanced ERA degradation as another major pathway for condensed flame-retardant activity. Jiang et al. [47] added BrPBPS into epoxy asphalt adhesive to enhance its flame resistance. Meanwhile, the Tg of the epoxy asphalt adhesive was notably enhanced with the inclusion of BrPBPS. Wu et al. [48] synthesised liquid-oxygen-compatible bromine-containing ERA by the polycondensation of tetrabromobisphenol A and epoxy resins. The bromine element was introduced into the ERA to improve the liquid oxygen compatibility and enhance flame retardancy. The results showed that limiting oxygen index increased drastically when the bromine content was increased from 0% to 21.20%.
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants are identified as one of the most promising halogen-free flame retardants [49, 50] since they possess excellent properties, such as low-smoke emission, low toxicity, form a stable carbonised layer after burning effectively [44, 46, 51, 52] and are environmentally friendly [35]. For preparing organophosphorus epoxides-based adhesive, three general methods were employed. First, the condensation of 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane and organophosphorus compounds containing two or more hydroxyl groups. Second, the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction of phosphites with 1-halogeno-2,3-epoxypropanes. Finally, the epoxidation of tertiary phosphine oxides by peroxy acids [53]. Phosphorus-containing flame retardants can be generally classified into three categories: (1) simple reactive phosphate monomers; (2) linear polyphosphazenes; (3) aromatic cyclic phosphazenes. They may be integrated into the ERA chains through co-polymerisation, homo-polymerisation, surface modification or blending; simple inorganic or organic additives are excluded [25, 53, 54, 55]. During the burning of ERAs, most of the current phosphorus-containing flame retardants may act simultaneously in the condensed and gaseous phases [56]. In the condensed phase, phosphorous-containing flame retardants can make the amount of carbonaceous residue or char, which acts as the thermal insulation, and a barrier of oxygen to transfer to the burning adhesive increase. Afterwards, a carbonised layer is formed. The carbonised layer prevents further pyrolysis of the corresponding ERA [57]. In the gaseous phase, some phosphorus-based additive flame retardants may produce several free radicals during the thermal decomposition process, and they may react with the free radicals which are generated from the ERA. Then, the free-radicals-supported combustion of polymers might be stopped due to the lack of fuel [58, 59, 60]. Wazarkar et al. [61] synthesised phosphorus–sulphur-containing di and tetra functional carboxyl curing agents and used them in preparing high-performance ERA and coating. The anticorrosive and flame-retardant properties of the adhesives and coatings were improved as the concentration of the flame-retardant-curing agents increased, and they exhibited excellent mechanical and chemical properties and thermal stability. Ma et al. [62] synthesised a phosphorus-containing bio-based ERA from itaconic acid and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. As the matrix, its cured epoxy network with methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride as the curing agent showed comparable Tg and mechanical properties to diglycidyl ether in a bisphenol A system, as well as good flame retardancy with UL94 V-0 grade during a vertical burning test.
ERA is often used mainly because it has the advantages of low-temperature curing, good bonding performance and improved engineering efficiency. ERAs are usually used for metal bonding, concrete bonding and wood adhesive.
Several studies have been conducted on the use of ERAs for metal bonding. In a previous study, polyurethane 1,2-polyethylene oxide was first cured onto the metal surface and then used 1,1-polyoxyethylene ether. The adhesive adheres the polyurethane resin material to the metal [63]. Subsequently, another study prepared a novel high-temperature curing epoxy adhesive using polysulfone as a raw material. Studies have shown that the tackifier resin accelerates the bonding of ERA and steel and promotes the bonding and vulcanisation of fluorine rubber [64]. Uehara et al. [65] prepared a monolithic ERA layer with a porous structure on the surface of a stainless steel (SUS) plate through a polymerisation-induced phase separation process, as a mediator for bonding SUS and various thermoplastic resin plates. The research results show that the bond strength of the apparent bond area between SUS and ERA is two to three times higher than those for direct metal-resin bonding.
Concrete is the most widely used worldwide building material. Traditional cement is used as a binding material for concrete. Cement concrete also has some shortcomings, such as low tensile and flexural strength, high porosity, low durability and abrasion resistance and longer solidification time. The mechanism of epoxy concrete is such that ERA forms a 3D structure through cross-linking in the combination of masonry mortar and concrete [66]. Afterwards, the ERA particles are dispersed into the system. Then, a part of the adhesive particles settle on the surface of the aggregate particles and participate in the cross-linking reaction. Finally, the ERA particles form a cured network structure, and the aggregates are bonded in the cured epoxy network structure. In ERA/mortar/concrete composites, the adhesive network forms a bridge between aggregates, so that the epoxy-based composites have higher mechanical properties and impermeability [67]. Also, it was found that the resin bond concrete has great advantages in the manufacture of machine tool beds. Kim et al. [68] studied ERA as the matrix material of resin concrete. The reinforced aggregate of resin concrete comprises pebbles and sand. The results showed that when the mass fraction of resin in the resin concrete is 7.5%, the thermal expansion coefficient of the resin concrete is the same as that of cast iron. In this case, the specific heat of resin concrete is 63% larger than that of cast iron. Beutel et al. [69] added epoxy resin-based adhesive concrete and coarse aggregate to the mixture and found that adding the aggregate did not affect the strength of the mixture. Additionally, the specimens exhibited much higher tensile and flexural strength than ordinary concrete, and the compressive strength was similar to ordinary high-strength concrete.
Lei et al. [70] modified soy protein isolate with a surfactant grafted with maleic anhydride and blended with epoxy resin to prepare wood adhesives with higher bonding strength and good water resistance. Zhang et al. [71, 72, 73] prepared wood adhesive with good water and heat resistance by the co-polycondensation of tannin or lignin or starch with furfuryl alcohol and blending with epoxy resin. After bonding with wood, the adhesive was cured at high temperature under pressing to prepare a wood-based panel. After testing, the material showed good shear strength.
Although research activities on modifying ERAs have greatly progressed, several problems still need urgent resolution. For example, most of the toughening methods of ERAs are at the expense of the rigidity and strength of the modified product, and it is difficult to increase the toughness and strength of the ERA simultaneously. The ERA modified with rubber or nano-particles, due to the large specific surface area of nano-particles or rubber, is very easy to agglomerate. Therefore, how to uniformly disperse it in the ERA system to obtain a reinforced and toughened high-performance ERA remains an important research topic. Therefore, the future development direction of ERAs should be towards low-temperature fast curing, high performance, green environmental protection and multifunctional development. ERAs have developed in a more stable, safe and scientific direction.
This work was supported by The Yunnan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 202101AT070038, 2018FG001095), and the Yunnan Provincial Youth top talent project (YNWR-QNBJ-2020-166) and Youth talent support project and Middle-age Reserve Talents of Academic and Technical Leaders (2019HB026) and the 111 project (D21027).
The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest.
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Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"27687",doi:"10.5772/29869",title:"Heavy Metals and Human Health",slug:"heavy-metals-and-human-health",totalDownloads:18932,totalCrossrefCites:81,totalDimensionsCites:187,abstract:null,book:{id:"1012",slug:"environmental-health-emerging-issues-and-practice",title:"Environmental Health",fullTitle:"Environmental Health - Emerging Issues and Practice"},signatures:"Simone Morais, Fernando Garcia e Costa and Maria de Lourdes Pereira",authors:[{id:"13875",title:"Prof.",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Morais",slug:"simone-morais",fullName:"Simone Morais"},{id:"79715",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-pereira",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Pereira"},{id:"87294",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia E Costa",slug:"fernando-garcia-e-costa",fullName:"Fernando Garcia E Costa"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64851",title:"Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicines-in-african-traditional-medicine",totalDownloads:14020,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:"African traditional medicine is a form of holistic health care system organized into three levels of specialty, namely divination, spiritualism, and herbalism. The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts. The adjustment is ok, but may be replaced with –‘ Herbal medicine was once termed primitive by western medicine but through scientific investigations there is a better understanding of its therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from it. Major obstacles to the use of African medicinal plants are their poor quality control and safety. Traditional medical practices are still shrouded with much secrecy, with few reports or documentations of adverse reactions. However, the future of African traditional medicine is bright if viewed in the context of service provision, increase of health care coverage, economic potential, and poverty reduction. Formal recognition and integration of traditional medicine into conventional medicine will hold much promise for the future.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"76640",title:"Control of Clinical Laboratory Errors by FMEA Model",slug:"control-of-clinical-laboratory-errors-by-fmea-model",totalDownloads:1118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Patient safety is an aim for clinical applications and is a fundamental principle of healthcare and quality management. The main global health organizations have incorporated patient safety in their review of work practices. The data provided by the medical laboratories have a direct impact on patient safety and a fault in any of processes such as strategic, operational and support, could affect it. To provide appreciate and reliable data to the physicians, it is important to emphasize the need to design risk management plan in the laboratory. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient technique for error detection and reduction. Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) licensed a technical specification for medical laboratories suggesting FMEA as a method for prospective risk analysis of high-risk processes. FMEA model helps to identify quality failures, their effects and risks with their reduction/elimination, which depends on severity, probability and detection. Applying FMEA in clinical approaches can lead to a significant reduction of the risk priority number (RPN).",book:{id:"9808",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 1"},signatures:"Hoda Sabati, Amin Mohsenzadeh and Nooshin Khelghati",authors:[{id:"340486",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Sabati",slug:"hoda-sabati",fullName:"Hoda Sabati"},{id:"348872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohsenzadeh",slug:"amin-mohsenzadeh",fullName:"Amin Mohsenzadeh"},{id:"348874",title:"MSc.",name:"Nooshin",middleName:null,surname:"Khelghati",slug:"nooshin-khelghati",fullName:"Nooshin Khelghati"}]},{id:"64762",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:10122,totalCrossrefCites:91,totalDimensionsCites:219,abstract:"Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:5761,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:31045,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"3",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81532",title:"Ethnobotany",slug:"ethnobotany",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104754",abstract:"Ethnobotany is a life science which studies the interaction between human beings and flora in particular and broadly deals with the investigations, observations, and identifications of botanical diversity used for the prevention and treatment of human and livestock ailments. The current chapter reviews the history and development of ethnobotany and the involvement of this branch of science in the innovation and derivation of drug products which is originated from plants and claimed by the traditional healers and indigenous people used for the prevention and treatment of disease. This chapter also combines interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary methods that can lead to further productive, comprehensive, and systemic guesstimates in the investigation of the relationship between the plants and humans. Regardless of its various bottlenecks, ethnobotany becomes an attractive and hopeful area of research. It also covers ethnobotanical knowledge and modern science, ethnobotany research and their applications, plant conservation and sustainable management practices, taxonomy, and economic botany. The chapter also deals with the ways in which different societies and cultures have come to perceive, know, use, classify, and symbolically represent plants and animals.",book:{id:"11299",title:"Medicinal Plants",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11299.jpg"},signatures:"Jafer Siraj"},{id:"81943",title:"Surgical Education: Focus on Gender Equality in Academic Surgery and Related Areas",slug:"surgical-education-focus-on-gender-equality-in-academic-surgery-and-related-areas",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103853",abstract:"Despite progress and advancements made to achieve gender equality, a glass ceiling still exists for women in surgery. Women remain largely underrepresented in academic surgery, with appointments to only 18% of surgery program director roles and 6.3% of surgical chair positions in the United States as of 2018. Inequities across various surgical subspecialties are also significant, especially in the areas of neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, otolaryngology, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. Additional barriers exist for women in academics, including lack of high-quality female mentorship, implicit bias within letters of recommendation, and a greater incidence of reported moral injury and burn-out. Further efforts to address these inequities are necessary to retain the talents and contributions of women in surgery. Interventions that may counterbalance the continued gender gap within surgical fields include the implementation of implicit bias training, increasing institutional support, establishing formal mentorship initiatives, the introduction of early exposure programs during medical training, transparent institutional promotion policies, childcare support, and accommodation of maternity leave. The purpose of this chapter is to educate the reader regarding gender inequality in surgery and related fields and to highlight key issues central to the propagation of gender biases specifically as they relate to female surgeons across various roles and responsibilities (e.g., clinical practice, education/training, and leadership) within the contemporary academic landscape.",book:{id:"6947",title:"Contemporary Topics in Graduate Medical Education - Volume 2",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6947.jpg"},signatures:"Minuette Laessig, Lauryn Ullrich, Thomas J. Papadimos, Erin A. Handspiker, Cara A. Cama and Stanislaw P. Stawicki"},{id:"81568",title:"Extracellular Matrix in Tumor Angiogenesis",slug:"extracellular-matrix-in-tumor-angiogenesis",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104661",abstract:"Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex three-dimensional network that provides structure, strength, and contextual information for cellular growth, communication, differentiation, survival, adhesion, and migration. ECM basic proteins resist compressive forces and/or allow rapid diffusion, others strengthen the matrix, and give resilience or modulate cell-matrix interactions. ECM undergoes turnover and remodeling physiologically and during inflammation, wound repair and tumor invasion. Remodeling of the ECM is an integral component of the angiogenic process and depends on the composition of matrix molecules, soluble pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, and their spatial regulation. This review will focus on the myriad roles of those molecules and will emphasize their involvement in critical points of angiogenesis.",book:{id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg"},signatures:"Gvantsa Kharaishvili"},{id:"81640",title:"Perspective Chapter: Sleep and Neuroimmunomodulation for Maintenance of Optimum Brain Function - Role of Noradrenaline",slug:"perspective-chapter-sleep-and-neuroimmunomodulation-for-maintenance-of-optimum-brain-function-role-o",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104868",abstract:"Immune reaction and sleep are two normal physiological processes to protect the living organism from falling sick. There is hardly any disease when they remain unaffected, the quantum of effect may differ though. Therefore, a strong correlation exists between sleep (quality or quantity) and immune response. This may be supported by the fact that sleep loss modulates many of the immunological molecules, which includes interferons; however, not much is known about their mechanism of action. Sleep is divided into rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-REMS; most experimental studies have been conducted by inducing loss of REMS. It has been shown that withdrawal of noradrenaline (NA) is a necessity for the generation of REMS, its level increases in the brain upon REMS loss and the elevated NA is a causative factor for many of the sleep loss associated symptoms. In this chapter, we propose that sleep (and its disturbance) modulates the immune system by modulating the NA level in the brain or vice versa to maintain physiological homeostasis and normal healthy living.",book:{id:"11275",title:"Interferon - Immune Metabolism",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11275.jpg"},signatures:"Rachna Mehta, Rohosen Bhattacharya and Birendra Nath Mallick"},{id:"81942",title:"Surgical Correction of Ametropia with AddOn™ Intraocular Lens in Post-Penetrating Keratoplasty Pseudophakia",slug:"surgical-correction-of-ametropia-with-addon-intraocular-lens-in-post-penetrating-keratoplasty-pseudo",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104782",abstract:"Cataract surgery is the most common surgery in ophthalmology. The aim of cataract surgery is to restore vision in eyes in which the natural lens became opacified mostly due to the aging of the lens, or the presence of other ocular diseases, which promote earlier cataract formation. During cataract surgery, artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is implanted into the lens capsule and the value of the IOL is planned before surgery based on the preoperative IOL calculation. However, in the significant number of patients, cataract surgery may end up with a postoperative refractive error in which case patients have to wear glasses to reach the full vision for both distance and near correction (if monofocal IOL is used during cataract surgery!). Modern cataract surgery becomes more and more a refractive procedure as well, especially when multifocal and/or toric IOLs are implanted. However, in some specific cases where such IOLs are not applicable, high postoperative refractive error after cataract surgery can significantly influence the quality of the obtained vision. One such example is cataract surgery after penetrating keratoplasty. In this chapter, results of a novel approach of post-PK ametropia correction, namely implantation of sulcus placed AddOn IOLs (also called a piggyback lens) will be presented.",book:{id:"11302",title:"Refractive Surgery - Types of Procedures, Risks, and Benefits",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11302.jpg"},signatures:"Iva Dekaris, Ivan Gabrić and Doria Gabrić"},{id:"81682",title:"‘Complete Coverage & Covering Completely’ for Breastfeeding with Able, Bold, & Confident Mothers, for Sustainable Development, & Medical Education Excellence",slug:"complete-coverage-covering-completely-for-breastfeeding-with-able-bold-confident-mothers-for-sustain",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104297",abstract:"Complete coverage of all infants, everywhere with wonderful evidence, and covering completely with first six months of exclusive breastfeeding and thereafter proper weaning while continuing breastfeeding up to 2 years of age or beyond is desirable. Reaching all rightly and robustly is required. All this will contribute greatly towards the growth & development of infants and grandly towards the Sustainable Development Goals. We propose the “ABC mothers” plan. Progress for required practices for results possible with making mothers—“Able for practices advantageous, bold with pertinent awareness, and confident with propitious attitude”. Strong efforts on sound footing are necessary for health of all our infants and happiness all around with sustainable development. Scientific infant feeding will contribute to advance the attainment of this. Medical education teaching best beneficial practices is for excellence. One promoting breastfeeding is the best. The US Surgeon General’s Implementation Strategies elaborate “Education content”, “Enabling competency”, & “Education continuing”. Competency-based curriculum for Indian Medical Graduates includes “to promote and support optimal breast feeding”. Need for inclusion in teaching curriculum across US, UK, & internationally has been documented. Given all the evidence for breastfeeding benefits, it should be a consistent essential component of training in all medical schools worldwide.",book:{id:"11308",title:"Selected topics on Infant Feeding",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11308.jpg"},signatures:"Sunil Jain, Arvind Singh Kushwaha and Vishal Marwaha"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:766},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. 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Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. 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His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. 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