Details of field work (project locations) and methods through which C/TBAs trained were mobilised and recruited.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6217",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Computational Fluid Dynamics - Basic Instruments and Applications in Science",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:"Basic Instruments and Applications in Science",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'This book is the result of a careful selection of contributors in the field of CFD. It is divided into three sections according to the purpose and approaches used in the development of the contributions. The first section describes the "high-performance computing" (HPC) tools and their impact on CFD modeling. \nThe second section is dedicated to "CFD models for local and large-scale industrial phenomena." Two types of approaches are basically contained here: one concerns the adaptation from global to local scale, - e.g., the applications of CFD to study the climate changes and the adaptations to local scale. The second approach, very challenging, is the multiscale analysis.\nThe third section is devoted to "CFD in numerical modeling approach for experimental cases." Its chapters emphasize on the numerical approach of the mathematical models associated to few experimental (industrial) cases. Here, the impact and the importance of the mathematical modeling in CFD are focused on.\nIt is expected that the collection of these chapters will enrich the state of the art in the CFD domain and its applications in a lot of fields. This collection proves that CFD is a highly interdisciplinary research area, which lies at the interface of physics, engineering, applied mathematics, and computer science.',isbn:"978-953-51-3791-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3790-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4064-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68688",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-basic-instruments-and-applications-in-science",numberOfPages:410,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0fb7b242fd063d519b361e5c2c99187b",bookSignature:"Adela Ionescu",publishedDate:"February 14th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6217.jpg",numberOfDownloads:20650,numberOfWosCitations:37,numberOfCrossrefCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:57,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:121,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 3rd 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 24th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 21st 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 19th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 18th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"146822",title:"Prof.",name:"Adela",middleName:null,surname:"Ionescu",slug:"adela-ionescu",fullName:"Adela Ionescu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/146822/images/system/146822.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adela Ionescu is a lecturer at the University of Craiova, Romania. She received her PhD degree from the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Romania. Her research focuses on development and implementation of new methods in the qualitative and computational analysis of differential equations and their applications. This includes constructing adequate models for approaching the study of different industrial phenomena from a dynamical system standpoint and also from a computational fluid dynamics standpoint. By its optimizing techniques, the aim of the modeling is to facilitate the high understanding of the experimental phenomena and to implement new methods, techniques, and processes. Currently, Dr. Ionescu is working in developing new analytical techniques for linearizing nonlinear dynamical systems, with subsequent applications in experimental cases. The bifurcation theory and its applications in related fields is also a domain of interest for her. She has published six monographs and few scientific papers in high-impact journals. She is also a member of few scientific international associations and has attended more than 45 international conferences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"599",title:"Computer Simulation",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-computer-simulation"}],chapters:[{id:"58618",title:"High-Performance Computing: Dos and Don’ts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72042",slug:"high-performance-computing-dos-and-don-ts",totalDownloads:1887,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the main field of computational mechanics that has historically benefited from advances in high-performance computing. High-performance computing involves several techniques to make a simulation efficient and fast, such as distributed memory parallelism, shared memory parallelism, vectorization, memory access optimizations, etc. As an introduction, we present the anatomy of supercomputers, with special emphasis on HPC aspects relevant to CFD. Then, we develop some of the HPC concepts and numerical techniques applied to the complete CFD simulation framework: from preprocess (meshing) to postprocess (visualization) through the simulation itself (assembly and iterative solvers).",signatures:"Guillaume Houzeaux, Ricard Borrell, Yvan Fournier, Marta Garcia-\nGasulla, Jens Henrik Göbbert, Elie Hachem, Vishal Mehta, Youssef\nMesri, Herbert Owen and Mariano Vázquez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58618",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58618",authors:[{id:"219723",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",surname:"Houzeaux",slug:"guillaume-houzeaux",fullName:"Guillaume Houzeaux"},{id:"219736",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Garcia-Gasulla",slug:"marta-garcia-gasulla",fullName:"Marta Garcia-Gasulla"},{id:"219737",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricard",surname:"Borrell",slug:"ricard-borrell",fullName:"Ricard Borrell"},{id:"219739",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariano",surname:"Vázquez",slug:"mariano-vazquez",fullName:"Mariano Vázquez"},{id:"223739",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssef",surname:"Mesri",slug:"youssef-mesri",fullName:"Youssef Mesri"},{id:"223741",title:"Dr.",name:"Elie",surname:"Hachem",slug:"elie-hachem",fullName:"Elie Hachem"},{id:"223742",title:"Mr.",name:"Dipl.-Ing. Jens Henrik",surname:"Göbbert",slug:"dipl.-ing.-jens-henrik-gobbert",fullName:"Dipl.-Ing. Jens Henrik Göbbert"},{id:"223743",title:"Dr.",name:"Yvan",surname:"Fournier",slug:"yvan-fournier",fullName:"Yvan Fournier"}],corrections:null},{id:"59067",title:"Multilevel Variable-Block Schur-Complement-Based Preconditioning for the Implicit Solution of the Reynolds- Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations Using Unstructured Grids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72043",slug:"multilevel-variable-block-schur-complement-based-preconditioning-for-the-implicit-solution-of-the-re",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Implicit methods based on the Newton’s rootfinding algorithm are receiving an increasing attention for the solution of complex Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) applications due to their potential to converge in a very small number of iterations. This approach requires fast convergence acceleration techniques in order to compete with other conventional solvers, such as those based on artificial dissipation or upwind schemes, in terms of CPU time. In this chapter, we describe a multilevel variable-block Schur-complement-based preconditioning for the implicit solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations using unstructured grids on distributed-memory parallel computers. The proposed solver detects automatically exact or approximate dense structures in the linear system arising from the discretization, and exploits this information to enhance the robustness and improve the scalability of the block factorization. A complete study of the numerical and parallel performance of the solver is presented for the analysis of turbulent Navier-Stokes equations on a suite of three-dimensional test cases.",signatures:"Bruno Carpentieri and Aldo Bonfiglioli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59067",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59067",authors:[{id:"92921",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Carpentieri",slug:"bruno-carpentieri",fullName:"Bruno Carpentieri"}],corrections:null},{id:"57786",title:"Free-Surface Flow Simulations with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method using High-Performance Computing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71362",slug:"free-surface-flow-simulations-with-smoothed-particle-hydrodynamics-method-using-high-performance-com",totalDownloads:1249,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Today, the use of modern high-performance computing (HPC) systems, such as clusters equipped with graphics processing units (GPUs), allows solving problems with resolutions unthinkable only a decade ago. The demand for high computational power is certainly an issue when simulating free-surface flows. However, taking the advantage of GPU’s parallel computing techniques, simulations involving up to 109 particles can be achieved. In this framework, this chapter shows some numerical results of typical coastal engineering problems obtained by means of the GPU-based computing servers maintained at the Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab) from Vigo University in Ourense (Spain) and the Tier-1 Galileo cluster of the Italian computing centre CINECA. The DualSPHysics free package based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) technique was used for the purpose. SPH is a meshless particle method based on Lagrangian formulation by which the fluid domain is discretized as a collection of computing fluid particles. Speedup and efficiency of calculations are studied in terms of the initial interparticle distance and by coupling DualSPHysics with a NLSW wave propagation model. Water free-surface elevation, orbital velocities and wave forces are compared with results from experimental campaigns and theoretical solutions.",signatures:"Corrado Altomare, Giacomo Viccione, Bonaventura Tagliafierro,\nVittorio Bovolin, José Manuel Domínguez and Alejandro Jacobo\nCabrera Crespo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57786",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57786",authors:[{id:"65632",title:"Dr.",name:"Giacomo",surname:"Viccione",slug:"giacomo-viccione",fullName:"Giacomo Viccione"},{id:"76230",title:"Prof.",name:"Vittorio",surname:"Bovolin",slug:"vittorio-bovolin",fullName:"Vittorio Bovolin"},{id:"220495",title:"Dr.",name:"Altomare",surname:"Corrado",slug:"altomare-corrado",fullName:"Altomare Corrado"},{id:"220499",title:"Dr.",name:"Bonaventura",surname:"Tagliafierro",slug:"bonaventura-tagliafierro",fullName:"Bonaventura Tagliafierro"},{id:"220500",title:"Dr.",name:"José Manuel",surname:"Domínguez",slug:"jose-manuel-dominguez",fullName:"José Manuel Domínguez"},{id:"220501",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro Jacobo Cabrera",surname:"Crespo",slug:"alejandro-jacobo-cabrera-crespo",fullName:"Alejandro Jacobo Cabrera Crespo"}],corrections:null},{id:"58333",title:"Highly Deforming Computational Meshes for CFD Analysis of Twin-Screw Positive Displacement Machines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71885",slug:"highly-deforming-computational-meshes-for-cfd-analysis-of-twin-screw-positive-displacement-machines",totalDownloads:1009,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Commercial flow solvers can be used to obtain flow solutions in applications with deforming domains, but, in general, are not suitable for screw machine flow calculations. This is due to the large magnitude of deformation of the domain and the geometrical complexity of helical rotors. In this chapter, the governing equations for deforming domains and three methods of obtaining mesh movement, commonly used by FVM solvers, have been analysed. A comparative study of customised methods of grid generation for screw machines, using algebraic and differential approaches, is shown to help in the selection of techniques that can improve grid quality, robustness and speed of grid generation. The analysis of an oil-injected twin-screw compressor is included as a test case to demonstrate the application of SCORG, a deforming grid generator, as a means of predicting performance.",signatures:"Sham Rane, Ahmed Kovačević, Nikola Stošić and Ian Smith",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58333",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58333",authors:[{id:"121927",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Kovacevic",slug:"ahmed-kovacevic",fullName:"Ahmed Kovacevic"},{id:"121928",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikola",surname:"Stosic",slug:"nikola-stosic",fullName:"Nikola Stosic"},{id:"182296",title:"Prof.",name:"Ian",surname:"Smith",slug:"ian-smith",fullName:"Ian Smith"},{id:"208806",title:"Dr.",name:"Sham",surname:"Rane",slug:"sham-rane",fullName:"Sham Rane"}],corrections:null},{id:"57988",title:"Optimization Design by Coupling Computational Fluid Dynamics and Genetic Algorithm",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72316",slug:"optimization-design-by-coupling-computational-fluid-dynamics-and-genetic-algorithm",totalDownloads:1170,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, optimal design of equipment is one of the most practical issues in modem industry. Due to the requirements of deploying time, reliability, and design cost, better approaches than the conventional ones like experimental procedures are required. Moreover, the rapid development of computing power in recent decades opens a chance for researchers to employ calculation tools in complex configurations. In this chapter, we demonstrate a kind of modern optimization method by coupling computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and genetic algorithms (GAs). The brief introduction of GAs and CFD package OpenFOAM will be performed. The advantage of this approach as well as the difficulty that we must tackle will be analyzed. In addition, this chapter performs a study case in which an automated procedure to optimize the flow distribution in a manifold is established. The design point is accomplished by balancing the liquid-phase flow rate at each outlet, and the controlled parameter is a dimension of baffle between each channel. Using this methodology, we finally find a set of results improving the distribution of flow.",signatures:"Jong-Taek Oh and Nguyen Ba Chien",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57988",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57988",authors:[{id:"14439",title:"Prof.",name:"Jong-Taek",surname:"Oh",slug:"jong-taek-oh",fullName:"Jong-Taek Oh"},{id:"195659",title:"Dr.",name:"Chien Ba",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"chien-ba-nguyen",fullName:"Chien Ba Nguyen"}],corrections:null},{id:"57394",title:"Applications of CFD for Process Safety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70563",slug:"applications-of-cfd-for-process-safety",totalDownloads:1455,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, the statistical studies have revealed that major accidents (MA) are frequent in diverse industries, which has originated the development of strategies and normative focussed in foreseeing and preventing these. Thus, the process safety is in continuous improvement. The experimental studies in this field result in situations of high risks and are usually expensive. Therefore, the implementation of developments as the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques is now applied, and has proven to be advantageous. In this work, CFD models for pool and jet fires are presented, as these kinds of fires are usually involved in major accidents. The results of the CFD models show orders of magnitude and behaviors in good agreement with experimental observations found in literature. The outputs of the simulations showed values of around 500 and 1400 K for the pool fires; while the jet fires predictions were of temperatures around 500 and 1050 K. Furthermore, the information obtained by these models can be used in order to develop safety plans to diminish risks in the facilities designs, safe zones and emergency exit routes.",signatures:"Luis G. Zárate, Sebastián Uribe and Mario E. Cordero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57394",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57394",authors:[{id:"209393",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Zárate",slug:"luis-zarate",fullName:"Luis Zárate"},{id:"209534",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Cordero Sánchez",slug:"mario-cordero-sanchez",fullName:"Mario Cordero Sánchez"},{id:"209586",title:"Mr.",name:"Sebastián",surname:"Uribe",slug:"sebastian-uribe",fullName:"Sebastián Uribe"}],corrections:null},{id:"58616",title:"Adaptation to Climate Change at Local Scale: A CFD Study in Porto Urban Area",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72972",slug:"adaptation-to-climate-change-at-local-scale-a-cfd-study-in-porto-urban-area",totalDownloads:1167,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Green infrastructures play an essential role in urban planning, namely with their potential to reduce the impact from air pollution episodes together with extreme weather events. This chapter focuses on the assessment of green infrastructures’ benefits on current and future microclimate and air quality patterns in Porto’s urban area (Portugal). The effects of green infrastructures on flow dynamics are evaluated for the baseline scenarios by means of numerical and physical simulations, using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model VADIS and the wind tunnel of the University of Aveiro. The baseline morphological (BM) scenario focuses on the current morphological characteristics of Porto’s urban area, while a baseline green (BG) scenario comprises the replacement of built-up areas by green areas and parks. In addition, the benefits of green infrastructures on air quality are assessed for the baseline and under future climate scenarios. The air quality simulations focus on particulate matter, one of the most critical air pollutants with severe impacts on human health. For the BM scenario, the simulated concentrations are compared with hourly averaged PM10 concentrations measured during a weekday at the air quality station located within the study domain.",signatures:"Vera Rodrigues, Sandra Rafael, Sandra Sorte, Sílvia Coelho, Hélder\nRelvas, Bruno Vicente, Joana Leitão, Myriam Lopes, Ana Isabel\nMiranda and Carlos Borrego",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58616",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58616",authors:[{id:"32747",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Borrego",slug:"carlos-borrego",fullName:"Carlos Borrego"},{id:"40017",title:"Prof.",name:"Myriam",surname:"Lopes",slug:"myriam-lopes",fullName:"Myriam Lopes"},{id:"40019",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Isabel",surname:"Miranda",slug:"ana-isabel-miranda",fullName:"Ana Isabel Miranda"},{id:"209866",title:"Dr.",name:"Vera",surname:"Rodrigues",slug:"vera-rodrigues",fullName:"Vera Rodrigues"},{id:"209870",title:"MSc.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Rafael",slug:"sandra-rafael",fullName:"Sandra Rafael"},{id:"209871",title:"MSc.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Vicente",slug:"bruno-vicente",fullName:"Bruno Vicente"},{id:"209872",title:"MSc.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Sorte",slug:"sandra-sorte",fullName:"Sandra Sorte"},{id:"209873",title:"Dr.",name:"Joana",surname:"Leitão",slug:"joana-leitao",fullName:"Joana Leitão"}],corrections:null},{id:"58566",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Applied to a Glass Vaporization Chamber for Introduction of Micro- or Nano-Size Samples into Lab-Based ICPs and to a CFD-Derived (and Rapidly Prototyped Via 3D Printing) Smaller-Size Chamber for Portable Microplasmas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72650",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-cfd-applied-to-a-glass-vaporization-chamber-for-introduction-of-micro-o",totalDownloads:1567,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used extensively in many industries ranging from aerospace engineering to automobile design. We applied CFDs to simulate flows inside vaporization chambers designed for micro- or nano-sample introduction into conventional, lab-based inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs). Simulation results were confirmed using smoke visualization experiments (akin to those used in wind tunnels) and were verified experimentally using an ICP-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) system with a fast-response photomultiplier tube (PMT) detector, an ICP-OES system with a slower-response charge injection device (CID) detector, and an ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) system. A pressure pulse (defined as a momentary decrease of the optical emission intensity of ICP background) was not observed when employing widely used ICPs either with a CID detector or with ICP-MS. Overall, the simulations proved to be highly beneficial, for example, detection limits improved by as much as five times. Using CFD simulations as a guide, a rapidly prototyped, 3D-printed and smaller-size vaporization chamber (a scaled-down version of that used with ICPs) is being evaluated for potential use with a portable, battery-operated microplasma. Details are provided in this chapter.",signatures:"Hamid R. Badiei, Gordon Stubley, Ryan Fitzgerald, Melanie Saddler\nand Vassili Karanassios",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58566",authors:[{id:"60925",title:"Prof.",name:"Vassili",surname:"Karanassios",slug:"vassili-karanassios",fullName:"Vassili Karanassios"},{id:"233223",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",surname:"Badiei",slug:"hamid-badiei",fullName:"Hamid Badiei"},{id:"233224",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordon",surname:"Stubley",slug:"gordon-stubley",fullName:"Gordon Stubley"},{id:"233225",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Ryan",surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"ryan-fitzgerald",fullName:"Ryan Fitzgerald"},{id:"233226",title:"BSc.",name:"Malanie",surname:"Saddler",slug:"malanie-saddler",fullName:"Malanie Saddler"}],corrections:null},{id:"57239",title:"Analysis of Biomass Waste Cofiring into Existing Coal-Fired Power Plant Using Computational Fluid Dynamics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70561",slug:"analysis-of-biomass-waste-cofiring-into-existing-coal-fired-power-plant-using-computational-fluid-dy",totalDownloads:1252,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biomass utilization to generate electricity via combustion simply can be classified into firing and cofiring. Biomass cofiring into the pulverized coal boilers has some advantages compared to dedicated biomass firing in terms of capital cost and combustion efficiency. To understand the cofiring behavior of biomass and coal comprehensively, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method can be used to analyze and solve problems involving fluid flows inside a combustor. A CFD modeling is significantly more effective from the perspectives of time and cost and safety and ease of scaling up; hence, it is usually performed before conducting a physical investigation through experiment. Moreover, the current state-of-the-art CFD modeling-based study is capable of solving the complexity of the interdependent processes such as turbulence, heat transfer via radiation, produced gas, and reactions in both the particle and gas phases during combustion. This chapter focuses on the study of cofiring of biomass, which is palm mill wastes, into the existing coal-fired power plant. Two palm mill wastes are evaluated: palm kernel shell and hydrothermally treated empty fruit bunch. Distributions of temperature and the produced are simulated to find the most optimum and applicable cofiring conditions.",signatures:"Arif Darmawan, Dwika Budianto, Koji Tokimatsu and Muhammad\nAziz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57239",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57239",authors:[{id:"98160",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Aziz",slug:"muhammad-aziz",fullName:"Muhammad Aziz"},{id:"208523",title:"Dr.",name:"Arif",surname:"Darmawan",slug:"arif-darmawan",fullName:"Arif Darmawan"},{id:"208524",title:"Mr.",name:"Dwika",surname:"Budianto",slug:"dwika-budianto",fullName:"Dwika Budianto"},{id:"217797",title:"Dr.",name:"Koji",surname:"Tokimatsu",slug:"koji-tokimatsu",fullName:"Koji Tokimatsu"}],corrections:null},{id:"57395",title:"CFD Modelling of Coupled Multiphysics-Multiscale Engineering Cases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70562",slug:"cfd-modelling-of-coupled-multiphysics-multiscale-engineering-cases",totalDownloads:1516,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many of the engineering problems have multiphysics and multiscale nature. Non-isothermal flows, stirred reactors, turbulent mixing and membrane filtration, are prevalent cases in which the coupling of several physics phenomena is required for the adequate prediction of overall behaviors. Also, a multiscale analysis, where the same phenomenon is analyzed at different scales, can lead to better understanding of the phenomena, which can be used in optimization and to provide adequate scale-up methodologies. Studies incorporating both multiscale and multiphysics analysis are rarely addressed in literature; in fact, these kinds of problems will be the research challenge in the next years. Computer fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques have shown to be promising to deal with these kinds of systems. In this chapter, these are used to implement a multiscale analysis of the hydrodesulphurization (HDS) process for light gas-oil (LGO). The aforementioned is carried out by the analysis of mass an energy transport at: (1) microporous (MP) scale, (2) pseudo-homogeneous catalyst (PHC) scale, and by analysis of (3) momentum and mass transport at reactor scale (RS). In addition, a particular discussion is made regarding the proper establishment of the model, its validation, the use of different boundary conditions, its justification; and the dependence of solutions of parameters and initial and boundary conditions.",signatures:"Mario E. Cordero, Sebastián Uribe, Luis G. Zárate, Reyna Natividad\nRangel, Alejandro Regalado-Méndez and Ever Peralta Reyes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57395",authors:[{id:"209393",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Zárate",slug:"luis-zarate",fullName:"Luis Zárate"},{id:"209534",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Cordero Sánchez",slug:"mario-cordero-sanchez",fullName:"Mario Cordero Sánchez"},{id:"209586",title:"Mr.",name:"Sebastián",surname:"Uribe",slug:"sebastian-uribe",fullName:"Sebastián Uribe"},{id:"57496",title:"Dr.",name:"Reyna",surname:"Natividad",slug:"reyna-natividad",fullName:"Reyna Natividad"},{id:"221785",title:"Dr.",name:"Ever",surname:"Peralta Reyes",slug:"ever-peralta-reyes",fullName:"Ever Peralta Reyes"},{id:"221786",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Regalado-Méndez",slug:"alejandro-regalado-mendez",fullName:"Alejandro Regalado-Méndez"}],corrections:null},{id:"57989",title:"CFD Analysis of Turbulence Models to Achieve the Digester Mixing Process",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72171",slug:"cfd-analysis-of-turbulence-models-to-achieve-the-digester-mixing-process",totalDownloads:1346,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mixing efficiency defines the features of physicochemical and biological reactions carried out in reactors or digesters. The reason for this influence is because it conditions the heat and mass transfer. That is why the mixing level and intensity become important aspects to study to know the effects they have on the processes. Furthermore, it should be noted that most of the mixing processes are carried out under turbulent conditions. Mixing enhancement evaluation is achieved in two ways, that is, experimentally and performing simulations. Simulations are based on numerical methods approximating solutions to results in line with reality. In this context, turbulence models applied in systems have great influence on the final numerical solution and, therefore, on the interpretation of improved mixing in reactors. It is also necessary to consider the influence of rheology in these simulations, since the working fluid does not always have a linear stress-strain relationship. In this way, an analysis of turbulence models and their applications in mixing characterization and the adequacy of these models to the reactor configuration and operating conditions is carried out. Mention is also made of the experiences around the study of turbulence in mixing tanks.",signatures:"Jorge Flores-Velazquez, Abraham Jesus Arzeta-Rios, Waldo Ojeda\nBustamante and Teodoro Espinosa-Solares",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57989",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57989",authors:[{id:"173578",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Flores-Velazquez",slug:"jorge-flores-velazquez",fullName:"Jorge Flores-Velazquez"},{id:"218072",title:"MSc.",name:"Abraham Jesus",surname:"Arzeta-Rios",slug:"abraham-jesus-arzeta-rios",fullName:"Abraham Jesus Arzeta-Rios"},{id:"218073",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldo",surname:"Ojeda Bustamante",slug:"waldo-ojeda-bustamante",fullName:"Waldo Ojeda Bustamante"},{id:"218074",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodoro",surname:"Espinosa-Solares",slug:"teodoro-espinosa-solares",fullName:"Teodoro Espinosa-Solares"}],corrections:null},{id:"57869",title:"CFD for the Design and Optimization of Slurry Bubble Column Reactors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71361",slug:"cfd-for-the-design-and-optimization-of-slurry-bubble-column-reactors",totalDownloads:1636,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Despite the notion that computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are considered complicated, expensive, time-consuming and difficult to formulate, their implementation offers an advanced prospect to move beyond empirical models, which inherit severe limitations in terms of flexibility, scale-up, and optimization of slurry bubble column reactors (SBCRs). This is because complex hydrodynamics coupled with chemical reactions in such reactors increase the uncertainty in using empirical models, leading to significant startup delays and overruns. Recent work by Basha et al. has shown that properly validated CFD models provide an exceptional opportunity to gain detailed temporal and spatial information about the local hydrodynamics and overall behavior as well as performance of SBCRs. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of different CFD frameworks which could be used to model SBCRs, namely the multi-Eulerian, direct numerical simulations (DNS) and large Eddy simulation (LES). The steps required in developing CFD models and the optimization of different sub-models, such as interphase interactions, solid-phase representation, bubble population balance, bubble-induced turbulence, mass transfer and reaction kinetics are highlighted. Different convergence criteria for meshing, solution stability and techniques for maximizing the CFD model scale without compromising accuracy are addressed. An example of using CFD multi-Eulerian frameworks to describe the local hydrodynamics in a pilot-scale SBCR (0.3-m ID, 3-m height) operating under the Fisher-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis process are also provided.",signatures:"Omar M. Basha and Badie I. Morsi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57869",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57869",authors:[{id:"174420",title:"Prof.",name:"Badie",surname:"Morsi",slug:"badie-morsi",fullName:"Badie Morsi"},{id:"174770",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar M.",surname:"Basha",slug:"omar-m.-basha",fullName:"Omar M. Basha"}],corrections:null},{id:"58362",title:"Two Different Formulations for Solving the Navier-Stokes Equations with Moderate and High Reynolds Numbers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71921",slug:"two-different-formulations-for-solving-the-navier-stokes-equations-with-moderate-and-high-reynolds-n",totalDownloads:868,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this work, we discuss the numerical solution of the Taylor vortex and the lid-driven cavity problems. Both problems are solved using the Stream function-vorticity formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations in 2D. Results are obtained using a fixed point iterative method and working with matrixes A and B resulting from the discretization of the Laplacian and the advective term, respectively. We solved both problems with Reynolds numbers in the range of 3200 ≤ Re ≤ 7500. Results are also obtained using the velocity-vorticity formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations. In this case, we are using only the fixed point iterative method. We present results for the lid-driven cavity problem and for the Stream function-vorticity formulation with Reynolds numbers in the range of 3200 ≤ Re ≤ 7500. As the Reynolds number increases, the time and the space step size have to be refined. We show results for 3200 ≤ Re ≤ 20,000. The numerical scheme with the velocity-vorticity formulation uses a smaller step size for both time and space. Results are not as good as with the Stream function-vorticity formulation, although the way the scheme behaves gives us another point of view on the behavior of fluids under different numerical schemes and different formulation.",signatures:"Blanca Bermúdez, Alejandro Rangel-Huerta, Wuiyevaldo Fermín\nGuerrero-Sánchez and José David Alanís",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58362",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58362",authors:[{id:"209609",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Blanca",surname:"Bermúdez",slug:"blanca-bermudez",fullName:"Blanca Bermúdez"},{id:"217500",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Rangel-Huerta",slug:"alejandro-rangel-huerta",fullName:"Alejandro Rangel-Huerta"},{id:"217501",title:"Dr.",name:"W. Fermín",surname:"Guerrero Sánchez",slug:"w.-fermin-guerrero-sanchez",fullName:"W. Fermín Guerrero Sánchez"},{id:"217502",title:"Dr.",name:"José David",surname:"Alanís Urquieta",slug:"jose-david-alanis-urquieta",fullName:"José David Alanís Urquieta"}],corrections:null},{id:"58018",title:"Vibration Characteristics of Fluid-Filled Functionally Graded Cylindrical Material with Ring Supports",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72172",slug:"vibration-characteristics-of-fluid-filled-functionally-graded-cylindrical-material-with-ring-support",totalDownloads:812,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vibration analysis of fluid-filled functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shells (CSs) is investigated with ring supports. The shell problem is formulated by deriving strain and kinetic energies of a vibrating cylindrical shell (CS). The method of variations of Hamiltonian principle is utilized to change the shell integral problem into the differential equation (DE) expression. Three differential equations (DE) in three unknown for displacement functions form a system of partial differential equations (PDEs). The shells are restricted along the thickness direction by ring supports. The polynomial functions describe the influence of the ring supports and have the degree equal to the number of ring supports. Fluid loaded terms (FLT) are affixed with the shell motion equations. The acoustic wave equation states the fluid pressure designated by the Bessel functions of first kind. Axial modal deformation functions are specified by characteristic beam functions which meet end conditions imposed on two ends of the shell. The Galerkin method is employed to get the shell frequency equation. Natural frequency of FGM cylindrical shell is investigated by placing the ring support at different position with fluid for a number of physical parameters. For validity and accuracy, results are obtained and compared with the data in open literature. A good agreement is achieved between two sets of numerical results.",signatures:"Muzamal Hussain, Aamir Shahzad, Muhammad Nawaz Naeem and\nMaogang He",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58018",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58018",authors:[{id:"215329",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Muzamal",surname:"Hussain",slug:"muzamal-hussain",fullName:"Muzamal Hussain"},{id:"220435",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nawaz",surname:"Naeem",slug:"nawaz-naeem",fullName:"Nawaz Naeem"},{id:"220436",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maogang",surname:"He",slug:"maogang-he",fullName:"Maogang He"},{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],corrections:null},{id:"57722",title:"CFD Simulations of Crude Oil Fouling on Heat Transfer Surfaces",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71886",slug:"cfd-simulations-of-crude-oil-fouling-on-heat-transfer-surfaces",totalDownloads:1370,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Advancements in the computational techniques have led to the development of various numerical models and methods to predict the occurrence of crude oil fouling in heat exchangers. Computational fluid dynamics has been employed in the field of crude oil fouling research in the recent past, which led to the concept of investigating the effects of various operating conditions on deposit formations on heat transfer surfaces. Various processes associated with crude oil fouling, such as asphaltenes precipitation and chemical reactions, have been studied through CFD simulations. This chapter provides state-of-the-art review on various CFD approaches and describes the discrete-phase CFD modeling of crude oil fouling through asphaltenes deposition on heat transfer surfaces.",signatures:"Ramasamy Marappa Gounder and Sampath Emani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57722",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57722",authors:[{id:"209620",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramasamy",surname:"Marappa Gounder",slug:"ramasamy-marappa-gounder",fullName:"Ramasamy Marappa Gounder"},{id:"209621",title:"Mr.",name:"Sampath",surname:"Emani",slug:"sampath-emani",fullName:"Sampath Emani"}],corrections:null},{id:"56868",title:"Surrogate Model Applied for Analysis of Uncertain Parameters in Turbulent Mixing Flows",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70564",slug:"surrogate-model-applied-for-analysis-of-uncertain-parameters-in-turbulent-mixing-flows",totalDownloads:1044,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The water mixing experiment in the Generic Mixing Experiment (GEMIX) facility performed at the Paul Scherrer Institute is used as a benchmark case to investigate the influence of the main uncertain parameters on the turbulent mixing under isokinetic flow conditions. The benchmark experiment features two horizontal water streams with the same inlet velocity that merge together to form a mixing flow inside the larger horizontal square channel. The turbulence intensity and the velocity profile at the inlet were used as the main uncertain input parameters. The selected set of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations based on different combinations of values for uncertain parameters has been performed with the code NEPTUNE_CFD that solves the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations with the k-ε turbulence model. To investigate the influence of the uncertain parameters over a wide range of values, the surrogate model called optimal statistical estimator (OSE) was used to generate the response surface of the results. It has been demonstrated that the OSE method can be successfully applied to build the response surface from a limited set of simulation points. For the two-parameter problem of the current study, only a few CFD simulation points are found sufficient to construct the quality response surface.",signatures:"Boštjan Končar, Andrej Prošek and Matjaž Leskovar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56868",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56868",authors:[{id:"21775",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrej",surname:"Prošek",slug:"andrej-prosek",fullName:"Andrej Prošek"},{id:"22838",title:"Dr.",name:"Matjaž",surname:"Leskovar",slug:"matjaz-leskovar",fullName:"Matjaž Leskovar"},{id:"209690",title:"Dr.",name:"Boštjan",surname:"Končar",slug:"bostjan-koncar",fullName:"Boštjan Končar"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3036",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 2",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39d85d5d566c24744e4ac69fc297bb36",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-2",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3036.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3037",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de63ac4f2c398a1304a7c08ee883655",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-3",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3037.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1485",title:"Applications of Monte Carlo Method in Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08abe20f1549c83cfb208c83e12ee7df",slug:"applications-of-monte-carlo-method-in-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Shaul Mordechai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21994",title:"Prof.",name:"Shaul",surname:"Mordechai",slug:"shaul-mordechai",fullName:"Shaul Mordechai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1025",title:"Engineering Education and Research Using MATLAB",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6e4cf9f0e6d7dccba13bc8edc4bf8e70",slug:"engineering-education-and-research-using-matlab",bookSignature:"Ali H. Assi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1025.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12279",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Assi",slug:"ali-assi",fullName:"Ali Assi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1027",title:"Applications of MATLAB in Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64f208a73ca0da9038418788e86dfe28",slug:"applications-of-matlab-in-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Tadeusz Michałowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1027.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35273",title:"Prof.",name:"Tadeusz",surname:"Michalowski",slug:"tadeusz-michalowski",fullName:"Tadeusz Michalowski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"405",title:"Computational Simulations and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84a582eb7ec291ae468bc75d0fc9a101",slug:"computational-simulations-and-applications",bookSignature:"Jianping Zhu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/405.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianping",surname:"Zhu",slug:"jianping-zhu",fullName:"Jianping Zhu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5323",title:"Modeling and Simulation in Engineering Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"684a6db4422b067b280c33faf661d747",slug:"modeling-and-simulation-in-engineering-sciences",bookSignature:"Noreen Sher Akbar and O. Anwar Beg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184401",title:"Dr.",name:"Noreen",surname:"Sher Akbar",slug:"noreen-sher-akbar",fullName:"Noreen Sher Akbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2830",title:"Advances in Modeling of Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63b0031c4189b213e315fe50e17bab66",slug:"advances-in-modeling-of-fluid-dynamics",bookSignature:"Chaoqun Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143219",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaoqun",surname:"Liu",slug:"chaoqun-liu",fullName:"Chaoqun Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"293",title:"Practical Applications and Solutions Using LabVIEW™ Software",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8709b37736bf2d4359e98e5542cae86c",slug:"practical-applications-and-solutions-using-labview-software",bookSignature:"Folea Silviu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/293.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6084",title:"Prof.",name:"Silviu",surname:"Folea",slug:"silviu-folea",fullName:"Silviu Folea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"76873",slug:"corrigendum-satellite-control-system-part-i-architecture-and-main-components",title:"Corrigendum: Satellite Control System: Part I - Architecture and Main Components",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76873.pdf\r\n",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76873",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76873",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76873",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76873",chapter:{id:"72485",slug:"satellite-control-system-part-i-architecture-and-main-components",signatures:"Yuri V. Kim",dateSubmitted:"February 17th 2020",dateReviewed:"April 16th 2020",datePrePublished:"June 15th 2020",datePublished:"April 14th 2021",book:{id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"316140",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Yuri Kim",slug:"yuri-kim",email:"yurikim@hotmail.ca",position:null,institution:{name:"Canadian Space Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"72485",slug:"satellite-control-system-part-i-architecture-and-main-components",signatures:"Yuri V. Kim",dateSubmitted:"February 17th 2020",dateReviewed:"April 16th 2020",datePrePublished:"June 15th 2020",datePublished:"April 14th 2021",book:{id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"316140",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Yuri Kim",slug:"yuri-kim",email:"yurikim@hotmail.ca",position:null,institution:{name:"Canadian Space Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},book:{id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9231",leadTitle:null,title:"Spline",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"a09493145c79688eb71f2889ac835586",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9231.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"December 5th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 26th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 24th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 14th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"29636",title:"Detection of Protein Phosphorylation by Open-Sandwich Immunoassay",doi:"10.5772/30246",slug:"detection-of-protein-phosphorylation-by-open-sandwich-immunoassay",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/29636.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/29636",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/29636",totalDownloads:2266,totalViews:118,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:54,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 16th 2011",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 24th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/29636",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/29636",book:{id:"2064",slug:"integrative-proteomics"},signatures:"Yuki Ohmuro-Matsuyama, Masaki Inagaki and Hiroshi Ueda",authors:[{id:"81580",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ueda",fullName:"Hiroshi Ueda",slug:"hiroshi-ueda",email:"hueda@chembio.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"86696",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuki",middleName:null,surname:"Ohmuro",fullName:"Yuki Ohmuro",slug:"yuki-ohmuro",email:"ohmuro@pel.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"86697",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Inagaki",fullName:"Masaki Inagaki",slug:"masaki-inagaki",email:"minagaki@aichi-cc.jp",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Aichi Cancer Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2064",type:"book",title:"Integrative Proteomics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Integrative Proteomics",slug:"integrative-proteomics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Hon-Chiu Eastwood Leung, Tsz-Kwong Man and Ricardo J. Flores",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2064.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0070-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4343-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:113,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"105582",title:"Dr.",name:"Hon-Chiu",middleName:"Eastwood",surname:"Leung",slug:"hon-chiu-leung",fullName:"Hon-Chiu Leung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"35047",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsz Kwong",middleName:null,surname:"Man",slug:"tsz-kwong-man",fullName:"Tsz Kwong Man"},coeditorTwo:{id:"252252",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:"J.",surname:"Flores",slug:"ricardo-flores",fullName:"Ricardo Flores"},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"384"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"29626",type:"chapter",title:"Strategies for Protein Separation",slug:"strategies-for-protein-separation",totalDownloads:4050,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fernanda Salvato, Mayra Costa da Cruz Gallo de Carvalho and Aline de Lima Leite",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77472",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Salvato",fullName:"Fernanda Salvato",slug:"fernanda-salvato"},{id:"86792",title:"MSc.",name:"Aline",middleName:null,surname:"Leite",fullName:"Aline Leite",slug:"aline-leite"},{id:"86800",title:"Dr.",name:"Danielle Cristina Gregório Do Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Danielle Cristina Gregório Do Silva Silva",slug:"danielle-cristina-gregorio-do-silva-silva"}]},{id:"29627",type:"chapter",title:"Evolution of Proteomic Methods for Analysis of Complex Biological Samples – Implications for Personalized Medicine",slug:"evolution-of-proteomic-methods-for-analysis-of-complex-biological-samples-implications-for-personali",totalDownloads:2336,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Amanda Nouwens and Stephen Mahler",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78567",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Mahler",fullName:"Stephen Mahler",slug:"stephen-mahler"},{id:"84197",title:"Dr.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Nouwens",fullName:"Amanda Nouwens",slug:"amanda-nouwens"}]},{id:"29628",type:"chapter",title:"Proteomic Analyses of Cells Isolated by Laser Microdissection",slug:"proteomic-analyses-of-cells-isolated-by-laser-microdissection",totalDownloads:2936,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Valentina Fiorilli, Vincent P. Klink and Raffaella Balestrini",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48059",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent P.",middleName:null,surname:"Klink",fullName:"Vincent P. Klink",slug:"vincent-p.-klink"},{id:"83271",title:"Dr.",name:"Raffaella",middleName:null,surname:"Balestrini",fullName:"Raffaella Balestrini",slug:"raffaella-balestrini"},{id:"127184",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorilli",fullName:"Valentina Fiorilli",slug:"valentina-fiorilli"}]},{id:"29629",type:"chapter",title:"A Critical Review of Trypsin Digestion for LC-MS Based Proteomics",slug:"a-critical-review-of-trypsin-digestion-for-lc-ms-based-proteomics",totalDownloads:28478,totalCrossrefCites:15,signatures:"Hanne Kolsrud Hustoft, Helle Malerod, Steven Ray Wilson, Leon Reubsaet, Elsa Lundanes and Tyge Greibrokk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77299",title:"Dr.",name:"Helle",middleName:null,surname:"Malerod",fullName:"Helle Malerod",slug:"helle-malerod"},{id:"77305",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Hanne",middleName:null,surname:"Kolsrud Hustoft",fullName:"Hanne Kolsrud Hustoft",slug:"hanne-kolsrud-hustoft"},{id:"77306",title:"Dr.",name:"Steven Ray",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",fullName:"Steven Ray Wilson",slug:"steven-ray-wilson"},{id:"77307",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsa",middleName:null,surname:"Lundanes",fullName:"Elsa Lundanes",slug:"elsa-lundanes"},{id:"77308",title:"Prof.",name:"Tyge",middleName:null,surname:"Greibrokk",fullName:"Tyge Greibrokk",slug:"tyge-greibrokk"},{id:"103055",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Reubsaet",fullName:"Leon Reubsaet",slug:"leon-reubsaet"}]},{id:"29630",type:"chapter",title:"Simple and Rapid Proteomic Analysis by Protease-Immobilized Microreactors",slug:"simple-and-rapid-proteomic-analysis-by-protease-immobilized-microreactors",totalDownloads:2260,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Masaya Miyazaki and Hideaki Maeda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"81318",title:"Prof.",name:"Masaya",middleName:null,surname:"Miyazaki",fullName:"Masaya Miyazaki",slug:"masaya-miyazaki"},{id:"121966",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamaguchi",fullName:"Hiroshi Yamaguchi",slug:"hiroshi-yamaguchi"},{id:"121967",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideaki",middleName:null,surname:"Maeda",fullName:"Hideaki Maeda",slug:"hideaki-maeda"}]},{id:"29631",type:"chapter",title:"Labeling Methods in Mass Spectrometry Based Quantitative Proteomics",slug:"labeling-methods-in-mass-spectrometry-based-quantitative-proteomics",totalDownloads:12522,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Karen A. Sap and Jeroen A. A. Demmers",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"91709",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeroen",middleName:"A.A.",surname:"Demmers",fullName:"Jeroen Demmers",slug:"jeroen-demmers"},{id:"91713",title:"MSc",name:"Karen A.",middleName:null,surname:"Sap",fullName:"Karen A. Sap",slug:"karen-a.-sap"}]},{id:"29632",type:"chapter",title:"Preparation of Protein Samples for 2-DE from Different Cotton Tissues",slug:"preparation-of-protein-samples-for-2-de-from-different-cotton-tissues",totalDownloads:3702,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chengjian Xie, Xiaowen Wang, Anping Sui and Xingyong Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"79937",title:"Prof.",name:"Xingyong",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Xingyong Yang",slug:"xingyong-yang"},{id:"100532",title:"Dr.",name:"Chengjian",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Chengjian Xie",slug:"chengjian-xie"},{id:"100533",title:"Mrs.",name:"Anping",middleName:null,surname:"Sui",fullName:"Anping Sui",slug:"anping-sui"}]},{id:"29633",type:"chapter",title:"2D-PAGE Database for Studies on Energetic Metabolism of the Denitrifying Bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans",slug:"2d-page-database-for-studies-on-energetic-metabolism-of-the-denitrifying-bacterium-paracoccus-denitr",totalDownloads:2439,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pavel Bouchal, Robert Stein, Zbyněk Zdráhal, Peter R. Jungblut and Igor Kučera",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"83300",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Bouchal",fullName:"Pavel Bouchal",slug:"pavel-bouchal"},{id:"83323",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Kučera",fullName:"Igor Kučera",slug:"igor-kucera"},{id:"83326",title:"Dr.",name:"Zbyněk",middleName:null,surname:"Zdráhal",fullName:"Zbyněk Zdráhal",slug:"zbynek-zdrahal"},{id:"83330",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Stein",fullName:"Robert Stein",slug:"robert-stein"},{id:"83680",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter R.",middleName:null,surname:"Jungblut",fullName:"Peter R. Jungblut",slug:"peter-r.-jungblut"}]},{id:"29634",type:"chapter",title:"Targeted High-Throughput Glycoproteomics for Glyco-Biomarker Discovery",slug:"targeted-high-throughput-glycoproteomics-for-glyco-biomarker-discovery",totalDownloads:3337,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Eunju Choi and Michelle M. Hill",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"75120",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle M.",middleName:"M",surname:"Hill",fullName:"Michelle M. Hill",slug:"michelle-m.-hill"},{id:"122666",title:"Ms.",name:"Eunju",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Eunju Choi",slug:"eunju-choi"}]},{id:"29635",type:"chapter",title:"Recent Advances in Glycosylation Modifications in the Context of Therapeutic Glycoproteins",slug:"recent-advances-in-glycosylation-modifications-in-the-context-of-therapeutic-glycoproteins",totalDownloads:6964,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Xiaotian Zhong and Will Somers",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"79049",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaotian",middleName:null,surname:"Zhong",fullName:"Xiaotian Zhong",slug:"xiaotian-zhong"},{id:"127754",title:"Dr.",name:"Will",middleName:null,surname:"Somers",fullName:"Will Somers",slug:"will-somers"}]},{id:"29636",type:"chapter",title:"Detection of Protein Phosphorylation by Open-Sandwich Immunoassay",slug:"detection-of-protein-phosphorylation-by-open-sandwich-immunoassay",totalDownloads:2266,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yuki Ohmuro-Matsuyama, Masaki Inagaki and Hiroshi Ueda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"81580",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ueda",fullName:"Hiroshi Ueda",slug:"hiroshi-ueda"},{id:"86696",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuki",middleName:null,surname:"Ohmuro",fullName:"Yuki Ohmuro",slug:"yuki-ohmuro"},{id:"86697",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Inagaki",fullName:"Masaki Inagaki",slug:"masaki-inagaki"}]},{id:"29637",type:"chapter",title:"Phosphoproteomics: Detection, Identification and Importance of Protein Phosphorylation",slug:"phosphoproteomics-detection-identification-and-importance-of-protein-phosphorylation",totalDownloads:5773,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Min Jia, Kah Wai Lin and Serhiy Souchelnytskyi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"86378",title:"Mrs.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",fullName:"Min Jia",slug:"min-jia"},{id:"86379",title:"Dr.",name:"Serhiy",middleName:null,surname:"Souchelnytskyi",fullName:"Serhiy Souchelnytskyi",slug:"serhiy-souchelnytskyi"},{id:"86587",title:"Dr.",name:"Kah-Wai",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Kah-Wai Lin",slug:"kah-wai-lin"}]},{id:"29638",type:"chapter",title:"Proteome Kinetics: Coupling the Administration of Stable Isotopes with Mass Spectrometry-Based Analyses",slug:"proteome-kinetics-coupling-the-administration-of-stable-isotopes-with-mass-spectrometry-based-analys",totalDownloads:2290,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stephen F. Previs, Haihong Zhou, Sheng-Ping Wang, Kithsiri Herath, Douglas G. Johns, Thomas P. Roddy, Takhar Kasumov and Brian K. Hubbard",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78420",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Previs",fullName:"Stephen Previs",slug:"stephen-previs"},{id:"87914",title:"Dr.",name:"Takhar",middleName:null,surname:"Kasumov",fullName:"Takhar Kasumov",slug:"takhar-kasumov"},{id:"123573",title:"Dr.",name:"Haihong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Haihong Zhou",slug:"haihong-zhou"},{id:"123612",title:"Ms.",name:"Sheng-Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Sheng-Ping Wang",slug:"sheng-ping-wang"},{id:"123613",title:"Mr.",name:"Kithsiri",middleName:null,surname:"Herath",fullName:"Kithsiri Herath",slug:"kithsiri-herath"},{id:"123614",title:"Dr.",name:"Douglas G.",middleName:null,surname:"Johns",fullName:"Douglas G. Johns",slug:"douglas-g.-johns"},{id:"123615",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas P.",middleName:null,surname:"Roddy",fullName:"Thomas P. Roddy",slug:"thomas-p.-roddy"},{id:"123617",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian K.",middleName:null,surname:"Hubbard",fullName:"Brian K. Hubbard",slug:"brian-k.-hubbard"}]},{id:"29639",type:"chapter",title:"Dynamics of Protein Complexes Tracked by Quantitative Proteomics",slug:"dynamics-of-protein-complexes-tracked-by-quantitative-proteomics",totalDownloads:2584,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Séverine Boulon",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"88265",title:"Dr.",name:"Séverine",middleName:null,surname:"Boulon",fullName:"Séverine Boulon",slug:"severine-boulon"}]},{id:"29640",type:"chapter",title:"Proteomics Analysis of Kinetically Stable Proteins",slug:"proteomics-analysis-of-kinetically-stable-proteins",totalDownloads:2576,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ke Xia, Marta Manning, Songjie Zhang and Wilfredo Colón",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"85961",title:"Prof.",name:"Wilfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Colón",fullName:"Wilfredo Colón",slug:"wilfredo-colon"},{id:"135498",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",fullName:"Ke Xia",slug:"ke-xia"},{id:"135499",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Manning",fullName:"Marta Manning",slug:"marta-manning"},{id:"135500",title:"Dr.",name:"Songjie",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Songjie Zhang",slug:"songjie-zhang"}]},{id:"29641",type:"chapter",title:"Vinyl Sulfone: A Multi-Purpose Function in Proteomics",slug:"vinyl-sulfone-a-multi-purpose-function-in-proteomics",totalDownloads:6977,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"F. Javier Lopez-Jaramillo, Fernando Hernandez-Mateo and Francisco Santoyo-Gonzalez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78904",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Santoyo-Gonzalez",fullName:"Francisco Santoyo-Gonzalez",slug:"francisco-santoyo-gonzalez"},{id:"78919",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanndo",middleName:null,surname:"Hernandez-Mateo",fullName:"Fernanndo Hernandez-Mateo",slug:"fernanndo-hernandez-mateo"},{id:"78920",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Jaramillo",fullName:"Francisco J. Lopez-Jaramillo",slug:"francisco-j.-lopez-jaramillo"}]},{id:"29642",type:"chapter",title:"Gel-Free Proteome Analysis Isotopic Labelling Vs. Label-Free Approaches for Quantitative Proteomics",slug:"gel-free-proteome-analysis-isotopic-labelling-vs-label-free-approaches-for-quantitative-proteomics",totalDownloads:3447,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Baptiste Leroy, Nicolas Houyoux, Sabine Matallana-Surget and Ruddy Wattiez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"85519",title:"Prof.",name:"Ruddy",middleName:null,surname:"Wattiez",fullName:"Ruddy Wattiez",slug:"ruddy-wattiez"},{id:"132018",title:"Dr.",name:"Baptiste",middleName:null,surname:"Leroy",fullName:"Baptiste Leroy",slug:"baptiste-leroy"},{id:"132023",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Houyoux",fullName:"Nicolas Houyoux",slug:"nicolas-houyoux"},{id:"132024",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",middleName:null,surname:"Matallana-Surget",fullName:"Sabine Matallana-Surget",slug:"sabine-matallana-surget"}]},{id:"29643",type:"chapter",title:"Quantitative Proteomics Using iTRAQ Labeling and Mass Spectrometry",slug:"quantitative-proteomics-using-itraq-labeling-and-mass-spectrometry",totalDownloads:9163,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"H. R. Fuller and G. E. Morris",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"87286",title:"Prof.",name:"Glenn",middleName:null,surname:"Morris",fullName:"Glenn Morris",slug:"glenn-morris"},{id:"87307",title:"Dr.",name:"Heidi",middleName:null,surname:"Fuller",fullName:"Heidi Fuller",slug:"heidi-fuller"}]},{id:"29644",type:"chapter",title:"Functional Proteomics: Mapping Lipid-Protein Interactomes",slug:"functional-proteomics-mapping-lipid-protein-interactomes",totalDownloads:3679,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Clive D’Santos and Aurélia E. Lewis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84633",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurelia",middleName:"Eva",surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Aurelia Lewis",slug:"aurelia-lewis"},{id:"89232",title:"Dr.",name:"Clive",middleName:null,surname:"D'Santos",fullName:"Clive D'Santos",slug:"clive-d'santos"}]},{id:"29645",type:"chapter",title:"Protein Thiol Modification and Thiol Proteomics",slug:"protein-thiol-modification-and-thiol-proteomics",totalDownloads:3453,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yingxian Li, Xiaogang Wang and Qi Li",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"79251",title:"Dr.",name:"Yingxian",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yingxian Li",slug:"yingxian-li"},{id:"149431",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang"},{id:"149432",title:"Dr.",name:"Qi",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Qi Li",slug:"qi-li"}]},{id:"29646",type:"chapter",title:"The Utility of Mass Spectrometry Based Structural Proteomics in Biopharmaceutical Biologics Development",slug:"the-utility-of-mass-spectrometry-based-structural-proteomics-in-biopharmaceutical-biologics-developm",totalDownloads:2520,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Parminder Kaur and Mark R. Chance",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76142",title:"Dr.",name:"Parminder",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",fullName:"Parminder Kaur",slug:"parminder-kaur"},{id:"83465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mark R.",middleName:null,surname:"Chance",fullName:"Mark R. Chance",slug:"mark-r.-chance"}]},{id:"29647",type:"chapter",title:"nwCompare and AutoCompare Softwares for Proteomics and Transcriptomics Data Mining – Application to the Exploration of Gene Expression Profiles of Aggressive Lymphomas",slug:"nwcompare-and-autocompare-softwares-for-proteomics-and-transcriptomics-data-mining-application-to-th",totalDownloads:2223,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fréderic Pont, Marie Tosolini, Bernard Ycart and Jean-Jacques Fournié",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78354",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederic",middleName:null,surname:"Pont",fullName:"Frederic Pont",slug:"frederic-pont"},{id:"119971",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Jacques",middleName:null,surname:"Fournié",fullName:"Jean-Jacques Fournié",slug:"jean-jacques-fournie"},{id:"119972",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Ycart",fullName:"Bernard Ycart",slug:"bernard-ycart"},{id:"119973",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Tosolini",fullName:"Marie Tosolini",slug:"marie-tosolini"}]},{id:"29648",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Bioinformatics Tools in Gel-Based Proteomics",slug:"application-of-bioinformatics-tools-in-gel-based-proteomics",totalDownloads:2691,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kah Wai Lin, Min Jia and Serhiy Souchelnytskyi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"86378",title:"Mrs.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",fullName:"Min Jia",slug:"min-jia"},{id:"86379",title:"Dr.",name:"Serhiy",middleName:null,surname:"Souchelnytskyi",fullName:"Serhiy Souchelnytskyi",slug:"serhiy-souchelnytskyi"},{id:"86331",title:"Dr.",name:"Kah Wai",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Kah Wai Lin",slug:"kah-wai-lin"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2553",title:"Lipid Peroxidation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b39734aa940b2d63ae5e8773d3dd5280",slug:"lipid-peroxidation",bookSignature:"Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2553.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38477",title:"Lipid Peroxidation: Chemical Mechanism, Biological Implications and Analytical Determination",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-chemical-mechanism-biological-implications-and-analytical-determination",signatures:"Marisa Repetto, Jimena Semprine and Alberto Boveris",authors:[{id:"36452",title:"Dr.",name:"Marisa",middleName:"Gabriela",surname:"Repetto",fullName:"Marisa Repetto",slug:"marisa-repetto"}]},{id:"38517",title:"Lipid Oxidation in Homogeneous and Micro-Heterogeneous Media in Presence of Prooxidants, Antioxidants and Surfactants",slug:"lipid-oxidation-in-homogeneous-and-micro-heterogeneous-media-in-presence-of-prooxidants-antioxidants",signatures:"Vessela D. Kancheva and Olga T. Kasaikina",authors:[{id:"139075",title:"Prof.",name:"Vessela",middleName:"Deneva",surname:"Kancheva",fullName:"Vessela Kancheva",slug:"vessela-kancheva"},{id:"142775",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Kasaikina",fullName:"Olga Kasaikina",slug:"olga-kasaikina"}]},{id:"38468",title:"Lipid Peroxidation End-Products as a Key of Oxidative Stress: Effect of Antioxidant on Their Production and Transfer of Free Radicals",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-end-products-as-a-key-of-oxidative-stress-effect-of-antioxidant-on-their-producti",signatures:"Hanaa Ali Hassan Mostafa Abd El-Aal",authors:[{id:"140134",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanaa",middleName:"Ali",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Hanaa Hassan",slug:"hanaa-hassan"}]},{id:"38472",title:"Iron Overload and Lipid Peroxidation in Biological Systems",slug:"iron-overload-and-lipid-peroxidation-in-biological-systems",signatures:"Paula M. González, Natacha E. Piloni and Susana Puntarulo",authors:[{id:"36192",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Puntarulo",fullName:"Susana Puntarulo",slug:"susana-puntarulo"}]},{id:"38469",title:"Trends in the Evaluation of Lipid Peroxidation Processes",slug:"trends-in-the-evaluation-of-lipid-peroxidation-processes",signatures:"Mihaela Ilie and Denisa Margină",authors:[{id:"47029",title:"Dr.",name:"Denisa",middleName:null,surname:"Margina",fullName:"Denisa Margina",slug:"denisa-margina"},{id:"49035",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",middleName:null,surname:"Ilie",fullName:"Mihaela Ilie",slug:"mihaela-ilie"}]},{id:"38473",title:"Automation of Methods for Determination of Lipid Peroxidation",slug:"automation-of-methods-for-determination-of-lipid-peroxidation",signatures:"Jiri Sochor, Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky, Petr Babula, Vojtech Adam, Jaromir Hubalek and Rene Kizek",authors:[{id:"16205",title:"Dr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Kizek",fullName:"Rene Kizek",slug:"rene-kizek"},{id:"16208",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Babula",fullName:"Petr Babula",slug:"petr-babula"},{id:"30300",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaromír",middleName:null,surname:"Hubálek",fullName:"Jaromír Hubálek",slug:"jaromir-hubalek"},{id:"142669",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Sochor",fullName:"Jiri Sochor",slug:"jiri-sochor"},{id:"142676",title:"Dr.",name:"Branislav",middleName:null,surname:"Ruttkay-Nedecky",fullName:"Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky",slug:"branislav-ruttkay-nedecky"},{id:"142677",title:"Dr.",name:"Vojtech",middleName:null,surname:"Adam",fullName:"Vojtech Adam",slug:"vojtech-adam"}]},{id:"38478",title:"Liposomes as a Tool to Study Lipid Peroxidation",slug:"liposomes-as-a-tool-to-study-lipid-peroxidation",signatures:"Biljana Kaurinovic and Mira Popovic",authors:[{id:"139916",title:"Prof.",name:"Mira",middleName:null,surname:"Popovic",fullName:"Mira Popovic",slug:"mira-popovic"},{id:"142369",title:"Prof.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Kaurinovic",fullName:"Biljana Kaurinovic",slug:"biljana-kaurinovic"}]},{id:"38457",title:"Liposomes as a Tool to Study Lipid Peroxidation in Retina",slug:"liposomes-as-a-tool-to-study-lipid-peroxidation-in-retina",signatures:"Natalia Fagali and Angel Catalá",authors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",slug:"angel-catala"},{id:"139988",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Fagali",fullName:"Natalia Fagali",slug:"natalia-fagali"}]},{id:"38461",title:"The Effect of Plant Secondary Metabolites on Lipid Peroxidation and Eicosanoid Pathway",slug:"the-effect-of-plant-secondary-metabolites-on-lipid-peroxidation-and-eicosanoid-pathway",signatures:"Neda Mimica-Dukić, Nataša Simin, Emilija Svirčev, Dejan Orčić, Ivana Beara, Marija Lesjak and Biljana Božin",authors:[{id:"78766",title:"Dr.",name:"Biljana",middleName:null,surname:"Bozin",fullName:"Biljana Bozin",slug:"biljana-bozin"},{id:"140273",title:"Prof.",name:"Neda",middleName:null,surname:"Mimica-Dukic",fullName:"Neda Mimica-Dukic",slug:"neda-mimica-dukic"},{id:"142754",title:"MSc.",name:"Natasa",middleName:null,surname:"Simin",fullName:"Natasa Simin",slug:"natasa-simin"},{id:"142756",title:"BSc.",name:"Emilija",middleName:null,surname:"Jovin",fullName:"Emilija Jovin",slug:"emilija-jovin"},{id:"142757",title:"Dr.",name:"Dejan",middleName:null,surname:"Orcic",fullName:"Dejan Orcic",slug:"dejan-orcic"},{id:"156386",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Beara",fullName:"Ivana Beara",slug:"ivana-beara"},{id:"156387",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Lesjak",fullName:"Marija Lesjak",slug:"marija-lesjak"}]},{id:"38471",title:"Repeatedly Heated Vegetable Oils and Lipid Peroxidation",slug:"repeatedly-heated-vegetable-oils-and-lipid-peroxidation",signatures:"Kamsiah Jaarin and Yusof Kamisah",authors:[{id:"140497",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamsiah",middleName:null,surname:"Jaarin",fullName:"Kamsiah Jaarin",slug:"kamsiah-jaarin"},{id:"140500",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yusof",middleName:null,surname:"Kamisah",fullName:"Yusof Kamisah",slug:"yusof-kamisah"}]},{id:"38456",title:"Effects of Hydroperoxide in Lipid Peroxidation on Dough Fermentation",slug:"effects-of-hydroperoxide-in-lipid-peroxidation-on-dough-fermentation",signatures:"Toshiyuki Toyosaki",authors:[{id:"139920",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Toyosaki",fullName:"Toshiyuki Toyosaki",slug:"toshiyuki-toyosaki"}]},{id:"38460",title:"Modification of Fatty Acid Composition in Meat Through Diet: Effect on Lipid Peroxidation and Relationship to Nutritional Quality – A Review",slug:"modification-of-fatty-acid-composition-in-meat-through-diet-effect-on-lipid-peroxidation-and-relatio",signatures:"Gema Nieto and Gaspar Ros",authors:[{id:"141016",title:"Dr.",name:"Gema",middleName:null,surname:"Nieto",fullName:"Gema Nieto",slug:"gema-nieto"},{id:"141332",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaspar",middleName:null,surname:"Ros",fullName:"Gaspar Ros",slug:"gaspar-ros"}]},{id:"38458",title:"Lipid Peroxidation After Ionizing Irradiation Leads to Apoptosis and Autophagy",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-after-ionizing-irradiation-leads-to-apoptosis-and-autophagy",signatures:"Juliann G. Kiang, Risaku Fukumoto and Nikolai V. Gorbunov",authors:[{id:"157452",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliann",middleName:null,surname:"Kiang",fullName:"Juliann Kiang",slug:"juliann-kiang"},{id:"158709",title:"Dr.",name:"Risaku",middleName:null,surname:"Fukumoto",fullName:"Risaku Fukumoto",slug:"risaku-fukumoto"},{id:"158710",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Gorbunov",fullName:"Nikolai Gorbunov",slug:"nikolai-gorbunov"}]},{id:"38467",title:"Tissue Occurrence of Carbonyl Products of Lipid Peroxidation and Their Role in Inflammatory Disease",slug:"tissue-occurrence-of-carbonyl-products-of-lipid-peroxidation-and-their-role-in-inflammatory-disease",signatures:"Maria Armida Rossi",authors:[{id:"148504",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi",fullName:"Maria Rossi",slug:"maria-rossi"}]},{id:"38465",title:"The Role of Physical Exercise on Lipid Peroxidation in Diabetic Complications",slug:"the-role-of-physical-exercise-on-lipid-peroxidation-in-diabetic-complications",signatures:"Yaşar Gül Özkaya",authors:[{id:"142843",title:"Dr.",name:"Y. Gul",middleName:null,surname:"Ozkaya",fullName:"Y. Gul Ozkaya",slug:"y.-gul-ozkaya"}]},{id:"38466",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species Act as Signaling Molecules in Liver Carcinogenesis",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species-act-as-signaling-molecules-in-liver-carcinogenesis",signatures:"María Cristina Carrillo, María de Luján Alvarez, Juan Pablo Parody, Ariel Darío Quiroga and María Paula Ceballos",authors:[{id:"142215",title:"PhD.",name:"Maria Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Carrillo",fullName:"Maria Cristina Carrillo",slug:"maria-cristina-carrillo"},{id:"142855",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Luján",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez",fullName:"Maria De Luján Alvarez",slug:"maria-de-lujan-alvarez"},{id:"142858",title:"BSc.",name:"Juan Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Parody",fullName:"Juan Pablo Parody",slug:"juan-pablo-parody"},{id:"142859",title:"Dr.",name:"Ariel Darío",middleName:null,surname:"Quiroga",fullName:"Ariel Darío Quiroga",slug:"ariel-dario-quiroga"},{id:"142861",title:"BSc.",name:"Maria Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Ceballos",fullName:"Maria Paula Ceballos",slug:"maria-paula-ceballos"}]},{id:"38459",title:"Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidants in Arterial Hypertension",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-and-antioxidants-in-arterial-hypertension",signatures:"Teresa Sousa, Joana Afonso, António Albino-Teixeira and Félix Carvalho",authors:[{id:"131252",title:"Prof.",name:"Félix",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Félix Carvalho",slug:"felix-carvalho"},{id:"140800",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:null,surname:"Albino-Teixeira",fullName:"António Albino-Teixeira",slug:"antonio-albino-teixeira"},{id:"142410",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa",fullName:"Teresa Sousa",slug:"teresa-sousa"},{id:"142411",title:"MSc.",name:"Joana",middleName:null,surname:"Afonso",fullName:"Joana Afonso",slug:"joana-afonso"}]},{id:"38476",title:"Lipid Peroxidation and Reperfusion Injury in Hypertrophied Hearts",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-and-reperfusion-injury-in-hypertrophied-hearts",signatures:"Juliana C. Fantinelli, Ignacio A. Pérez Núñez, Luisa F. González Arbeláez and Susana M. Mosca",authors:[{id:"98613",title:"Dr.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Mosca",fullName:"Susana Mosca",slug:"susana-mosca"}]},{id:"38455",title:"Lipid Peroxidation by-Products and the Metabolic Syndrome",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-by-products-and-the-metabolic-syndrome",signatures:"Nicolas J. Pillon and Christophe O. Soulage",authors:[{id:"139163",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:"Jean",surname:"Pillon",fullName:"Nicolas Pillon",slug:"nicolas-pillon"},{id:"139829",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Soulage",fullName:"Christophe Soulage",slug:"christophe-soulage"}]},{id:"38475",title:"Region Specific Vulnerability to Lipid Peroxidation in the Human Central Nervous System",slug:"region-specific-vulnerability-to-lipid-peroxidation-in-the-human-central-nervous-system",signatures:"Alba Naudí, Mariona Jové, Victòria Ayala, Omar Ramírez, Rosanna Cabré, Joan Prat, Manuel Portero-Otin, Isidre Ferrer and Reinald Pamplona",authors:[{id:"139955",title:"Prof.",name:"Reinald",middleName:null,surname:"Pamplona",fullName:"Reinald Pamplona",slug:"reinald-pamplona"}]},{id:"38474",title:"Role of Lipid Peroxidation in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Cataract",slug:"role-of-lipid-peroxidation-in-the-pathogenesis-of-age-related-cataract",signatures:"Bojana Kisic, Dijana Miric, Lepsa Zoric and Aleksandra Ilic",authors:[{id:"139383",title:"Prof.",name:"Bojana",middleName:null,surname:"Kisic",fullName:"Bojana Kisic",slug:"bojana-kisic"},{id:"150937",title:"Prof.",name:"Dijana",middleName:null,surname:"Miric",fullName:"Dijana Miric",slug:"dijana-miric"},{id:"150938",title:"Prof.",name:"Lepsa",middleName:null,surname:"Zoric",fullName:"Lepsa Zoric",slug:"lepsa-zoric"},{id:"150939",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ilic",fullName:"Aleksandra Ilic",slug:"aleksandra-ilic"}]},{id:"38462",title:"Lipid Peroxidation in Hepatic Fibrosis",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-in-hepatic-fibrosis",signatures:"Ichiro Shimizu, Noriko Shimamoto, Katsumi Saiki, Mai Furujo and Keiko Osawa",authors:[{id:"142420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Shimizu",fullName:"Ichiro Shimizu",slug:"ichiro-shimizu"}]},{id:"38463",title:"Use of CoA Biosynthesis Modulators and Selenoprotein Model Substance in Correction of Brain Ischemic and Reperfusion Injuries",slug:"use-of-coa-biosynthesis-modulators-and-selenoprotein-model-substance-in-correction-of-brain-ischemic",signatures:"Nina P. Kanunnikova, Natalya Z. Bashun and Andrey G. Moiseenok",authors:[{id:"142487",title:"Prof.",name:"Nina",middleName:null,surname:"Kanunnikova",fullName:"Nina Kanunnikova",slug:"nina-kanunnikova"},{id:"142491",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalya",middleName:null,surname:"Bashun",fullName:"Natalya Bashun",slug:"natalya-bashun"},{id:"142503",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Moiseenok",fullName:"Andrey Moiseenok",slug:"andrey-moiseenok"}]},{id:"38464",title:"Lipid Peroxidation and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers – A Toxicological Perspective",slug:"lipid-peroxidation-and-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-a-toxicological-perspective",signatures:"Mary C. Vagula and Elisa M. Konieczko",authors:[{id:"141806",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary",middleName:null,surname:"Vagula",fullName:"Mary Vagula",slug:"mary-vagula"},{id:"150947",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Konieczko",fullName:"Elisa Konieczko",slug:"elisa-konieczko"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4605",title:"Lipoproteins",subtitle:"From Bench to Bedside",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5e22c3f2aa33e12a5cb30f6fa3f0845",slug:"lipoproteins-from-bench-to-bedside",bookSignature:"Gerhard Kostner and Indumathi Chennamesetty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4605.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135586",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerhard",surname:"Kostner",slug:"gerhard-kostner",fullName:"Gerhard Kostner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4726",title:"Recent Advances in Proteomics Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"859400536370791c6bcb3e464b0c5835",slug:"recent-advances-in-proteomics-research",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"372",title:"Aflatoxins",subtitle:"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7f7359995dc5ee04e12df282495f77e",slug:"aflatoxins-biochemistry-and-molecular-biology",bookSignature:"Ramón Gerardo Guevara-González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62559",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramon G.",surname:"Guevara-Gonzalez",slug:"ramon-g.-guevara-gonzalez",fullName:"Ramon G. Guevara-Gonzalez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5092",title:"Nucleic Acids",subtitle:"From Basic Aspects to Laboratory Tools",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b48c045b1df2f66a40da529def11bea3",slug:"nucleic-acids-from-basic-aspects-to-laboratory-tools",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1490",title:"Affinity Chromatography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b605cd690ec61005a6b6b27c934de321",slug:"affinity-chromatography",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1490.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2064",title:"Integrative Proteomics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82fe979a574466e287d597db196c0d67",slug:"integrative-proteomics",bookSignature:"Hon-Chiu Eastwood Leung, Tsz-Kwong Man and Ricardo J. Flores",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2064.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105582",title:"Dr.",name:"Hon-Chiu",surname:"Leung",slug:"hon-chiu-leung",fullName:"Hon-Chiu Leung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80204",title:"Role of Community-Based Birth Attendants in Reduction of Maternal and Child Mortality",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101789",slug:"role-of-community-based-birth-attendants-in-reduction-of-maternal-and-child-mortality",body:'
Maternal health, which is a core part of women’s health during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, contributes massively to attaining an optimal public health state, as women make up half of the world’s population and economies for development [1].
Pregnancy and childbirth should be joyous experiences for every woman and her household. However, this is not the case for some families as the joy is cut short at delivery, and a joyous occasion becomes a tragedy. Beyond the family, these deaths have detrimental effects on the socio-economic aspects of a country and the world at large [2].
Several factors contribute to these deaths, which are caused chiefly by the lack of appropriate care during pregnancy, childbirth, and post-delivery periods, with the bedrock of these care ingrained in the community. Community-based Birth Attendants (healthcare providers) provide this care for approximately 7 out of 10 women of reproductive age [3, 4].
Maternal mortality is defined as the loss of a woman’s life resulting from pregnancy complication or death with 42 days after childbirth, notwithstanding the period or site of the pregnancy, emanating from issues that are linked or escalated by the management of the pregnancy but from accidental or incidental causes. Whereas, Early childhood mortality include Neonatal mortality (the probability of a child dying within the first month), Infant mortality (the probability of dying before the first birthday), Post-neonatal mortality (the difference between infant and neonatal mortality), Child mortality (the probability of dying between the first and the fifth birthday) and Under-5 mortality (the probability of dying between birth and the fifth birthday) [5].
Every year, women’s lives are lost to complications of childbirth and pregnancy. According to the World Health Organisation, in 2017, 810 women died every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth, with 94% of these deaths occurring in low and lower middle-income countries. In Nigeria, maternal mortality is reported to be 545 deaths per 100,000 live births and is currently known to have the second-highest number of maternal mortality (making up approximately 20% of all global maternal mortality) and perinatal mortality in the world, with unskilled TBAs assisting up to 90% of the deliveries that lead to these high statistics [4, 5].
Maternal deaths are due to complications that arise either during pregnancy or as a result of childbirth. While some conditions may exist before the pregnancy, the state of pregnancy can potentially worsen them. According to the WHO’s International Classification of Diseases-Maternal Mortality (WHO ICD-MM), maternal deaths can be direct, indirect or unspecified [4, 5].
The direct causes are those resulting from obstetric complications of the pregnancy state, be it pregnancy, labour, or puerperium), including those related to interventions, omissions of treatment, or a combination of all. These include unsafe abortions, obstructed labour, excessive blood loss, infections. On the other hand, indirect deaths result from previously existing diseases or diseases developed in the pregnancy state that was aggravated by the physiologic effects of pregnancy. These include anaemia, high blood pressure and sugar, malaria, heart disease [4, 5].
However, according to Odeyemi et al. [6] also Maduka and Ogu [7], the common most reported causes of maternal deaths in Nigeria, direct and indirect, are obstetric haemorrhage leading to anaemia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, obstructed labour, unsafe abortion, ectopic pregnancy, placenta abruptio, ruptured uterus and puerperal sepsis.
Other unspecified maternal deaths are those during pregnancy, childbirth or puerperium for which the underlying cause cannot be determined. These are further divided into nine groups, which are; Pregnancies with abortive outcomes; Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium; Obstetric haemorrhage; Pregnancy-related infection such as Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and malaria; Other obstetric Complications; Unanticipated complications of management; Non-obstetric complications; Unknown/undetermined and finally, Coincidental causes [6, 7].
When women die, there are social and economic consequences that extend beyond her family. For the children left behind, evidence shows increased mortality risk, decreased nutrition and higher chances of not going to school. There is also the consequence of a reduced labour force for the community, which results in reduced productivity. There is evidence to show that maternal mortality has a statistically significant negative effect on GDP in the WHO African region [1, 2, 8].
In most instances, maternal deaths are preventable. This is possible through timely management of mothers by skilled professionals in an environment that is supportive and adequately equipped. Skilled professionals in this context are not limited to doctors, nurses or midwives. They include those health workers who live within the community, such as the Community-based Birth Attendants (CBAs) and other healthcare providers [9, 10].
Traditional birth attendant (TBA), which makes up the large part of CBAs, according to the World Health Organisation, is a person (usually a woman) who assists a pregnant woman at childbirth; she may have acquired her skills by delivering her babies alone or by working with other TBAs. Other groups also classified and acting as CBAs are CHOs, CHEWs, JCHEWs, auxiliary nurses, including faith-based birth attendants and even some trained midwives and nursing officers who offer service at homes and in the communities away from health facilities. In contrast, a trained or skilled TBA “is an individual who has received a form of short course training to enhance his/her knowledge and skills through the modern health care sector [11].
Over 50% of the 130 million deliveries globally are attended to by Community-based and Traditional birth attendants. These Community-based healthcare providers are largely unskilled (i.e. TBAs) and have no formal education or knowledge on the management of childbirth-related complications, while some are semiskilled or with outdated skills (i.e. auxiliary nurses) and, therefore, are unable to prevent or treat these complications during pregnancy or childbirth that leads to maternal and/or perinatal morbidities and mortalities [7, 12].
Significantly, Women of reproductive age living in developing and underdeveloped areas with weak health systems and suboptimal healthcare delivery – accounting for 94% of all maternal mortality globally where an estimate of about 45% of the death occurred during pregnancy; 35% during childbirth, and 20% during the postpartum period – continue to make use of TBAs during childbirth. This causes a negative ripple effect, with the unideal, inappropriate and unethical practice steadily increasing [6, 7].
Even though reports have shown a reduction in the maternal mortality rate over the years, this reduction rate has been very slow. The 2018 National Demographic Health Survey from Nigeria showed that skilled providers assisted 68% of births in urban areas compared with only 28% in rural areas, leaving the remaining 72% to the help of other unskilled Community-based Birth Attendants (CBAs) and other healthcare providers. Also, the study reflected that about 60% of the women in rural areas had a problem with accessing healthcare. These gaps highlight the importance of the availability of skilled community to women needing their services the most for necessary care [5].
A study done by Fagbamigbe et al. in 2017, to identify the cause of the marginal decline in maternal mortality rate in Nigeria identified an increased use in skilled birth attendants during delivery. The study showed a 6% increment in the use of skilled birth attendants between 1990 and 2013. The World Health Organisation also recorded a drop in maternal mortality rate by 53% during that period. Some of the factors responsible for the increased rate of skilled birth attendants use include creating the national midwives’ service scheme, equipping primary health care centres, providing empowerment programs, and so on. Other determinants affecting women’s usage of skilled birth attendants include proximity to the health facility, socio-economic status, and previous positive experience [4, 9].
Regarding health equity, the role of community birth attendants also comes to mind as they help ensure that women in rural communities are not left behind in terms of their maternal health care. Aside from being instrumental and playing a massive role in reducing maternal mortality, they also provide certain personalised care for their patients such as; counselling, home visitations, support during labor, charging cheaper rates, and allowing for payment of services by barter or in instalments. This is quite important for most women as a report has shown that the perception of skilled birth attendants as being hostile and disclosing confidential information are some of the hindering factors to receiving care from skilled birth attendants. Therefore, to significantly reduce the burden of maternal mortality in Nigeria, the role of the CBAs is of crucial importance and cannot be undermined [9, 11, 12].
The UN sustainable development goal to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to <70 per 100,000 live births by 2030 seems impossible due to the prevalence of high maternal mortality rate globally (211 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2017) and in developing countries, especially Nigeria where there were about 917 deaths per 100,000 births in 2017. This is a product of these places’ weak operational health systems – lacking well-trained, adequately informed, technology and quality inclined healthcare providers, well-maintained and equipped facilities, logistics and functional policies. Likewise, studies have shown that the risk of maternal and perinatal death is increased dramatically when there is unskilled birth assistance (done mainly by TBAs and other CBAs) [7].
The health workforce is the bedrock to achieving a good health system and its outcome. Hence, every healthcare provider, including the CBAs – who are a link between the community and health service providers especially, skilled birth attendants, and are always available, accessible, affordable and socioculturally acceptable in communities (especially the low socio-economic, rural, underserved, hard-to-reach and grassroots) – cannot be ruled out of the optimal healthcare provision and human resources allocation [9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
Due to this, including the slow uptake and shortage of SBAs, several countries have opened up the proposal to officially adopt CBAs as part of the flowchart for maternity care and attempted to integrate CBAs into their health system – following the failure to suppress them. However, the results and techniques have differed from LMIC like Bangladesh and Kenya to HIC like China. Nevertheless, studies have shown that health education and training programs for TBAs are instrumental in upskilling them to promptly recognise warning signs of emergencies and know when to transfer the woman to the hospital [7, 9, 11, 12, 16].
Integrating them into the health system in Nigeria is challenging because, despite the widespread acceptance and use of these service providers, they are illegal. This is one of the major bottlenecks in integrating them into health services. Due to this problem, they can only function within the limits of the law as referral points, points of community entry, and they can help prevent harm to the mother and child. However, there is not enough SBA in the country, and as a result, policies such as task shifting and sharing will need to be adjusted to reflect and accommodate the current circumstance [7, 12, 15, 16].
The first step has to eliminate this problem and recognise them legally with well-defined roles and limits to serve their communities. They can regularly report to the local government medical officers, primary health centres, or the public health board with frequent assessments and updated recertification training. Some of the Knowledge and skills for procedures needed to ensure safe delivery and maternal and perinatal survival are the proper use, and implementation of aseptic techniques, uterotonics, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, blood transfusion, and more is lacking among them. Therefore, they should be trained to prevent and recognise complications by teaching them significant aspects of maternal care, including Family planning (FP), Misoprostol Use, Measurement of blood loss, Antepartum care, normal labour, Postpartum care for mothers, Postnatal care for neonates and so on. However, very importantly, these knowledge and skills should be fashioned and effectively implemented to fit their cadre, strict community level duties, in line with the task shifting and sharing policy in Nigeria [6, 7, 10, 12, 15].
In the majority of the countries most affected by maternal mortality, uptake of family planning is low. Given that the CBAs are usually respected voices or authorities in their community, training them on family planning counselling and making them advocates will make it more appealing to the women. There is also a personal relationship and closeness between CBAs and their patrons still largely absent in the typical hospital or clinic dynamic. A reduction in the number of birthing events correlated strongly with a decrease in maternal deaths [15, 17].
Years ago, the prevention or treatment of postpartum haemorrhage in small villages or towns without electricity or the need for injections was near impossible. For example, in LMICs like Tanzania, they estimate blood loss using the quantity of soaked clothes fabrics and can be taught other standardised methods that are excellent steps at spotting postpartum haemorrhage. They can learn the local equivalence of 500mls of blood to know when to refer the women for advanced and emergency care in health facilities. Also, with the advent of misoprostol, it is possible to train these CBAs to administer it safely in their centres. This will reduce the risk of death due to postpartum haemorrhage, reducing one of the most emergent causes of maternal mortality [15, 18, 19].
CBAs can also encourage their patrons to get advanced care after birth and take vaccines in health centres. These are aspects of care that the majority of the CBAs generally do not offer in their regular plans, especially postpartum care. Notably, attempts to use “promise of financial compensation” to encourage the CBAs to refer their clients to the hospital for postpartum care have shown varying results. Teaching CBAs to clean women and care for them and their babies after delivery can save many lives lost to maternal and child mortality [14, 19].
Likewise, CBAs having good knowledge and counselling skills on HIV/AIDS and Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) with good knowledge on specific measures of infection prevention and control can help them to protect themselves, their patients and the entire community while opting for orthodox medicine as the management of the various viral infection (COVID-19 inclusive), rather than the use of native or herbal remedies to cure them [18, 20].
All of these and more trainings, regular feedback, and a proper referral system will help create a genuinely integrated health service that has the interests of the healthcare consumers at the fore of its priorities. Hence, this is not the time to “gatekeep” but to be proactive by integrating CBAs via a full-on multifaceted project because human resources for health, including SBAs, are not growing fast enough to meet the community’s needs. Therefore, all the stakeholders should be given a seat at the table to deliberate the methods, limits, appropriate policies and legislation [7, 13, 21].
Various challenges exist that hinder the maximisation of CBA roles to reduce maternal and child mortality and the general healthcare provision system as a whole. These challenges have been identified through an extensive review of literature and fieldwork.
Through our field works of Training-The-T/CBAs (Project TTT) at SHI, 162 CBAs has been reached since 2018, and some of the issues common to them all irrespective of location are palpable ignorance and reluctance to learn or adopt new methods. This reluctance is influenced by their confidence in their old traditional ways and how long they have been using them and getting away with the outcomes. For example, during the FGD on family planning before TTT at Orile-Iganmu (a Semi-Urban community in Lagos state, the megacity of Nigeria), the head of the TBAs (a herbalist) that has practised for over 30 years and trained countless other TBAs stated confidently in his native language and translated that
Also, other aspects found to be erroneously managed and discussed among them during an FGD among the same cohort and another recruited into the TTT Project in Ilo-Ajegunle (another semi-urban community in Lagos) were postpartum psychosis during and after labour, partners’ inclusion in family planning, postdated pregnancy lasting up to one and half years, exclusive breastfeeding and other breastfeeding issues. Likewise, immunisation of mother and child and efficient data collection of their activities with the client were also lacking among the majority (Tables 1–3) [22, 23, 24].
TTT project location | Community type | State | C/TBAs recruited by |
---|---|---|---|
Osogbo | Semiurban | Osun | Traditional and TBAs leader |
Orile-Iganmu | Semiurban | Lagos | Traditional and TBAs leader |
Ilo-Ajegunle | Semiurban | Lagos | OIC and CHO in the community PHC |
Ifako-Ijaiye | Semiurban | Lagos | CHO in the community PHC |
Ojokoro | Semiurban | Lagos | CHO in the community PHC |
Onipanu-Ota | Rural | Ogun | TBAs representative |
Baale-Ajuwon | Rural | Ogun | Faith-based/Religious birthing attendants head |
Details of field work (project locations) and methods through which C/TBAs trained were mobilised and recruited.
Age group | % (n = 162) |
---|---|
18–35 years | 11.2 |
36–45 years | 33.6 |
46–65 years | 51.5 |
Above 65 years | 3.7 |
Gender | % (n = 162) |
Male | 21.50 |
Female | 78.50 |
Highest educational level | % (n = 162) |
Primary education | 21.4 |
Secondary education | 46.8 |
Postsecondary education/Tertiary/Colleges | 14.7 |
Informal or no education | 17.1 |
Type of initial training had to become a TBA | % (n = 162) |
Formally trained | 52 |
Informally trained | 48 |
Sociodemographic data of birthing attendants (community-based/traditional) reached.
Cadre of birthing attendants reached (n = 162) | % |
---|---|
TBAs | 38.00 |
CBAs | 11.70 |
Faith Based | 33.10 |
Nursing Officers | 1.30 |
Auxiliary Nurses | 12.70 |
JCHEWs | 1.30 |
CHOs | 1.30 |
CHEWs | 0.60 |
Cadre of the birthing attendants reached via the TTT.
NB: n is total number of Birthing Attendants reached by the TTT Project.
Another occurrence was during the FGM session at the same training in Osogbo (the capital of the traditional and religious state), where more than 80% of the participant CBAs vehemently supported that FGM was a compulsory family tradition and right to protect the female. Also that they relied on their “
Furthermore, another challenge was the lack of a comprehensive and all-inclusive database of every functioning CBAs in communities despite having a regulating body or a converging association or point of meeting with their assigned CHOs in their resident community PHCs. Hence, they cannot all be tracked, trained, or their activities monitored, with some even hiding under the guise of running a “private hospital” instead of the actual traditional homes or centres they run. These can be due to age, level of exposure, type and level of education/training, the difference in religion, location/locality, beliefs and practices [24, 25, 26].
Some evidence supporting this from data collated through our TTT project showed that of the 162 reached and trained; 51.5% were between the ages of 46–65, 33.6% between 36 and 45 years, rarely the elderly who trained them showed (they made up only 3.7%) and the young one who are currently receiving the informal training (18–35 years’ participant made up just 11.2%). Keep in mind that age should not be a limitation to acquiring knowledge. Likewise, primarily those who had some form of formal training wanted more, as 52.0% of participants had some formal training to become birth attendants or community healthcare providers versus 48.0% who were informally trained. While 21.4% had primary education, 46.8% had secondary education, 14.7% had postsecondary education (including college of health technology), and 17.1% had informal or no education [24].
Furthermore, the percentage of all participants attending the training by qualification and initial training recorded; 38.0% were TBAs, 33.1% faith-based birth attendants, 12.7% Auxiliary nurses, 11.7% CBAs, 1.3% Nursing Officers, 1.3% CHOs, 1.3% JCHEWs and 0.6% CHEW (SHI 2020 Annual report) [24]. This lower attendance of CBAs with higher qualifications might be attributed to the perceived need or aim of more training, mode of community entry, reachable circle and target of CBAs mobiliser [23, 24].
At a community entry meeting with one of the CBAs by the SHI strategy team (i.e. the contact person we were able to reach) in Baale-Ajuwon (a rural community in Ogun state), she emphasised in her native language that
However, despite these challenges hindering their roles, some progress has been made such as the increase in the knowledge and attitude towards FP, Safe delivery, hygiene practices in the workspace, immunisation, exclusive breastfeeding and empowerment with IEC and educative materials for themselves and their clients; all of which play a huge role in reducing maternal and child morbidity and mortality in their communities and the world at large. As during follow-up visits to the CBAs in FDG, they report more patronage on account of the free birthing kits and FP counselling services they offer – courtesy of the Safer Hands Health Initiative [22, 23, 24, 25, 26].
Currently and in the nearest future, the “irreplaceable” roles of CBAs in healthcare delivery services cannot be dismissed or disregarded. Hence, prompt actions must be taken to reduce the maternal, perinatal and child morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and globally associated with them. Some of which include;
Legalising the roles of CBAs and building a controlled framework to integrate them into the formal healthcare system. Also, incorporating community stakeholders input and participation can help improve healthcare service delivery and programs [7, 12, 13].
Strengthening effective communication between CBAs and skilled health workers to avoid disharmony and counter-productivity in the grassroots healthcare system. This can be achieved by creating a conducive and functional referral system and emergency line for CBAs to their community healthcare centres or medical practitioners in charge. This would also increase their access to healthcare facilities.
Trainings, educational conferences and empowerment at all levels (local, national and international) should be periodically and continuously done to cross-learn from what is obtainable and yield positive outcomes in other developed places. Also, with a day dedicated to them (i.e. International day of CBAs) to recognise their ethical works, referrals and reported/documented activities [16, 19, 24]. This would inform their activities, exposure and incline them towards quality care delivery.
Likewise, incentivising their efforts to recruit a robust database of every CBAs in their communities – as they know themselves – and enrol their trainees for proper/formal healthcare training in schools. Incentives could be per referral/enrollment or after a target number set is met, and it could be in the form of money, materials, or more opportunities like scholarships for formal enrollment, training, and attachment in recognised institutions [16, 19, 24]. This would encourage them to come out, be trained and get acquainted with policies, protocols, infrastructural and healthcare advancements. Owing to that fact that over 50% of the TTT participants reported that government policies had no impact on their activities and approximately 40% had no idea of any government policies affecting their work, while only about 9% reported that the government was putting in some efforts to make their works good but can still do better [22, 23, 24].
Finally, increasing quality community health education for women, men and their families – which are socioculturally appropriate and sensitive – is essential. As this would inform their healthcare decisions, improve their health-seeking behaviours, and positively influence paternal attitudes towards healthcare which is also an important factor for the overall well-being and economic status of women and their families [14, 17, 18, 26].
Birth attended by CBAs, especially TBAs, is associated more with maternal and child morbidity and mortality in Nigeria and globally, as most TBAs are unskilled. Currently, Nigeria is leading in maternal and child morbidity and mortality with the high patronage of TBAs as opposed to a skilled birth attendant or going to health facilities. Therefore, to reduce these maternal and perinatal deaths and, in turn, achieve the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is pertinent to upscale the role of these CBAs for more skilled birth attendance and other delivery services by training them and possibly integrating them into the formal health system.
The author(s) would like to acknowledge the entire members of the CBA groups reached out to across various communities for making this possible, the CHOs and IOC who served as mobilizers, Prof. Kofo Odeyemi for her continuous supervision of the project, Dr. Doyin Ogunyemi for her contributions and Birthing Kit Foundation Australia (BFKA) for their continuous provision of birthing kits used as incentives for the CBAs.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Thanks to every partner, strategy team members and volunteers of Safer Hands Health Initiative, for the collation of data and being an integral part of this project.
Community-based birth attendants Traditional birth attendants Skilled birth attendants Officer in charge Community health officers Primary healthcare centres Community health extension workers Junior Community health extension workers Training the traditional/community-based birth attendants Sustainable development goals Family planning Bilateral tubal ligation Female genital mutilation Gross domestic profit Sexually transmitted infections World health organisation Safer hands health initiative Low middle income countries High-income countries Focused group discussion
As this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. Consequently, much of the information, for example definition of terms used, is repeated to ensure that there can be no misunderstanding of the policies that apply to each category.
",metaTitle:"Copyright Policy",metaDescription:"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish and distribute publications.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/copyright-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\\n\\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\\n\\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\\n\\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\\n\\nDEFINITIONS
\\n\\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\\n\\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\\n\\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\\n\\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\\n\\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\\n\\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\\n\\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\\n\\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\\n\\n\\n\\n
LICENSE | \\n\\t\\t\\tUSED FROM - | \\n\\t\\t\\tUP TO - | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \\n\\t\\t\\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t15 March 2022 | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\\n\\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
\\n\\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
\n\nJournal Article/Scientific Article – Publication based on empirical evidence. It can support a hypothesis with original research, describe existing research or comment on current trends in a specific field.
\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\n\n\n\n
LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \n\t\t\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
\n\t\t\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \n\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t15 March 2022 | \n\t\t\tCurrently | \n\t\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nContent adaptation & reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6654},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5945},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2452},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12681},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1014},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17701}],offset:12,limit:12,total:133951},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11770",title:"Feminism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"008be465c708a6fde48c8468757a40af",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11770.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11794",title:"Coconut Cultivation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48e1cb42a4162f64cae3a2e777472f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11809",title:"Lagomorpha",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e8fd5779205c16e5797b05455dc5be0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11809.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:83},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:253},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4423},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2204,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1182,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10787",title:"Hepatocellular Carcinoma",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities of a Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc00a66513e51003e5dbbc0294e0fc3d",slug:"hepatocellular-carcinoma-challenges-and-opportunities-of-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Georgios Tsoulfas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10787.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1006,editors:[{id:"57412",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",middleName:null,surname:"Tsoulfas",slug:"georgios-tsoulfas",fullName:"Georgios Tsoulfas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",slug:"hydrolases",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:863,editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:793,editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:730,editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2167,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10983",title:"Conifers",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e524d29fc3f95c3389efbd41463dab6",slug:"conifers-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves and Teresa Fonseca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10983.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:600,editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10539",title:"Ginseng",subtitle:"Modern Aspects of the Famed Traditional Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f388543a066b617d2c52bd4c027c272",slug:"ginseng-modern-aspects-of-the-famed-traditional-medicine",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano and Jen-Tsung Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10539.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:583,editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:"Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca3f2d5ca97b457d38a2442b36d3ac7",slug:"drug-repurposing-molecular-aspects-and-therapeutic-applications",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",publishedDate:"June 1st 2022",numberOfDownloads:2231,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10774",title:"Model Organisms in Plant Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6624b58571ac10c9b636c5d85ec5e54",slug:"model-organisms-in-plant-genetics",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",slug:"protein-detection",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10696",title:"Applications of Calorimetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c87f7e2199db33b5dd7181f56973a97",slug:"applications-of-calorimetry",bookSignature:"José Luis Rivera Armenta and Cynthia Graciela Flores Hernández",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10696.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editors:[{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"617",title:"Natural Language Processing",slug:"theory-of-computation-natural-language-processing",parent:{id:"96",title:"Theory of Computation",slug:"theory-of-computation"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:10,numberOfWosCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitations:26,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"617",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"3069",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6a086431e9729115dea24eb62e0ef29",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",bookSignature:"Alejandro Salcido",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3069.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1120",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Salcido",slug:"alejandro-salcido",fullName:"Alejandro Salcido"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"44535",doi:"10.5772/52953",title:"Cellular Learning Automata and Its Applications",slug:"cellular-learning-automata-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:3967,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Amir Hosein Fathy Navid and Amir Bagheri Aghababa",authors:[{id:"21372",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir Hosein",middleName:null,surname:"Fathy Navid",slug:"amir-hosein-fathy-navid",fullName:"Amir Hosein Fathy Navid"}]},{id:"44531",doi:"10.5772/51635",title:"Interactive Maps on Variant Phase Spaces– From Measurements - Micro Ensembles to Ensemble Matrices on Statistical Mechanics of Particle Models",slug:"interactive-maps-on-variant-phase-spaces-from-measurements-micro-ensembles-to-ensemble-matrices-on-s",totalDownloads:1921,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Jeffrey Zheng, Christian Zheng and Tosiyasu Kunii",authors:[{id:"20706",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:"Zhi Jie",surname:"Zheng",slug:"jeffrey-zheng",fullName:"Jeffrey Zheng"},{id:"24213",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Kunii",slug:"tosiyasu-kunii",fullName:"Tosiyasu Kunii"},{id:"151201",title:"Mr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"christian-zheng",fullName:"Christian Zheng"}]},{id:"38583",doi:"10.5772/51708",title:"Validating Spatial Patterns of Urban Growth from a Cellular Automata Model",slug:"validating-spatial-patterns-of-urban-growth-from-a-cellular-automata-model",totalDownloads:2507,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Khalid Al-Ahmadi, Linda See and Alison Heppenstall",authors:[{id:"137051",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ahmadi",slug:"khalid-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Khalid Al-Ahmadi"}]},{id:"44539",doi:"10.5772/52364",title:"Cellular Automata for Pattern Recognition",slug:"cellular-automata-for-pattern-recognition",totalDownloads:2973,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Sartra Wongthanavasu and Jetsada Ponkaew",authors:[{id:"22205",title:"Dr.",name:"Sartra",middleName:null,surname:"Wongthanavasu",slug:"sartra-wongthanavasu",fullName:"Sartra Wongthanavasu"},{id:"165402",title:"Mr.",name:"Jetsada",middleName:null,surname:"Ponkaew",slug:"jetsada-ponkaew",fullName:"Jetsada Ponkaew"}]},{id:"39657",doi:"10.5772/52068",title:"Two Cellular Automata Designed for Ecological Problems: Mendota CA and Barro Colorado Island CA",slug:"two-cellular-automata-designed-for-ecological-problems-mendota-ca-and-barro-colorado-island-ca",totalDownloads:2013,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"H. Fort",authors:[{id:"151340",title:"Prof.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Fort",slug:"hugo-fort",fullName:"Hugo Fort"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"44535",title:"Cellular Learning Automata and Its Applications",slug:"cellular-learning-automata-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:3960,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Amir Hosein Fathy Navid and Amir Bagheri Aghababa",authors:[{id:"21372",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir Hosein",middleName:null,surname:"Fathy Navid",slug:"amir-hosein-fathy-navid",fullName:"Amir Hosein Fathy Navid"}]},{id:"39657",title:"Two Cellular Automata Designed for Ecological Problems: Mendota CA and Barro Colorado Island CA",slug:"two-cellular-automata-designed-for-ecological-problems-mendota-ca-and-barro-colorado-island-ca",totalDownloads:2011,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"H. Fort",authors:[{id:"151340",title:"Prof.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Fort",slug:"hugo-fort",fullName:"Hugo Fort"}]},{id:"44531",title:"Interactive Maps on Variant Phase Spaces– From Measurements - Micro Ensembles to Ensemble Matrices on Statistical Mechanics of Particle Models",slug:"interactive-maps-on-variant-phase-spaces-from-measurements-micro-ensembles-to-ensemble-matrices-on-s",totalDownloads:1918,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Jeffrey Zheng, Christian Zheng and Tosiyasu Kunii",authors:[{id:"20706",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:"Zhi Jie",surname:"Zheng",slug:"jeffrey-zheng",fullName:"Jeffrey Zheng"},{id:"24213",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosiyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Kunii",slug:"tosiyasu-kunii",fullName:"Tosiyasu Kunii"},{id:"151201",title:"Mr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",slug:"christian-zheng",fullName:"Christian Zheng"}]},{id:"44539",title:"Cellular Automata for Pattern Recognition",slug:"cellular-automata-for-pattern-recognition",totalDownloads:2972,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Sartra Wongthanavasu and Jetsada Ponkaew",authors:[{id:"22205",title:"Dr.",name:"Sartra",middleName:null,surname:"Wongthanavasu",slug:"sartra-wongthanavasu",fullName:"Sartra Wongthanavasu"},{id:"165402",title:"Mr.",name:"Jetsada",middleName:null,surname:"Ponkaew",slug:"jetsada-ponkaew",fullName:"Jetsada Ponkaew"}]},{id:"38583",title:"Validating Spatial Patterns of Urban Growth from a Cellular Automata Model",slug:"validating-spatial-patterns-of-urban-growth-from-a-cellular-automata-model",totalDownloads:2505,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"3069",slug:"emerging-applications-of-cellular-automata",title:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata",fullTitle:"Emerging Applications of Cellular Automata"},signatures:"Khalid Al-Ahmadi, Linda See and Alison Heppenstall",authors:[{id:"137051",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ahmadi",slug:"khalid-al-ahmadi",fullName:"Khalid Al-Ahmadi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"617",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"319576",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Boyadjiev",slug:"nikolay-boyadjiev",fullName:"Nikolay Boyadjiev",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v4b3cQAA/Profile_Picture_2022-06-07T08:30:58.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:34,paginationItems:[{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80963",title:"Pain Perception in Patients Treated with Ligating/Self-Ligating Brackets versus Patients Treated with Aligners",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102796",signatures:"Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Samir Diouny, Mohamed El Had, Zineb Serhier and Mohamed Bennani Othmani",slug:"pain-perception-in-patients-treated-with-ligating-self-ligating-brackets-versus-patients-treated-wit",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80500",title:"Novel Dental Implants with Herbal Composites: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101489",signatures:"Gopathy Sridevi and Seshadri Srividya",slug:"novel-dental-implants-with-herbal-composites-a-review",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78320",title:"Implant-Retained Maxillary and Mandibular Overdentures - A Solution for Completely Edentulous Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99575",signatures:"Dubravka Knezović Zlatarić, Robert Ćelić and Hrvoje Pezo",slug:"implant-retained-maxillary-and-mandibular-overdentures-a-solution-for-completely-edentulous-patients",totalDownloads:64,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79724",title:"Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ): A Reliable Guide for Implant Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101359",signatures:"Gaurav Gupta",slug:"implant-stability-quotient-isq-a-reliable-guide-for-implant-treatment",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80223",title:"Bridging the Gap: Nasoalveolar Moulding in Early Cleft Palate Rehabilitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101986",signatures:"Amanda Nadia Ferreira",slug:"bridging-the-gap-nasoalveolar-moulding-in-early-cleft-palate-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:71,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"80186",title:"Effects of Various Dentofacial Orthopedic and Orthognathic Treatment Modalities on Pharyngeal Airway",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101719",signatures:"Tejashri Pradhan and Aarti Sethia",slug:"effects-of-various-dentofacial-orthopedic-and-orthognathic-treatment-modalities-on-pharyngeal-airway",totalDownloads:83,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78834",title:"Current Methods for Acceleration of Orthodontic Tooth Movement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100221",signatures:"Mehmet Akin and Leyla Cime Akbaydogan",slug:"current-methods-for-acceleration-of-orthodontic-tooth-movement",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79817",title:"Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Augmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101336",signatures:"Marko Blašković and Dorotea Blašković",slug:"peri-implant-soft-tissue-augmentation",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Marko",surname:"Blašković"},{name:"Dorotea",surname:"Blaskovic"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79100",title:"Orthodontics and the Periodontium: A Symbiotic Relationship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100801",signatures:"Betsy Sara Thomas and Mohan Alexander",slug:"orthodontics-and-the-periodontium-a-symbiotic-relationship",totalDownloads:72,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79680",title:"Digital Workflow for Homemade Aligner",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100347",signatures:"Dalal Elmoutawakkil and Nabil Hacib",slug:"digital-workflow-for-homemade-aligner",totalDownloads:201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79611",title:"Growth Factors and Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101082",signatures:"Deeksha Gupta",slug:"growth-factors-and-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79584",title:"Orthodontic Management of Adult Sleep Apnea: Clinical Case Reports",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101193",signatures:"Lahcen Ousehal, Soukaina Sahim, Hajar Bouzid, Hakima Aghoutan, Asmaa El Mabrak, Mohamed Mahtar and Mohamed El Fatmi Kadri Hassani",slug:"orthodontic-management-of-adult-sleep-apnea-clinical-case-reports",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78791",title:"Surface Modification of Titanium Orthodontic Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100038",signatures:"Abdulqadir Rampurawala and Amol Patil",slug:"surface-modification-of-titanium-orthodontic-implants",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"79334",title:"Orthodontic Therapeutic Biomarkers in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100733",signatures:"Sagar S. Bhat, Ameet V. Revankar and Shrinivas M. Basavaraddi",slug:"orthodontic-therapeutic-biomarkers-in-saliva-and-gingival-crevicular-fluid",totalDownloads:127,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Trends in Orthodontics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10780.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"78213",title:"A Review of Current Concepts in Full Arch Rehabilitation with Dental Implants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99704",signatures:"Leandro Díez-Suárez",slug:"a-review-of-current-concepts-in-full-arch-rehabilitation-with-dental-implants",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Leandro",surname:"Díez Suárez"}],book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7999",title:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7999.jpg",slug:"free-radical-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Kusal Das, Swastika Das, Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar, Varaprasad Bobbarala and S. Subba Tata",hash:"083e5d427097d368a3f8a02bd6c76bf8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Free Radical Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8762",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8762.jpg",slug:"melatonin-the-hormone-of-darkness-and-its-therapeutic-potential-and-perspectives",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marilena Vlachou",hash:"bfbc5538173f11acb0f9549a85b70489",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Melatonin - The Hormone of Darkness and its Therapeutic Potential and Perspectives",editors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",middleName:null,surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246279/images/system/246279.jpg",institutionString:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8002",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8002.jpg",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",hash:"db17b0fe0a9b6e80ff02b81a93bafa4e",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32546/images/system/32546.png",institutionString:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6897",title:"Biophysical Chemistry",subtitle:"Advance Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6897.jpg",slug:"biophysical-chemistry-advance-applications",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohammed A. A. Khalid",hash:"0ad18ab382e2ffb9ff202d15282297eb",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Biophysical Chemistry - Advance Applications",editors:[{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices"},{id:"38",title:"Pollution",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment"},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",scope:"