Comparison of mechanical properties of different polymers and their nanocomposites [68].
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Flores",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2064.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105582",title:"Dr.",name:"Hon-Chiu",surname:"Leung",slug:"hon-chiu-leung",fullName:"Hon-Chiu Leung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80666",title:"Improved Nanocomposite Materials and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102538",slug:"improved-nanocomposite-materials-and-their-applications",body:'In modern technology, composites are one of the most essential materials, which are the aggregate of two or more materials having different physical and chemical properties discriminated by their interface. Therefore, unlike the individual materials, the composite materials exhibit a distinctive property [1]. Mostly composite materials consist of at least two components including a continuous matrix phase and discontinuous reinforcement material while the other consists of one or more discontinuous phases dispersed in one continuous phase. Generally, a discontinuous phase has more advanced mechanical properties than a continuous phase. Continuous phase is known as “matrix” while discontinuous phase is called “reinforcement” or reinforcing material. Based on the size of reinforcement in the structures, composites are commonly divided into three basic classes, named macrocomposites, microcomposites, and nanocomposites. Nanocomposites offer excellent features by the application of reinforcement in the composite below 100 nm in size phase [2].
Nanocomposites are multi-phasic materials, in which at least one phase show dimensions in the nano range (10–100 nm). In nanocomposites, interaction between matrix and reinforcement is very high due to high surface-to-volume ratio. The improved properties of nanocomposites depend on properties of each material, their relative amounts, and the overall geometry of the nanocomposites. Various materials possess different properties which when combined results in the formation of new material with additional advantages relevant to different areas of science and technology. They have high thermal and mechanical stability, multifunctional capabilities, chemical functionalization, and huge interphase zone. Generally, the nanocomposites show enhanced properties, such as high specific stiffness and strength, high toughness, low density, corrosion resistance, and thermal insulation [3]. Currently, nanocomposite materials have emerged as a suitable choice to overcome restrictions of different engineering materials. The amalgamation of nanoparticles into a matrix of materials like polymer, metal, or ceramics promote their properties such as excellent mechanical stability (in terms of strength, dimension stability, toughness, flexibility, Young’s modulus, etc.), good optical activities, flame retardancy, low water/gas permeability, and high electro-thermal conductivity [4]. Nanocomposites are accepted at both the academic and industrial levels due to their extraordinary properties, distinctive design capacity, eco-friendly nature, easy fabrication, and cost-effectiveness. Nanocomposites have been commonly used in numerous applications due to their advanced properties. They are reported to be the materials of the 21st century in the vision of possessing design uniqueness and property permutation that is not found in conventional composites [5].
Carbon-based materials have a huge stimulus in encouraging the improvement of society due to their abundance on the earth and environmental kindliness and other merits. Over the past few decades, carbon materials such as CNTs and graphene class of materials have seen incredible growth due to the discovery of advanced nanostructures. The innovation and study of carbon nanofillers have played a major role in the development of nanocomposites. Based on their dimensions, researchers classified materials as zero-dimensional (0-D) nanoparticles or quantum dots, one-dimensional (1-D) nanobelts, nanowires or nanotubes, two-dimensional (2-D) nanoplates or nanodisks, and three-dimensional (3-D) nanocones or nanocoils as shown in Figure 1. The nano-structured materials (NSMs) have drawn extreme interest due to their structure, surface area, size effects, and considerably improve the performance of the composites [7]. Carbonaceous nanofillers such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene play a potential role as compared to others due to their improved structural and functional properties such as high aspect ratio, high mechanical and electrical properties, etc. [8]. In the last few decades, CNTs and graphene have been considered the most substantial nanofiller to formulate advanced nanocomposites for both academic and industrial fields due to their several potential applications. The combination of polymer nanocomposites with graphene-related materials (GRMs) or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been discovered as a result of their low mass density and excellent mechanical properties for use in engineering materials for various challenging purposes [9].
Nano-carbon materials including 0D fullerene, 1D CNT, 2D graphene, 3D graphite, 3D graphene oxide, and 3D diamond are demonstrated [
CNTs are one-dimensional carbon materials that are different from other carbon compounds, such as graphite, diamond, and fullerene (C60, C70, etc.), having an aspect ratio greater than 1000 [10]. In 1991, Iijima discovered carbon nanotubes [11], which brought innovatory changes in the field of polymer nanocomposites. Ajayan et al. [12], reported the first carbon nanotubes reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Basically, carbon nanotubes are graphene sheets having hexagonal structures which are rolled up into cylindrical form and rounded off with half shape of fullerene structure. The two types of carbon nanotubes are the single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), which are single graphene sheets rolled into a cylinder and the other one is multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs), in which numerous graphene layers are stacked into concentric layers in the form of cylinders with an interspacing of 0.34 nm (Figure 2). On the basis of atomic arrangement, the three types of structures are zigzag, armchair, and chiral (Figure 3) [13]. Properties of carbon nanotubes are greatly reliant on morphology, size, and diameter and maybe metallic or semiconducting depending on the atomic arrangement [14].
The conceptual diagram showing the general dimensions of the length and width of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs [
Schematic representation of how a graphene sheet is rolled to form three chiralities of nanotubes: (b) zigzag, (c) armchair, and (d) chiral nanotubes [
Graphene, a typical 2D material, has received incredible attention due to attractive features like very high specific surface area (2360 m2g−1), highest strength (≈130 GPa) and Young’s modulus (≈1.0 TPa), best known thermal conductivity (TC, ≈5000 W m−1 K−1), and electrical conductivity (108S m−1). Therefore, graphene is the perfect nanofiller for improving the mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties of polymers [15]. Through valuable interfacial stress transfer, graphene effectively improves the mechanical properties like tensile strength and Young’s modulus of polymers [16, 17]. Graphene can competently strengthen brittle polymers by extending the crack propagation path in nanocomposite. The excellent electrical property of graphene can clearly improve the electrical conductivity of polymers for free electrons by building a conductive network [18]. The distinctive thermal conductance of graphene carries the excitement to formulate high-performance thermal conductive nanocomposites for application in high power density devices in thermal management [19, 20]. Due to distinct ultrahigh thermal conductivity, graphene is engaged to fabricate the thermal interface materials (TIMs) [21] and phase change energy storage composites (PCCs) [22].
Diamond is a three-dimensional carbon material with a crystal structure called diamond cubic. Diamond is an outstanding carbon material because of its inert nature, high-thermal conductivity, stiffness, biocompatibility, and optical transparency. Nanodiamonds (NDs) are advanced carbon nanostructures with sp3 hybridized carbon atoms bonded to form diamond-like cubic geometry. Their dimensions are in the range of 5 to 102 nm. Numerous properties of NDs are far better than bulk diamond and they present these properties on nanoscale [23]. The superior mechanical and thermal characteristics of ND make it a suitable nano-filler for carbon-based nanocomposites. The surface of common synthetic NDs has no functional groups. Nevertheless, an ND can be modified with a functional polymer or be functionalized with hydrogen/deuterium-terminated, halogenated, aminated, hydroxylated, and carboxylated by strong reagents and under severe conditions according to targeted applications and desired physicochemical properties [24].
Fullerenes are a new class of carbon nanomaterials discovered in 1985 by Kroto et al. and get the Nobel prize award in chemistry for the year 1996 [25]. According to Mukherjee et al. the diameter of fullerenes nanomaterials is ≤1 nm [26]. The fullerene family includes several atomic C
In various fields of technology such as medical, sensors, computing etc. materials play important role for our comfort. The use of new materials with enhanced properties is a critical need due to demand for betterment. High-performance nanocomposites are recommended for industrial use like energy storage, damage sensing, aerospace and automobiles but have some limitations. The discovery of carbon-based nanofillers plays a vital role to overcome these limitations [29]. Combination of CNTs and Graphene extensively improves the properties of nanocomposites. CNTs and graphene are considered significant nanofillers to formulate advanced nanocomposites due to their several possible applications. At nanoscale, carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) materials suggest an exclusive combination of elastic modulus (0.8–3 Tpa), thermal conductivity (3000–6000 W/m-K), and electrical resistivity (3–20 μΩ-cm) [30, 31, 32, 33]. Some researchers have processed nanocomposites in the range of 0.2–5 weight % of CNTs into various polymer matrix materials [34]. These nanocomposites revealed 10–35% enhancement in properties such as modulus, strength, impact resistance, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity, compared to the matrix polymer.
Carbon nanotubes have been deemed as versatile building blocks to create a novel generation of nanocomposites desired for a variety of commercial applications.
The nanoscale CNTs amalgamation into a polymer system highly modifies the properties of composites even at a particularly low content of filler. As explained earlier, CNTs are the strongest and hardest fibers ever known. The excellent mechanical and other physical properties of CNTs demonstrate huge potential applications of Polymer/CNT nanocomposites which are one of the most studied systems. Polymer matrix can be easily fabricated without disturbing CNTs by conventional manufacturing techniques resulting in cost reduction for mass production of nanocomposites in the future [35]. Paul et al. [36] synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) and MWCNTs nanocomposites with different compositions by chemical oxidative polymerization method. Polypyrrole (PPy)/MWCNT have been effectively used as supercapacitor devices. Béguin and his research group studied conducting polymer and CNTs based nano-electrodes with improved mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties [37]. PANI/ MWCNT nanocomposite with a specific capacity of 440 Fg−1 at 5 mVs−1 and capacitance retention of 93% after 1000 cycles was reported [38]. Lezak et al. [39] prepared polyaniline (PANI) as an intrinsically conducting polymer and poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and MWCNTs.
Activated carbon, also known as activated charcoal, is a carbon type that is treated with tiny volume holes to improve the surface area. One gram of activated carbon, due to its increased microporosity, has a surface area of more than 3000 m2/g calculated by gas adsorption [40]. Activated carbon (AC)/CNTs nanocomposites are superior materials having AC as matrix material and CNTs as fillers. Numerous researchers have used activated carbon for production of CNT nanocomposites. Huq et al. [41] studied the preparation of AC and CNTs based supercapacitors by a superficial electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. In this study, the as-prepared AC/CNT electrode had capacitance maintenance of 85% after 11,000 cycles. In EDLC electrode, activated carbon has been used for an extensive period due to its high capacitance, low cost, and long cycle life [42]. Qiu et al. [43] prepared activated carbon fibers (ACHFs) combined with carbon nanotubes and nickel nanoparticles (CNTs-Ni-ACHFs) by thermal reduction and chemical vapor deposition method. Usually activated carbon, due to its very high surface area, is used as an absorbent [44].
Carbonaceous materials have high power and low energy density which cause restrictions in their general application. However, metal oxides, due to their high-energy density, are used as pseudo capacitor electrodes for supercapacitors [45]. Yuan et al. [46] developed a new method for CNTs coated magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles to increase the interfacial bonding strength. Yuan et al. [47] examined a sandwich structured MoO2 @TiO2 @CNT nanocomposite by an easy two steps synthesis method under Ar/H2 flow, controlled hydrolysis, and a subsequent heat treatment. Alam et al. [48] prepared BaMg0.5Co0.5TiFe10O19/MWCNT nanocomposites by varying the amount of MWCNTs (0, 4, 8, and 12 vol%). Nanocomposite with 8% vol. of MWCNTs performed best.
A novel method was studied to graft carbon nanotubes over carbon fiber to form a CNT/CF [49]. Islam reported direct covalent bonded CNTs and CF without any catalyst or coupling agents through ester linkage. CNTs can be used to reinforce CFs to improve interfacial shear and impact strength [50]. Two methods are reported to attach CNTs with CF by physical adsorption (Van der waals interaction), which are weaker than chemical covalent bonding [51].
Graphene-based nanostructured materials have distinctive 2D structures with high electronic mobility, exceptional electronic and thermal conductivities, excellent optical performance, good mechanical strength, and ultrahigh surface area as compared to other materials.
Graphene nanofiller addition within the polymer has a promising application in biosensors, energy storage devices, photocatalysts, drug delivery. Recently, a wide range of processing methods has been studied for scattering both GNP and GO-derived fillers into polymer matrices. Controlled amount of nanomaterial by weight % and size is carefully taken into deliberation [52]. Salimikia et al. [53] synthesized a solid-phase microextraction fiber over polyaniline/graphene oxide nanomaterial using the electrospinning method and used it as sorbent for determination of nicotine. Farajvand et al. [54] prepared Graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite and used it as an adsorbent to determine cadmium (II) ions in an aqueous solution.
Activated carbon is considered as the center of research for commercial utilization. Adsorption properties of metal ions by AC/GR have been examined and a number of methods have been developed for synthesis of graphene/activated carbon nanosheet composite to make high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors. Many research groups have used activated carbon for preparation of graphene nanocomposites. Xin et al. [55] reported a new carbon nanocomposite material having graphene and activated carbon and used it for oxygen electrode (cathode) in Li-ion batteries. In the AC/GR, the graphene showed a three-dimensional (3D) arrangement having good electrical conductivity and exceptional mechanical strength and elasticity, while the AC coating on the graphene surface supplied several meso/micropores with diameters less than nanometers. Lu et al. [56] investigated an easy method to prepare a new catalyst by electrodepositing of Ag nanocrystals on the different polymer dyes, Poly (methylene blue) or Poly (4-(2-Pyridylazo)-Resorcinol) modified graphene carbon spheres (GS) hybrids which had advantages of both carbon spheres and graphene composite and were employed for detection of H2O2 as non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor. Hossain and Park [57] studied the hydrothermal method for the synthesis of glucose-treated reduced graphene oxide-activated carbon composites. Platinum nanoparticles were electrochemically deposited on a modified composite surface. Chitosan-glucose oxidase composites and Nafion were incorporated into modified surface of working electrode for the preparation of an extremely sensitive glucose sensor.
In this type of nanocomposites, metal oxide particles are incorporated in graphene nanosheets. Metal oxide-based Graphene nanocomposite has attained the attention of scientific community as anode materials due to high kWh/cost and effective high-performance electrode material in an electrochemical supercapacitor. Beura et al. [58] prepared ZnO-based graphene nanocomposites by hydrothermal method and used it as a catalyst for the degradation of dyes. The band of the nanocomposites was 2.84 eV, while the photoluminescence lifetime increased from 15.05 to 21.60 ns. Photocatalytic activity of the composite material was investigated by both anionic and cationic dyes. Borah et al. [59] used an in-situ method to synthesize TiO2/rGO. The prepared nanocomposites were used to catalyze the transesterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel. Excellent catalytic activity was shown by the catalyst and 98% conversion of oil into biodiesel was seen at optimum reaction conditions. Wang et al. [60] presented a detailed summary of the research progress on the low-cost metal oxides/graphene nanocomposites (MOs/G) as anode materials for SIBs.
Various heavy metals such as Au, Fe, Cu, Ce, etc., have been introduced into graphene nanosheets to form different nanocomposites. Nanocomposite with ultra-low resistivity than conventional copper metal at room temperature is the next generation conductor. Several research groups have fabricated metals/ graphene nanosheets. Arukula and co-workers [61] prepared rGO/polyaniline (PANI)/Pt–Pd nanocomposite by wet reflux strategy. The prepared nanocomposites materials were used as potential anode catalysts with improved methanol oxidation tendency for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Xuan et al. [62] reported a 3D patterned porous laser-induced silver-based graphene nanocomposite. The prepared nanocomposites were used as an electrode, which showed high, uniform electrical conductivity even under mechanical deformations. Incorporation of platinum and gold nanoparticles on the 3D porous LIG importantly enhanced the electrochemical capacity for wearable glucose sensor applications. Zheng et al. [63] reported the quick and effective preparation and characterization of a novel nitrogen-doped graphene copper nanocomposite. The prepared nanocomposite showed superior electrical conductance of 538 W/m·K at room temperature, which is 138% greater than that of copper. The measured electrical resistance was 0.16 μΩ cm at 25°C which is much lower than that of copper. Gupta et al. [64] reported copper-based reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for use as a catalyst. The copper-based reduced graphene oxide catalyst was easily recovered and used for seven consecutive cycles.
In this type of nanocomposites, graphene is used as a filler while fibers are used as a matrix. Davoodi and co-workers [65] reported the preparation of polylactic acid and GO-based nanocomposite using the electrospinning method. The mechanical properties, surface chemical structure, and topology study of the nanofibers were performed. Jin et al. [66] used a facile method for the hybridization of polyaniline nanofibers (PANI NFs) on functionalized reduced graphene oxide (FrGO) films. The GO was first reduced and functionalized by sulfur to form FrGO. Hydrothermal method was used to hybridize FrGO and PANI NFs to form PANI NFs/FrGO composite films. The as-prepared nanocomposite films were uniform, flexible, and stable with a high specific capacitance of 692.0 F/g at 1 A g−1 and excellent capacitance retention of 53.5% at 40 A g−1. Wan et al. [67] used a facile two-step method to prepare a ternary flexible nanocomposite material of bacterial cellulose/graphene/polyaniline (BC/GE/PANI). The prepared nanocomposite showed enhanced electrical conductivity of 1.7 ± 0.1 S/cm, which is greater than most of the polyaniline-based composites.
Table 1 shows the comparison of mechanical properties of some polymers and their nanocomposites.
Matrix | Filler type | Filler fraction (wt %) | Young’s modulus (GPa); polymers | Tensile strength (MPa); polymers | Young’s modulus (GPa) and increment %; composites | Tensile strength (MPa) and increment %; composites |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epoxy | Pristine GNPs | 3.0 | 1.48 | 46.46 | 1.64 (10.8%) | 49.78 (7.1%) |
Epoxy | Pristine MWCNTs | 3.0 | 1.48 | 46.46 | 1.69 (14.2%) | 54.48 (17.3%) |
PVA | Modified MWCNTs | 0.5 | 0.0166 | 19.11 | 0.0329 (98.2%) | 34.60 (81.1%) |
PVA | Graphene oxide | 0.3 | 2.32 | 25.3 | 5.82 (150.9%) | 63.0 (149.0%) |
PES | Pristine MWCNTs | 1.0 | 0.045 | 1.70 | 0.067 (48.9%) | 2.38 (40.0%) |
PES | Graphene oxide | 1.0 | 1.16 | 30.79 | 1.95 (68.1%) | 55.73 (81.0%) |
HDPE | Modified MWCNTs | 2.5 | 0.75 | 26.5 | 1.15 (53.3%) | 34.5 (30.2%) |
HDPE | Pristine GNPs | 10 | 0.96 | 27.2 | 1.49 (55.2%) | 33.4 (22.8%) |
Comparison of mechanical properties of different polymers and their nanocomposites [68].
Applications of improved carbon nanocomposites are shown schematically in Figure 4.
Applications of improved carbon nanocomposites.
Currently, Graphene materials find a number of applications in the field of renewable energy, particularly photoenergy field, including solar thermal conversion, solar electricity conversion, photocatalysis, etc. New technologies related to solar cells have been developed in which either the active medium or transparent/distributed electrode consists of Graphene materials. A newly developed 3D crosslinked graphene material working as an ideal solar thermal converter can obtain the efficiency of 80% and more than 80% under one sun intensity and the ambient sunlight respectively [69]. The structural design possessed by the material plays a significant role in improving the efficiency of energy conversion. The unique structure of graphene foam due to an array on its 3D skeleton, created by nanoplates of the graphene, provides a greater area for heat exchange. This enhances the efficiency of solar-thermal conversion up to 93.4%. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) consisting of a redox couple and a counter electrode are used extensively for solar-electrical energy conversion [70]. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) composed of coloring molecules, natural liquid electrolytes, and nanocrystalline metal oxides have shown greater performance in energy conversion and manufacturing costs and low energy. Nowadays, graphene-based electrodes exhibiting chemical stability and good conductivity, very large surface area, considerable high porosity, and electrocatalytic activity are used in DSSC. The application of this electrode led to the improvement in the performance and the reduction of the cast to a large extent. A super-capacitor designed by Stroller et al. [71] from the chemical modification of graphene material exhibited specific capacitance 135 F/g, 99 F/g, and 99 F/g in aqueous electrolytes, ionic electrolytes, and organic electrolytes respectively. High life cycle and high power have been shown by these types of storage devices. Zhang et al. [72] synthesized a useful stretchable electrode by the mechanical exfoliation of graphene prior to chemical treatment. These electrodes show high flexibility and compatibility in usage in various electrolytes. Moreover, graphene conducting polymer composites or graphene transition metal composites can be used to devise Super-capacitors.
Graphene nanomaterials possess intrinsic antimicrobial properties and also act as a platform to design antimicrobial nanocomposites having higher antimicrobial activity. Graphene is an ideal scaffold material owing to its huge surface area to anchor various sorts of macromolecules and nanoparticles. The attachment of diverse compounds such as quaternary phosphonium salts to graphene has greatly improved the antimicrobial properties. Researchers have shown great interest in Silver owing to its higher antimicrobial activity and studied it extensively to design graphene-based antimicrobial nanocomposites. In this section, the research carried out on the development of graphene–silver antimicrobial nanocomposites will be discussed. As the nanocomposites possess greater antimicrobial activity, graphene–silver nanocomposite is preferred over silver nanoparticles alone. Graphene–silver nanocomposites facilitate the leached silver ions from the nanoparticles to penetrate the cell owing to graphene which possesses the property to rupture a cell membrane. The purpose of this proposed mechanism was to explain the synergetic effect caused by silver and graphene existing together in the form of nanocomposite, and proteomic analysis of this effect of graphene–silver nanocomposites compared to silver nanoparticles alone [73] supported the mechanism as well.
Gene therapy is a big breakthrough in medical science. Gene therapy is a new technique to treat various genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Parkinson’s, and various cancers. Efficient gene therapy includes a gene vector that protects the desired gene from nuclease degradation and allows cellular uptake of DNA with high transfection efficiency. The selection of an appropriate gene vector is the main obstacle in the development of gene therapy. The non-toxic nanocarrier in efficient gene therapy is Graphene and graphene-coated substrates. Graphene-based nanosheets have sp2 hybridized orbitals, which are capable to interact with drugs and other molecules like nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Thus, they can be used for gene delivery or as carriers and protectors of probes involved in identifying miRNAs [74]. Hyunwoo et al. synthesized GO-based polyethyleneimine (PEI) composite and used it as an efficient gene delivery carrier in gene therapy [75]. Among different carriers, polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been typically recognized as the “golden standard” cationic polymer in gene transfection, because of its strong binding to DNA and RNA and effective uptake by cells. However, due to high cytotoxicity and poor biocompatibility, applications of PEI polymers in gene therapy is limited [76].
Carbon-based nanocomposite materials have been extensively used as heterogeneous catalysts in many organic chemical reactions. In chemical industries, less than 10% of the chemical reactions are still conducted without the addition of specific catalysts [77]. The catalytic products such as organic building blocks, pharmaceuticals, natural products, and agricultural derivatives are very valuable in chemical industries [78]. In many industrial chemical reactions, different types of supported and unsupported metal catalysts have been investigated. In the last few decades, the researchers gave more importance to using carbon nanostructure-based composites as heterogeneous catalysts in organic transformations. The highlighted advantages of carbon-based nanocomposites catalysts are high surface area, stability, fine dispersion, reusability, and easy recovery after completion of reactions. Furthermore, the introduction of metal nanoparticles onto the carbon support has shown more usefulness in carrying out the highly selective catalytic organic reactions [79]. In comparison with CNTs, graphene or GO has been preferred due to its low cost, large-scale preparation, and less health risk.
Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are widely used in radar-absorbing technology. The absorbing of electromagnetic waves has many widespread applications, including minimizing the radar signature of a target, protection of human eyes, protective shielding of computers, consumer electronics, and optical sensors from intense laser pulses. Composites, in which polymer matrix having embedded multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), have been studied in multi-frequency detection mode instruments. Their applications in the microwave frequency range are anti-reflection, microwave absorbers, and electromagnetic interference shielding. The use of CNTs in radar-absorbing nanocomposite materials is more prominent due to their attractive properties i.e., electrical capacity, stiffness along large electromagnetic wave absorption tendency in the microwave range [80]. Zakharychev et al. [81] have investigated the radar absorbing properties of epoxy binder and CNT nanocomposites in the frequency of 52–73 GHz.
Shape memory alloys or liquid crystal elastomers have latent ability for activation under the right conditions. However, blending of two or more materials is required by other systems to report a new physical response leading to activation process. Recently, it has been proven that the polymer nanocomposite seems to be the best candidate for mechanical activation processes. The reported literature showed that most of the studies were concerned with the activation of the already described polymer matrix by introducing nanotubes. A new activator response was reported by Courty and their team by an electrical field due to the presence of CNTs in an elastomer polysiloxane [82]. Koerner et al. fabricated new polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/MWCNT nanocomposite material which showed a mechanical response to infrared radiation [83]. The mechanical response of (PDMS)/MWCNT was due to absorption of photons from irradiation and not due to slight heating of material. Moreover, the nature of activator mechanism is not known. Mylvaganam and Zhang [84] developed a method for the preparation of activating nanocomposite material i.e., polyimide and CNT nanocomposite.
In the last few decades, it has been proved that the fastest-growing installed energy generation technology is wind energy. The energy department of US has set a goal for their researchers to produce at least 20% of its electrical energy up to 2030. To achieve the goal, the focus of the wind industry is to manufacture large blades. This is because the square of rotor radius increases the wind turbine energy output. This is a big challenge for the researchers to make such a large-sized blade with excellent mechanical properties i.e., excellent stiffness and strength, long fatigue life, and low weight. To enhance the strength of polymer matrices used for wind turbines, CNTs are the best candidate because of their excellent properties. Most of the previous work showed that CNTs used in polymer matrices have enhanced the strength and stiffness of composites materials. Recently this is also been reported that the use of CNT increased the fatigue and tensile properties of thermoset resins used in wind industry. To improve such type mechanical properties CNTs are the best candidates among the discovered fillers. It was reported that incorporating a small quantity of CNTs (0.2 wt%) improved the fatigue resistance of an epoxy system which is extensively used in the wind-energy industry. Tensile and dynamical mechanical analyses were performed on neat epoxy and on epoxy/CNT nanocomposite. The CNT composites had long fatigue life as compared to neat epoxies under the same conditions [85].
With rapid industrialization and untreated wastewater disposal, water pollution has become a serious threat to both flora and fauna. The contaminants which affect the water quality badly are synthetic organic dyes, petroleum, antibiotics, drugs, pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metal ions, etc., which have brought a lot of adverse effects on human health and social development. The most used method for decontamination of polluted water is the biological method. There are some limitations of the biological method i.e., some refractory organic and inorganic pollutants in wastewater are not effectively removed [86]. Therefore, some other methods have been developed to remove refractory organic and inorganic pollutants from wastewater such as adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (APS). In the last few decades, CNTs and graphene-based materials have been widely used by many researchers in wastewater treatment. Carbon nanomaterials-based nanocomposites can be used as an adsorbent in adsorption studies while in AOPS they are used as effective catalysts due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In a word, the CNTs-based materials may have potential application prospects in water treatment [87].
In recent years, the dependence of humans on speedy transportation has boosted many folds. The high demands make the research of this area very fast and more fascinating. In aerospace industry, keen interest is shown in the mechanical, thermal, chemical along with electrical and biodegradable properties. In chemical properties, the focus is to stop the corrosion of the system. The lightweight of the aerospace structure is vital, but the role of mechanical properties cannot be ignored. The role of mechanical properties is crucial for design like impact and scratch tolerance, toughness, strength, etc. The high thermal emissivity decreased solar absorption, electric conductivity, and resistance for radiations are also the key parameters, which are kept in focus while designing the aircrafts [88]. In the last few decades, the use of various epoxy resins in the aerospace industry had enhanced enormously. Almost in all these applications, carbon nanostructures are considered as advanced materials, which may be used incorporation with other nanomaterials or simply as the replacement of them [89]. In certain nanocomposites, carbon fibers were replaced by CNTs, the reason was to reduce the weight of composite materials. The use of epoxy nanocomposites is valued in aircraft/aerospace industry due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and enhanced temperature resistance. The best example is the wingtip fairings of Lockheed’s F-35 which is made of CNT/epoxy nanocomposite. In the present situation, the application of CNT-based epoxy nanocomposites in the aeronautical and aerospace industry is obvious from their use in the space shuttle and advanced commercial aircraft (such as Boeing 787 and Airbus A380). In 2010, NASA published a report which showed the road maps for the future applications of nanomaterials and utilization of CNTs in aerospace industries. This report reveals that CNTs have tremendous potential to be used in aerospace applications which includes reduced vehicle mass, superior functionality, improved self-healing characteristics, improved control and damage tolerance, durability, and greater thermal protection. The use of CNT in the aerospace industry represents a very bright picture [90].
Plastic is one of the important materials used in the modern world as a metal replacement. The mechanical properties of plastics have been improved up to a maximum extent, but their limitations are arising when electrical conductivity is needed, as plastics are mostly nonelectrical conductors. To remove this deficiency different filling agents like carbon black and bigger graphite fibers have been incorporated in plastic polymers [91]. The loading of polymers with traditional filler to enhance the electrical conductivity results in weighty parts with high degraded construction properties [92]. For this reason, carbon nanostructures i.e., CNT is exceptional with the greatest carbon fiber aspect ratio. In addition, their intrinsic inclination to shape cords provides naturally very lengthy leading routes even at extremely low loads [93]. This property of CNTs makes it the best choice to use in applications, such as gasket, enclosure, composite EMI (electromagnetic interference), electrostatic dissipation (ESD), shielding, and other usage coatings, low-observance radar absorption materials, and conductive (even transparent) antistatic and material coatings [94].
In recent years, the CNTs and graphene-based improved nanocomposites have been found to play a significant role in a wide range of potential applications. The incorporation of CNTs and graphene nanofillers into a matrix of particular materials either polymer activated carbon, metal, metal oxide, and fibers, upgrades their novel properties, such as excellent mechanical stability (in terms of strength, toughness, flexibility, Young’s modulus, dimension stability, etc.), good optical features, flame retardancy, low water/gas permeability, and high electro-thermal conductivity. The improved nanocomposites material is known as the material of the 21st century because of their widespread applications in different fields such as energy storage, medical, wastewater treatment, aerospace, etc.
The authors would like to convey their gratefulness to National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar for providing us necessary support and facilities to carry out this study.
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Anomalies of binocular vision results in confusion, diplopia, which leads to suppression, eccentric fixation, anomalous retinal correspondence, and amblyopia.",book:{id:"8418",slug:"eye-motility",title:"Eye Motility",fullTitle:"Eye Motility"},signatures:"Arvind Kumar Morya, Kanchan Solanki, Sahil Bhandari and Anushree Naidu",authors:[{id:"270083",title:"Prof.",name:"Arvind",middleName:null,surname:"Morya",slug:"arvind-morya",fullName:"Arvind Morya"},{id:"273705",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalpit",middleName:null,surname:"Jangid",slug:"kalpit-jangid",fullName:"Kalpit Jangid"},{id:"279906",title:"Dr.",name:"Kanchan",middleName:null,surname:"Solanki",slug:"kanchan-solanki",fullName:"Kanchan Solanki"},{id:"279907",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahil",middleName:null,surname:"Bhandari",slug:"sahil-bhandari",fullName:"Sahil Bhandari"},{id:"290171",title:"Dr.",name:"Anushree",middleName:null,surname:"Naidu",slug:"anushree-naidu",fullName:"Anushree Naidu"},{id:"290172",title:"Dr.",name:"Priyanka",middleName:null,surname:"Rathore",slug:"priyanka-rathore",fullName:"Priyanka Rathore"},{id:"290173",title:"Dr.",name:"Sujeet",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"sujeet-prakash",fullName:"Sujeet Prakash"},{id:"290174",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonalika",middleName:null,surname:"Gogia",slug:"sonalika-gogia",fullName:"Sonalika Gogia"},{id:"290176",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulabh",middleName:null,surname:"Sahu",slug:"sulabh-sahu",fullName:"Sulabh Sahu"}]},{id:"46503",title:"Disorders of Optic Nerve and Visual Pathways",slug:"disorders-of-optic-nerve-and-visual-pathways",totalDownloads:3939,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"3848",slug:"ophthalmology-current-clinical-and-research-updates",title:"Ophthalmology",fullTitle:"Ophthalmology - Current Clinical and Research Updates"},signatures:"Ipek Midi",authors:[{id:"169657",title:"Dr.",name:"Ipek",middleName:null,surname:"Midi",slug:"ipek-midi",fullName:"Ipek Midi"}]},{id:"18960",title:"Measurement of Anterior Chamber Angle with Optical Coherence Tomography",slug:"measurement-of-anterior-chamber-angle-with-optical-coherence-tomography",totalDownloads:6217,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"517",slug:"the-mystery-of-glaucoma",title:"The Mystery of Glaucoma",fullTitle:"The Mystery of Glaucoma"},signatures:"De Orta-Arellano F, Muñoz-Rodriguez P and Salinas-Gallegos JL",authors:[{id:"31619",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiola",middleName:null,surname:"de Orta Arellano",slug:"fabiola-de-orta-arellano",fullName:"Fabiola de Orta Arellano"},{id:"35207",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz Rodriguez",slug:"pablo-munoz-rodriguez",fullName:"Pablo Muñoz Rodriguez"},{id:"35208",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Salinas Gallegos",slug:"jose-luis-salinas-gallegos",fullName:"José Luis Salinas Gallegos"}]},{id:"42721",title:"Intracameral Mydriatics in Cataract Surgery",slug:"intracameral-mydriatics-in-cataract-surgery",totalDownloads:8523,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"239",slug:"cataract-surgery",title:"Cataract Surgery",fullTitle:"Cataract Surgery"},signatures:"Anders Behndig, Björn Lundberg and Gunnie Bäckström",authors:[{id:"47264",title:"Prof.",name:"Anders",middleName:null,surname:"Behndig",slug:"anders-behndig",fullName:"Anders Behndig"},{id:"53862",title:"Mr.",name:"Björn",middleName:null,surname:"Lundberg",slug:"bjorn-lundberg",fullName:"Björn Lundberg"},{id:"53863",title:"Mrs.",name:"Gunni",middleName:null,surname:"Bäckström",slug:"gunni-backstrom",fullName:"Gunni Bäckström"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"191",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81396",title:"Low-Vision Rehabilitation with Audio-Biofeedback in Age-Related Macular Degeneration",slug:"low-vision-rehabilitation-with-audio-biofeedback-in-age-related-macular-degeneration",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104227",abstract:"Audio-biofeedback (AFBF) with microperimetry is an important step in low-vision rehabilitation in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). After identifying the preferential retinal locus (PRL) with microperimetry, it is possible to begin rehabilitation to stabilize the PRL, increasing the quality of vision with 10 sessions of audio-biofeedback, at least one session per week, of 10 minutes for each eye. This involves presenting a chessboard grid in the site of fixation variable from the beginning to the end of the session. Audio-biofeedback allows for shifting the site of fixation to another point if the spontaneous fixation that the patient has found is not good to continue rehabilitation; at the end of biofeedback, we call this site the trained retinal locus (TRL) to differentiate it from the PRL. With audio-biofeedback, the low-vision patient with AMD acquires awareness about the best site of vision, thus improving the quality of vision, including better contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, color perception, and definition of the surrounding world.",book:{id:"10344",title:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10344.jpg"},signatures:"Giovanni Sato and Roberta Rizzo"},{id:"81034",title:"Health Promotion for AMD and the Role of Nutrition",slug:"health-promotion-for-amd-and-the-role-of-nutrition",totalDownloads:36,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103835",abstract:"There is an increase in demand for health promotion and preventative medicine playing a vital role in managing chronic illnesses. Many of these conditions stem from a poor diet, sedentary lifestyle and smoking, all of which are risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To combat chronic diseases, the root of the conditions may be addressed through the concept of health promotion. Health promotion thoroughly assesses how a population’s environmental, political, socioeconomic, behavioral, and cultural practices influence its health. This concept can be applied in a primary care setting which takes on a broader approach in treating and managing patients. Primary care providers need to be aware of the connections between common chronic illnesses and AMD. All primary care providers and eyecare specialists must be patients’ advocate and help improve their systemic and ocular prognosis.",book:{id:"10344",title:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10344.jpg"},signatures:"Alexander Martinez, Joseph J. Pizzimenti, Drake W. Lem and Pinakin Gunvant Davey"},{id:"76690",title:"OCT Biomarkers for AMD",slug:"oct-biomarkers-for-amd",totalDownloads:210,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97752",abstract:"Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is an acquired retina disease that can potentially cause significant central visual impairment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) applied to the study of retinal pathologies has revolutionized the understanding and management of AMD, especially with the technology of full-depth imaging (FDI) Spectral Domain (SD) OCT. With the increasing amount of data from several important studies using SD-OCT and OCT-angiography (OCT-A) we can now better classify and more accurately decode AMD. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the most important AMD biomarkers recently discovered using SD OCT. Understanding AMD phenotype is very important to define prognosis and individualized forms of treatment and follow up. Biomarkers on OCT have been crucial for a better understanding of AMD.",book:{id:"10344",title:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10344.jpg"},signatures:"Luciana de Sá Quirino-Makarczyk and Maria de Fátima Sainz Ugarte"},{id:"76806",title:"Anti-VEGF Treatment and Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration",slug:"anti-vegf-treatment-and-optical-coherence-tomography-biomarkers-in-wet-age-related-macular-degenerat",totalDownloads:182,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97689",abstract:"Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of severe visual loss in middle and old-age population, and often leads to serious deterioration in quality of life. Currently, the first-line treatment for neovascular AMD (nAMD) are intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications, including bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept and also latest commercially available drug, brolucizumab. During initial examination and imaging and treatment follow-up for patients with nAMD, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to predict and assess the therapeutic response and guide the treatment. Several OCT-based biomarkers, including the central subfoveal thickness (CSFT), the presence of intraretinal cysts (IRCs) or subretinal fluid (SRF), and the presence of pigment epithelial detachment (PED), were found to influence baseline visual acuity or visual improvements. Recent analyses of large randomized control trials (RCTs) summarized the usefulness of these OCT-based biomarkers. However, many of these early studies relied on time-domain OCT to evaluate the retinal structures thus providing less precise evaluation of the retinal details. After introduction of spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) which provided high resolution images, recent studies offered new insights in specific morphological changes and their different impact on visual function in nAMD. For example, these advancement in resolution offered new classification of IRCs into degenerative and exudative which impacts treatment strategy and final outcome in the treatment of nAMD. Moreover, the recent data disclose a substantial difference between RCTs and real-world studies regarding the response to anti-VEGF therapy. In conclusions, IRCs and PED are associated with poor visual improvement in nAMD in a realworld setting. Both IRCs and SRF responded better than PED to anti-VEGF therapy. These observations mandate large longitudinal studies focusing on the usefulness of these high resolution SD-OCT biomarkers in real-world situations.",book:{id:"10344",title:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10344.jpg"},signatures:"Maja Vinković, Andrijana Kopić and Tvrtka Benašić"},{id:"76465",title:"New Drugs in the Pipeline for the Management of AMD",slug:"new-drugs-in-the-pipeline-for-the-management-of-amd",totalDownloads:318,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97665",abstract:"Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies have revolutionized the care of patients with retinal diseases. In the 1990s, it was observed that anti-VEGF antibodies reduced tumor angiogenesis, and consequently, these antibodies started to be used off-label in the exudative form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the 2000s, research was directed towards the development of anti-VEGF therapies for retinal disease management. Several anti-VEGF therapies were approved: pegaptanib, an RNA aptamer, in 2004; ranibizumab, an anti-VEGF Fab, in 2008; aflibercept, a humanized IgG Fc, in 2011; and brolucizumab, an scFv, in 2019. Currently, new therapeutic options are emerging, and approval is expected soon. These new therapies aim to increase treatment durability and thus reduce treatment burden and improve real-world outcomes. In this chapter, the mechanisms of action and the preliminary trial results of these potential new therapies will be described.",book:{id:"10344",title:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10344.jpg"},signatures:"Ana Marta and Bernardete Pessoa"},{id:"75711",title:"Evidence-Based Practice and Trends in Visual Rehabilitation for Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration",slug:"evidence-based-practice-and-trends-in-visual-rehabilitation-for-patients-with-age-related-macular-de",totalDownloads:218,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96817",abstract:"Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common, chronic, and progressive eye disease that is considered the leading cause of visual loss among the elderly in developed countries. Advanced AMD, including choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or geographic atrophy (GA), is associated with substantial and progressive visual impairment that can lead to a significant reduction in functional independence and quality of life (QoL) for affected individuals, whose number is expected to increase in the coming years in line with population growth and ageing. In this context, while an important part of medical care is focused on preventing the progression of the disease, Visual Rehabilitation (VR) aims to address its consequences by providing these patients with a number of strategies to achieve their goals and participate autonomously, actively and productively in society. This chapter aims to provide an update on evidence-based practices in the field and how modern technologies play an important role in the development of new VR approaches.",book:{id:"10344",title:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10344.jpg"},signatures:"Luis Leal Vega, Irene Alcoceba Herrero, Adrián Martín Gutiérrez, Joaquín Herrera Medina, Natalia Martín Cruz, Juan F. 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She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. 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He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. 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She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. 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He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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