\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80355-607-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-606-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-608-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"6cf0b844f6881c758c61cca10dc8b134",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Gülşen Akın Evingür and Dr. Önder Pekcan",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11830.jpg",keywords:"Elasticity, Toughness, Modulus, Compression, Extension, Optical Properties, Swelling, Drying, Diffusion, Release, Transmission Loss, Sound Absorption Coefficient",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 5th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 15th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 14th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 1st 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"20 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Evingür is a researcher in polymer composites and a lecturer at a maritime university. She has edited 2 books and has had 5 chapters published in international books, and 3 international and 5 national projects, respectively.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Prof. Pekcan received their Ph.D. from the University of Wyoming, United States of America, in 1974. He has more than 362 SCI articles, 26 chapters, and 10 projects and is a member Science Academy in Turkey.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"180256",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Gülşen",middleName:null,surname:"Akın Evingür",slug:"gulsen-akin-evingur",fullName:"Gülşen Akın Evingür",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180256/images/system/180256.jpeg",biography:"Gülşen Akın Evingür graduated from Physics Department at the Yıldız Technical University (YTU, İstanbul, Turkey) in 1996. She completed her Master of Science degree in 2002 at the same department. The titled of her thesis was 'Electrical Properties of Polystyrene”. She received her PhD from Physics Engineering at İstanbul Technical University in 2011. The title of the thesis was 'Phase Transitions in Composite Gels”. She worked as an Assistant Professor between 2011 and 2018, and she is currently working as an Assosciate Professor at Pîrî Reis University, Istanbul, Turkey. She has been engaged in various academic studies in the fields of composites and their mechanical, optical, electrical, and acoustic properties. She has authored more than 60 SCI articles, 92 proceedings in national and international journals, respectively. She has edited \n 2 book, and has had 5 chapters published in international books, 3 international and 5 national projects, respectively.",institutionString:"Piri Reis University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Piri Reis University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"27949",title:"Dr.",name:"Önder",middleName:null,surname:"Pekcan",slug:"onder-pekcan",fullName:"Önder Pekcan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27949/images/system/27949.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Pekcan received his MS Degree in Physics at the University of Chicago in June 1971, and then in May 1974 his PhD thesis on solid state physics was accepted at the University of Wyoming. \n\nHe started his career at Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey as Assistant Professor in 1974. Habilitation thesis on solid state physics was accepted in 1979. He became Associate Professor at Hacettepe University in 1979. \nHe visited ICTP Trieste, Italy as Visiting Scientist between June and August 1980. Between 1980 and 1981 he was a Visiting Scientist at the Technical University of Gdansk, Poland. \nHe worked as Visiting Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada between 1981 and 1988. \nHe was appointed as full Professor at the Department of Physics, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey and worked there between 1988 and 2005. \nHe became an Elected Member of the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) in January 1995. \nHe became the Dean of School of Arts and Sciences at the Istanbul Technical University in 1997. \nHe received the Science Award from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) in 1998. Prof. Pekcan was elected as Member of the Council of TÜBA in 2001 and Scientific Board of TÜBİTAK in 2003, respectively. \nHe was Head of the Department of Physics, and then became Dean of School of Arts and Sciences at the Işık University between 2005 and 2008.\nHe worked as Dean at the School of Art and Sciences, Kadir Has University (2008—2012). \nNow he is Professor at the Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Kadir Has University. Since 2012 he is a member of Science Academy. In the last few years Prof. Pekcan’s work covers mostly the area of biopolymers and nanocomposites.",institutionString:"Kadir Has University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Kadir Has University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. Sglavo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6320.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17426",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo Maria",surname:"Sglavo",slug:"vincenzo-maria-sglavo",fullName:"Vincenzo Maria Sglavo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6517",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6188",title:"Solidification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0405c42586170a1def7a4b011c5f2b60",slug:"solidification",bookSignature:"Alicia Esther Ares",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91095",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia Esther",surname:"Ares",slug:"alicia-esther-ares",fullName:"Alicia Esther Ares"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9393",title:"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d33466a3272f97353a6bf6d76d7512a5",slug:"engineering-steels-and-high-entropy-alloys",bookSignature:"Ashutosh Sharma, Zoia Duriagina, Sanjeev Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9393.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",surname:"Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6802",title:"Graphene Oxide",subtitle:"Applications and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"075b313e11be74c55a1f66be5dd56b40",slug:"graphene-oxide-applications-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Ganesh Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Kamble"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6656",title:"Phase Change Materials and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b257f8386280bdde4633d36124787f2",slug:"phase-change-materials-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6656.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6805",title:"Electrical and Electronic Properties of Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6b6930e7ae9d0704f68b5c180526309",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-properties-of-materials",bookSignature:"Md. Kawsar Alam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6805.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199691",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Kawsar",surname:"Alam",slug:"md.-kawsar-alam",fullName:"Md. Kawsar Alam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8417",title:"Recent Advances in Boron-Containing Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3737be3f785ef9d8b318571ab474f407",slug:"recent-advances-in-boron-containing-materials",bookSignature:"Metin Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8417.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27070",title:"Prof.",name:"Metin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"metin-aydin",fullName:"Metin Aydin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8812",title:"Contemporary Topics about Phosphorus in Biology and Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86c427901f631db034a54b22dd765d6a",slug:"contemporary-topics-about-phosphorus-in-biology-and-materials",bookSignature:"David G. Churchill, Maja Dutour Sikirić, Božana Čolović and Helga Füredi Milhofer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8812.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219335",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Churchill",slug:"david-churchill",fullName:"David Churchill"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6851",title:"New Uses of Micro and Nanomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49e0ab8961c52c159da40dd3ec039be0",slug:"new-uses-of-micro-and-nanomaterials",bookSignature:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola, Jairo Useche Vivero and Andres Guillermo Marrugo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112233",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Marcelo Rubén",surname:"Pagnola",slug:"marcelo-ruben-pagnola",fullName:"Marcelo Rubén Pagnola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"26486",title:"Fostering the Art of Well-Being: An Alternative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/34313",slug:"fostering-the-art-of-well-being-an-alternative-medicine",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/26486.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26486",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26486",totalDownloads:3127,totalViews:147,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:50,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 29th 2011",dateReviewed:"August 19th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 20th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/26486",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/26486",book:{id:"542",slug:"a-compendium-of-essays-on-alternative-therapy"},signatures:"Robin Philipp",authors:[{id:"99607",title:"Dr.",name:"Robin",middleName:null,surname:"Philipp",fullName:"Robin Philipp",slug:"robin-philipp",email:"Robin.Philipp@uhbristol.nhs.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"542",type:"book",title:"A Compendium of Essays on Alternative Therapy",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"A Compendium of Essays on Alternative Therapy",slug:"a-compendium-of-essays-on-alternative-therapy",publishedDate:"January 20th 2012",bookSignature:"Arup Bhattacharya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/542.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-863-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6731-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:58,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"66982",title:"Dr.",name:"Arup",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"arup-bhattacharya",fullName:"Arup Bhattacharya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"991"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"26486",type:"chapter",title:"Fostering the Art of Well-Being: An Alternative Medicine",slug:"fostering-the-art-of-well-being-an-alternative-medicine",totalDownloads:3127,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Robin Philipp",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99607",title:"Dr.",name:"Robin",middleName:null,surname:"Philipp",fullName:"Robin Philipp",slug:"robin-philipp"}]},{id:"26487",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine): The Different Perspectives of Patients, Oncology Professionals and CAM Practitioners",slug:"the-role-of-cam-complementary-and-alternative-medicine-the-different-perspectives-of-patients-oncolo",totalDownloads:2766,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Patricia Fox, Michelle Butler and Barbara Coughlan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"83464",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Fox",fullName:"Patricia Fox",slug:"patricia-fox"},{id:"83480",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",middleName:null,surname:"Butler",fullName:"Michelle Butler",slug:"michelle-butler"},{id:"83481",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Coughlan",fullName:"Barbara Coughlan",slug:"barbara-coughlan"}]},{id:"26489",type:"chapter",title:"Alternative and Traditional Medicines Systems in Pakistan: History, Regulation, Trends, Usefulness, Challenges, Prospects and Limitations",slug:"alternative-and-traditional-medicines-systems-in-pakistan-history-regulation-trends-usefulness-chall",totalDownloads:9203,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Shahzad Hussain, Farnaz Malik, Nadeem Khalid, Muhammad Abdul Qayyum and Humayun Riaz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73162",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahzad",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",fullName:"Shahzad Hussain",slug:"shahzad-hussain"},{id:"82266",title:"Dr.",name:"Farnaz",middleName:null,surname:"Malik",fullName:"Farnaz Malik",slug:"farnaz-malik"},{id:"124185",title:"Dr.",name:"Humayun",middleName:null,surname:"Riaz",fullName:"Humayun Riaz",slug:"humayun-riaz"},{id:"124186",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Qayyum",fullName:"Muhammad Abdul Qayyum",slug:"muhammad-abdul-qayyum"},{id:"125340",title:"Mr.",name:"Nadeem",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",fullName:"Nadeem Khalid",slug:"nadeem-khalid"}]},{id:"26490",type:"chapter",title:"Towards a Better Understanding of Health and Disease",slug:"towards-a-better-understanding-of-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:2018,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Arup Bhattacharya",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66982",title:"Dr.",name:"Arup",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharya",fullName:"Arup Bhattacharya",slug:"arup-bhattacharya"}]},{id:"26491",type:"chapter",title:"Homeopathy: Treatment of Cancer with the Banerji Protocols",slug:"homeopathy-treatment-of-cancer-with-the-banerji-protocols",totalDownloads:54089,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Prasanta Banerji and Pratip Banerji",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"79939",title:"Dr",name:"Prasanta",middleName:null,surname:"Banerji",fullName:"Prasanta Banerji",slug:"prasanta-banerji"},{id:"79943",title:"Dr.",name:"Pratip",middleName:null,surname:"Banerji",fullName:"Pratip Banerji",slug:"pratip-banerji"}]},{id:"26492",type:"chapter",title:"The Feldenkrais Method® of Somatic Education",slug:"the-feldenkrais-method-of-somatic-education",totalDownloads:8110,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Patricia A. Buchanan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84626",title:"Prof.",name:"Pat",middleName:null,surname:"Buchanan",fullName:"Pat Buchanan",slug:"pat-buchanan"}]},{id:"26493",type:"chapter",title:"The Use of Qigong and Tai Chi as Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Among Chronically Ill Patients in Hong Kong",slug:"the-use-of-qigong-and-tai-chi-as-complementary-and-alternative-medicine-cam-among-chronically-ill-pa",totalDownloads:3181,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Judy Yuen-man Siu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76331",title:"Dr.",name:"Judy Yuen-Man",middleName:null,surname:"Siu",fullName:"Judy Yuen-Man Siu",slug:"judy-yuen-man-siu"}]},{id:"26494",type:"chapter",title:"Medical Herbalism and Frequency of Use",slug:"medical-herbalism-and-frequency-of-use",totalDownloads:4298,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Behice Erci",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73621",title:"Prof.",name:"Behice",middleName:null,surname:"Erci",fullName:"Behice Erci",slug:"behice-erci"}]},{id:"26495",type:"chapter",title:"Diabetic Nephropathy – Using Herbals in Diabetic Nephropathy Prevention and Treatment – The Role of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Onion (Allium cepa) in Diabetics’ Nephropathy",slug:"diabetic-nephropathy-using-herbals-in-diabetic-nephropathy-prevention-and-treatment-the-role-of-ging",totalDownloads:7390,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Arash Khaki and Fatemeh Fathiazad",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"102361",title:"Prof.",name:"Arash",middleName:null,surname:"Khaki",fullName:"Arash Khaki",slug:"arash-khaki"},{id:"138509",title:"Prof.",name:"Fatemeh",middleName:null,surname:"Fathiazad",fullName:"Fatemeh Fathiazad",slug:"fatemeh-fathiazad"}]},{id:"26496",type:"chapter",title:"Potential Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Plant Extracts",slug:"potential-genotoxic-and-cytotoxic-effects-of-plant-extracts",totalDownloads:8711,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tülay Askin Celik",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",middleName:null,surname:"Askin Celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik"}]},{id:"26497",type:"chapter",title:"Searching for Analogues of the Natural Compound, Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester, with Chemprotective Activity",slug:"searching-for-analogues-of-the-natural-compound-caffeic-acid-phenethyl-ester-with-chemprotective-act",totalDownloads:3097,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"José Roberto Macías-Pérez, Olga Beltrán-Ramírez and Saúl Villa-Treviño",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76182",title:"Dr.",name:"Saúl",middleName:null,surname:"Villa-Treviño",fullName:"Saúl Villa-Treviño",slug:"saul-villa-trevino"},{id:"121904",title:"MSc.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Macías-Pérez",fullName:"Roberto Macías-Pérez",slug:"roberto-macias-perez"},{id:"123826",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Beltrán-Ramírez",fullName:"Olga Beltrán-Ramírez",slug:"olga-beltran-ramirez"}]},{id:"26498",type:"chapter",title:"Functional Analysis of Natural Polyphenols and Saponins as Alternative Medicines",slug:"functional-analysis-of-natural-polyphenols-and-saponins-as-alternative-medicines",totalDownloads:4496,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Hiroshi Sakagami, Tatsuya Kushida, Toru Makino, Tsutomu Hatano, Yoshiaki Shirataki, Tomohiko Matsuta, Yukiko Matsuo and Yoshihiro Mimaki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"82603",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakagami",fullName:"Hiroshi Sakagami",slug:"hiroshi-sakagami"},{id:"85413",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Kushida",fullName:"Tatsuya Kushida",slug:"tatsuya-kushida"},{id:"85414",title:"Mr.",name:"Tohru",middleName:null,surname:"Makino",fullName:"Tohru Makino",slug:"tohru-makino"},{id:"85415",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsutomu",middleName:null,surname:"Hatano",fullName:"Tsutomu Hatano",slug:"tsutomu-hatano"},{id:"85416",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Shirataki",fullName:"Yoshiaki Shirataki",slug:"yoshiaki-shirataki"},{id:"85417",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomohiko",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuta",fullName:"Tomohiko Matsuta",slug:"tomohiko-matsuta"},{id:"85418",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Mimaki",fullName:"Yoshihiro Mimaki",slug:"yoshihiro-mimaki"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6302",title:"Herbal Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b70a98c6748d0449a6288de73da7b8d9",slug:"herbal-medicine",bookSignature:"Philip F. Builders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6302.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182744",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",surname:"Builders",slug:"philip-builders",fullName:"Philip Builders"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"62180",title:"Introductory Chapter: Introduction to Herbal Medicine",slug:"introductory-chapter-introduction-to-herbal-medicine",signatures:"Philip F. Builders",authors:[{id:"182744",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Builders",fullName:"Philip Builders",slug:"philip-builders"}]},{id:"61866",title:"Plants Secondary Metabolites: The Key Drivers of the Pharmacological Actions of Medicinal Plants",slug:"plants-secondary-metabolites-the-key-drivers-of-the-pharmacological-actions-of-medicinal-plants",signatures:"Rehab A. Hussein and Amira A. El-Anssary",authors:[{id:"212117",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehab",middleName:null,surname:"Hussein",fullName:"Rehab Hussein",slug:"rehab-hussein"},{id:"221140",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"El-Anssary",fullName:"Amira El-Anssary",slug:"amira-el-anssary"}]},{id:"59405",title:"Ergastic Crystal Studies for Raw Drug Analysis",slug:"ergastic-crystal-studies-for-raw-drug-analysis",signatures:"Thara K. Simon and Justin R. Nayagam",authors:[{id:"211486",title:"Dr.",name:"Justin",middleName:null,surname:"R Nayagam",fullName:"Justin R Nayagam",slug:"justin-r-nayagam"},{id:"220837",title:"Dr.",name:"Thara",middleName:null,surname:"K Simon",fullName:"Thara K Simon",slug:"thara-k-simon"}]},{id:"58422",title:"Guidelines for the Development of Herbal-Based Sunscreen",slug:"guidelines-for-the-development-of-herbal-based-sunscreen",signatures:"Piergiacomo Buso, Matteo Radice, Anna Baldisserotto, Stefano\nManfredini and Silvia Vertuani",authors:[{id:"212100",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Manfredini",fullName:"Stefano Manfredini",slug:"stefano-manfredini"},{id:"212101",title:"BSc.",name:"Piergiacomo",middleName:null,surname:"Buso",fullName:"Piergiacomo Buso",slug:"piergiacomo-buso"},{id:"212102",title:"Prof.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"Radice",fullName:"Matteo Radice",slug:"matteo-radice"},{id:"212103",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Vertuani",fullName:"Silvia Vertuani",slug:"silvia-vertuani"},{id:"220809",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Baldisserotto",fullName:"Anna Baldisserotto",slug:"anna-baldisserotto"}]},{id:"58270",title:"Toxicity and Safety Implications of Herbal Medicines Used in Africa",slug:"toxicity-and-safety-implications-of-herbal-medicines-used-in-africa",signatures:"Merlin L.K. Mensah, Gustav Komlaga, Arnold D. Forkuo, Caleb\nFirempong, Alexander K. Anning and Rita A. Dickson",authors:[{id:"190435",title:"Dr.",name:"Caleb",middleName:null,surname:"Firempong",fullName:"Caleb Firempong",slug:"caleb-firempong"},{id:"212111",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustav",middleName:null,surname:"Komlaga",fullName:"Gustav Komlaga",slug:"gustav-komlaga"},{id:"217045",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnold Forkuo",middleName:null,surname:"Donkor",fullName:"Arnold Forkuo Donkor",slug:"arnold-forkuo-donkor"},{id:"217049",title:"Prof.",name:"Merlin Lincoln Kwao",middleName:null,surname:"Mensah",fullName:"Merlin Lincoln Kwao Mensah",slug:"merlin-lincoln-kwao-mensah"},{id:"217488",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander K.",middleName:null,surname:"Anning",fullName:"Alexander K. Anning",slug:"alexander-k.-anning"},{id:"223959",title:"Prof.",name:"Akosua Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Dickson",fullName:"Akosua Rita Dickson",slug:"akosua-rita-dickson"}]},{id:"58431",title:"Application of Herbal Medicine as Proliferation and Differentiation Effectors of Human Stem Cells",slug:"application-of-herbal-medicine-as-proliferation-and-differentiation-effectors-of-human-stem-cells",signatures:"Preethi Vidya Udagama and Vindya Udalamaththa",authors:[{id:"181671",title:"Prof.",name:"Preethi",middleName:null,surname:"Udagama",fullName:"Preethi Udagama",slug:"preethi-udagama"},{id:"214245",title:"Ms.",name:"Vindya",middleName:null,surname:"Udalamaththa",fullName:"Vindya Udalamaththa",slug:"vindya-udalamaththa"}]},{id:"61138",title:"Herbal Medicine Use during Pregnancy: Benefits and Untoward Effects",slug:"herbal-medicine-use-during-pregnancy-benefits-and-untoward-effects",signatures:"Tariku Laelago",authors:[{id:"211130",title:null,name:"Tariku",middleName:"Laelago",surname:"Ersado",fullName:"Tariku Ersado",slug:"tariku-ersado"}]},{id:"58513",title:"Plant-Derived Medicines with Potential Use in Wound Treatment",slug:"plant-derived-medicines-with-potential-use-in-wound-treatment",signatures:"Tina Maver, Manja Kurečič, Dragica Maja Smrke, Karin Stana\nKleinschek and Uroš Maver",authors:[{id:"142060",title:"Prof.",name:"Uroš",middleName:null,surname:"Maver",fullName:"Uroš Maver",slug:"uros-maver"},{id:"175361",title:"Dr.",name:"Karin",middleName:null,surname:"Stana Kleinschek",fullName:"Karin Stana Kleinschek",slug:"karin-stana-kleinschek"},{id:"227392",title:"Dr.",name:"Tina",middleName:null,surname:"Maver",fullName:"Tina Maver",slug:"tina-maver"},{id:"227393",title:"Prof.",name:"Manja",middleName:null,surname:"Kurečič",fullName:"Manja Kurečič",slug:"manja-kurecic"},{id:"227394",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragica Maja",middleName:null,surname:"Smrke",fullName:"Dragica Maja Smrke",slug:"dragica-maja-smrke"}]},{id:"58115",title:"Plant-Based Ethnopharmacological Remedies for Hypertension in Suriname",slug:"plant-based-ethnopharmacological-remedies-for-hypertension-in-suriname",signatures:"Dennis R.A. Mans, Angela Grant and Nicholaas Pinas",authors:[{id:"193905",title:"Dr.",name:"Dennis",middleName:"R. A.",surname:"R.A. Mans",fullName:"Dennis R.A. Mans",slug:"dennis-r.a.-mans"},{id:"219349",title:"BSc.",name:"Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Grant",fullName:"Angela Grant",slug:"angela-grant"},{id:"224838",title:"MSc.",name:"Nicholaas",middleName:null,surname:"Pinas",fullName:"Nicholaas Pinas",slug:"nicholaas-pinas"}]},{id:"64851",title:"Herbal Medicines in African Traditional Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicines-in-african-traditional-medicine",signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ezekwesili-Ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ezekwesili-ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka"}]},{id:"59484",title:"Herbal Medicine",slug:"herbal-medicine",signatures:"Nontokozo Z. Msomi and Mthokozisi B.C. Simelane",authors:[{id:"193091",title:"Dr.",name:"Mthokozisi",middleName:null,surname:"Simelane",fullName:"Mthokozisi Simelane",slug:"mthokozisi-simelane"},{id:"195504",title:"Ms.",name:"Nontokozo",middleName:null,surname:"Msomi",fullName:"Nontokozo Msomi",slug:"nontokozo-msomi"}]},{id:"58960",title:"Powerful Properties of Ozonated Extra Virgin Olive Oil",slug:"powerful-properties-of-ozonated-extra-virgin-olive-oil",signatures:"Elisabetta Carata, Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo and Luciana Dini",authors:[{id:"103116",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Dini",fullName:"Luciana Dini",slug:"luciana-dini"},{id:"206595",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardetta Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Tenuzzo",fullName:"Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo",slug:"bernardetta-anna-tenuzzo"},{id:"206596",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",middleName:null,surname:"Carata",fullName:"Elisabetta Carata",slug:"elisabetta-carata"}]},{id:"58339",title:"Taraxacum Genus: Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity",slug:"taraxacum-genus-potential-antibacterial-and-antifungal-activity",signatures:"María Eugenia Martínez Valenzuela, Katy Díaz Peralta, Lorena\nJorquera Martínez and Rolando Chamy Maggi",authors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",middleName:null,surname:"Chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy"},{id:"219869",title:"MSc.",name:"María Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez",fullName:"María Eugenia Martínez",slug:"maria-eugenia-martinez"},{id:"219871",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Díaz",fullName:"Katy Díaz",slug:"katy-diaz"},{id:"219872",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorena",middleName:null,surname:"Jorquera",fullName:"Lorena Jorquera",slug:"lorena-jorquera"}]},{id:"58560",title:"Taraxacum Genus: Extract Experimental Approaches",slug:"taraxacum-genus-extract-experimental-approaches",signatures:"María Eugenia Martínez Valenzuela, Katy Díaz Peralta, Lorena\nJorquera Martínez and Rolando Chamy Maggi",authors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",middleName:null,surname:"Chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"643",title:"Recent Advances in Theories and Practice of Chinese Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"499a7fabf489d2502de4616a4c7f3da0",slug:"recent-advances-in-theories-and-practice-of-chinese-medicine",bookSignature:"Haixue Kuang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/643.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"44740",title:"Prof.",name:"Haixue",surname:"Kuang",slug:"haixue-kuang",fullName:"Haixue Kuang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2975",title:"Complementary Therapies for the Contemporary Healthcare",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"604c4ba43197c3ba1506c55c763d4ca7",slug:"complementary-therapies-for-the-contemporary-healthcare",bookSignature:"Marcelo Saad and Roberta de Medeiros",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2975.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51991",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo",surname:"Saad",slug:"marcelo-saad",fullName:"Marcelo Saad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5494",title:"Chinese Medical Therapies for Diabetes, Infertility, Silicosis and the Theoretical Basis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b3b6a2700d7fd0511770bf77290a422",slug:"chinese-medical-therapies-for-diabetes-infertility-silicosis-and-the-theoretical-basis",bookSignature:"Xing-Tai Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73821",title:"Dr.",name:"Xing-Tai",surname:"Li",slug:"xing-tai-li",fullName:"Xing-Tai Li"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5612",title:"Aromatic and Medicinal Plants",subtitle:"Back to Nature",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ccf7987200bfc541e2e56bb138de86f3",slug:"aromatic-and-medicinal-plants-back-to-nature",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5612.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"542",title:"A Compendium of Essays on Alternative Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a805c1d2d8449dcecd52eb7a48d2e6b1",slug:"a-compendium-of-essays-on-alternative-therapy",bookSignature:"Arup Bhattacharya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/542.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66982",title:"Dr.",name:"Arup",surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"arup-bhattacharya",fullName:"Arup Bhattacharya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71219",title:"Opium Alkaloids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91326",slug:"opium-alkaloids",body:'\n\n
1. Introduction
\n
Opium alkaloids are products obtained from the mature capsules of Papaver somniferum L. plant in natural way or in laboratory. Although the maintenance of Papaver somniferum L. is very easy, obtaining opium alkaloids naturally requires a process. Maturation of capsules occurs in May or June. First, the mature capsules are incised several times to allow the latex to flow. The exposed white latex turns brown with the effect of air. The thickened and solidified latex is collected the next day, dried under suitable conditions and made ready for use [1]. The natural way of extracting opium alkaloids for medical purposes is dried capsules [2]. The main opium alkaloids found in raw Papaver somniferum L. and some information are summarized in Table 1.
\n
\n
1.1 History
\n
\nPapaver somniferum L. is one of the oldest medicinal plants. The first information about the production of opium alkaloids is found on Sumerian clay tablets inscribed in Cuneiform script in about 3000 BC. The Sumerians, whose culture developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the south of Iraq between 4000 and 3000 BC, called the opium alkaloids “Gil“ (“happiness”) [4].
\n
Opium alkaloids were first isolated in 1803 by Parisian Derosne, and named ‘opium salt’. Friedrich Wilhem Adam Serturner described the ‘opium salt’ in detail in 1817 and named “morphine\', inspired by the Morpheus (Greek god of dreams). Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Meissner first used the word ‘alkaloid’ in 1818, which we still use. Opioids were widely used for the first time in the Franco-Prussian War and the American Civil War for medical purposes. Tincture and pills were preferred for the purpose of analgesia in wounded soldiers. Repeated use caused opioid dependence on some soldiers, and this event was first described as “soldiers’ disease” [5].
\n
\n
\n
1.2 Opioid receptors
\n
Although morphine and other opioid alkaloids are exogenous substances, they show agonistic effect by binding to the receptors of endogenous opioids. Opioid receptors were first described by Beckett and Casy in 1954 [6]. In 1965, Portoghese and colleagues shared their views on the existence of multiple opioid receptor types [7]. High-affinity and stereospecific binding sites for opioid alkaloids were also found in brain in 1973 [8]. The presence of specific opioid receptors led to the discovery of endogenous ligands. They are enkephalins [9], β-endorphin [10], and dynorphins [11]. The classic opioid receptors, were discovered in 1976–1977 and named after the prototypic drugs or tissue used in these studies: μ (mu, for morphine), δ (delta, for deferens), and κ (kappa, for ketocyclazocine) [12, 13]. These receptors show seven transmembrane domain structures specific to G protein-coupled receptors, are induced by morphine and antagonized by naloxone, and had similar analgesic effect. In 1995, the fourth opioid receptor, which is similar in structure with and closely related to classic opioid receptors, was also discovered [14, 15]. Fourth opioid receptor initially identified as ORL1 or LY132, it was later updated to N/OFQ by taking the name of its endogenous ligands (nociceptin/ orphanin FQ) [16]. Although the effects of N/OFQ receptor are not fully known, they do not have a similar effect on pain as classical opioid receptors, and their sensitivity to naloxone is very low. σ (sigma), ε (epsilon), and ζ (zeta) receptors and λ (lambda) site are included in other opioid receptors [17]. The σ receptor, discovered in 1976, is not coupled to G protein, and its effects are not antagonized by naloxone [12, 18, 19]. The ε receptor is sensitive to β-endorphin [20]. The λ site regulates cell growth and is not antagonized by naloxone [21, 22]. Further information on opioid receptors is summarized in Table 2.
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n | \nDensity (avg%) [3] | \nMolecular formula | \nMolecular weight (g/mol) | \n
\n\n\n\nMorphine | \n11.4 | \nC17H19NO3\n | \n285.34 | \n
\n\nNoscapine | \n8.1 | \nC22H23NO7\n | \n413.4 | \n
\n\nCodeine | \n3.5 | \nC18H21NO3\n | \n299.4 | \n
\n\nThebaine | \n3.2 | \nC19H21NO3\n | \n311.4 | \n
\n\nPapaverine | \n3.1 | \nC20H21NO4\n | \n339.4 | \n
\n\n
Table 1.
The main opium alkaloids found in crude Papaver somniferum L. and some information.
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOpioid receptors | \nμ receptor | \nδ receptor | \nκ receptor | \nN/OFQ receptor | \n
\n\n\n\nOther names | \nOP3, MOP, MOPr, Mu 1 | \nOP1, DOP, DOR, DOPr, DOR-1 | \nOP2, KOP, KOPr, KOR-1 | \nOP4, KOR-3, NOCIR, kappa3-related, MOR-C, nociceptin receptor ORL, XOR1, NOP-r, nociceptin/orphanin FQ, NOPr | \n
\n\nRegions with high distribution | \nCNS | \nThalamus Caudate putamen Neocortex Nucleus accumbens (NAc) Amygdala İnterpeduncular complex İnferior and superior colliculi [23] | \nOlfactory bulb Neocortex Caudate putamen NAc Amygdala [23] | \nCerebral cortex NAc Claustrum Hypothalamus [23, 24] | \nCerebral cortex Anterior olfactory nucleus Lateral septum Ventral forebrain Hippocampus Hypothalamus Amygdala Substantia nigra Ventral tegmental area (VTA) Locus coeruleus Brain stem nuclei [25] | \n
\n\nSpinal cord | \nSuperficial layers dorsal horn of spinal cord [26] | \nDorsal horn [25] | \n
\n\nNon-CNS | \nSkin [27] Immune cells [29] Pregnant uterus [31] Gastrointestinal (GI) tract [32] Cochleae [34] | \nSkin [28] Immune cells [30] Pregnant uterus [31] GI tract [33] Cochleae [34] | \nSkin[28] Immune cells [30] Pregnant uterus [31] GI tract [33] Cochleae [34] | \n | \n
\n\nTypes of G-protein | \nPrimary: Gi/Go Secondary: Gq/G11 | \nGi/Go | \nPrimary: Gi/Go Secondary: G12/G13 | \nPrimary: Gi/Go | \n
\n\nEndogenous ligands | \nβ-endorphin Enkephalins Endomorphin-1 and -2 | \nβ-endorphin Enkephalins | \nDynorphin A Dynorphin B α-neoendorphin | \nNociceptin Orphanin FQ | \n
\n\nAgonists [from main opium alkaloids] | \nMorphine Codeine | \nMorphine | \nMorphine | \n | \n
\n\nAntagonists | \nNaloxone Naltrexone | \nNaloxone Naltrexone | \nNaloxone Naltrexone | \n[Nphe1]N/OFQ-(1-13)-NH2\n UFP-101 | \n
\n\nEffects | \nAnalgesia Respiratory functions Cardiovascular functions GI motility Neuroendocrine functions Immune system functions Feeding Mood Thermoregulation [35] | \nAnalgesia [36] Cardiovascular functions GI motility Mood Behaviour [15] | \nAnalgesia Neuroendocrine functions Immune system functions Diuresis Feeding [35] | \nNociception Motor and aggressive behaviours Reinforcement and reward Stress response Autonomic system functions Immune system functions [37] | \n
\n\n
Table 2.
Opioid receptors and their properties.
\n
According to the studies, μ receptor was also related with addiction [38], modulation of dopaminergic system [39], learning and memory [40]. The δ receptors along with μ receptors contribute to emotional sensitivity [41].
\n
\n
\n
1.3 Mechanism of action
\n
μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors are distributed in peripheral tissue as well as CNS. Stimulation of these receptors in the CNS results in analgesia, drowsiness, euphoria, a sense of detachment, respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting, depressed cough reflex, and hypothermia. When these receptors are stimulated in peripheral tissues, miosis, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, urinary retention etc. emerges.
\n
After stimulation of these Gi/0-coupled opioid receptors, the adenylate cyclase enzyme is suppressed and the level of cyclic AMP decreases. In addition, the voltage-gated calcium channels in the axon ends or neuron soma are closed and intracellular calcium levels are reduced, potassium channels are opened and leading to an increase in potassium conductance. As a result, inhibition and hyperpolarization of neurons occurs when opioid receptors are stimulated [42, 43].
\n
Analgesic or antinociceptive effects, which are indicated for use of opioids, develop at the level of the brain and spinal cord. At the brain level, attenuation of impulse spread is weakened and the perception of pain is inhibited, and at the spinal cord level, the transmission of pain impulses is suppressed [44].
\n
\n
\n
1.4 Opioid dependence
\n
Opioid dependence or addiction is a chronic, recurrent disease that changes neurotransmitter systems in the CNS and affects movement [45, 46]. Opioid dependence develops in both psychic and physical dependence. Physical opioid dependence occurs both when used for treatment and as a result of abuse. Opioid abuse is a relapsing disease with high morbidity and mortality, which is used at higher doses to produce the same effect due to tolerance. The higher the exposure time to opioids, the higher the degree of dependence and tolerance. After physical dependence develops, opioid consumption is maintained to prevent withdrawal symptoms. So the treatment is long and difficult. For this purpose, opioid agonists such as methadone, buprenorphine, an opioid antagonist naltrexone or abstinence-based treatment may be preferred. This disease, referred to as ‘opioid abuse and opioid dependence’ in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSMIV-TR), has been changed to ‘opioid use disorder’ in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) [47].
\n
The estimated annual prevalence of opioids in 2010 was 0.6–0.8% of the population aged 15–64 (26 × 106 to 36 × 106). The estimated annual prevalence of opioid use is between 0.3 and 0.5% of the adult population (13 × 106 to 21 × 106 past-year users) [48].
\n
The mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system, which project from the VTA to the NAc and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are critically important in opioid dependence [49]. Opioids act on VTA and directly or indirectly cause an increase in dopamine release in NAc region [50]. In the pathogenesis of opioid dependence, the presence of a complex mechanism including the dopaminergic system, noradrenergic, serotonergic, etc. systems should be considered [51].
\n
\n
\n
1.5 Opioid withdrawal
\n
Withdrawal is a condition that occurs when the use of an exogenous substance that is used for a long time and develops physical dependence is interrupted. In opioid dependence, the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system activates and induces dopamine release in the NAc region. The adaptive increase in dopaminergic activity in CNS in opioid dependence is suppressed during withdrawal and withdrawal symptoms appear [52]. In addition to dopamine, different neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, such as noradrenaline, GABA, vasopressin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, and nitric oxide, are thought to play a role in the development of opioid withdrawal [53, 54, 55]. In opioid withdrawal syndrome, symptoms such as pain, insomnia, yawning, tremor, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, sweating, dehydration, goosebumps, mydriasis, restlessness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, hyperglycemia, hypotension, decrease in respiratory rate, hyperthermia and abdominal muscle cramps are seen [45].
\n
\n
\n\n
2. The main opium alkaloids in raw Papaver somniferum L. and their pharmacological properties
\n
\n
2.1 Morphine
\n
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name: (4R,4aR,7S,7aR,12bS)-3-methyl-2,4,4a,7,7a,13-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7,9-diol.
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nATC Code | \nN-Nervous system | \nN02-Analgesics | \nN02A-Opioids | \nN02AA-Natural opium alkaloids | \nN02AA01-Morphine | \n
\n\n
\n
Morphine is one of the major opium alkaloids isolated from plant Papaver somniferum L., produced synthetically and metabolized by codeine and heroin in the body. It binds to μ, δ, and κ receptors, which are widely distributed in CNS and peripheral tissue, and produce effects such as analgesia, anxiolysis, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, and contraction of smooth muscles of GI tract. Morphine is used in the management of severe pain, treatment of acute pulmonary edema and anesthetic procedures [56]. It can be administered orally, rectally, intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously, epidurally, and intrathecally.
\n
Absorption of morphine is variable, an almost complete absorption mainly done in the upper intestine as well as in the rectal mucosa. Morphine presents significant first-pass metabolism and oral bioavailability within 17–33% [57]. Morphine distributes to brain, skeletal muscle, liver, kidneys, lungs, intestinal tract, and spleen [58]. Hepatic metabolism occurs via glucuronic acid conjugation primarily to morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G, 10–15%) and morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G, 45–55%). Other metabolites include morphine-3,6-diglucuronide, morphine-3-ethereal sulphate, normorphine, normorphine-6-glucuronide, normorphine-3-glucuronide and codeine. M6G and normorphine show active analgesic effect by binding to opioid receptors, but M6G, which is formed more than normorphine, can contribute to analgesic effect of morphine. M3G does not contribute to the analgesic effect of morphine, because it has low affinity to opioid receptors [59]. Half-life elimination is variable according to age group: in neonates 4.5–13.3 h, in children 1–2 h, and in adults 2–4 h. Excretion occurs with urine (2–12%) and feces (7–10%).
\n
Morphine leads to death in amounts of 0.15–0.2 g (sc) or 0.3–0.4 g (oral) in adults. Babies and young children are much more susceptible, and death has been observed at doses of 30 mg [60]. Morphine blood concentration within 10–100 μg/dL is toxically; if it is above 400 μg/dL is lethally [61].
\n
Common adverse reactions are drowsiness, headache, constipation, nausea, vomiting, urinary retention. Although less common adverse reactions, such as depression, insomnia, paresthesia, dizziness, anxiety, abnormal dreams, confusion, seizure, myoclonus, agitation, amnesia, euphoria, pain, dyspnea, hypoventilation, respiratory depression, tremor, fever, flu-like symptoms, rhinitis, edema, hypotension, syncope, palpitations, skin rash, amblyopia, blurred vision, conjunctivitis, diplopia, miosis, nystagmus, amenorrhea, impotence, gynecomastia, urinary hesitancy, diaphoresis, anorexia, biliary colic, dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hiccups, xerostomia, anemia, thrombocytopenia can be seen.
\n
Contraindications are hypersensitivity to morphine, significant respiratory depression, acute or severe bronchial asthma in the absence of resuscitative equipment, GI obstruction.
\n
\nEffects on reproduction: Prolonged morphine use can cause secondary hypogonadism, which can lead to infertility in both sexes [62].
\n
\nEffects on pregnancy: It is known that, morphine crosses the placenta. Morphine exposure was associated with conoventricular septal defects, atrioventricular septal defects, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, spina bifid, and gastroschisis within a 4-month period, 1 month before and 3 months after conception [63]. In addition, the use of it in the first trimester may reduce fetal heart rate from non-teratogenic effects [64]. Use of morphine late in pregnancy may result in decreased fetal breathing movements or withdrawal signs in the newborn [65, 66]. Withdrawal signs are hypothermia, hyperthermia, diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, weight gain, high-pitched crying, hyperactivity, increased muscle tone, increased wakefulness, abnormal sleep pattern, irritability, sneezing, seizure, tremor, yawning and etc. [67, 68].
\n
\nEffects on lactation: Both morphine and an active metabolite, M6G, can be detected in breast milk [69]. According to previous study, a milk:plasma ratio of morphine was 2.85, and the estimated maximum concentration in milk was 500 ng/mL [70]. Respiratory depression or drowsiness were not common in infants of breastfeeding mothers receiving morphine [71]. Although not preferred in lactation, it should be used as soon as possible and at the lowest dose if necessary [72].
\n
\n
\n
2.2 Noscapine
\n
IUPAC name: (3S)-6,7-dimethoxy-3-[(5R)-4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl]-3H-2-benzofuran-1-one.
\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nATC Code | \nR-Respiratory system | \nR05-Cough and cold preparations | \nR05D-Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants | \nR05DA-Opium alkaloids and derivatives | \nR05DA07-Noscapine | \n
\n\n
\n
Noscapine, also known as narcotine, is the second opioid alkaloid according to its density in raw Papaver somniferum L. plant, was first isolated by Robiquet in 1817 [73]. Noscapine has no morphine-like effect, no affect on morphine withdrawal and has mild analgesic effect [74]. It is used to suppress cough frequency and intensity in bronchial asthma and pulmonary emphysema as it has central antitussive activity such as codeine [74, 75]. It is thought that noscapine exerts its antitussive effect through σ receptor which is one of the other opioid receptors. Repeated exposure to noscapine does not lead to dependence and tolerance to its antitussive effect does not develop. The potential for antineoplastic treatment is being investigated because of its antimitotic effect [76]. In the animal study, noscapine increased histamine release, leading to bronchoconstruction and hypotension, even convulsions [77]. There are also studies showing that teratogen [78]. Noscapine is used orally in the form of a combined preparation to reduce these effects.
\n
Noscapine in terms of antitussive potency, onset, and duration of action is similar to codeine, one of the main opium alkaloids [74]. Noscapine has a relatively low bioavailability due to a first-pass metabolism [79]. Noscapine is inactivated by converting into meconin and o-demethylated metabolites. Meconin is major urinary metabolite of noscapine [80].
\n
Adverse reactions are not expected when used in therapeutic doses [74]. When taken in high doses, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vasomotor rhinitis, conjunctivitis may be seen [81].
\n
\nEffects on reproduction and pregnancy is unknown.
\n
\nEffects on lactation: It is thought to have no negative effects on infant [82].
\n
\n
\n
2.3 Codeine
\n
IUPAC Name: (4R,4aR,7S,7aR,12bS)-9-methoxy-3-methyl-2,4,4a,7,7a,13-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinolin-7-ol
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nATC Code | \nR-Respiratory system | \nR05-Cough and cold preparations | \nR05D-Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants | \nR05DA-Opium alkaloids and derivatives | \nR05DA04-Codeine | \n
\n\n
\n\n
Codeine, a 3-methylether derivative of morphine, is the third opioid alkaloid according to its density in the raw Papaver somniferum L. plant, was first isolated by Robiquet in 1833. Codeine and its metabolite, morphine, act by stimulating opioid receptors. The main effects are analgesia (lighter than morphine), central antitussive and antidiarrheal effects [83]. It can also do sedation, drowsiness, and respiratory depression. Codeine is used in the management of mild to moderate pain, in the treatment of cough, persistent diarrhea and restless leg syndrome. Codeine is taken orally and intramuscularly.
\n
Absorption is rapidly in oral use and bioavailability is higher due to less first-pass metabolism (about 53%). Codeine is distributed to a variety of tissues, with priority being to the liver, spleen and kidney [84]. Codeine-6-glucuronide, morphine, and norcodeine is formed as a result of hepatic metabolism. Morphine is then metabolized to M3G and M6G, and contributes to analgesic effects of codeine. The half-life elimination is about 3 h and excretion is mostly done through urine and with less feces.
\n
In adults 7–14 mg/kg, in children more than 5 mg/kg intake leads to death [85]. Codeine blood concentration within 20–50 μg/dL is toxically, if it is above 60 μg/dL is lethally [86].
\n
Abnormal dreams, insomnia, depression, paresthesia, agitation, anxiety, ataxia, dizziness, disorientation, sedation, euphoria, fatigue, hallucination, headache, bradycardia, tachycardia, circulatory depression, flushing, pruritus, skin rash, urticaria, bronchospasm, dyspnea, respiratory depression, abdominal cramps, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, urinary hesitancy, urinary retention, blurred vision, diplopia, miosis, nystagmus, laryngospasm, muscle rigidity, tremor, hypogonadism, etc. may occur due to codeine use.
\n
Contraindications are hypersensitivity to codeine, pediatric patients <12 years of age, postoperative management in pediatric patients <18 years of age who have undergone tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy, significant respiratory depression, acute or severe bronchial asthma in the absence of resuscitative equipment, GI obstruction.
\n
\nEffects on reproduction: Prolonged codeine use can cause secondary hypogonadism, which can lead to infertility in both sexes [62].
\n
\nEffects on pregnancy: It is known that, codeine crosses the placenta. The use in the first trimester can lead to respiratory tract malformation, pyloric stenosis, inguinal hernia, neural tube defects, cardiac and circulatory system defects, and cleft lip and palate [63, 87]. The use of codeine late in pregnancy may result in neonatal withdrawal syndrome, characterized by tremor, jitteriness, diarrhea, and poor feding [88].
\n
\nEffects on lactation: Both codeine and an active metabolite, morphine, can be detected in breast milk [89]. A milk: plasma ratio of codeine is unknown. Respiratory depression, sedation and withdrawal signs can be seen in infants of breastfeeding mothers receiving codeine [90].
\n
\n
\n
2.4 Thebaine
\n
IUPAC Name: (4R,7aR,12bS)-7,9-dimethoxy-3-methyl-2,4,7a,13-tetrahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline.
\n
Thebaine, also known as paramorphine, which is not used for medicinal purposes and is used for the production of other opioids, is the fourth opioid alkaloid according to its density in the raw Papaver somniferum L. plant. Thebaine exposure can be addictive as in the use of morphine, as well as strychnine-like convulsions [91].
\n
\n
\n
2.5 Papaverine
\n
IUPAC name: 1-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nATC Code | \nA-Alimentary tract and metabolism | \nA03-Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders | \nA03A-Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders | \nA03AD-Papaverine and derivatives | \nA03AD01-Papaverine | \n
\n\nG-Genito urinary system and sex hormones | \nG04-Urologicals | \nG04B-Urologicals | \nG04BE-Drugs used in erectile dysfunction | \nG04BE02-Papaverine | \n
\n\n
\n\n
Papaverine, which has no opioid-like effect, is the fifth opioid alkaloid based on its density in the raw Papaver somniferum L. plant, first isolated from opium by Merck in 1848. Papaverine affects the heart muscle and vascular smooth muscle by blocking non-selective phosphodiesterase and calcium channels [92]. Papaverine suppresses conduction and prolongs the refractory period in the heart. Vasodilatation occurs with direct effect on vascular smooth muscles including coronary and pulmonary arteries. Papaverine-mediated relaxation in smooth muscles is independent of muscle innervation and therefore does not cause paralysis in the muscles. Papaverine-mediated these effects are more pronounced especially in ischemia with arteriospasm [93]. Papaverine is used in the treatment of myocardial infarction, angina, peripheral and pulmonary embolism, peripheral vascular disease, cerebral angiospastic states. It can also be used in hypertension, urinary incontinence, prostate hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction [94]. Papaverine also has antiviral activity, which is particularly pronounced against respiratory syncytial virus, cytomegalovirus and HIV [95]. Papaverine is taken orally, intramuscularly, intravenously, and intra-arterially.
\n
Absorption is nearly total in oral use. Oral bioavailability is higher due to less first-pass metabolism (about 54%). Papaverine is distributed to a variety of tissues, with priority being to the adipose tissue and liver. 6-Desmethylpapaverine (6-DMP, major metabolite) and 4′,6-didesmethylpapaverine (4,6-DDMP) is formed as a result of hepatic metabolism [96]. Half-life elimination is 0.5–2 h. The excretion of papaverine is through primarily urine [97]. No information on toxic blood concentrations is available. The oral median lethal dose in rats is 360 mg/kg, unknown in humans [98].
\n
Adverse reactions are flushing, hypertension, tachycardia, headache, malaise, sedation, abdominal distress, anorexia, constipation, etc.
\n
Use in the complete AV block is contraindicated.
\n
\nEffects on reproduction and lactation is unknown.
\n
\nEffects on pregnancy: It is not considered to have a adverse effect on infants.
\n
\n
\n\n
3. Conclusions
\n
Although information about opium alkaloids was about 3000 BC, it was first isolated in the 1800s. Opioid-like effects occur after opioid alkaloids bind to conventional opioid receptors, such as μ, δ, and κ. In particular, as a result of the agonistic effect on μ receptors, strong analgesia, physical dependence, tolerance and increased dopaminergic activity develop in the mesocorticolimbic system responsible for dependence. Increased dopaminergic activity in the mesocorticolimbic system, is a sign of developing physical dependence, decreases in the absence of opium alkaloids, leading to withdrawal syndrome. Hypogonadism in opium alkaloids users supports the idea that it has a suppressive effect on reproduction. In addition to the risk of teratogenicity, use in both pregnancy and lactation may lead to the development of abstinence syndrome in infants.
\n
\nConflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"morphine, noscapine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/71219.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/71219.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71219",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71219",totalDownloads:865,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"October 24th 2019",dateReviewed:"January 23rd 2020",datePrePublished:"February 27th 2020",datePublished:"April 7th 2021",dateFinished:"February 24th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Opium alkaloids, derived from crude Papaver somniferum L. plant, are potent analgesic drugs, but their use is limited because of dependence and withdrawal. Opium alkaloids activate the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system, which project from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex, and dopamine is critically important in opioid consumption and sustaining. The reward effect resulting from the activation of the dopaminergic system leads to continued opioid consumption and occurs opioid dependence. After the development of opioid dependence, consumption continues to avoid withdrawal syndrome. Opioid dependence is accompanied with tolerance, which requires the use of high doses to achieve the same effect. When tolerance develops, the chronic consumer continues to use opioid above known toxic doses to produce the same effect, which can result in death regardless of the type of opioid used. Raw Papaver somniferum L. has five high-density main opium alkaloids including morphine, noscapine, codeine, thebaine, and papaverine. Some of these alkaloids bind to classical opioid receptors to produce an opioid-like effect, while the other part mediates non-opioid effects. This chapter reviews the opiod history, receptors, mechanism of action, dependence, withdrawal. In addition, general information about five main opium alkaloids, their effects, uses, routes of administration, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, contraindications; effects on reproduction, pregnancy, and lactation were compiled.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71219",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71219",signatures:"Mahluga Jafarova Demirkapu and Hasan Raci Yananli",book:{id:"8472",type:"book",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",publishedDate:"April 7th 2021",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-888-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-887-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-889-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"314154",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahluga",middleName:null,surname:"Jafarova Demirkapu",fullName:"Mahluga Jafarova Demirkapu",slug:"mahluga-jafarova-demirkapu",email:"mcaferova@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314154/images/11464_n.jpg",institution:{name:"Namık Kemal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"314314",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan Raci",middleName:null,surname:"Yananli",fullName:"Hasan Raci Yananli",slug:"hasan-raci-yananli",email:"hasanyananli@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Marmara University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"411764",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahluga Jafarova",middleName:null,surname:"Demirkapu",fullName:"Mahluga Jafarova Demirkapu",slug:"mahluga-jafarova-demirkapu",email:"dummy+411764@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"411765",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan Raci",middleName:null,surname:"Yananli",fullName:"Hasan Raci Yananli",slug:"hasan-raci-yananli",email:"dummy+411765@intechopen.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 History",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Opioid receptors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"1.3 Mechanism of action",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"1.4 Opioid dependence",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"1.5 Opioid withdrawal",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"2. The main opium alkaloids in raw Papaver somniferum L. and their pharmacological properties",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.1 Morphine",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.2 Noscapine",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.3 Codeine",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"2.4 Thebaine",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"2.5 Papaverine",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"3. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'[\nMishra BK, Rastogi A, Siddiqui A, Srivastava M, Verma N, Pandey R, et al. Opium Poppy: Genetic Upgradation Through Intervention of Plant Breeding Techniques. Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields. Sven Bode Andersen. IntechOpen; 22 May 2013. DOI: 10.5772/53132. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/plant-breeding-from-laboratories-to-fields/opium-poppy-genetic-upgradation-through-intervention-of-plant-breeding-techniques\n]'},{id:"B2",body:'[\nBooth M. Opium-A History [Internet]. 1998. Available from: http://.www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/booth-opium.html\n\n]'},{id:"B3",body:'[\nUnited Nations International Drug Control Programme. Laboratory Section. Recommended Methods for Testing Opium, Morphine and Heroin. New York: United Nations; 1998. p. 4\n]'},{id:"B4",body:'[\nWink M. A short history of alkaloids. In: Roberts MF, Wink M, editors. Alkaloids. Boston, MA: Springer; 1998. pp. 35-37. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2905-4_2\n]'},{id:"B5",body:'[\nMann J. Murder, Magic, and Medicine. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1992. pp. 173-186\n]'},{id:"B6",body:'[\nBeckett AH, Casy AF. Synthetic analgesics: Stereochemical considerations. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1954;6:986-1001. DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1954.tb11033.x\n]'},{id:"B7",body:'[\nPortoghese PS. A new concept on the mode of interaction of narcotic analgesics with receptors. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1965;8:609-616. DOI: 10.1021/jm00329a013\n]'},{id:"B8",body:'[\nPert CB, Snyder SH. Opiate receptor: Demonstration in nervous tissue. Science. 1973;179:1011-1014. DOI: 10.1126/science.179.4077.1011\n]'},{id:"B9",body:'[\nHughes J, Smith TW, Kosterlitz HW, Fothergill LA, Morgan BA, Morris HR. Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Nature. 1975;258:577-580. DOI: 10.1038/258577a0\n]'},{id:"B10",body:'[\nCox BM, Goldstein A, Hi CH. Opioid activity of a peptide, beta-lipotropin-(61–91), derived from beta-lipotropin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1976;73:1821-1823. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.6.1821\n]'},{id:"B11",body:'[\nGoldstein A, Tachibana S, Lowney LI, Hunkapiller M, Hood L. Dynorphin-(1–13), an extraordinarily potent opioid peptide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1979;76:6666-6670. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.12.6666\n]'},{id:"B12",body:'[\nMartin WR, Eades CG, Thompson JA, Huppler RE, Gilbert PE. The effects of morphine- and nalorphine-like drugs in the nondependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dog. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1976;197:517-532\n]'},{id:"B13",body:'[\nLord JA, Waterfield AA, Hughes J, Kosterlitz HW. Endogenous opioid peptides: Multiple agonists and receptors. Nature. 1977;267:495-499. DOI: 10.1038/267495a0\n]'},{id:"B14",body:'[\nMeunier JC, Mollereau C, Toll L, Suaudeau C, Moisand C, Alvinerie P, et al. Isolation and structure of the endogenous agonist of opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor. Nature. 1995;377:532-535. DOI: 10.1038/377532a0\n]'},{id:"B15",body:'[\nReinscheid RK, Nothacker HP, Bourson A, Ardati A, Henningsen RA, Bunzow JR, et al. Orphanin FQ: A neuropeptide that activates an opioidlike G protein-coupled receptor. Science. 1995;270:792-794. DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5237.792\n]'},{id:"B16",body:'[\nMollereau C, Parmentier M, Mailleux P, Butour JL, Moisand C, Chalon P, et al. ORL1, a novel member of the opioid receptor family. Cloning, functional expression and localization. FEBS Letters. 1994;341:33-38. DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80235-1\n]'},{id:"B17",body:'[\nZagon IS, Gibo DM, McLaughlin PJ. Zeta (zeta), a growth-related opioid receptor in developing rat cerebellum: Identification and characterization. Brain Research. 1991;551:28-35. DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90909-f\n]'},{id:"B18",body:'[\nManallack DT, Beart PM, Gundlach AL. Psychotomimetic sigma-opiates and PCP. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 1986;7:448-451\n]'},{id:"B19",body:'[\nHanner M, Moebius FF, Flandorfer A, Knaus HG, Striessnig J, Kempner E, et al. Purification, molecular cloning, and expression of the mammalian sigma1-binding site. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996;93:8072-8077. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.15.8072\n]'},{id:"B20",body:'[\nWüster M, Schulz R, Herz A. Specificity of opioids towards the mu-, delta- and epsilon-opiate receptors. Neuroscience Letters. 1979;15:193-198. DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(79)96112-3\n]'},{id:"B21",body:'[\nGrevel J, Yu V, Sadée W. Characterization of a labile naloxone binding site (lambda site) in rat brain. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1985;44:1647-1656. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb08808.x\n]'},{id:"B22",body:'[\nZagon IS, Verderame MF, Allen SS, McLaughlin PJ. Cloning, sequencing, expression and function of a cDNA encoding a receptor for the opioid growth factor, [Met(5)]enkephalin. Brain Research. 1999;849:147-154. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02046-6\n]'},{id:"B23",body:'[\nMansour A, Khachaturian H, Lewis ME, Akil H, Watson SJ. Autoradiographic differentiation of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors in the rat forebrain and midbrain. The Journal of Neuroscience. 1987;7:2445-2464\n]'},{id:"B24",body:'[\nKitchen I, Slowe SJ, Matthes HW, Kieffer B. Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors in knockout mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene. Brain Research. 1997;778:73-88. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00988-8\n]'},{id:"B25",body:'[\nNeal CR Jr, Mansour A, Reinscheid R, Nothacker HP, Civelli O, Akil H, et al. Opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor distribution in the rat central nervous system: Comparison of ORL1 receptor mRNA expression with (125)I-[(14)Tyr]-orphanin FQ binding. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1999;412:563-605\n]'},{id:"B26",body:'[\nBesse D, Lombard MC, Zajac JM, Roques BP, Besson JM. Pre- and postsynaptic distribution of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in the superficial layers of the cervical dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Brain Research. 1990;521:15-22. DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91519-m\n]'},{id:"B27",body:'[\nStänder S, Gunzer M, Metze D, Luger T, Steinhoff M. Localization of mu-opioid receptor 1A on sensory nerve fibers in human skin. Regulatory Peptides. 2002;110:75-83. DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00159-3\n]'},{id:"B28",body:'[\nSalemi S, Aeschlimann A, Reisch N, Jüngel A, Gay RE, Heppner FL, et al. Detection of kappa and delta opioid receptors in skin—Outside the nervous system. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2005;338:1012-1017. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.072\n]'},{id:"B29",body:'[\nChuang TK, Killam KF Jr, Chuang LF, Kung HF, Sheng WS, Chao CC, et al. Mu opioid receptor gene expression in immune cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1995;216:922-930. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2709\n]'},{id:"B30",body:'[\nGavériaux C, Peluso J, Simonin F, Laforet J, Kieffer B. Identification of kappa- and delta-opioid receptor transcripts in immune cells. FEBS Letters. 1995;369:272-276. DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00766-3\n]'},{id:"B31",body:'[\nZhu Y, Pintar JE. Expression of opioid receptors and ligands in pregnant mouse uterus and placenta. Biology of Reproduction. 1998;59:925-932. DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod59.4.925\n]'},{id:"B32",body:'[\nBagnol D, Mansour A, Akil H, Watson SJ. Cellular localization and distribution of the cloned mu and kappa opioid receptors in rat gastrointestinal tract. Neuroscience. 1997;81:579-591. DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00227-3\n]'},{id:"B33",body:'[\nPol O, Palacio JR, Puig MM. The expression of delta- and kappa-opioid receptor is enhanced during intestinal inflammation in mice. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003;306:455-462. DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.049346\n]'},{id:"B34",body:'[\nJongkamonwiwat N, Phansuwan-Pujito P, Sarapoke P, Chetsawang B, Casalotti SO, Forge A, et al. The presence of opioid receptors in rat inner ear. Hearing Research. 2003;181:85-93. DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5955(03)00175-8\n]'},{id:"B35",body:'[\nDhawan BN, Cesselin F, Raghubir R, Reisine T, Bradley PB, Portoghese PS, et al. International Union of Pharmacology. XII. Classification of opioid receptors. Pharmacological Reviews. 1996;48:567-592\n]'},{id:"B36",body:'[\nGuan JS, Xu ZZ, Gao H, He SQ, Ma GQ, Sun T, et al. Interaction with vesicle luminal protachykinin regulates surface expression of delta-opioid receptors and opioid analgesia. Cell. 2005;122:619-631. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.010\n]'},{id:"B37",body:'[\nBorsodi A, Bruchas M, Caló G, Chavkin C, Christie MJ, Civelli O, et al. Opioid receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database. UPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE. 2019(4). DOI: 10.2218/gtopdb/F50/2019.4\n]'},{id:"B38",body:'[\nHutcheson DM, Matthes HW, Valjent E, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Rodríguez-Díaz M, Garzón J, et al. Lack of dependence and rewarding effects of deltorphin II in mu-opioid receptor-deficient mice. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;13:153-161. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2001.01363.x\n]'},{id:"B39",body:'[\nTien LT, Park Y, Fan LW, Ma T, Loh HH, Ho IK. Increased dopamine D2 receptor binding and enhanced apomorphine-induced locomotor activity in mu-opioid receptor knockout mice. Brain Research Bulletin. 2003;61:109-115. DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00077-7\n]'},{id:"B40",body:'[\nJamot L, Matthes HW, Simonin F, Kieffer BL, Roder JC. Differential involvement of the mu and kappa opioid receptors in spatial learning. Genes, Brain, and Behavior. 2003;2:80-92. DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-183x.2003.00013.x\n]'},{id:"B41",body:'[\nFilliol D, Ghozland S, Chluba J, Martin M, Matthes HW, Simonin F, et al. Mice deficient for delta- and mu-opioid receptors exhibit opposing alterations of emotional responses. Nature Genetics. 2000;25:195-200. DOI: 10.1038/76061\n]'},{id:"B42",body:'[\nJordan B, Devi LA. Molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor signal transduction. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998;81:12-19. DOI: 10.1093/bja/81.1.12\n]'},{id:"B43",body:'[\nNorth RA, Williams JT, Surprenant A, Christie MJ. Mu and delta receptors belong to a family of receptors that are coupled to potassium channels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1987;84:5487-5491. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.15.5487\n]'},{id:"B44",body:'[\nMalaivijitnond S, Varavudhi P. Evidence for morphine-induced galactorrhea in male cynomolgus monkeys. Journal of Medical Primatology. 1998;27:1-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1998.tb00061.x\n]'},{id:"B45",body:'[\nEddy NB, Halbach H, Isbell H, Seevers MH. Drug dependence: Its significance and characteristics. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1965;32:721-733\n]'},{id:"B46",body:'[\nKoob GF, Le Moal M. Opioids. In: Neurobiology of Addiction. London: Academic Press; 2006. pp. 121-171\n]'},{id:"B47",body:'[\nAmerican Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. pp. 541-546\n]'},{id:"B48",body:'[\nWorld Drug Report. New York: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; 2012. p. 1\n]'},{id:"B49",body:'[\nKoob GF. Drugs of abuse: Anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 1992;13:177-184. DOI: 10.1016/0165-6147(92)90060-j\n]'},{id:"B50",body:'[\nKoob GF, Volkow ND. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:217-238. DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.110\n]'},{id:"B51",body:'[\nGómez-Milanés I, Almela P, García-Carmona JA, García-Gutiérrez MS, Aracil-Fernández A, Manzanares J, et al. Accumbal dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin activity after naloxone-conditioned place aversion in morphine-dependent mice. Neurochemistry International. 2012;61:433-440. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.06.011\n]'},{id:"B52",body:'[\nDiana M, Pistis M, Muntoni A, Gessa G. Profound decrease of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity in morphine withdrawn rats. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1995;272:781-785\n]'},{id:"B53",body:'[\nYananli H, Gören MZ, Berkman K, Aricioğlu F. Effect of agmatine on brain L-citrulline production during morphine withdrawal in rats: A microdialysis study in nucleus accumbens. Brain Research. 2007;1132:51-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.028\n]'},{id:"B54",body:'[\nTopkara B, Yananli HR, Sakallı E, Demirkapu MJ. Effects of injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists into the nucleus accumbens on naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal. Pharmacology. 2017;100:131-138. DOI: 10.1159/000477548\n]'},{id:"B55",body:'[\nJafarova Demirkapu M, Yananli HR, Kaleli M, Sakalli HE, Gören MZ, Topkara B. The role of adenosine A1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens during morphine withdrawal. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13224\n]'},{id:"B56",body:'[\nChou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, Adler JA, Ballantyne JC, Davies P, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. The Journal of Pain. 2009;10:113-130. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.10.008\n]'},{id:"B57",body:'[\nMasood AR, Thomas SH. Systemic absorption of nebulized morphine compared with oral morphine in healthy subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996;41:250-252. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1996.tb00192.x\n]'},{id:"B58",body:'[\nHunt A, Joel S, Dick G, Goldman A. Population pharmacokinetics of oral morphine and its glucuronides in children receiving morphine as immediate-release liquid or sustained-release tablets for cancer pain. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999;135:47-55. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70326-4\n]'},{id:"B59",body:'[\nChristrup LL. Morphine metabolites. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1997;41:116-122. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04625.x\n]'},{id:"B60",body:'[\nHarvey AL. Natural and Synthetic Neurotoxins. London, England: Academic Press; 1993. p. 263\n]'},{id:"B61",body:'[\nGossel TA. In: Gossel TA, Bricker JD, editors. Principles of Clinical Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: CRC Press; 1994. p. 421\n]'},{id:"B62",body:'[\nBrennan MJ. The effect of opioid therapy on endocrine function. The American Journal of Medicine. 2013;126:S12-S18. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.12.001\n]'},{id:"B63",body:'[\nBroussard CS, Rasmussen SA, Reefhuis J, Friedman JM, Jann MW, Riehle-Colarusso T, Honein MA; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;204:314.e1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12.039\n]'},{id:"B64",body:'[\nSchmid M, Kuessel L, Klein K, Metz V, Fischer G, Krampl-Bettelheim E. First-trimester fetal heart rate in mothers with opioid addiction. Addiction. 2010;105:1265-1268. DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02982.x\n]'},{id:"B65",body:'[\nKopecky EA, Ryan ML, Barrett JF, Seaward PG, Ryan G, Koren G, et al. Fetal response to maternally administered morphine. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000;183:424-430. DOI: 10.1067/mob.2000.105746\n]'},{id:"B66",body:'[\nCobrınık RW, Hood RT Jr, Chusıd E. The effect of maternal narcotic addiction on the newborn infant; review of literature and report of 22 cases. Pediatrics. 1959;24:288-304\n]'},{id:"B67",body:'[\nDow K, Ordean A, Murphy-Oikonen J, Pereira J, Koren G, Roukema H, et al. Neonatal abstinence syndrome clinical practice guidelines for Ontario. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology. 2012;19:e488-e506\n]'},{id:"B68",body:'[\nHudak ML, Tan RC, Committee On Drugs, Commıttee on Fetus and Newborn, American Academy of Pediatrics. Neonatal drug withdrawal. Pediatrics. 2012;129:e540-e560. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-3212\n]'},{id:"B69",body:'[\nBaka NE, Bayoumeu F, Boutroy MJ, Laxenaire MC. Colostrum morphine concentrations during postcesarean intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002;94:184-187. DOI: 10.1097/00000539-200201000-00035\n]'},{id:"B70",body:'[\nFeilberg VL, Rosenborg D, Broen Christensen C, Mogensen JV. Excretion of morphine in human breast milk. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1989;33:426-428. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1989.tb02938.x\n]'},{id:"B71",body:'[\nWittels B, Scott DT, Sinatra RS. Exogenous opioids in human breast milk and acute neonatal neurobehavior: A preliminary study. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:864-869. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199011000-00012\n]'},{id:"B72",body:'[\nMartin E, Vickers B, Landau R, Reece-Stremtan S. ABM clinical protocol #28, peripartum analgesia and anesthesia for the breastfeeding mother. Breastfeeding Medicine. 2018;13:164-171. DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.29087.ejm\n]'},{id:"B73",body:'[\nWillette RE. Analgesic agents. In: Delgado JN, Remers WA, editors. Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1998. pp. 687-711\n]'},{id:"B74",body:'[\nOsol A, Hoover JE, et al. Remington\'s Pharmaceutical Sciences. In: Osol A, Hoover JE, editors. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co.; 1975. p. 805\n]'},{id:"B75",body:'[\nRamanathan VS, Chandra P. Recovery, separation and purification of narcotine and papaverine from Indian opium. Bulletin on Narcotics. 1981;33:55-64\n]'},{id:"B76",body:'[\nNational Cancer İnstitute. Noscapine [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C80589\n\n]'},{id:"B77",body:'[\nGoodman LS, Gilman A. In: Goodman LS, Gilman A, editors. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.; 1975. p. 279\n]'},{id:"B78",body:'[\nGutstein HB, Akil H. Opioid analgesics. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG, McGraw-Hill, editors. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY; 2001. pp. 569-611\n]'},{id:"B79",body:'[\nDahlström B, Mellstrand T, Löfdahl CG, Johansson M. Pharmacokinetic properties of noscapine. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982;22:535-539. DOI: 10.1007/bf00609627\n]'},{id:"B80",body:'[\nTsunoda N, Yoshimura H. Metabolic fate of noscapine. II. Isolation and identification of novel metabolites produced by C▬C bond cleavage. Xenobiotica. 1979;9:181-187. DOI: 10.3109/00498257909038719\n]'},{id:"B81",body:'[\nAmerican Medical Association, AMA Department of Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations. 3rd ed. Littleton, Massachusetts: PSG Publishing Co., Inc.; 1977. p. 667\n]'},{id:"B82",body:'[\nAmerican Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics. 1994;93:137-150\n]'},{id:"B83",body:'[\nTroy DB. In: Troy DB, editor. Remmington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Williams; 2005. p. 1527\n]'},{id:"B84",body:'[\nBaselt RC, Cravey RH. Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. 4th ed. Foster City, CA, USA: Chemical Toxicology Institute; 1995. pp. 191-194\n]'},{id:"B85",body:'[\nDart RC. In: Dart RC, editor. Medical Toxicology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.; 2004. p. 761\n]'},{id:"B86",body:'[\nGossel TA, Bricker JD. Principles of Clinical Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd.; 1994. p. 298\n]'},{id:"B87",body:'[\nYazdy MM, Mitchell AA, Tinker SC, Parker SE, Werler MM. Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013;122:838-844. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a6643c\n]'},{id:"B88",body:'[\nNair V, Soraisham AS, Akierman A. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome due to maternal codeine use. Paediatrics & Child Health. 2012;17:e40-e41. DOI: 10.1093/pch/17.5.e40\n]'},{id:"B89",body:'[\nMeny RG, Naumburg EG, Alger LS, Brill-Miller JL, Brown S. Codeine and the breastfed neonate. Journal of Human Lactation. 1993;9:237-240. DOI: 10.1177/089033449300900423\n]'},{id:"B90",body:'[\nLam J, Matlow JN, Ross CJ, Hayden MR, Carleton BC, Madadi P. Postpartum maternal codeine therapy and the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes: The devil is in the details. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2012;34:378-380. DOI: 10.1097/FTD.0b013e31825da19f\n]'},{id:"B91",body:'[\nThe Merck Index. 11th ed. Title 21 Part 1308.12. 1985\n]'},{id:"B92",body:'[\nKaneda T, Takeuchi Y, Matsui H, Shimizu K, Urakawa N, Nakajyo S. Inhibitory mechanism of papaverine on carbachol-induced contraction in bovine trachea. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 2005;98:275-282. DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fpj05013x\n]'},{id:"B93",body:'[\nStiefel MF, Spiotta AM, Udoetuk JD, Maloney-Wilensky E, Weigele JB, Hurst RW, et al. Intra-arterial papaverine used to treat cerebral vasospasm reduces brain oxygen. Neurocritical Care. 2006;4:113-118. DOI: 10.1385/NCC:4:2:113\n]'},{id:"B94",body:'[\nPfizer New Zealand Limited. DBL Papaverine hydrochloride injection product data sheet [İnternet]. 2017. Available from: http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/Datasheet/d/dblPapaverineHydrochlorideinj\n\n]'},{id:"B95",body:'[\nNational Cancer İnstitute. Papaverine [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&ns=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C726\n\n]'},{id:"B96",body:'[\nWolf CE, Pierce KL, Goldfine BL, Nanco CR, Poklis JL, Korzun WJ. Using papaverine and its metabolites, 6-desmethyl papaverine and 4\',6-didesmethyl papaverine as biomarkers to improve the detection time of heroin use. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2019;43:600-606. DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz069\n]'},{id:"B97",body:'[\nUS Natl Inst Health; DailyMed. Current Medication Information for Papaverine hydrochloride injection, solution, 2012. Available from: http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=9e5e2ce4-7a57-4c61-a826-64c8d11d038e\n\n]'},{id:"B98",body:'[\nRxList. Papaverine injection [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.rxlist.com/papaverine-injection-drug.htm#overdosage\n\n]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Mahluga Jafarova Demirkapu",address:null,affiliation:'- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tekirdag Namık Kemal, Turkey
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Hasan Raci Yananli",address:"hasanyananli@yahoo.com",affiliation:'- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marmara, Turkey
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"8472",type:"book",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",publishedDate:"April 7th 2021",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83880-888-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-887-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-889-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"141394",title:"Ms.",name:"Catina",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",email:"catina.smith@downstate.edu",fullName:"Catina Smith",slug:"catina-smith",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"22110",title:"Basic Diagnostic Approaches in Sarcoidosis",slug:"basic-diagnostic-approaches-in-sarcoidosis",abstract:null,signatures:"Louis Gerolemou and Peter R. Smith",authors:[{id:"50456",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Smith",fullName:"Peter Smith",slug:"peter-smith",email:"Peter.Smith@downstate.edu"},{id:"60914",title:"Dr.",name:"Louis",surname:"Gerolemou",fullName:"Louis Gerolemou",slug:"louis-gerolemou",email:"lgerolemou@chpnet.org"},{id:"141394",title:"Ms.",name:"Catina",surname:"Smith",fullName:"Catina Smith",slug:"catina-smith",email:"catina.smith@downstate.edu"}],book:{id:"390",title:"Sarcoidosis",slug:"sarcoidosis-diagnosis-and-management",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"49587",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Reza",surname:"Rajebi",slug:"m.-reza-rajebi",fullName:"M. Reza Rajebi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"50450",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",surname:"Kurata",slug:"atsushi-kurata",fullName:"Atsushi Kurata",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"50456",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",surname:"Smith",slug:"peter-smith",fullName:"Peter Smith",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/50456/images/645_n.jpg",biography:"Peter R. Smith, MD, is the Chief of the Division of Pulmonary Medicine at University Hospital of Brooklyn at Long Island College Hospital. He is co-director of the hospital’s Thoracic Center, a co-director of the Asthma Center, director of the Adult Cystic Fibrosis Center, and director of the Smoking Cessation Center. Dr. Smith is Professor of Clinical Medicine at SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, and the author of more than 80 scientific publications. He is a Fellow of the American College of Physicians, and the American College of Chest Physicians, and a member of the American Thoracic Society, the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the New York Academy of Sciences. Dr. Smith is Past President of the American Lung Association of the City of New York. He has been repeatedly selected for inclusion in New York Magazine’s annual “Best Doctors in NY†and The NY Times annual “Super Doctors,†as well as the Castle Connolly Guide “The Best Doctors – New York Metro Area†and the Woodward White Guide, “The Best Doctors in America."",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of New York",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"55014",title:"Dr.",name:"Tiberiu",surname:"Shulimzon",slug:"tiberiu-shulimzon",fullName:"Tiberiu Shulimzon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"55033",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Koslow",slug:"matthew-koslow",fullName:"Matthew Koslow",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"57129",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",surname:"Antoniou",slug:"katerina-antoniou",fullName:"Katerina Antoniou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"57143",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgos",surname:"Margaritopoulos",slug:"giorgos-margaritopoulos",fullName:"Giorgos Margaritopoulos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Manchester",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"58646",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Siafakas",slug:"nikolaos-siafakas",fullName:"Nikolaos Siafakas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"60914",title:"Dr.",name:"Louis",surname:"Gerolemou",slug:"louis-gerolemou",fullName:"Louis Gerolemou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"111404",title:"Dr.",name:"Foteini",surname:"Economidou",slug:"foteini-economidou",fullName:"Foteini Economidou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University Hospital of Heraklion",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"terms-and-conditions",title:"Terms and Conditions",intro:'These Terms and Conditions outline the rules and regulations pertaining to the use of IntechOpen’s website www.intechopen.com and all the subdomains owned by IntechOpen located at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, United Kingdom.
',metaTitle:"Terms and Conditions",metaDescription:"These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of IntechOpen Website at https://intechopen.com and all its subdomains owned by Intech Limited located at 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. Terms
\\n\\nBy accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\\n\\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\\n\\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\\n\\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\\n\\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\\n\\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\\n\\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\\n\\n2. License
\\n\\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\n3. Cookies
\\n\\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\\n\\n4. Limitations
\\n\\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\\n\\n5. Accuracy of Materials
\\n\\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\\n\\n6. Links
\\n\\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\\n\\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\\n\\n7. Frames
\\n\\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\\n\\n8. Modifications
\\n\\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\\n\\n9. Governing Law
\\n\\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\\n\\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. Terms
\n\nBy accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\n\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\n\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\n\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\n2. License
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\n\n3. Cookies
\n\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\n\n4. Limitations
\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\n\n5. Accuracy of Materials
\n\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\n\n6. Links
\n\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\n\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\n\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\n\n7. Frames
\n\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\n\n8. Modifications
\n\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\n\n9. Governing Law
\n\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\n\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{regionId:"4",sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2460},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12718},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1018},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17721}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12720},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11794",title:"Coconut Cultivation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48e1cb42a4162f64cae3a2e777472f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11809",title:"Lagomorpha",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e8fd5779205c16e5797b05455dc5be0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11809.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12142",title:"Prunus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"30b850eaa9714914bf001664c9b324be",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12142.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12146",title:"Cellulose",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b1196cf20a9e42db795c2d647681aa9d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12146.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12147",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f3d8c31029650b7ce536da7ab9d7a5a0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12147.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12148",title:"Cucurbitaceae",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0029e5c84528142bf2eff0cbd5b14fa2",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12148.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12149",title:"Solanum tuberosum",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"39bdc8ce8b54bc666a3ab765a29c6edd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12149.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12151",title:"Poultry Farming",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"acd89c676ce6c3da7af23d64e30828f6",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12151.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12154",title:"Organic Fertilizers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8634d6ecdb6fc207336d8b95a169e400",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12154.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12156",title:"Legumes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a97becd6aa14a480ce28c05a3116f639",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12156.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:38},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:63},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:112},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:68},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4433},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1163",title:"Nephrology",slug:"nephrology",parent:{id:"204",title:"Urology",slug:"urology"},numberOfBooks:29,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:908,numberOfWosCitations:347,numberOfCrossrefCitations:250,numberOfDimensionsCitations:537,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1163",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10193",title:"Multidisciplinary Experiences in Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4738671bb3e815744d1e04df7ba879",slug:"multidisciplinary-experiences-in-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ane C.F. Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10193.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"55270",title:"Prof.",name:"Ane",middleName:null,surname:"Claudia Fernandes Nunes",slug:"ane-claudia-fernandes-nunes",fullName:"Ane Claudia Fernandes Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7935",title:"Renal Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44715ed141cf23ebdd35ff0d772492df",slug:"renal-diseases",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada Jr. and Sohail Abdul Salim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7935.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8459",title:"Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"404561518d53b3dd68ce74d6225588c0",slug:"glomerulonephritis-and-nephrotic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Thomas Rath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8459.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67436",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Rath",slug:"thomas-rath",fullName:"Thomas Rath"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7511",title:"Aspects in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b844bd530165ca058e32517002b29837",slug:"aspects-in-continuous-renal-replacement-therapy",bookSignature:"Ayman Karkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7511.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156627",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"Karkar",slug:"ayman-karkar",fullName:"Ayman Karkar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7276",title:"Advances in Nephropathy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"487b332191e4266ae8e9d24b9b0a0985",slug:"advances-in-nephropathy",bookSignature:"Thomas Rath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67436",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Rath",slug:"thomas-rath",fullName:"Thomas Rath"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6537",title:"Evolving Strategies in Peritoneal Dialysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"76bb5dc2ce63f0026f7993b54f062861",slug:"evolving-strategies-in-peritoneal-dialysis",bookSignature:"Edward T. Zawada, Jr.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6537.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16344",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zawada Jr.",slug:"edward-t.-zawada-jr.",fullName:"Edward T. Zawada Jr."}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6090",title:"Aspects in Dialysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be78832ec657b137d473accee9fe221d",slug:"aspects-in-dialysis",bookSignature:"Ayman Karkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6090.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156627",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"Karkar",slug:"ayman-karkar",fullName:"Ayman Karkar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5743",title:"Updates and Advances in Nephrolithiasis",subtitle:"Pathophysiology, Genetics, and Treatment Modalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a3920d0edc2616806749635f615366f",slug:"updates-and-advances-in-nephrolithiasis-pathophysiology-genetics-and-treatment-modalities",bookSignature:"Layron Long",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5743.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71483",title:"Dr.",name:"Layron",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"layron-long",fullName:"Layron Long"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5274",title:"Advances in Hemodiafiltration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"598942642a83f48470cf7cb04207e946",slug:"advances-in-hemodiafiltration",bookSignature:"Ayman Karkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5274.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156627",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",middleName:null,surname:"Karkar",slug:"ayman-karkar",fullName:"Ayman Karkar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5312",title:"Some Special Problems in Peritoneal Dialysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3fbf9674e3eaf4eb57c06d764146fa36",slug:"some-special-problems-in-peritoneal-dialysis",bookSignature:"Robert Ekart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5312.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"56790",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Ekart",slug:"robert-ekart",fullName:"Robert Ekart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4547",title:"Updates in Hemodialysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b106334fa8dede0c0b448cba0d76c67e",slug:"updates-in-hemodialysis",bookSignature:"Hiromichi Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4547.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156403",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiromichi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hiromichi-suzuki",fullName:"Hiromichi Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3258",title:"The Latest in Peritoneal Dialysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2ad689203925cdc49dd44bdfeb3e9f0f",slug:"the-latest-in-peritoneal-dialysis",bookSignature:"Abelardo Aguilera Peralta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3258.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"159084",title:"Dr.",name:"Abelardo",middleName:"Isaac",surname:"Aguilera Peralta",slug:"abelardo-aguilera-peralta",fullName:"Abelardo Aguilera Peralta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:29,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37101",doi:"10.5772/36832",title:"The Psychological Impact of Hemodialysis on Patients with Chronic Renal Failure",slug:"the-psychological-impact-of-hemodialysis-on-patients-with-chronic-renal-failure",totalDownloads:6111,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:null,book:{id:"1746",slug:"renal-failure-the-facts",title:"Renal Failure",fullTitle:"Renal Failure - The Facts"},signatures:"Liang-Jen Wang and Chih-Ken Chen",authors:[{id:"110035",title:"Dr.",name:"Liang Jen",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"liang-jen-wang",fullName:"Liang Jen Wang"}]},{id:"48020",doi:"10.5772/59430",title:"Dialysis Membranes — Physicochemical Structures and Features",slug:"dialysis-membranes-physicochemical-structures-and-features",totalDownloads:5559,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"4547",slug:"updates-in-hemodialysis",title:"Updates in Hemodialysis",fullTitle:"Updates in Hemodialysis"},signatures:"Akihiro C. Yamashita and Kenji Sakurai",authors:[{id:"171999",title:"Prof.",name:"Akihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",slug:"akihiro-yamashita",fullName:"Akihiro Yamashita"}]},{id:"21272",doi:"10.5772/22857",title:"Polyethersulfone Hollow Fiber Membranes for Hemodialysis",slug:"polyethersulfone-hollow-fiber-membranes-for-hemodialysis",totalDownloads:9012,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"353",slug:"progress-in-hemodialysis-from-emergent-biotechnology-to-clinical-practice",title:"Progress in Hemodialysis",fullTitle:"Progress in Hemodialysis - From Emergent Biotechnology to Clinical Practice"},signatures:"Baihai Su, Shudong Sun and Changsheng Zhao",authors:[{id:"49545",title:"Prof.",name:"Changsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"changsheng-zhao",fullName:"Changsheng Zhao"},{id:"94417",title:"Dr.",name:"Baihai",middleName:null,surname:"Su",slug:"baihai-su",fullName:"Baihai Su"},{id:"94418",title:"Dr.",name:"Shudong",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"shudong-sun",fullName:"Shudong Sun"}]},{id:"35641",doi:"10.5772/34541",title:"Immunoinflammation in Diabetic Nephropathy: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Options",slug:"immunoinflammation-in-diabetic-nephropathy-molecular-mechanisms-and-therapeutic-options-",totalDownloads:2850,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"1429",slug:"diabetic-nephropathy",title:"Diabetic Nephropathy",fullTitle:"Diabetic Nephropathy"},signatures:"Virginia Lopez-Parra, Beñat Mallavia, Jesus Egido and Carmen Gomez-Guerrero",authors:[{id:"100622",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Guerrero",slug:"carmen-gomez-guerrero",fullName:"Carmen Gomez-Guerrero"},{id:"108756",title:"Dr.",name:"Virginia",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Parra",slug:"virginia-lopez-parra",fullName:"Virginia Lopez-Parra"},{id:"108757",title:"BSc.",name:"Beñat",middleName:null,surname:"Mallavia",slug:"benat-mallavia",fullName:"Beñat Mallavia"},{id:"108758",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Egido",slug:"jesus-egido",fullName:"Jesus Egido"}]},{id:"47736",doi:"10.5772/59352",title:"Uremic Pruritus; Its Prevalence, Pathophysiology and Management",slug:"uremic-pruritus-its-prevalence-pathophysiology-and-management",totalDownloads:2068,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"4547",slug:"updates-in-hemodialysis",title:"Updates in Hemodialysis",fullTitle:"Updates in Hemodialysis"},signatures:"Pornanong Aramwit and Ouppatham Supasyndh",authors:[{id:"157050",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Pornanong",middleName:null,surname:"Aramwit",slug:"dr.-pornanong-aramwit",fullName:"Dr. Pornanong Aramwit"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51296",title:"Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters",slug:"peritoneal-dialysis-catheters",totalDownloads:2369,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In peritoneal dialysis, a well-functioning catheter is of great importance because a dysfunctional catheter may be associated with exit-site infection, peritonitis, reduced efficiency of dialysis, and overall quality of treatment, representing one of the main barriers to optimal use of peritoneal dialysis. This chapter reviews the literature on indications and contraindications for peritoneal dialysis, peritoneal dialysis catheter design and materials, the techniques of insertion, complications, and method of removal of dialysis catheters.",book:{id:"5312",slug:"some-special-problems-in-peritoneal-dialysis",title:"Some Special Problems in Peritoneal Dialysis",fullTitle:"Some Special Problems in Peritoneal Dialysis"},signatures:"O. Obinwa, J. McLoughlin, D. Kavanagh and C. Wall",authors:[{id:"183332",title:"Mr.",name:"Obinna",middleName:null,surname:"Obinwa",slug:"obinna-obinwa",fullName:"Obinna Obinwa"},{id:"188697",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"McLoughlin",slug:"joseph-mcloughlin",fullName:"Joseph McLoughlin"},{id:"188698",title:"Mr.",name:"Dara",middleName:null,surname:"Kavanagh",slug:"dara-kavanagh",fullName:"Dara Kavanagh"},{id:"188699",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",middleName:null,surname:"Wall",slug:"catherine-wall",fullName:"Catherine Wall"}]},{id:"47722",title:"Water Treatment for Centre and Home-Based Haemodialysis",slug:"water-treatment-for-centre-and-home-based-haemodialysis",totalDownloads:3538,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"4547",slug:"updates-in-hemodialysis",title:"Updates in Hemodialysis",fullTitle:"Updates in Hemodialysis"},signatures:"Shyam Dheda, Carolyn Van Eps, Carmel Hawley and David W.\nJohnson",authors:[{id:"50425",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"david-johnson",fullName:"David Johnson"},{id:"172329",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmel",middleName:null,surname:"Hawley",slug:"carmel-hawley",fullName:"Carmel Hawley"},{id:"172514",title:"Dr.",name:"Shyam",middleName:null,surname:"Dheda",slug:"shyam-dheda",fullName:"Shyam Dheda"}]},{id:"43075",title:"Single-Needle Hemodialysis on Native Fistulae",slug:"single-needle-hemodialysis-on-native-fistulae",totalDownloads:4070,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3267",slug:"hemodialysis",title:"Hemodialysis",fullTitle:"Hemodialysis"},signatures:"Guy Rostoker",authors:[{id:"155148",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy",middleName:null,surname:"Rostoker",slug:"guy-rostoker",fullName:"Guy Rostoker"}]},{id:"48020",title:"Dialysis Membranes — Physicochemical Structures and Features",slug:"dialysis-membranes-physicochemical-structures-and-features",totalDownloads:5554,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"4547",slug:"updates-in-hemodialysis",title:"Updates in Hemodialysis",fullTitle:"Updates in Hemodialysis"},signatures:"Akihiro C. Yamashita and Kenji Sakurai",authors:[{id:"171999",title:"Prof.",name:"Akihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",slug:"akihiro-yamashita",fullName:"Akihiro Yamashita"}]},{id:"50889",title:"Diagnosis and Management of Exit Site Infection in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients",slug:"diagnosis-and-management-of-exit-site-infection-in-peritoneal-dialysis-patients",totalDownloads:2542,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Exit site infection (ESI) is an important clinical problem in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and is a significant cause of peritonitis and catheter loss. While most ESIs are caused by skin commensals, rising incidence of atypical and resilient organisms such as mycobacteria, Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species has been observed. The diagnosis and management of these emerging pathogen remain difficult and poorly defined. This chapter highlights the evaluation and management of ESI in PD patients. The clinical features, microbiology, and ultrasonographic findings are discussed. The general and specific management of ESI due to different organisms will also be elaborated. ESI is usually a clinical diagnosis, but the use of bedside ultrasound can help assess for any collection around the cuff and tunnel tract involvement. Topical prophylaxis remains an effective way to prevent ESI. While the majority ESIs are related to skin flora and can be managed successfully by topical or systemic antimicrobials, clinicians should be alert to the emergence of resistant and atypical microorganisms. Surgical treatment should be reserved for ESI refractory to medical treatment or those with associated peritonitis.",book:{id:"5312",slug:"some-special-problems-in-peritoneal-dialysis",title:"Some Special Problems in Peritoneal Dialysis",fullTitle:"Some Special Problems in Peritoneal Dialysis"},signatures:"Desmond Y.H. Yap and Terence Yip",authors:[{id:"182738",title:"Dr.",name:"Desmond Y. H.",middleName:null,surname:"Yap",slug:"desmond-y.-h.-yap",fullName:"Desmond Y. H. Yap"},{id:"187492",title:"Dr.",name:"Terence",middleName:null,surname:"Yip",slug:"terence-yip",fullName:"Terence Yip"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1163",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"179628",title:"Prof.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Jamali",slug:"dima-jamali",fullName:"Dima Jamali",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAIlQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T08:52:23.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170206/images/system/170206.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Akdeniz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"250347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Isaac",middleName:null,surname:"Oluwatayo",slug:"isaac-oluwatayo",fullName:"Isaac Oluwatayo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVIVQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-17T13:25:32.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"141386",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"López-Rodríguez",slug:"jesus-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Jesús López-Rodríguez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRBNIQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-21T08:24:16.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"208657",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Del Baldo",slug:"mara-del-baldo",fullName:"Mara Del Baldo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLMUQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-18T08:19:24.png",institutionString:"University of Urbino Carlo Bo",institution:null}]},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169536/images/system/169536.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Missouri State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"248594",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jasneth",middleName:null,surname:"Mullings",slug:"jasneth-mullings",fullName:"Jasneth Mullings",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248594/images/system/248594.jpeg",institutionString:"The University Of The West Indies - Mona Campus, Jamaica",institution:null},{id:"331299",title:"Prof.",name:"Pei-Shan",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"pei-shan-liao",fullName:"Pei-Shan Liao",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032Fh2FQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T09:39:41.jpg",institutionString:"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan",institution:null}]},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"320585",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Young",slug:"deborah-young",fullName:"Deborah Young",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002vZLcTQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T08:30:47.jpg",institutionString:"Empowering Communities Globally",institution:null},{id:"348038",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Feyza",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"feyza-bhatti",fullName:"Feyza Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/348038/images/system/348038.jpg",institutionString:"Girne American University",institution:{name:"Girne American University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"302382",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarado",slug:"gina-alvarado",fullName:"Gina Alvarado",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002mZoL9QAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-26T08:14:10.jpg",institutionString:"Landesa, Seattle",institution:null},{id:"128665",title:"Prof.",name:"Man-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Chiu",slug:"man-chung-chiu",fullName:"Man-Chung Chiu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bR9OrQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T08:36:59.JPG",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Normal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia Trillo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAZHQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:26:43.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002nXXGKQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-11T08:25:45.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Budapest University of Technology and Economics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282172/images/system/282172.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institution:{name:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81920",title:"Rethinking an Approach for Sustainable Globalization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105141",signatures:"Parakram Pyakurel",slug:"rethinking-an-approach-for-sustainable-globalization",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81297",title:"Legumes Cropping and Nitrogen Fixation under Mediterranean Climate: The Case of Montado/Dehesa System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104473",signatures:"Fernando Teixeira",slug:"legumes-cropping-and-nitrogen-fixation-under-mediterranean-climate-the-case-of-montado-dehesa-system",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:79,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",value:94,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:15,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:301,paginationItems:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"\r\n\tIf we aim to prosper as a society and as a species, there is no alternative to sustainability-oriented development and growth. Sustainable development is no longer a choice but a necessity for us all. Ecosystems and preserving ecosystem services and inclusive urban development present promising solutions to environmental problems. Contextually, the emphasis on studying these fields will enable us to identify and define the critical factors for territorial success in the upcoming decades to be considered by the main-actors, decision and policy makers, technicians, and public in general.
\r\n\r\n\tHolistic urban planning and environmental management are therefore crucial spheres that will define sustainable trajectories for our urbanizing planet. This urban and environmental planning topic aims to attract contributions that address sustainable urban development challenges and solutions, including integrated urban water management, planning for the urban circular economy, monitoring of risks, contingency planning and response to disasters, among several other challenges and solutions.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"181486",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Trillo",slug:"claudia-trillo",fullName:"Claudia Trillo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSAZHQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:26:43.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Salford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"308328",title:"Dr.",name:"Dávid",middleName:null,surname:"Földes",slug:"david-foldes",fullName:"Dávid Földes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002nXXGKQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-11T08:25:45.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Budapest University of Technology and Economics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"282172",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Oropeza-Perez",slug:"ivan-oropeza-perez",fullName:"Ivan Oropeza-Perez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282172/images/system/282172.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institution:{name:"Universidad de las Américas Puebla",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82457",title:"Canine Hearing Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105515",signatures:"Peter M. Skip Scheifele, Devan Marshall, Stephen Lee, Paul Reid, Thomas McCreery and David Byrne",slug:"canine-hearing-management",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"82170",title:"Equine Stress: Neuroendocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105045",signatures:"Milomir Kovac, Tatiana Vladimirovna Ippolitova, Sergey Pozyabin, Ruslan Aliev, Viktoria Lobanova, Nevena Drakul and Catrin S. Rutland",slug:"equine-stress-neuroendocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:356,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77999",title:"Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Histology and Its Role in Various Pathologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99366",signatures:"Tuba Parlak Ak",slug:"bronchus-associated-lymphoid-tissue-balt-histology-and-its-role-in-various-pathologies",totalDownloads:212,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",signatures:"María Evarista Arellano-García, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, Maritza Roxana García-García, Daniel García-Flores, Yanis Toledano-Magaña, Cinthya Sofia Sanabria-Mora, Sandra Castro-Gamboa and Juan Carlos García-Ramos",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78503",title:"Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99569",signatures:"Thomas Rohwedder",slug:"biomechanics-of-the-canine-elbow-joint",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78018",title:"Application of Noble Metals in the Advances in Animal Disease Diagnostics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99162",signatures:"Gabriel Alexis S.P. Tubalinal, Leonard Paulo G. Lucero, Jim Andreus V. Mangahas, Marvin A. Villanueva and Claro N. Mingala",slug:"application-of-noble-metals-in-the-advances-in-animal-disease-diagnostics",totalDownloads:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"77455",title:"Marek’s Disease Is a Threat for Large Scale Poultry Production",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98939",signatures:"Wojciech Kozdruń, Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk and Natalia Styś-Fijoł",slug:"marek-s-disease-is-a-threat-for-large-scale-poultry-production",totalDownloads:261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"74655",title:"Taxon-Specific Pair Bonding in Gibbons (Hylobatidae)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95270",signatures:"Thomas Geissmann, Simone Rosenkranz-Weck, Judith J.G.M. Van Der Loo and Mathias Orgeldinger",slug:"taxon-specific-pair-bonding-in-gibbons-hylobatidae",totalDownloads:398,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression"},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors"},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation"},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/26486",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"26486"},fullPath:"/chapters/26486",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()