Annual average rainfall and the mean maximum and minimum temperatures during the study period and long-term average.
\r\n\tThe WHO classification in 2007; was based on the histogenesis and cell origin of the tumor. In the latest classification made in 2016; to better characterize the tumor and obtain better data on its prognosis; The combination of molecular and genetic biomarkers and histopathological features of the tumor was used. Despite all current treatment approaches, the median survival time is around 12 months in most GBM patients. Compared with the situation of some types of successfully treated cancers; the survival time of GBM patients is not at an acceptable level today. In the treatment of CNS tumors; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatments (x-rays, gamma rays, electron and proton beams) are used. The therapeutic potential of chemotherapy; New strategies are needed to increase drug concentration at the diseased site, as this largely depends on the ability of the chemotherapeutic agent to achieve effective concentrations at tumor localization. Based on our better understanding of the genetic and molecular characteristics of CNS tumors; Targeted therapies, including vaccines, and treatment protocols such as immunotherapy are promising developments.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book supposes to be written by many authors who have an internationally honored place in their field to share their ideas about the treatment of CNS tumors. Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy and Antiangiogenic Therapy Protocols, Immunotherapy, Molecular Therapy, Specific target-agents therapy with Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy for CNS tumors among the book chapters.
\r\n\tIn these sections; there are many practical pieces of information that can help the students who graduated from the Medicine Faculty and specialist doctors who are interested in Neurosurgery.
Faba bean (
Despite its high socio-economic importance, the yield of faba bean (1.6 t ha−1) is very low compared with its potential yield (5 t ha−1) [8]. Both biotic and abiotic factors account for the low productivity of faba bean in on-farm growing conditions [9]. Declining soil fertility is a major challenge contributing to decreasing agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa [10]. Available nitrogen (N) often is deficient in soils and limits faba bean productivity in Ethiopia [10]. To get optimum production, N must be adequately available to the plants [11]. Unfortunately, farmers rarely use N fertilizer in faba bean production; instead, the crop is used as a restorer of soil fertility for the subsequent cereal crop [12]. The low use of N fertilizer is because most smallholder farmers have very low financial resources to purchase inorganic fertilizers. It is, therefore, imperative to search for alternatives that can increase crop yields to satisfy the growing protein food demand while maintaining environmental safety and protection [13].
Native rhizobial populations in many soils may not be adequate or effective to symbiotically fix N [14, 15, 16]. Effective rhizobial population in the rhizosphere can be increased by inoculation [17] where natural N fixation is not optimal. Thus, there is a need for inoculation with an appropriate rhizobial strain to improve N fixation in faba bean production [18, 19].
Faba bean is one of the most efficient N2 fixing legumes, which can fulfill most of its N requirement through symbiotic N fixation [20]. However, legume-rhizobia symbiosis is highly specific that, fitness between rhizobium strain and legume variety is very essential for successful nodulation and N fixation [21]. Faba bean usually establishes an effective symbiotic association with
Research in sub-Saharan Africa has mainly focused on developing high-yielding varieties under optimum growing conditions and/or isolation and characterization of native rhizobia in the laboratory and under greenhouse conditions. Although promising faba bean nodulating rhizobia strains can be identified under controlled conditions [24, 25, 26], its interaction with the biophysical environment necessitates comprehensive field investigations. Thus, there is a need to identify best performing strain × variety combinations for site-specific inoculant development. This study aimed to (i) investigate the interaction effects of selected rhizobium strains on grain yield and yield component of faba bean varieties under field conditions, and (ii) evaluate the economic benefits of using rhizobial inoculants in faba bean production in southern Ethiopia.
Four locations were selected in two major faba bean growing agro-ecologies (cool-humid and cool sub-humid) in southern Ethiopia. Two locations, Hankomolicha and Abala-Gase, in cool humid and two locations, Haranfama and Gike-Atoye, in cool sub-humid agro-ecological zones were selected for field experiments. The experimental locations in cool humid and cool sub-humid agro-ecological zones received 1473 and 1093 mm mean annual rainfall (Table 1), respectively. The distribution of rainfall in both agro-ecologies is bimodal. A minor rainy season occurs from February to April whereas the major rainy season occurs from June to September. In each agro-ecology, experiments were conducted at selected locations during the major rainy season of 2017 and 2018.
Year | Cool humid (location: HK and AG) | Cool sub-humid (location: HR and GA) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rainfall | aMax. T | bMin. T | Rainfall | aMax. T | bMin. T | ||
mm | °C | °C | Mm | °C | °C | ||
2017 | June | 180 | 14.1 | 7.7 | 128 | 21.3 | 12.9 |
July | 134 | 16.4 | 5.6 | 97 | 24.3 | 12.5 | |
August | 182 | 16.3 | 6.1 | 192 | 22.8 | 11.6 | |
September | 160 | 16.5 | 7.2 | 104 | 23.7 | 13.4 | |
Annual | 1477 | 17.1 | 8.1 | 1303 | 25.2 | 15.1 | |
2018 | June | 63 | 17.0 | 9.2 | 35 | 25.1 | 15.3 |
July | 219 | 15.6 | 5.2 | 161 | 23.3 | 11.9 | |
August | 219 | 14.1 | 6.5 | 166 | 20.9 | 11.3 | |
September | 206 | 14.0 | 7.8 | 204 | 19.1 | 10.9 | |
Annual | 1591 | 17.4 | 9.3 | 1199 | 24.5 | 14.4 | |
10 years (2009–2018) | Annual average | 1473 | 15.4 | 7.1 | 1093 | 22.4 | 11.7 |
Annual average rainfall and the mean maximum and minimum temperatures during the study period and long-term average.
Maximum temperature.
Minimum temperature; HM = Hankomolicha; AG = Abala-Gase; HR = Haranfama; GA = Gike-Atoye.
Pre-sowing soil samples were collected from each location. Samples were cored to a depth of 20 cm from 20 random locations across each experimental field and composited for the determination of soil chemical and physical properties using standard laboratory methods [27]. The results are shown in Table 2. The soil properties were examined to identify whether variability exists which could explain the occurrence and magnitude of treatments response. Such knowledge is important to assist in targeting technologies and to identify the need for further research on soil fertility management options. Textural classes of the surface soil of the study locations varied from clay to loam and soil pH ranged from slightly acidic (6.57) to weakly acidic (5.37–6.02) with the medium organic carbon and total N contents [28]. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils was in the range of medium to high rating (22.60–32.81 meq/100 g) which is adequate for crop production. Soil available phosphorus contents were low (5.7–12.6 mg kg−1) to medium (12.6 mg kg−1), suggesting that supplementary phosphorus may be required for optimum crop production.
Soil parameters | Study locations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hankomolicha | Abala-Gase | Haramfama | Gike-Atoye | ||
pH (1:2; Soil:H2O)a | 6.57 | 5.37 | 6.02 | 5.60 | |
Available P (mg kg−1)b | 12.60 | 5.70 | 8.40 | 6.03 | |
Total nitrogen (%)c | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.22 | |
Organic carbon (%)d | 2.06 | 2.22 | 1.75 | 2.34 | |
CEC (meq/100 g)e | 29.40 | 27.56 | 22.60 | 32.81 | |
Exchangeable bases cmol(+) kg−1e | K | 3.14 | 0.75 | 2.36 | 1.25 |
Ca | 13.40 | 15.09 | 12.60 | 17.73 | |
Mg | 7.22 | 5.38 | 6.44 | 5.20 | |
Exc. acidity (cmol(+) kg−1)f | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.52 | |
Bulk density (g cm−3)g | 1.24 | 1.21 | 1.35 | 1.25 | |
Textural classh | Clay | Clay loam | Loam | Clay |
Six elite rhizobial strains (NSFBR-12, NSFBR-15, NSFBR-20, HUFBR-17, TAL_1035, and EAL-110), originally collected by Haremaya University, Holleta Agricultural Research Center, and National Soil Laboratory (NSL) in Ethiopia were used for the study. The inoculum was used at the concentration of approximately 109 cells g−1 in peat carrier. The purity of strain cultures was assessed in the Soil Microbiology Laboratory at Holleta Agricultural Research and Haremaya University. The sterility of the carrier was checked before mixing with the rhizobial culture. Seeds of three nationally registered faba bean varieties (Dosha (COLL 155/00–3), Moti (EH 95078–6), Gora (EKOl024–1-2) were provided by Holleta Agricultural Research Centers for use in this study.
The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a split-plot arrangement with four replicates nested at four different locations. Main plot treatments consisted of six rhizobium strains (NSFBR-12, NSFBR-15, NSFBR-20, HUFBR-17, TAL_1035 and EAL-110). Non-inoculated plants supplied with and without N fertilizer served as +N and −N controls, respectively. Sub-plot treatments were three faba bean varieties (Moti, Dosha, and Gora).
Land preparation was done manually using a heavy hoe for primary tillage to make the field suitable for planting and divided into blocks and further into individual plots. Sub-plot size was 4 × 4 m (16 m2). Each variety was planted in 10 rows plot of 4 m length per major plot. The inter-row and intra-row spacing were maintained at 40 and 10 cm, respectively. Spacing between sub-plots and major plots were 1 and 1.5 m, respectively. Peat carrier-based inoculant of each strain was applied at the rate of 10 g kg−1 seed [36]. Thus, the required quantity of inoculant was suspended in a 1:1 ratio in a 10% sugar solution in order to ensure that all the applied inoculum stuck to the seed. The thick slurry of the inoculant was gently mixed with dry seed so that all seeds received a thin coating of the inoculant. Inoculation was done just before planting under shade to maintain the viability of rhizobium.
The seed was sown at a depth of about 4 cm. Phosphorus was applied to all plots in the form of triple-superphosphate (TSP) at the recommended rate of 46 kg P2O5 at planting. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied two times in equal split doses to non-inoculated +N control treatment, at planting and six weeks after sowing at a recommended rate of 46 kg N ha−1. All other crop management and protection practices were applied uniformly to plots.
At physiological maturity, 10 plants were randomly sampled per plot from interior rows. Mean plant height was determined by measuring the height of each plant. Pods were counted for all ten plants and the average values were recorded as a number of pods per plant. All pods were picked from sampled plants per plot and the plants were cut at the base and removed from a plot. The straw was cut into small pieces and placed in pre-marked paper bags. The pod samples were sun-dried and threshed manually. The grain and husk were put into separate pre-labeled paper bags. The straw, grain, and husk samples were oven-dried at 70°C for 72 hours and weighed. Harvest index was calculated as a ratio of grain yield to above-ground biomass yield.
At the final harvest, the remaining plant stands were marked leaving the two border rows per plot on both sides and 0.5 m row length on both ends of all plots. Grain yield was determined from an area of 9.6 m2 on each sub-plot. The pods were picked from all plants which were marked for harvest, and placed in pre-marked separate bags. Harvested pods were sun-dried and threshed manually. The grain was further dried and weighed. The moisture content was measured using a portable moisture tester and later adjusted to 10% standard moisture content. A hundred seeds were counted three times from the total seeds of each plot and weighed to determine the average hundred seed weight per plot.
The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (AOV) using SAS [37] computer software (SAS Institute Inc.). Combined analysis of variance was done to assess significance among locations, rhizobium strains, faba bean varieties, and interactions among these three factors (location, strain, and variety) for all measured parameters. Mean separation and comparison were done by using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. A Pearson correlation test was conducted to determine the association among treatment means using a
Experimental data were organized in order to elucidate the costs and benefits of each treatment. Additional cost and benefit of each treatment were calculated relative to respective non-inoculated −N control. Extra costs incurred included purchase of inoculants and N fertilizer, inputs application, transportation, and labor. Total variable costs (TVC) comprised all variable costs for particular treatments. The average yield was adjusted 10% downward to reflect the yield expected from the same treatment under farmers’ management. Additional benefits comprised revenue from additional faba bean grain yield over the control. Net benefit and benefit-cost ratio were calculated using Eqs. (1–3) as below [38].
Where, AY = adjusted yield; FP = field price per unit yield; GFB = Gross field benefit; NB = Net benefit; TVC = total variable cost; BCR = Benefit cost ratio.
In order to select potentially profitable treatments among the 24 treatments, the dominance analysis was employed according to CIMMYT [38]. Treatments were arranged in order of increasing variable costs and considered as dominated if its net benefit was lower than the preceding treatment. Marginal rate of return (MRR%) for each dominant treatment was calculated by using the formula [39].
Where: MRR = marginal rate of return in percentage, ΔNB = change in net benefits and ΔTVC = change in total variable cost.
The marginal rate of return for dominant treatments is returned that can be obtained per unit of an investment expressed as a percentage. A 100% was considered as the minimum acceptable rate of return for recommendation to farmers [40]. A hundred percent (100%) MRR implies a return of one dollar for every one dollar investment in a given variable input [38].
Rhizobium strain × faba bean variety interaction effect on grain yield is presented in Table 3. Rhizobium strains NSFBR-15 and TAL_1035 resulted in higher grain yields, whereas HUFBR-17, EAL-110, and NSFBR-20 inoculation resulted in lower grain yield relative to 46 kg ha−1 (Table 3). At Hankomolicha, NSFBR-15 × Moti and TAL_1035 × Gora produced the first and the second highest grain yield, respectively whereas TAL_1035 × Gora and NSFBR-15 × Gora produced the first and the second highest grain yield, respectively at Haramfama. NSFBR-15 × Gora produced the highest grain yield at Gike-Atoye whereas NSFBR-15 × Gora, TAL_1035 × Dosha and NSFBR-15 × Moti produced, the first, the second and the third highest grain yield, respectively at Abala-Gase.
Rhizobium strains | Hankomolicha | Haranfama | Abala-Gase | Gike-Atoye | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | |
TAL_1035 | 3.42bc | 3.47a | 3.93a | 2.76ab | 2.79ab | 3.43a | 3.40ab | 3.63a | 3.15bc | 3.37a | 3.22a | 3.51ab |
NSFBR-15 | 4.28a | 3.71a | 3.40b | 2.81a | 3.00a | 3.19a | 3.54a | 3.40ab | 3.76a | 3.25a | 3.23a | 3.88a |
HUFBR-17 | 2.66ef | 2.87b | 2.53c | 2.47bc | 2.03d | 2.09c | 2.07cd | 2.61c | 2.41e | 2.79bc | 3.00ab | 2.43de |
NSFBR-12 | 3.09cd | 3.40a | 3.54ab | 2.74ab | 2.54bc | 2.86b | 3.23ab | 3.41ab | 3.21bc | 3.16ab | 2.93ab | 3.27b |
EAL-110 | 3.01de | 2.27c | 2.46c | 2.21cd | 2.28cd | 2.11c | 3.25ab | 2.59c | 2.86cd | 3.01ab | 2.98ab | 2.84c |
NSFBR-20 | 2.42f | 2.50bc | 2.74c | 2.37c | 2.06d | 1.92cd | 2.35c | 2.68c | 2.55de | 3.07ab | 2.66bc | 2.80cd |
+N | 3.53b | 3.36a | 3.62ab | 2.81a | 2.86a | 2.86b | 3.03b | 3.07b | 3.26b | 3.19ab | 2.85ab | 2.79cd |
−N | 1.89g | 2.42c | 2.75c | 2.03d | 2.28cd | 1.64d | 1.85d | 1.79d | 1.83f | 2.55c | 2.39c | 2.12e |
CV (%) |
Rhizobium strain × faba bean variety interaction effect on grain yield of faba bean at the study locations.
Mean values in the same column with a different letter(s) are significantly different at
Mean grain yields ranged from 1.89–4.28, 1.64–3.43, 1.79–3.76, and 2.12–3.88 t ha−1 at Hankomolicha, Haranfama, Abala-Gase, and Gike-Atoye, respectively (Table 3). The highest grain yield (4.28 t ha−1) at Hankomolicha was obtained by Moti variety inoculated with NSFBR-15 which also resulted in the highest grain yields of 3.88 and 3.76 t ha−1 at Gike-Atoye and Abala-Gase, respectively for Gora variety. Variety Gora inoculated with TAL_1035 produced the highest grain yield (3.43 t ha−1) at Haranfama. The lowest yields were obtained by non-inoculated −N control plants at all study locations.
There were significant (
Mean grain and haulm yield response to rhizobia strain inoculation at the different study locations.
Grain yield increment due to inoculation ranged from 17.9 to 62.3% over non-inoculated −N control. Inoculation with NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 resulted in 62.3, 56.9, and 46.4% of grain yield increments, respectively; while 46 kg N ha−1 resulted in 45.8% grain yield increment over non-inoculated −N control plant (Figure 2). Nitrogen fertilizer application (46 kg ha−1) increased grain yields of faba bean by 24.1, 16.6, and 23.5% over inoculation with HUFBR-17, EAL-110, and NSFBR-20, respectively. However, grain yields obtained by NSFBR-15, TAL_1035 and NSFBR-12 inoculation surpassed those obtained by non-inoculated +N controls (Table 3 and Figure 2). Inoculation with NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 showed 11.3, 7.7, and 0.4% increments in grain yield compared to the non-inoculated +N control treatment, respectively.
Percent change in grain and haulm yields of faba bean following rhizobium strains inoculation.
The effect of rhizobium strains inoculation on haulm (straw + husk) yield is presented in Table 4. Haulm yield was significantly (
Rhizobium strains | Hankomolicha | Haranfama | Abala-Gase | Gike-Atoye | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | |
(t/ha) | (t/ha) | (t/ha) | (t/ha) | |||||||||
TAL_1035 | 8.97b | 10.01ab | 11.03b | 9.11a | 8.80ab | 10.52a | 11.89a | 10.75a | 9.53bc | 10.75a | 11.57a | 12.40ab |
NSFBR-15 | 10.41a | 10.66a | 9.54cd | 9.04a | 9.50a | 9.94ab | 10.74ab | 11.47a | 13.11a | 10.78a | 10.91ab | 13.84a |
HUFBR-17 | 8.44b | 8.99bc | 7.38e | 6.38d | 6.81de | 6.96d | 4.16cd | 5.88c | 6.83d | 8.27b | 9.49abc | 6.26d |
NSFBR-12 | 10.38a | 9.24bc | 12.20a | 7.99b | 8.35bc | 8.52c | 9.93b | 10.82a | 8.94bc | 10.39ab | 9.51abc | 11.01b |
EAL-110 | 8.27b | 5.82d | 7.40e | 6.74cd | 6.92de | 6.51de | 10.06b | 6.76c | 8.11cd | 9.07ab | 9.37bc | 8.59c |
NSFBR-20 | 6.56c | 8.40c | 8.56d | 7.58bc | 6.56e | 6.11de | 5.57c | 6.58c | 7.19d | 9.85ab | 8.30cd | 7.58c |
+N | 10.06a | 10.03ab | 10.38bc | 9.04a | 9.16ab | 9.17bc | 9.83b | 9.15b | 10.02b | 9.28ab | 7.57cd | 8.57c |
−N | 5.47d | 6.48d | 6.91e | 6.96cd | 7.65cd | 5.84e | 3.01d | 2.77d | 3.11e | 5.99c | 6.95d | 4.49d |
CV (%) |
Rhizobium strain × faba bean variety interaction effect on haulm yield of faba bean at the study locations.
Mean values in the same column with a different letter(s) are significantly different at
Mean haulm yield varied across the study locations (Table 4 and Figure 1). The highest haulm yields at Hankomolicha, Haranfama, Abala-Gase, and Gike-Atoye were 12.20, 10.52, 13.11, and 13.84 t ha−1 whereas the lowest haulm yields were 5.47, 5.84, 2.77, and 4.49 t ha−1, respectively. Variety Gora produced the highest haulm yield (12.20 t ha−1) at Hakomolicha when inoculated with NSFBR-12 and 10.52 t ha−1 when inoculated with TAL_1035 at Haranfama, 13.11 and 13.84 t ha−1 when inoculated with NSFBR-15 at Abala-Gase and Gike-Atoye, respectively. Among the study locations, the highest mean haulm yield was obtained at Gike-Atoye (9.20 t ha−1) followed by Hankomolicha (8.82 t ha−1) (Figure 1). Haulm yield increments following NSFBR-15, TAL_1035 and NSFBR-12 inoculation were consistent over the study locations. Haulm yields obtained by NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 inoculation and 46 kg N ha−1 was higher than that of their respective location average. In general, the order of rhizobium strains effectiveness on yield and yield components was: NSFBR-15 > TAL_1035 > NSFBR-12 > N fertilizer.
Location × strain × variety interaction had a significant (
Rhizobium strains | Hankomolicha | Haranfama | Abala-Gase | Gike-Atoye | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | |
(cm) | (cm) | (cm) | (cm) | |||||||||
TAL_1035 | 157a | 169a | 165ab | 156ab | 151a | 167a | 153ab | 158ab | 165a | 168a | 154ab | 169a |
NSFBR-15 | 168a | 160a | 165ab | 154ab | 159a | 166a | 168a | 168a | 161a | 155ab | 170a | 169a |
HUFBR-17 | 143b | 156ab | 141cd | 103e | 114c | 120b | 128cd | 138bc | 122b | 152ab | 130c | 131b |
NSFBR-12 | 161a | 165a | 165ab | 141bc | 152a | 155a | 149ab | 164a | 161a | 166a | 159ab | 172a |
EAL-110 | 141b | 136cd | 135d | 112e | 116c | 106bc | 145bc | 115d | 119b | 138bc | 143bc | 132b |
NSFBR-20 | 159a | 126d | 150bc | 132cd | 108c | 97c | 117de | 120cd | 132b | 149abc | 129c | 120bc |
+N | 171a | 162a | 171a | 161a | 167a | 168a | 167a | 159ab | 167a | 154ab | 150abc | 171a |
−N | 135b | 142bc | 159ab | 117de | 134b | 90c | 106e | 117d | 132b | 127c | 143bc | 103c |
CV (%) |
Rhizobium strain × faba bean variety interaction effect on plant height of faba bean at the study locations.
Mean values in the same column with a different letter(s) are significantly different at
Rhizobium strains inoculation significantly (p ≤ 0.01) influenced the number of pods plant−1 of faba bean. Inoculation with NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 resulted in a significant increase in the number of pods plant−1 relative to non-inoculated −N control at all study locations (Table 6). Rhizobium strains TAL_1035, NSFBR-15, and NSFBR-12 resulted in 77.3, 76.9, and 76.4% increment in a number of pods plant−1 over non-inoculated −N control, respectively. The 46 kg N ha−1 resulted in 66.7% increase in the number of pods plant−1 over non-inoculated −N control treatment. The number of pods plant−1 significantly varied across the study locations (Table 6).
Rhizobium strains | Hankomolicha | Haranfama | Abala-Gase | Gike-Atoye | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | |
(NPP) | (NPP) | (NPP) | (NPP) | |||||||||
TAL_1035 | 21.7b | 23.6b | 34.9a | 15.7abc | 16.4abc | 26.9a | 19.9cd | 44.8a | 27.2c | 27.4abc | 21.1de | 33.3ab |
NSFBR-15 | 17.0bc | 38.3a | 23.2bc | 19.2a | 12.8bc | 25.2ab | 25.4b | 27.6b | 40.8a | 23.4c | 23.4cd | 35.8a |
HUFBR-17 | 15.7bc | 14.5cde | 14.1d | 18.6ab | 15.2abc | 9.73e | 18.3d | 16.9d | 16.5e | 24.6bc | 23.5cd | 16.6e |
NSFBR-12 | 30.6a | 21.0bc | 19.8cd | 20.7a | 20.6a | 21.0abc | 35.8a | 24.6bc | 23.2d | 27.8ab | 36.0a | 30.1bc |
EAL-110 | 19.8b | 9.4e | 13.5d | 17.9ab | 9.8c | 12.8de | 23.1bc | 11.0e | 15.7e | 25.5abc | 17.7e | 18.2e |
NSFBR-20 | 12.1c | 10.8de | 18.5cd | 9.1c | 18.5ab | 15.6cde | 14.1e | 12.7e | 21.6d | 14.6d | 26.4bc | 22.3d |
+N | 23.3b | 18.5bcd | 27.8b | 20.5a | 19.6ab | 18.9bcd | 27.2b | 21.5c | 32.5b | 29.3a | 28.0b | 27.0c |
−N | 9.7c | 12.0de | 17.9cd | 12.2bc | 13.6abc | 11.6e | 11.3e | 14.0de | 20.9d | 17.3d | 19.4de | 16.5e |
CV (%) |
Rhizobium strain × faba bean variety interaction effect on the number of pods plant−1 of faba bean at the study locations.
Mean values in the same column with a different letter(s) are significantly different at
Rhizobium strains NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 resulted in a significant increase in hundred seed weight at all study locations (Table 7). The highest hundred seed weights were recorded when variety Moti was inoculated with NSFBR-15 at Hankomolicha (83.7 g) and Abala-Gase (86.1 g) while variety Gora produced the highest hundred seed weight at Haranfama (71.1 g) and Gike-Atoye (78.8 g) when inoculated with TAL_1035 (Table 7). The lowest hundred weights were obtained from non-inoculated −N control plants of variety Moti at Hankomolicha (41.4 g) and Abala-Gase (36.5 g), and variety Gora at Haranfama (44.2 g) and Gike-Atoye (46.0 g). Inoculation with rhizobium strains NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 resulted in 43.9, 40.3, and 33.9% increment in seed weight, respectively over non-inoculated −N control.
Rhizobium strains | Hankomolicha | Haranfama | Abala-Gase | Gike-Atoye | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | Moti | Dosha | Gora | |
(g) | (g) | (g) | (g) | |||||||||
TAL_1035 | 68.5bc | 69.1a | 80.2a | 59.8b | 61.2a | 71.0a | 68.3bc | 69.0a | 82.1a | 65.0ab | 66.7abc | 78.8a |
NSFBR-15 | 83.7a | 72.6a | 70.5b | 68.4a | 62.0a | 63.0b | 86.1a | 73.0a | 70.7b | 75.5a | 67.8ab | 69.0ab |
HUFBR-17 | 54.8de | 58.4b | 54.4c | 49.1c | 50.3b | 56.9c | 52.2de | 56.4b | 51.7c | 52.0c | 53.5d | 61.5bc |
NSFBR-12 | 62.7bcd | 67.9a | 73.2ab | 63.2ab | 65.5a | 59.7c | 61.4bcd | 67.6a | 73.8ab | 69.2a | 72.0a | 65.0b |
EAL-110 | 61.1cd | 47.7c | 53.2c | 54.4c | 51.0b | 47.1d | 59.5cd | 43.8c | 50.2c | 58.5bc | 54.3d | 49.5d |
NSFBR-20 | 50.7e | 51.8bc | 58.4c | 50.1c | 52.4b | 49.3d | 47.4e | 48.6bc | 56.4c | 53.3c | 56.0cd | 52.2cd |
+N | 70.5b | 67.5a | 74.8ab | 64.7ab | 64.4a | 64.7b | 70.6b | 67.1a | 75.7ab | 71.0a | 70.8a | 71.0ab |
−N | 41.4f | 50.5bc | 58.4c | 50.8c | 54.8b | 44.2d | 36.5f | 47.1bc | 56.4c | 54.0c | 59.0bcd | 46.0d |
CV (%) |
Rhizobium strain × faba bean variety interaction effect on hundred seed weight of faba bean at the study locations.
Mean values in the same column with a different letter(s) are significantly different at
Correlation coefficients between the studied characters were computed (Table 8). Positive significant (
Variables | Grain yield | Haulm yield | Plant height | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | R2 | r | R2 | r | R2 | |
Haul yield | 0.98** | 0.97 | — | — | — | — |
Plant height | 0.92** | 0.84 | 0.92** | 0.84 | — | — |
Hundred seed weight | 0.92** | 0.85 | 0.90** | 0.80 | — | — |
Pods plant−1 | 0.85** | 0.73 | 0.87** | 0.76 | 0.83** | 0.69 |
Correlation among grain yield and yield components of faba bean inoculated with different rhizobium strains across the study locations.
Significant at 1% level.
A significantly positive (
Marginal rate of returns analysis was conducted for dominant treatments (Table 9). Net benefits of non-inoculated +N and −N control treatments were dominated at all the study locations while the least net benefits at all locations were obtained from non-inoculated −N control treatment.
Hankomolicha | Haranfama | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain × variety | NB ($ ha−1) | B:C ratio | MRR | Strain × variety | NB ($ ha−1) | B:C ratio | MRR |
HUFBR-17 × Dosha | 1513 | 4.6 | 212.8 | HUFBR-17 × Moti | 1298 | 4.4 | 210.1 |
NSFBR-12 × Moti | 1637 | 4.6 | 366.4 | TAL_1035 × Moti | 1455 | 4.5 | 291.3 |
EAL-110 × Moti | 1589 | 4.6 | 356.5 | NSFBR-12 × Moti | 1441 | 4.5 | 285.3 |
TAL_1035 × Moti | 1815 | 4.7 | 395.4 | NSFBR-12 × Dosha | 1332 | 4.5 | 126.3 |
TAL_1035 × Dosha | 1839 | 4.7 | 346.0 | TAL_1035 × Dosha | 1471 | 4.6 | 236.8 |
NSFBR-15 × Gora | 1802 | 4.7 | 276.6 | NSFBR-15 × Moti | 1481 | 4.6 | 302.2 |
NSFBR-12 × Dosha | 1801 | 4.7 | 336.7 | NSFBR-15 × Dosha | 1584 | 4.6 | 291.6 |
NSFBR-12 × Gora | 1875 | 4.7 | 304.2 | NSFBR-12 × Gora | 1510 | 4.6 | 367.7 |
TAL_1035 × Gora | 2089 | 4.8 | 362.9 | TAL_1035 × Gora | 1816 | 4.7 | 412.8 |
NSFBR-15 × Dosha | 1971 | 4.8 | 373.2 | NSFBR-15 × Gora | 1685 | 4.7 | 397.4 |
NSFBR-15 × Moti | 2282 | 4.9 | 442.0 |
Net benefit, benefit to cost ratio, and marginal rate of return for dominant treatments at Hankomolicha and Haranfama.
NB = net benefit (in USD ha−1); MRR = marginal rate of return (in %); B:C = benefit-cost ratio.
Rhizobium strain NSFBR-15 inoculation to variety Moti resulted in the highest net benefit of 2281.8 USD followed by strain TAL_1035 inoculation to variety Gora and strain NFBR-15 inoculation to variety Dosha which gave a total of 2089 and 1971 USD ha−1, respectively at Hankomolicha. The net benefits of all treatments were dominated except HUFBR-17 × Dosha, EAL-110 × Moti, and combinations with strains NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12. Net benefit to cost ratio ranged from 4.6 to 4.9 for the dominant treatments whereas MRR ranged from 212.8 to 442.0% (Table 9) at Hankomolicha.
Variety Gora gave the highest net benefit (1816 USD ha−1) when inoculated with TAL_1035 followed by the same variety (Gora) inoculated with NSFBR-15 (1685 USD ha−1) at Haranfama. The net benefits of all treatments were dominated except HUFBR-17 × Moti, and combinations with strains NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12. The net benefit-cost ratio for dominant treatments ranged from 4.4 to 4.7 while MRR ranged from 126.3 to 412.8% (Table 9) at Haranfama.
Rhizobium strain NSFBR-15 inoculation to variety Gora and Moti resulted in the first and third highest net benefit of 2000 and 1878 USD ha−1, respectively while strain TAL_1035 inoculation to variety Dosha resulted in the second-highest net benefit (1927 USD ha−1) at Abala-Gase (Table 9). Apart from the non-inoculated +N and −N control treatments, the net benefits of all treatments were dominant. The net benefit-cost ratio ranged from 4.3 to 4.8 for the dominant treatments, whereas MRR ranged from 99.6 to 421.6% at Abala-Gase (Table 10).
Abala-Gase | Gike-Atoye | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain × variety | NB ($ ha−1) | B:C ratio | MRR | Strain × variety | NB ($ ha−1) | B:C ratio | MRR |
HUFBR-17 × Moti | 1075 | 4.3 | 99.6 | NSFBR-20 × Dosha | 1402 | 4.5 | 137.7 |
HUFBR-17 × Gora | 1266 | 4.4 | 256.5 | HUFBR-17 × Moti | 1468 | 4.6 | 111.8 |
NSFBR-20 × Moti | 1231 | 4.4 | 232.0 | HUFBR-17 × Dosha | 1585 | 4.6 | 265.8 |
HUFBR-17 × Dosha | 1371 | 4.5 | 312.2 | NSFBR-12 × Dosha | 1545 | 4.6 | 243.2 |
EAL-110 × Dosha | 1362 | 4.5 | 309.0 | EAL-110 × Moti | 1589 | 4.6 | 217.4 |
NSFBR-20 × Dosha | 1409 | 4.5 | 323.9 | EAL-110 × Dosha | 1574 | 4.6 | 260.0 |
NSFBR-20 × Gora | 1343 | 4.5 | 289.7 | EAL-110 × Gora | 1499 | 4.6 | 288.9 |
EAL-110 × Gora | 1510 | 4.6 | 343.4 | NSFBR-20 × Moti | 1618 | 4.6 | 234.4 |
TAL_1035 × Moti | 1802 | 4.7 | 398.9 | TAL_1035 × Moti | 1783 | 4.7 | 309.5 |
TAL_1035 × Dosha | 1927 | 4.7 | 417.1 | TAL_1035 × Dosha | 1705 | 4.7 | 312.3 |
TAL_1035 × Gora | 1668 | 4.7 | 376.8 | TAL_1035 × Gora | 1864 | 4.7 | 382.8 |
NSFBR-15 × Moti | 1878 | 4.7 | 407.9 | NSFBR-15 × Moti | 1722 | 4.7 | 286.0 |
NSFBR-15 × Dosha | 1801 | 4.7 | 403.2 | NSFBR-15 × Dosha | 1709 | 4.7 | 313.7 |
NSFBR-12 × Moti | 1711 | 4.7 | 383.8 | NSFBR-12 × Moti | 1672 | 4.7 | 263.5 |
NSFBR-12 × Dosha | 1807 | 4.7 | 402.3 | NSFBR-12 × Gora | 1732 | 4.7 | 358.8 |
NSFBR-12 × Gora | 1700 | 4.7 | 381.5 | NSFBR-15 × Gora | 2061 | 4.8 | 411.5 |
EAL-110 × Moti | 1719 | 4.7 | 385.4 | ||||
NSFBR-15 × Gora | 2000 | 4.8 | 421.6 |
Net benefit, benefit to cost ratio, and marginal rate of return for dominant treatments at Abala-Gase and Gike-Atoye.
NB = net benefit (in USD ha−1); MRR = marginal rate of return (in %); B:C = benefit-cost ratio.
Except for HUFBR-17 × Gora and non-inoculated +N and −N control treatments, the net benefits of all treatments were dominant at Gike-Atoye. The net benefit for dominant treatments (Table 9) ranged between 1402 and 2061 USD ha−1. Rhizobium strain NSFBR-15 inoculation to variety Gora resulted in the highest net benefit (2061 USD ha−1) followed by strain TAL_1035 inoculation to variety Gora and Moti which resulted in the second and third highest net benefits of 1864 and 1783 USD ha−1, respectively at Gike-Atoye. The net benefit-cost ratio ranged from 4.5 to 4.8 for the dominant treatments while MRR ranged between 111.8–411.5 USD ha−1 at Gike-Atoye (Table 10).
Rhizobium strains NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 significantly (
There were variations in grain and haulm yields across the study locations (Figure 1). Variation in grain and haulm yield across the locations might be related to differences in fertility status of the soils (Table 2). Soil N, Ca, CEC and organic C status at Gike-Atoye was relatively higher than that of other study locations, whereas Haranfam had generally lower nutrients and organic carbon status among soils of the study locations, hence, the higher yield in the former following inoculation. Symbiotic N fixation is not active at the early stages of plant growth in low fertile soils [7]. Mineral nutrient deficiency limits legume N fixation, nutrient uptake, and yields of crops [42, 43].
Several studies [14, 24, 44] have shown that rhizobium strains inoculation improved the yield of faba bean. The observed yield difference in inoculated faba bean could be attributed to the variation in plant response to different rhizobium strains inoculation in N fixation. Inoculation with NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 resulted in 62.3, 56.9, and 46.4% grain yield increments, respectively over non-inoculated −N control (Figure 2). These results are in line with the findings of Denton et al. [14] and Youseif & Fayrouz [7] who reported 59–81% faba bean yield increment due to different rhizobia strain inoculation. The findings of this current study demonstrated that the increment in grain yield of faba bean depended on rhizobium strain and faba bean genotypes interaction with probably the biochemical characteristics of the soil.
Cultivation of faba bean without N fertilizer is the common practice among small holders in Ethiopia [45]. Application of N fertilizer at rates between 40 and 50 kg N ha−1 was reported to increase nodulation, N fixation and yield of faba bean [7, 46] and soybean [47]. In this study, 46 kg N ha−1 resulted in a significant haulm yield increase in faba bean over non-inoculated −N control at all the study locations (Table 4). The increase in haulm yield due to applied N, in turn, brought about increased grain yield. Previous studies [48, 49] revealed a strong relationship between haulm and grain yield and suggested that increasing biomass is a pre-requisite for high grain yield of legumes.
In line with the finding of Albareda et al. [50] and Youseif [47] in soybean and Youseif & Fayrouz [7] in faba bean, this study revealed that response of inoculation varied among rhizobium strains. The three strains (NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12) established an effective N fixing association with faba bean, thus producing greater grain yield relative to 46 kg N ha−1 (Figure 2). This finding is in line with Albareda et al. [50] and Tena et al. [51] who reported that inoculation with effective strains resulted in significantly higher or equal grain yields as compared to non-inoculated +N controls of soybean and lentil, respectively. Youseif & Fayrouz [7] also reported that inoculation with effective rhizobium strains increased the grain yield of faba bean by 35–48% compared to 96 kg N ha−1. The higher yields obtained with NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 inoculation indicate that these strains were more efficient in supplying N to faba bean than inorganic N fertilizer application (46 kg N ha−1). This result showed that inoculation of faba bean with effective rhizobium strain could reduce the need for inorganic fertilizer while achieving higher grain yield.
Rhizobium strains inoculation significantly (
Inoculation with NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 resulted in a higher haulm yield of faba bean than non-inoculated +N control (Table 4). This shows that the rhizobium strains (NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12) were more efficient in supplying N to faba bean than inorganic N fertilizer (46 kg N ha−1) in the study locations. On the other hand, inoculation with HUFBR-17, EAL-110, and NSFBR-20 resulted in lower haulm yield than non-inoculated +N control (Table 4). Therefore, HUFBR-17, EAL-110, and NSFBR-20 may not be the best substitute for N fertilizer for maximum haulm yield production. Hence, the study clearly showed that appropriate rhizobium strain inoculation is vital in improving plant growth and increasing haulm yield of faba bean.
Rhizobium strains and strain × variety interaction had highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) effects on a number of pods plant−1, hundred seed weight, and plant height (Tables 5–7) of faba bean. Rhizobium strains NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 inoculation had a great positive effect on the number of pods plant−1, hundred seed weight, and plant height (Tables 5–7) of faba bean as compared to non-inoculated −N control. This is in line with the findings of Solomon et al. [41]; Argaw [24]; Denton et al. [14] who reported significant improvement in yield components in faba bean with rhizobium inoculation. The positive change in the number of pods plant−1 and hundred seed weight following NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 inoculation contributed to the increased yield of faba bean.
Plant height was significantly (
Rhizobium strains inoculation and N fertilizer application significantly (
Inoculation with NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 resulted in a higher hundred seed weight as compared to non-inoculated −N control treatment at all the study locations (Table 7). In line with this finding, Anjum et al. [59] revealed that hundred seed weight was significantly affected by inoculation in mung bean. Similarly, Aslam et al. [62] reported that hundred seed weight of chickpea was significantly increased by rhizobium inoculation. Zhang et al. [63] and Kazemi et al. [64] also reported that inoculation by rhizobia significantly increased hundred seed weight of soybean. A similar result was obtained by Kyei-Boahen et al. [65]. Higher seed weight was probably due to the provision of enough assimilate to fill the seeds. The variation in hundred seed weight of faba bean due to inoculation may be related to the differences in symbiotic effectiveness of rhizobium strains on the different faba varieties which could, in turn, have resulted in variation in N fixation and assimilate translocation to the grain. In grain legumes, a hundred seed weight is considered to be an indicator for the seed quality of the crop [66].
There were significant differences among the tested faba bean varieties on a number of pods per plant (Table 6) and hundred seed weight (Table 7). Significant variation among the faba bean varieties in hundred seed weight might be attributed to genetic divergences in individual varieties in pod production and seed size [57]. They noted that a number of pods plant−1 depended on the number of reproductive sites plant−1. The result of this study indicated that tested varieties have different genetic potential in producing pods and seed size. In line with this result, Tagore et al. [67] reported that differences in seed size among chickpea varieties occurred due to differences in genotypes.
Rhizobium strains inoculation had significant effects in increasing yield components and ultimately haulm and grain yields of faba bean. Haulm yield and grain yield were highly correlated (R2 = 0.97) (Table 8) indicating that haulm yield was the most important factor influencing grain yield. High biomass production in grain legumes is a prerequisite for high grain yield [48, 49]. The positive correlation of hundred seed weight (R2 = 0.85) and the number of pods plant−1 (R2 = 0.73) (Table 8) with grain yield indicates the importance of seed size and number of pods plant−1 in determining the final yield of faba bean.
Relatively, the lowest net benefit (Tables 9 and 10) obtained for the treatments at all the study locations was attributable to the low yields of the non-inoculated −N control treatment. Net benefits from non-inoculated both +N and −N control treatments were dominated at all study locations. A decrease in net benefits for non-inoculated +N control treatments was due to its high variable cost [38]. Whereas, the lowest net benefit for non-inoculated −N control was due to the lowest yield obtained from this treatment at all the study locations. This result indicates that inoculation with efficient rhizobium strain is sustainable and more economical in supplying N to faba bean crop than N fertilizer application (46 kg N ha−1). Thus, the inclusion of appropriate rhizobium strains in faba bean production will be cost-effective in the study locations.
Inoculation with NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 resulted in increased grain yield and profit over the control treatments which eventually resulted in a significantly greater marginal rate of returns at all the study locations (Tables 9 and 10). Tairo and Ndakidemi [68] revealed that rhizobia inoculation had a positive significant effect on the nutrition, growth, and economic sustainability of grain legumes. Treatments that have the highest benefit and marginal rate of return greater than the minimum acceptable marginal rate of return can be a tentative recommendation. In this current research, the marginal rates of returns for all dominant treatments were above the minimum acceptable marginal rate of return (100%) [38].
This study has shown significant location × strain × variety interaction effects on grain and haulm yields, plant height, number of pods plant−1, and hundred seed weight of faba bean. Results clearly showed that rhizobium inoculation is indispensable for increasing the growth and yield of faba bean in the study locations. The economic analysis showed that efficient rhizobium strains inoculation is more economical for faba bean production than 46 kg ha−1 N fertilizer application. Rhizobium strains NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 were more efficient in supplying N to faba bean as compared with the supply of 46 kg ha−1 N fertilizer. Thus, the result suggests the potential use of strains NSFBR-15, TAL_1035, and NSFBR-12 as a powerful alternate source for N in faba bean production in the study locations.
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\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
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\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
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\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Article who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author. Co-Author: All other Authors of the Article besides the Corresponding Author. IntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Journal.
\n\nJournal: The publication as a collection of Articles compiled by IntechOpen .
\n\nArticle: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
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\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to create and store electronic archival copies of the Article, including the right to deposit the Article in open access digital repositories.
\n\n• An irrevocable, worldwide, royalty-free, perpetual, transferable, sublicensable, non-exclusive right to license others to reproduce, translate, republish, transmit and distribute the Article in whole, partial or adapted from and/or incorporated in or in conjunction with other works under the condition that the Corresponding Author and each Co-Author is attributed (currently this is carried out by publishing the Article under a Creative Commons 4.0 International Licence).
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Article but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Article as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world. The Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Article and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Article.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Article as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Article arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Article, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Journal in which the Article has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re publishing the Article.
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\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Article worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Article does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Article contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Article is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Article has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a Journal or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication
\n\nAgreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Article to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Article was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Article on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
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\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Article,
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\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
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\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
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The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"46296",doi:"10.5772/57398",title:"Physiological Role of Amyloid Beta in Neural Cells: The Cellular Trophic Activity",slug:"physiological-role-of-amyloid-beta-in-neural-cells-the-cellular-trophic-activity",totalDownloads:5943,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"3846",slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"M. del C. Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. 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Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:193348,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. 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Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3565,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3622,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1370,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82953",title:"Early Visual Areas are Activated during Object Recognition in Emerging Images",slug:"early-visual-areas-are-activated-during-object-recognition-in-emerging-images",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105756",abstract:"Human observers can reliably segment visual input and recognise objects. However, the underlying processes happen so quickly that they normally cannot be captured with fMRI. We used Emerging Images (EI), which contains a hidden object and extends the process of recognition, to investigate the involvement of early visual areas (V1, V2 and V3) and lateral occipital complex (LOC) in object recognition. The early visual areas were located with a retinotopy scan and the LOC with a localiser. The participants (N=8) then viewed an EI, followed by the hidden object’s silhouette (disambiguation), and then, the EI was repeated. BOLD responses before and after disambiguation were compared. The retinotopy parameters were used to back-project the BOLD response onto the visual field, creating spatially detailed maps of the activity change. V1 and V2 (but not V3) showed stronger response after disambiguation, while there was no difference in the LOC. The back-projections revealed no distinct pattern or changes in activity on object location, indicating that the activity in V1 and V2 is not specific for voxels corresponding to the object location. We found no difference before and after disambiguation in the LOC, which may be repetition suppression counteracting the effect of recognition.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Marleen Bakker, Hinke N. Halbertsma, Nicolás Gravel, Remco Renken, Frans W. Cornelissen and Barbara Nordhjem"},{id:"82931",title:"Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"neuroinflammation-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105178",abstract:"Neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of secondary brain injury that perpetuates the duration and scope of disease after initial impact. This chapter discusses the pathophysiology of acute and chronic neuroinflammation, providing insight into factors that influence the acute clinical course and later functional outcomes. Secondary injury due to neuroinflammation is described by mechanisms of action such as ischemia, neuroexcitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and glymphatic and lymphatic dysfunction. Neurodegenerative sequelae of inflammation, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which are important to understand for clinical practice, are detailed by disease type. Prominent research topics of TBI animal models and biomarkers of traumatic neuroinflammation are outlined to provide insight into the advances in TBI research. We then discuss current clinical treatments in TBI and their implications in preventing inflammation. To complete the chapter, recent research models, novel biomarkers, and future research directions aimed at mitigating TBI will be described and will highlight novel therapeutic targets. Understanding the pathophysiology and contributors of neuroinflammation after TBI will aid in future development of prophylaxis strategies, as well as more tailored management and treatment algorithms. This topic chapter is important to both clinicians and basic and translational scientists, with the goal of improving patient outcomes in this common disease.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Grace Y. Kuo, Fawaz Philip Tarzi, Stan Louie and Roy A. Poblete"},{id:"82876",title:"Oxygen Tissue Levels as an Effectively Modifiable Factor in Alzheimer’s Disease Improvement",slug:"oxygen-tissue-levels-as-an-effectively-modifiable-factor-in-alzheimer-s-disease-improvement",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106331",abstract:"Despite the advance in biochemistry, there are two substantial errors that have remained for at least two centuries. One is that oxygen from the atmosphere passes through the lungs and reaches the bloodstream, which distributes it throughout the body. Another major mistake is the belief that such oxygen is used by the cell to obtain energy, by combining it with glucose. Since the late nineteenth century, it began to be published that the gas exchange in the lungs cannot be explained by diffusion. Even Christian Bohr suggested that it looked like a cellular secretion. But despite experimental evidence to the contrary and based only on theoretical models, the dogma that our body takes the oxygen it contains inside from the air around it has been perpetuated to this day. The oxygen levels contained in the human body are high, close to 99%, and the atmosphere only contains between 19 and 21%. The hypothesis that there is a supposed oxygen concentrating mechanism has not been experimentally proven to date, after almost two centuries. The mistaken belief, even among neurologists, that our body takes oxygen from the atmosphere is widespread, even though there is no experimental basis to support it, just theoretical models. Our finding that the human body can take oxygen from the water it contains, not from the air around it, like plants, comes to mark a before and after in biology in general, and the CNS is no exception. Therefore, establishing the true origin of the oxygen present within our body and brain will allow us to better understand the physio pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.",book:{id:"11637",title:"Neuropsychology of Dementia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11637.jpg"},signatures:"Arturo Solís Herrera"},{id:"82859",title:"Impact of Hypoxia on Astrocyte Induced Pathogenesis",slug:"impact-of-hypoxia-on-astrocyte-induced-pathogenesis",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106263",abstract:"Astrocytes are the most abundant cells of the central nervous system. These cells are of diverse types based on their function and structure. Astrocyte activation is linked mainly with microbial infections, but long-term activation can lead to neurological impairment. Astrocytes play a significant role in neuro-inflammation by activating pro-inflammatory pathways. Activation of interleukins and cytokines causes neuroinflammation resulting in many neurodegenerative disorders such as stroke, growth of tumours, and Alzheimer’s. Inflammation of the brain hinders neural circulation and compromises blood flow by affecting the blood–brain barrier. So the oxygen concentration is lowered, causing brain hypoxia. Hypoxia leads to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), which aggravates the inflammatory state of the brain. Hypoxia evoked changes in the blood–brain barrier, further complicating astrocyte-induced pathogenesis.",book:{id:"10744",title:"Astrocytes in Brain Communication and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10744.jpg"},signatures:"Farwa Munir, Nida Islam, Muhammad Hassan Nasir, Zainab Anis, Shahar Bano, Shahzaib Naeem, Atif Amin Baig and Zaineb Sohail"},{id:"82839",title:"Neurophysiology of Emotions",slug:"neurophysiology-of-emotions",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106043",abstract:"Emotions are automatic and primary patterns of purposeful cognitive-behavioral organizations. They have three main functions: coordination, signaling, and information. First, emotions coordinate organs and tissues, thus predisposing the body to peculiar responses. Scholars have not reached a consensus on the plausibility of emotion-specific response patterns yet. Despite the limitations, data support the hypothesis of specific response patterns for distinct subtypes of emotions. Second, emotional episodes signal the current state of the individual. Humans display their state with verbal behaviors, nonverbal actions (e.g., facial movements), and neurovegetative signals. Third, emotions inform the brain for interpretative and evaluative purposes. Emotional experiences include mental representations of arousal, relations, and situations. Every emotional episode begins with exposure to stimuli with distinctive features (i.e., elicitor). These inputs can arise from learning, expressions, empathy, and be inherited, or rely on limited aspects of the environment (i.e., sign stimuli). The existence of the latter ones in humans is unclear; however, emotions influence several processes, such as perception, attention, learning, memory, decision-making, attitudes, and mental schemes. Overall, the literature suggests the nonlinearity of the emotional process. Each section outlines the neurophysiological basis of elements of emotion.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Maurizio Oggiano"},{id:"82172",title:"Neuroimaging in Common Neurological Diseases Treated by Anticoagulants",slug:"neuroimaging-in-common-neurological-diseases-treated-by-anticoagulants",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105128",abstract:"Stroke imaging/Cerebral Venous sinus thrombosis/Arterial dissecting disease in Head and Neck regions/Neurocomplication of anticoagulation therapy. Nowsday, anticoagulant drugs are common drugs used in daily practice for patients in neurology clinic. Anticoagulant treatment used for treated symptomatic patients as well as for prophylaxis therapy in asymptomatic patients. The purpose of this chapter based on the review of essential neuroimaging in the most common neurological conditions that benefit from treatment with anticoagulant drugs such as ischemic stroke, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and arterial dissecting disease of head and neck arteries and will be enclosed with neuroimaging in case of neurocomplication by anticoagulant therapy.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Pipat Chiewvit"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:12},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11970,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:{name:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11971,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11972,editor:{id:"203609",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hanna",middleName:null,surname:"Gorska-Warsewicz",slug:"hanna-gorska-warsewicz",fullName:"Hanna Gorska-Warsewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD9pQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-14T11:58:32.jpeg",biography:"Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at Warsaw University of Life Sciences and Head of Department of Food Market and Consumption Research. 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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"88",type:"subseries",title:"Marketing",keywords:"Consumer Trends, Consumer Needs, Media, Pricing, Distribution, Branding, Innovation, Neuromarketing",scope:"