\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"325",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Alternative Fuel",title:"Alternative Fuel",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Renewable energy sources such as biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane, biomass from wastes or hydrogen are subject of great interest in the current energy scene. These fuels contribute to the reduction of prices and dependence on fossil fuels. In addition, energy sources such as these could partially replace the use of what is considered as the major factor responsible for global warming and the main source of local environmental pollution. For these reasons they are known as alternative fuels. There is an urgent need to find and optimise the use of alternative fuels to provide a net energy gain, to be economically competitive and to be producible in large quantities without compromising food resources.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-372-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4461-8",doi:"10.5772/851",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"alternative-fuel",numberOfPages:360,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"e6fd051beb23f469c73edd7bd22547bf",bookSignature:"Maximino Manzanera",publishedDate:"August 9th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/325.jpg",numberOfDownloads:110121,numberOfWosCitations:133,numberOfCrossrefCitations:97,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:205,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:6,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:435,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 8th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 6th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 12th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 12th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 11th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"27371",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximino",middleName:null,surname:"Manzanera",slug:"maximino-manzanera",fullName:"Maximino Manzanera",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27371/images/3570_n.jpg",biography:"Maximino Manzanera was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1972. He received a degree in Biological Sciences from the University of Granada in 1994. After his degree he began his doctoral studies at the Agricultural Sciences Institute (Estación Experimental del Zaidín) as part of the Spanish High Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC) where he received his Ph.D. in 2000. He then joined the University of Cambridge as Research Associate working in different centres of the University, including the Institute of Biotechnology and Departments of Genetics, Chemistry and CIMR. In mid-2006 he was awarded with the Ramón y Cajal Fellowship with which he joined the Institute for Water Research at the University of Granada as a Lead Researcher. Maximino is participating actively in three main lines of research: Anhydrobiotic Engineering, Rhizoremediation and Biofuels of microbial origin.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"890",title:"Renewable Energy",slug:"environmental-sciences-waste-management-renewable-energy"}],chapters:[{id:"17583",title:"Biodiesel Production by Using Heterogeneous Catalysts",doi:"10.5772/23908",slug:"biodiesel-production-by-using-heterogeneous-catalysts",totalDownloads:16643,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:25,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Rubi Romero, Sandra Luz Martínez and Reyna Natividad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17583",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17583",authors:[{id:"54382",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubi",surname:"Romero",slug:"rubi-romero",fullName:"Rubi Romero"},{id:"57495",title:"MSc.",name:"Sandra Luz",surname:"Martínez",slug:"sandra-luz-martinez",fullName:"Sandra Luz Martínez"},{id:"57496",title:"Dr.",name:"Reyna",surname:"Natividad",slug:"reyna-natividad",fullName:"Reyna Natividad"}],corrections:null},{id:"17584",title:"An Overview of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions and Alternative Feedstock for Biodiesel Production",doi:"10.5772/24057",slug:"an-overview-of-enzyme-catalyzed-reactions-and-alternative-feedstock-for-biodiesel-production",totalDownloads:5652,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Maria Manuela Camino Feltes, Débora de Oliveira, Jorge Luiz Ninow and José Vladimir de Oliveira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17584",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17584",authors:[{id:"55230",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Manuela",surname:"Camino Feltes",slug:"maria-manuela-camino-feltes",fullName:"Maria Manuela Camino Feltes"},{id:"57306",title:"Prof.",name:"Débora",surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"debora-de-oliveira",fullName:"Débora De Oliveira"},{id:"57307",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge Luiz",surname:"Ninow",slug:"jorge-luiz-ninow",fullName:"Jorge Luiz Ninow"},{id:"57308",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Vladimir",surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"jose-vladimir-de-oliveira",fullName:"Jose Vladimir De Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"17585",title:"Biodiesel Fuel Production by Enzymatic Transesterification of Oils: Recent Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/21905",slug:"biodiesel-fuel-production-by-enzymatic-transesterification-of-oils-recent-trends-challenges-and-futu",totalDownloads:11063,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:26,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nevena Luković, Zorica Knežević-Jugović and Dejan Bezbradica",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17585",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17585",authors:[{id:"45320",title:"MSc",name:"Nevena",surname:"Lukovic",slug:"nevena-lukovic",fullName:"Nevena Lukovic"},{id:"57079",title:"Prof.",name:"Dejan",surname:"Bezbradica",slug:"dejan-bezbradica",fullName:"Dejan Bezbradica"},{id:"57080",title:"Dr.",name:"Zorica",surname:"Knežević-Jugović",slug:"zorica-knezevic-jugovic",fullName:"Zorica Knežević-Jugović"}],corrections:null},{id:"17586",title:"Engine Test of Bio-Diesel Manufactured from Waste Cooking Oil and Reward Preferential Benefit Analyses for Its Promotion",doi:"10.5772/21712",slug:"engine-test-of-bio-diesel-manufactured-from-waste-cooking-oil-and-reward-preferential-benefit-analys",totalDownloads:2898,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jai-Houng Leu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17586",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17586",authors:[{id:"44408",title:"Dr.",name:"Jai-Houng",surname:"Leu",slug:"jai-houng-leu",fullName:"Jai-Houng Leu"}],corrections:null},{id:"17587",title:"Waste Animal Fats with High FFA as a Renewable Energy Source for Biodiesel Production - Concept, Experimental Production and Impact Evaluation on Air Quality",doi:"10.5772/20409",slug:"waste-animal-fats-with-high-ffa-as-a-renewable-energy-source-for-biodiesel-production-concept-experi",totalDownloads:4234,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Francisc Popescu and Ioana Ionel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17587",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17587",authors:[{id:"11036",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioana",surname:"Ionel",slug:"ioana-ionel",fullName:"Ioana Ionel"},{id:"11047",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisc",surname:"Popescu",slug:"francisc-popescu",fullName:"Francisc Popescu"}],corrections:null},{id:"17588",title:"Delignification Process of Agro-Industrial Wastes an Alternative to Obtain Fermentable Carbohydrates for Producing Fuel",doi:"10.5772/22381",slug:"delignification-process-of-agro-industrial-wastes-an-alternative-to-obtain-fermentable-carbohydrates",totalDownloads:7226,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:34,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Oscar Sánchez, Roció Sierra and Carlos J. Alméciga-Díaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17588",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17588",authors:[{id:"47504",title:"MSc",name:"Oscar",surname:"Sanchez",slug:"oscar-sanchez",fullName:"Oscar Sanchez"},{id:"56842",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",surname:"Sierra",slug:"rocio-sierra",fullName:"Rocio Sierra"},{id:"56843",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Almeciga-Diaz",slug:"carlos-almeciga-diaz",fullName:"Carlos Almeciga-Diaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"17589",title:"Performance and Emission Characteristics of Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled with Ethanol and Methanol Gasoline Blended Fuels",doi:"10.5772/23176",slug:"performance-and-emission-characteristics-of-spark-ignition-engine-fuelled-with-ethanol-and-methanol-",totalDownloads:12131,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:29,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ioannis Gravalos, Dimitrios Moshou, Theodoros Gialamas, Panagiotis Xyradakis, Dimitrios Kateris and Zisis Tsiropoulos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17589",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17589",authors:[{id:"50923",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioannis",surname:"Gravalos",slug:"ioannis-gravalos",fullName:"Ioannis Gravalos"},{id:"57241",title:"Prof.",name:"Theodoros",surname:"Gialamas",slug:"theodoros-gialamas",fullName:"Theodoros Gialamas"},{id:"57242",title:"MSc.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Xyradakis",slug:"panagiotis-xyradakis",fullName:"Panagiotis Xyradakis"},{id:"57244",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Kateris",slug:"dimitrios-kateris",fullName:"Dimitrios Kateris"},{id:"57245",title:"MSc",name:"Zisis",surname:"Tsiropoulos",slug:"zisis-tsiropoulos",fullName:"Zisis Tsiropoulos"},{id:"101768",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Moshou",slug:"dimitrios-moshou",fullName:"Dimitrios Moshou"}],corrections:null},{id:"17590",title:"Use of Charcoal and Partially Pirolysed Biomaterial in Fly Ash to Produce Briquettes: Sugarcane Bagasse",doi:"10.5772/20505",slug:"use-of-charcoal-and-partially-pirolysed-biomaterial-in-fly-ash-to-produce-briquettes-sugarcane-bagas",totalDownloads:6827,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Silvio Rainho Teixeira, Agda Eunice de Souza, Angel Fidel Vilche Peña, Regiane Godoy de Lima and Álvaro Gil Miguel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17590",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17590",authors:[{id:"39266",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvio Rainho",surname:"Teixeira",slug:"silvio-rainho-teixeira",fullName:"Silvio Rainho Teixeira"},{id:"57428",title:"Dr.",name:"Angel Fidel",surname:"Vilche Peña",slug:"angel-fidel-vilche-pena",fullName:"Angel Fidel Vilche Peña"},{id:"57429",title:"MSc.",name:"Agda Eunice",surname:"Souza",slug:"agda-eunice-souza",fullName:"Agda Eunice Souza"},{id:"57430",title:"BSc.",name:"Alvaro",surname:"Gil Miguel",slug:"alvaro-gil-miguel",fullName:"Alvaro Gil Miguel"},{id:"57431",title:"BSc.",name:"Regiane",surname:"Godoy De Lima",slug:"regiane-godoy-de-lima",fullName:"Regiane Godoy De Lima"}],corrections:null},{id:"17591",title:"Biomass Waste as a Renewable Source of Biogas Production - Experiments",doi:"10.5772/25028",slug:"biomass-waste-as-a-renewable-source-of-biogas-production-experiments",totalDownloads:6107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Adrian Eugen Cioablă and Ioana Ionel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17591",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17591",authors:[{id:"11036",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioana",surname:"Ionel",slug:"ioana-ionel",fullName:"Ioana Ionel"},{id:"61179",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian Eugen",surname:"Cioabla",slug:"adrian-eugen-cioabla",fullName:"Adrian Eugen Cioabla"}],corrections:null},{id:"17592",title:"Influential Parameters on Biomethane Generation in Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Plants",doi:"10.5772/24681",slug:"influential-parameters-on-biomethane-generation-in-anaerobic-wastewater-treatment-plants",totalDownloads:5939,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Meisam Tabatabaei, Alawi Sulaiman, Ali M. Nikbakht, Norjan Yusof and Ghasem Najafpour",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17592",authors:[{id:"54639",title:"Prof.",name:"Alawi",surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"alawi-sulaiman",fullName:"Alawi Sulaiman"},{id:"58880",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Tabatabaei",slug:"meisam-tabatabaei",fullName:"Meisam Tabatabaei"},{id:"58882",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",surname:"M. Nikbakht",slug:"ali-m.-nikbakht",fullName:"Ali M. Nikbakht"},{id:"58883",title:"Prof.",name:"Ghasem",surname:"Najafpour",slug:"ghasem-najafpour",fullName:"Ghasem Najafpour"},{id:"58884",title:"Prof.",name:"Norjan",surname:"Yusof",slug:"norjan-yusof",fullName:"Norjan Yusof"}],corrections:null},{id:"17593",title:"Alternative Fuels in Cement Manufacturing",doi:"10.5772/22319",slug:"alternative-fuels-in-cement-manufacturing",totalDownloads:21654,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:25,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Moses P.M. Chinyama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17593",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17593",authors:[{id:"47232",title:"Dr.",name:"Moses",surname:"Chinyama",slug:"moses-chinyama",fullName:"Moses Chinyama"}],corrections:null},{id:"17594",title:"Waste Biomass as Alternative Bio-Fuel - Co-Firing versus Direct Combustion",doi:"10.5772/25030",slug:"waste-biomass-as-alternative-bio-fuel-co-firing-versus-direct-combustion",totalDownloads:2990,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gavrilă Trif-Tordai and Ioana Ionel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17594",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17594",authors:[{id:"11036",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioana",surname:"Ionel",slug:"ioana-ionel",fullName:"Ioana Ionel"},{id:"61182",title:"Dr.",name:"Gavrila",surname:"Trif Tordai",slug:"gavrila-trif-tordai",fullName:"Gavrila Trif Tordai"}],corrections:null},{id:"17595",title:"Nano-Porous Silicon-Based Mini Hydrogen Fuel Cells",doi:"10.5772/25272",slug:"nano-porous-silicon-based-mini-hydrogen-fuel-cells",totalDownloads:3641,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tayyar Dzhafarov and Sureyya Aydin Yuksel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17595",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17595",authors:[{id:"36681",title:"Prof.",name:"Tayyar",surname:"Dzhafarov",slug:"tayyar-dzhafarov",fullName:"Tayyar Dzhafarov"},{id:"80862",title:"Dr.",name:"Sureyya Aydin",surname:"Yuksel",slug:"sureyya-aydin-yuksel",fullName:"Sureyya Aydin Yuksel"}],corrections:null},{id:"17596",title:"Hydrogen - The Ecologically Ideal Energy Vector",doi:"10.5772/24351",slug:"hydrogen-the-ecologically-ideal-energy-vector",totalDownloads:3118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mircea Cârdu and Malvina Baica",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17596",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17596",authors:[{id:"56810",title:"Prof.",name:"Malvina",surname:"Baica",slug:"malvina-baica",fullName:"Malvina Baica"},{id:"56861",title:"Prof.",name:"Mircea",surname:"Cardu",slug:"mircea-cardu",fullName:"Mircea Cardu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"80612",slug:"corrigendum-to-risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterial",title:"Corrigendum to: Risk Assessment and Health, Safety, and Environmental Management of Carbon Nanomaterials",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80612.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80612",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80612",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80612",chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"66689",slug:"risk-assessment-and-health-safety-and-environmental-management-of-carbon-nanomaterials",signatures:"Guilherme Lenz e Silva, Camila Viana, Danieli Domingues and Fernanda Vieira",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 11th 2019",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251730",title:"Dr.",name:"Guilherme",middleName:"Fredeico Bernardo",surname:"Lenz E Silva",fullName:"Guilherme Lenz E Silva",slug:"guilherme-lenz-e-silva",email:"guilhermelenz@usp.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286148",title:"Dr.",name:"Camila",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",fullName:"Camila Viana",slug:"camila-viana",email:"camilaoviana@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286149",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Fernanda Vieira",slug:"fernanda-vieira",email:"fevieira2001@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"286151",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danieli",middleName:"Silva",surname:"Domingues",fullName:"Danieli Domingues",slug:"danieli-domingues",email:"danielisilva@ymail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8137",title:"Nanomaterials",subtitle:"Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",fullTitle:"Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment",slug:"nanomaterials-toxicity-human-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Simona Clichici, Adriana Filip and Gustavo M. do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8137.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64160",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Clichici",slug:"simona-clichici",fullName:"Simona Clichici"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7612",leadTitle:null,title:"Electrospinning and Electrospraying",subtitle:"Techniques and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book focuses on the recent advancements in the process parameters, research, and applications of electrospinning and electrospraying. The first chapter introduces the techniques and the effect of the parameters on the morphology of the nanofiber and nanoparticles and then the subsequent chapters focus on the applications of these techniques in different areas. This book will attract a broad audience including postgraduate students and industrial and academic investigators in sciences and engineering who wish to enhance their understanding of the emerging technologies and use this book as reference.",isbn:"978-1-78984-701-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-700-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-113-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77414",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"electrospinning-and-electrospraying-techniques-and-applications",numberOfPages:120,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"77e9708250507395a4bea2c17d012982",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7612.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:5104,numberOfWosCitations:13,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,numberOfTotalCitations:43,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 8th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 17th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 18th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 23rd 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 22nd 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",biography:"Dr. Sajjad Haider is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He received his MSc in 1999 and M Phil in 2004 from the Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan, and his Ph.D. degree in 2009 from the Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, South Korea. His research focuses on electrospun nanofibers, biopolymer composite, metal oxide/polymer composites, and polymer hydrogels to develop scaffolds for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and water treatment applications.",institutionString:"King Saud University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"186100",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"adnan-haider",fullName:"Adnan Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186100/images/system/186100.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adnan Haider is an assistant professor at the Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology. He received his MSc degree in 2010 from the Kohat University of Science and Technology, KPK, Pakistan; PhD degree in 2016 from the Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; and postdoctoral research in 2017 from the Department of Nano, Medical and Polymer Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, South Korea. His research work focuses on the development of scaffolds using polymer hydrogel and electrospun nanofibers for biomedical (tissue regeneration and drug delivery) and environmental applications.",institutionString:"Kohat University of Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1169",title:"Condensed Matter Physics",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-condensed-matter-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"70029",title:"Electrohydrodynamic Processes and Their Affecting Parameters",slug:"electrohydrodynamic-processes-and-their-affecting-parameters",totalDownloads:843,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}]},{id:"66975",title:"Electrospinning and Drug Delivery",slug:"electrospinning-and-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:1075,totalCrossrefCites:7,authors:[{id:"246279",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marilena",surname:"Vlachou",slug:"marilena-vlachou",fullName:"Marilena Vlachou"},{id:"246280",title:"Dr.",name:"Angeliki",surname:"Siamidi",slug:"angeliki-siamidi",fullName:"Angeliki Siamidi"},{id:"298461",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sotiria",surname:"Kyriakou",slug:"sotiria-kyriakou",fullName:"Sotiria Kyriakou"}]},{id:"68337",title:"Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers and Its Composites",slug:"preparation-characterization-and-applications-of-electrospun-carbon-nanofibers-and-its-composites",totalDownloads:1216,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"247532",title:"Prof.",name:"Kim",surname:"Ick Soo",slug:"kim-ick-soo",fullName:"Kim Ick Soo"}]},{id:"67100",title:"Effect of Spray-Drying and Electrospraying as Drying Techniques on Lysozyme Characterisation",slug:"effect-of-spray-drying-and-electrospraying-as-drying-techniques-on-lysozyme-characterisation",totalDownloads:1062,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"136133",title:"Dr.",name:"Amal Ali",surname:"Elkordy",slug:"amal-ali-elkordy",fullName:"Amal Ali Elkordy"},{id:"291117",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ijeoma",surname:"Abraham",slug:"ijeoma-abraham",fullName:"Ijeoma Abraham"},{id:"299419",title:"Dr.",name:"Eman Ali",surname:"Elkordy",slug:"eman-ali-elkordy",fullName:"Eman Ali Elkordy"},{id:"299420",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",surname:"Haj Ahmad",slug:"rita-haj-ahmad",fullName:"Rita Haj Ahmad"},{id:"299421",title:"Prof.",name:"Zeeshan",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"zeeshan-ahmad",fullName:"Zeeshan Ahmad"}]},{id:"66665",title:"Using the iESP Installed on the Space Station Moving in an Irregular Gravitational Field of the Asteroids Eros and Gaspra",slug:"using-the-iesp-installed-on-the-space-station-moving-in-an-irregular-gravitational-field-of-the-aste",totalDownloads:908,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"287645",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",surname:"Starinova",slug:"olga-starinova",fullName:"Olga Starinova"},{id:"288983",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrey",surname:"Shornikov",slug:"andrey-shornikov",fullName:"Andrey Shornikov"},{id:"288985",title:"Mrs.",name:"Elizaveta",surname:"Nikolaeva",slug:"elizaveta-nikolaeva",fullName:"Elizaveta Nikolaeva"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"225753",firstName:"Marina",lastName:"Dusevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225753/images/7224_n.png",email:"marina.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5429",title:"Electrospinning",subtitle:"Material, Techniques, and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ce8f54e9951bc68943c45e2b1622f02d",slug:"electrospinning-material-techniques-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5429.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6241",title:"Hydrogels",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b3a944044e8aecbba3bd88fba1bef0b1",slug:"hydrogels",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6241.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10259",title:"Energy Storage Battery Systems",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79ba911ac0fe448019d286a56e8b96c4",slug:"energy-storage-battery-systems-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider, Mehdi Khodaei and Liang Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10259.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10412",title:"Transition Metal Compounds",subtitle:"Synthesis, Properties, and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd7287b801dc0ac77e01f66842dc1d99",slug:"transition-metal-compounds-synthesis-properties-and-application",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10412.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"397",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:"Production, Properties and Functional Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"934fe33b73b2ecba961c67d5a90021ec",slug:"nanofibers-production-properties-and-functional-applications",bookSignature:"Tong Lin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/397.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49937",title:"Dr.",name:"Tong",surname:"Lin",slug:"tong-lin",fullName:"Tong Lin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1045",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"65d477e855685ea85913e5aba0c5217e",slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",bookSignature:"John Cuppoletti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1045.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49991",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Cuppoletti",slug:"john-cuppoletti",fullName:"John Cuppoletti"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3200",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"97487143b896780afaf08cfd67cd1eec",slug:"nanofibers",bookSignature:"Ashok Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3200.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7718",title:"Professor",name:"Ashok",surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashok-kumar",fullName:"Ashok Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"191",title:"Advances in Nanocomposite Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dc3407e602cdd348af663727baebe3d",slug:"advances-in-nanocomposite-technology",bookSignature:"Abbass Hashim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3077",title:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38dd4fb088a27b2552bf3d371e8c2872",slug:"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites",bookSignature:"Satoru Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3077.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30519",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoru",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"satoru-suzuki",fullName:"Satoru Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"25002",title:"The Foragining Ecology of the Green Turtle in the Baja California Peninsula: Health Issues",doi:"10.5772/19736",slug:"the-foragining-ecology-of-the-green-turtle-in-the-baja-california-peninsula-health-issues",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/25002.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25002",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25002",totalDownloads:2389,totalViews:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:26,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 20th 2011",dateReviewed:"May 10th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 14th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/25002",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/25002",book:{id:"313",slug:"health-management-different-approaches-and-solutions"},signatures:"Rafael Riosmena-Rodriguez, Ana Luisa Talavera-Saenz, Gustavo Hinojosa-Arango, Mónica Lara-Uc and Susan Gardner",authors:[{id:"36024",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Riosmena-Rodriguez",fullName:"Rafael Riosmena-Rodriguez",slug:"rafael-riosmena-rodriguez",email:"riosmena@uabcs.mx",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"56096",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Gardner",fullName:"Susan Gardner",slug:"susan-gardner",email:"gardnerscm@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"56104",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Hinojosa-Arango",fullName:"Gustavo Hinojosa-Arango",slug:"gustavo-hinojosa-arango",email:"GHinojosa@fieldstudies.org",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"56105",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Talavera-Saenz",fullName:"Ana Luisa Talavera-Saenz",slug:"ana-luisa-talavera-saenz",email:"atfrgopeace@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"56106",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Lara-Uc",fullName:"Monica Lara-Uc",slug:"monica-lara-uc",email:"monyk_uc@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"313",type:"book",title:"Health Management",subtitle:"Different Approaches and Solutions",fullTitle:"Health Management - Different Approaches and Solutions",slug:"health-management-different-approaches-and-solutions",publishedDate:"December 14th 2011",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Śmigórski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/313.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-296-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6609-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:53,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1134"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"24978",type:"chapter",title:"A Future for Integrated Diagnostic Helping",slug:"a-future-for-integrated-diagnostic-helping",totalDownloads:2001,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mathieu Thevenin and Anthony Kolar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30814",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathieu",middleName:null,surname:"Thevenin",fullName:"Mathieu Thevenin",slug:"mathieu-thevenin"},{id:"32281",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"KOLAR",fullName:"Anthony KOLAR",slug:"anthony-kolar"}]},{id:"24979",type:"chapter",title:"A Mobile-Phone-Based Health Management System",slug:"a-mobile-phone-based-health-management-system",totalDownloads:4329,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Yu-Chi Wu, Chao-Shu Chang, Yoshihito Sawaguchi, Wen-Ching Yu, Men-Jen Chen, Jing-Yuan Lin, Shih-Min Liu, Chin-Chuan Han, Wen-Liang Huang and Chin-Yu Su",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37234",title:"Dr.",name:"Yu-Chi",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Yu-Chi Wu",slug:"yu-chi-wu"},{id:"57564",title:"Prof.",name:"Chao-Shu",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Chao-Shu Chang",slug:"chao-shu-chang"},{id:"57565",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Wen-Ching Yu",slug:"wen-ching-yu"},{id:"62120",title:"Dr.",name:"Men-Jen",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Men-Jen Chen",slug:"men-jen-chen"},{id:"62121",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Wen-Liang Huang",slug:"wen-liang-huang"},{id:"62859",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihito",middleName:null,surname:"Sawaguchi",fullName:"Yoshihito Sawaguchi",slug:"yoshihito-sawaguchi"},{id:"95860",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing-Yuan",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Jing-Yuan Lin",slug:"jing-yuan-lin"},{id:"95861",title:"Dr.",name:"Shih-Mim",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Shih-Mim Liu",slug:"shih-mim-liu"},{id:"95862",title:"Prof.",name:"Chin-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Chin-Chuan Han",slug:"chin-chuan-han"},{id:"96055",title:"MSc.",name:"Chin-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Chin-Yu Su",slug:"chin-yu-su"}]},{id:"24980",type:"chapter",title:"Health Care with Wellness Wear",slug:"health-care-with-wellness-wear",totalDownloads:2853,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Hee-Cheol Kim, Yao Meng and Gi-Soo Chung",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36619",title:"Prof.",name:"Hee-Cheol",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Hee-Cheol Kim",slug:"hee-cheol-kim"},{id:"55841",title:"Dr.",name:"Gi-Soo",middleName:null,surname:"Chung",fullName:"Gi-Soo Chung",slug:"gi-soo-chung"},{id:"96800",title:"Ms.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Meng",fullName:"Yao Meng",slug:"yao-meng"}]},{id:"24981",type:"chapter",title:"Smart Health Management Technology",slug:"smart-health-management-technology",totalDownloads:1597,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hiroshi Nakajima",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15358",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakajima",fullName:"Hiroshi Nakajima",slug:"hiroshi-nakajima"}]},{id:"24982",type:"chapter",title:"Association of Intimate Partner Physical and Sexual Violence with Childhood Morbidity in Bangladesh",slug:"association-of-intimate-partner-physical-and-sexual-violence-with-childhood-morbidity-in-bangladesh",totalDownloads:1998,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mosiur Rahman and Golam Mostofa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36058",title:"Mr.",name:"Mosiur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Mosiur Rahman",slug:"mosiur-rahman"},{id:"118368",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Golam",middleName:null,surname:"Mostofa",fullName:"Md. Golam Mostofa",slug:"md.-golam-mostofa"}]},{id:"24983",type:"chapter",title:"Making a Healthy Living Space Through the Concept of Healthy Building of Building Medicine",slug:"making-a-healthy-living-space-through-the-concept-of-healthy-building-of-building-medicine",totalDownloads:2487,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chih-Yuan Chang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45759",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Yuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Chih-Yuan Chang",slug:"chih-yuan-chang"}]},{id:"24984",type:"chapter",title:"Mycotoxins: Quality Management, Prevention, Metabolism, Toxicity and Biomonitoring",slug:"mycotoxins-quality-management-prevention-metabolism-toxicity-and-biomonitoring",totalDownloads:3214,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"C. N. Fokunang, O. Y. Tabi, V. N. Ndikum, E. A. Tembe-Fokunang, F. A. Kechia, B. Ngameni, N. Guedje, R. B. Jiofack, J. Ngoupayo, E. A. Asongalem, J. N. Torimiro, H. K. Gonsu, S. Barkwan, P. Tomkins, B. T. Ngadjui, J. Y. Ngogang, T. Asonganyi and O. M. T. Abena",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37803",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Ntungwen",surname:"Fokunang",fullName:"Charles Fokunang",slug:"charles-fokunang"},{id:"38626",title:"Dr.",name:"Estella",middleName:null,surname:"Tembe-FOKUNANG",fullName:"Estella Tembe-FOKUNANG",slug:"estella-tembe-fokunang"},{id:"38627",title:"Dr.",name:"Frederick",middleName:null,surname:"Kechia",fullName:"Frederick Kechia",slug:"frederick-kechia"},{id:"38628",title:"Dr.",name:"Bethelemy",middleName:null,surname:"Ngameni",fullName:"Bethelemy Ngameni",slug:"bethelemy-ngameni"},{id:"38629",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Guedje",fullName:"Nicole Guedje",slug:"nicole-guedje"},{id:"38630",title:"Mr.",name:"Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Jiofack",fullName:"Rene Jiofack",slug:"rene-jiofack"},{id:"38631",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Ngoupayo",fullName:"Joseph Ngoupayo",slug:"joseph-ngoupayo"},{id:"38632",title:"Prof.",name:"Bonaventure",middleName:null,surname:"Ngadjui",fullName:"Bonaventure Ngadjui",slug:"bonaventure-ngadjui"},{id:"38633",title:"Prof.",name:"Tazoacha",middleName:null,surname:"Asonganyi",fullName:"Tazoacha Asonganyi",slug:"tazoacha-asonganyi"},{id:"126729",title:"Dr.",name:"Yves",middleName:null,surname:"Tabi",fullName:"Yves Tabi",slug:"yves-tabi"},{id:"126730",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentine",middleName:null,surname:"Ndikum",fullName:"Valentine Ndikum",slug:"valentine-ndikum"},{id:"126731",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Asongalem",fullName:"Asongalem",slug:"asongalem"},{id:"126732",title:"Dr.",name:"Judith",middleName:null,surname:"Torimiro",fullName:"Judith Torimiro",slug:"judith-torimiro"},{id:"126733",title:"Dr.",name:"Hortense",middleName:null,surname:"Gonsu",fullName:"Hortense Gonsu",slug:"hortense-gonsu"},{id:"126734",title:"Dr.",name:"Salwa",middleName:null,surname:"Barkwan",fullName:"Salwa Barkwan",slug:"salwa-barkwan"},{id:"126735",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Tomkins",fullName:"Paul Tomkins",slug:"paul-tomkins"},{id:"126736",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeane",middleName:null,surname:"Ngogang",fullName:"Jeane Ngogang",slug:"jeane-ngogang"},{id:"126737",title:"Prof.",name:"Obama",middleName:null,surname:"Abena",fullName:"Obama Abena",slug:"obama-abena"}]},{id:"24985",type:"chapter",title:"Non-Invasive Methods for Monitoring Individual Bioresponses in Relation to Health Management",slug:"non-invasive-methods-for-monitoring-individual-bioresponses-in-relation-to-health-management",totalDownloads:2618,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vasileios Exadaktylos, Daniel Berckmans and Jean-Marie Aerts",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"20140",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Berckmans",fullName:"Daniel Berckmans",slug:"daniel-berckmans"},{id:"20246",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasileios",middleName:null,surname:"Exadaktylos",fullName:"Vasileios Exadaktylos",slug:"vasileios-exadaktylos"},{id:"62404",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Aerts",fullName:"Jean-Marie Aerts",slug:"jean-marie-aerts"}]},{id:"24986",type:"chapter",title:"Environmental Pollution and Chronic Disease Management – A Prognostics Approach",slug:"environmental-pollution-and-chronic-disease-management-a-prognostics-approach",totalDownloads:1931,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bernard Fong and A. C. M. Fong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38518",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Fong",fullName:"Bernard Fong",slug:"bernard-fong"},{id:"54652",title:"Prof.",name:"Acm",middleName:null,surname:"Fong",fullName:"Acm Fong",slug:"acm-fong"}]},{id:"24987",type:"chapter",title:"Epidemiology and Prevention of Traffic Accidents in Cuba",slug:"epidemiology-and-prevention-of-traffic-accidents-in-cuba",totalDownloads:2811,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Humberto Guanche Garcell and Carlos Martinez Quesada",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43183",title:"Prof.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Guanche Garcell",fullName:"Humberto Guanche Garcell",slug:"humberto-guanche-garcell"},{id:"43191",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez Quesada",fullName:"Carlos Martinez Quesada",slug:"carlos-martinez-quesada"}]},{id:"24988",type:"chapter",title:"Health Infrastructure Inequality and Rural-Urban Utilization of Orthodox and Traditional Medicines in Farming Households: A Case Study of Ekiti State, Nigeria",slug:"health-infrastructure-inequality-and-rural-urban-utilization-of-orthodox-and-traditional-medicines-i",totalDownloads:2774,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Taiwo Ejiola Mafimisebi and Adegboyega Eyitayo Oguntade",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36236",title:"Dr.",name:"Taiwo",middleName:null,surname:"Mafimisebi",fullName:"Taiwo Mafimisebi",slug:"taiwo-mafimisebi"},{id:"55640",title:"Dr.",name:"Adegboyega",middleName:null,surname:"Oguntade",fullName:"Adegboyega Oguntade",slug:"adegboyega-oguntade"}]},{id:"24989",type:"chapter",title:"A New Economic and Social Paradigm for Funding Recovery in Mental Health in the Twenty First Century",slug:"a-new-economic-and-social-paradigm-for-funding-recovery-in-mental-health-in-the-twenty-first-century",totalDownloads:2013,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Robert Parker",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36500",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Parker",fullName:"Robert Parker",slug:"robert-parker"}]},{id:"24990",type:"chapter",title:"Three Decades of the Integrated Child Development Services Program in India: Progress and Problems",slug:"three-decades-of-the-integrated-child-development-services-program-in-india-progress-and-problems",totalDownloads:3525,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Niyi Awofeso and Anu Rammohan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36610",title:"Prof.",name:"Niyi",middleName:null,surname:"Awofeso",fullName:"Niyi Awofeso",slug:"niyi-awofeso"},{id:"36674",title:"Prof.",name:"Anu",middleName:null,surname:"Rammohan",fullName:"Anu Rammohan",slug:"anu-rammohan"}]},{id:"24991",type:"chapter",title:"Disease Management of Avian Influenza H5N1 in Bangladesh – A Focus on Maintaining Healthy Live Birds",slug:"disease-management-of-avian-influenza-h5n1-in-bangladesh-a-focus-on-maintaining-healthy-live-birds",totalDownloads:2174,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Muhiuddin Haider and Bethany Applebaum",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38977",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhiuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",fullName:"Muhiuddin Haider",slug:"muhiuddin-haider"}]},{id:"24992",type:"chapter",title:"Affectation Situation of HIV/AIDS in Colombian Children",slug:"affectation-situation-of-hiv-aids-in-colombian-children",totalDownloads:2172,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ana María Trejos Herrera, Jorge Palacio Sañudo Mario Mosquera Vásquez and Rafael Tuesca Molina",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39587",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Trejos Herrera",fullName:"Ana Trejos Herrera",slug:"ana-trejos-herrera"},{id:"53276",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Tuesca Molina",fullName:"Rafael Tuesca Molina",slug:"rafael-tuesca-molina"},{id:"53277",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Palacio",fullName:"Jorge Palacio",slug:"jorge-palacio"},{id:"53278",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"null",fullName:"Mario null",slug:"mario-null"}]},{id:"24993",type:"chapter",title:"Strengthening Health Systems in Yemen: Review of Evidence and Implications for Effective Actions for the Poor",slug:"strengthening-health-systems-in-yemen-review-of-evidence-and-implications-for-effective-actions-for-",totalDownloads:2750,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abdulwahed Al Serouri, John Øvretveit, Ali A. Al-Mudhwahi and Majed Yahia Al-Gonaid",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56732",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Wahed",middleName:null,surname:"Al Serouri",fullName:"Abdul Wahed Al Serouri",slug:"abdul-wahed-al-serouri"},{id:"57880",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Øvretveit",fullName:"John Øvretveit",slug:"john-ovretveit"},{id:"57881",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Al-Mudhwahi",fullName:"Ali Al-Mudhwahi",slug:"ali-al-mudhwahi"},{id:"57882",title:"Mr.",name:"Majed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Gonaid",fullName:"Majed Al-Gonaid",slug:"majed-al-gonaid"}]},{id:"24994",type:"chapter",title:"Performance Measurement Features of the Italian Regional Healthcare Systems: Differences and Similarities",slug:"performance-measurement-features-of-the-italian-regional-healthcare-systems-differences-and-similari",totalDownloads:2223,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Milena Vainieri and Sabina Nuti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"106396",title:"Dr.",name:"Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Vainieri",fullName:"Milena Vainieri",slug:"milena-vainieri"},{id:"115413",title:"Prof.",name:"Sabina",middleName:null,surname:"Nuti",fullName:"Sabina Nuti",slug:"sabina-nuti"}]},{id:"24995",type:"chapter",title:"Causal Inference in Randomized Trials with Noncompliance",slug:"causal-inference-in-randomized-trials-with-noncompliance",totalDownloads:1873,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yasutaka Chiba",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27306",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Chiba",fullName:"Yasutaka Chiba",slug:"yasutaka-chiba"}]},{id:"24996",type:"chapter",title:"Design of Scoring Models for Trustworthy Risk Prediction in Critical Patients",slug:"design-of-scoring-models-for-trustworthy-risk-prediction-in-critical-patients",totalDownloads:1500,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Paolo Barbini and Gabriele Cevenini",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30619",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriele",middleName:null,surname:"Cevenini",fullName:"Gabriele Cevenini",slug:"gabriele-cevenini"},{id:"41489",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Barbini",fullName:"Paolo Barbini",slug:"paolo-barbini"}]},{id:"24997",type:"chapter",title:"Human Walking Analysis, Evaluation and Classification Based on Motion Capture System",slug:"human-walking-analysis-evaluation-and-classification-based-on-motion-capture-system",totalDownloads:3334,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Bofeng Zhang, Susu Jiang, Ke Yan and Daming Wei",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42911",title:"Prof.",name:"Daming",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",fullName:"Daming Wei",slug:"daming-wei"},{id:"52921",title:"Prof.",name:"Bofeng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Bofeng Zhang",slug:"bofeng-zhang"},{id:"52924",title:"Ms.",name:"Susu",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Susu Jiang",slug:"susu-jiang"},{id:"52937",title:"Mr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Ke Yan",slug:"ke-yan"}]},{id:"24998",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Mass Media Communication in Public Health",slug:"the-role-of-mass-media-communication-in-public-health",totalDownloads:10792,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Daniel Catalán-Matamoros",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"49198",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Catalan-Matamoros",fullName:"Daniel Catalan-Matamoros",slug:"daniel-catalan-matamoros"}]},{id:"24999",type:"chapter",title:'The Unresolved Issue of the "Terminal Disease" Concept',slug:"the-unresolved-issue-of-the-terminal-disease-concept",totalDownloads:2506,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sergio Eduardo Gonorazky",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Eduardo",surname:"Gonorazky",fullName:"Sergio Gonorazky",slug:"sergio-gonorazky"}]},{id:"25000",type:"chapter",title:"Prolactin and Schizophrenia, an Evolving Relationship",slug:"prolactin-and-schizophrenia-an-evolving-relationship",totalDownloads:4454,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chris J. Bushe and John Pendlebury",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52184",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Bushe",fullName:"Bushe",slug:"bushe"},{id:"53918",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Pendlebury",fullName:"John Pendlebury",slug:"john-pendlebury"}]},{id:"25001",type:"chapter",title:"Tolerance to Tick-Borne Diseases in Sheep: Highlights of a Twenty-Year Experience in a Mediterranean Environment",slug:"tolerance-to-tick-borne-diseases-in-sheep-highlights-of-a-twenty-year-experience-in-a-mediterranean-",totalDownloads:1853,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Elisa Pieragostini, Elena Ciani, Giuseppe Rubino and Ferruccio Petazzi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini"},{id:"55877",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Ciani",fullName:"Elena Ciani",slug:"elena-ciani"},{id:"55878",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Rubino",fullName:"Giuseppe Rubino",slug:"giuseppe-rubino"},{id:"55879",title:"Prof.",name:"Ferruccio",middleName:null,surname:"Petazzi",fullName:"Ferruccio Petazzi",slug:"ferruccio-petazzi"}]},{id:"25002",type:"chapter",title:"The Foragining Ecology of the Green Turtle in the Baja California Peninsula: Health Issues",slug:"the-foragining-ecology-of-the-green-turtle-in-the-baja-california-peninsula-health-issues",totalDownloads:2389,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rafael Riosmena-Rodriguez, Ana Luisa Talavera-Saenz, Gustavo Hinojosa-Arango, Mónica Lara-Uc and Susan Gardner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36024",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Riosmena-Rodriguez",fullName:"Rafael Riosmena-Rodriguez",slug:"rafael-riosmena-rodriguez"},{id:"56096",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Gardner",fullName:"Susan Gardner",slug:"susan-gardner"},{id:"56104",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Hinojosa-Arango",fullName:"Gustavo Hinojosa-Arango",slug:"gustavo-hinojosa-arango"},{id:"56105",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Talavera-Saenz",fullName:"Ana Luisa Talavera-Saenz",slug:"ana-luisa-talavera-saenz"},{id:"56106",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Lara-Uc",fullName:"Monica Lara-Uc",slug:"monica-lara-uc"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5115",title:"Health Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6af1c688ae4cf514c5c3ed6e801f6725",slug:"health-management",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Smigorski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5115.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"11519",title:"The PRISMA France Study: Is There a Way to Measure Implementation of Integration in Different Countries?",slug:"the-prisma-france-study-is-there-a-way-to-measure-implementation-of-integration-in-different-countri",signatures:"Trouve H., Veil A., Hebert R. and Somme D.",authors:[null]},{id:"11527",title:"A Proposed Care Model for Complex Chronic Condition: Multiple Chemical Sensitivity",slug:"a-proposed-model-of-care-management-for-complex-chronic-conditions-based-on-the-multidisciplinary-ca",signatures:"Roy Fox, Tara Sampalli and Jonathan Fox",authors:[null]},{id:"11528",title:"Pain Experience and Expression in Patients with Dementia",slug:"the-experience-and-expression-of-pain-in-patients-with-dementia",signatures:"Krzysztof Smigorski and Jerzy Leszek",authors:[null]},{id:"11529",title:"Treatment of Childhood Pneumonia in Developing Countries",slug:"treatment-of-childhood-pneumonia-in-developing-countries",signatures:"Hasan Ashraf, Mohammud Jobayer Chisti and Nur Haque Alam",authors:[null]},{id:"11530",title:"Chronic Kidney Disease",slug:"management-of-chronic-kidney-disease",signatures:"Mai Ots Rosenberg",authors:[null]},{id:"11531",title:"Integrated Vehicle Health Management in the Automotive Industry",slug:"integrated-vehicle-health-management-in-the-automotive-industry",signatures:"Steven Holland",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"313",title:"Health Management",subtitle:"Different Approaches and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"50844b8973e93e755acd2e5a950f2766",slug:"health-management-different-approaches-and-solutions",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Śmigórski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2140",title:"Epidemiology Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30ed18695c28d4af7aa8fe536a765829",slug:"epidemiology-insights",bookSignature:"Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2140.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87931",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria De Lourdes",surname:"Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-ribeiro-de-souza-da-cunha",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Ribeiro De Souza Da Cunha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5115",title:"Health Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6af1c688ae4cf514c5c3ed6e801f6725",slug:"health-management",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Smigorski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5115.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5287",title:"Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases",subtitle:"Attributes of Lifestyle and Nature on Humankind",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8ce64cf0b96dce4c16042b2982ef5bb",slug:"epidemiology-of-communicable-and-non-communicable-diseases-attributes-of-lifestyle-and-nature-on-humankind",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5287.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5378",title:"The Epidemiology and Ecology of Leishmaniasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"862e269e0512a4763bba54d355c3c44f",slug:"the-epidemiology-and-ecology-of-leishmaniasis",bookSignature:"David Claborn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5378.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169536",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Claborn",slug:"david-claborn",fullName:"David Claborn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"313",title:"Health Management",subtitle:"Different Approaches and Solutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"50844b8973e93e755acd2e5a950f2766",slug:"health-management-different-approaches-and-solutions",bookSignature:"Krzysztof Śmigórski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12528",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",surname:"Smigorski",slug:"krzysztof-smigorski",fullName:"Krzysztof Smigorski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80898",title:"Theoretical Premises and Contemporary Optimizations of Microwave Tomography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103011",slug:"theoretical-premises-and-contemporary-optimizations-of-microwave-tomography",body:'
The primary basis for microwave breast imaging is that there is considerable dielectric property contrast between malignant and normal tissue. This contrast is a complicated issue and its understanding has evolved substantially over time. At the most simplistic level, microwaves are especially useful as “water detectors.” At low microwave frequencies, water typically has relative permittivity values between 75 and 80 while that for fat ranges between 5 to 10. The earliest assumptions about breast tissue were that it was primarily fatty and tumors contained far more water on account of their rapid replication and proliferation [1]. However, recent studies have provided a more nuanced appreciation of normal breast tissue composition. In a study by Woodard and White [2], in the context of assessing the physical content of tissue for radiographic purposes, they found that the two constituents of breast tissue—adipose and mammary tissue—varied considerably from woman to woman, and concomitantly, so did their water content. In fact, the water content variations were: adipose—11.4–30.5%, and mammary—30.2–72.6%. More recent studies have tried to provide a more complex presentation of the properties. Studies by Lazebnik et al. [3], Sugitani et al. [4], Martellosio et al. [5], and Cheng and Fu et al. [6] have all presented values for all three tissue types referred to as adipose, fibroglandular and tumor, respectively. Relatively consistently, the studies have typically shown the adipose properties to be quite low, those for the fibroglandular to be substantially elevated and those for the tumors to be the highest.
However, there is considerable variation between results. As has been pointed out by Meaney et al. and [7, 8] Salahuddin et al. [9], there are important weaknesses and even flaws in the methodologies of these studies which could easily skew the desired results. Two of the more critical problems revolve around the use of the ubiquitous open-ended dielectric probe and the frequency sampling regimen used in algorithms for fitting the data to established Cole-Cole curves for broadband parameter estimation [3]. With regards to the former, it is well known that the penetration depth or sampling volume in front of the dielectric probe is on the order of 1/6th that of the probe diameter [10, 11]. Given that the probe diameters of the most common commercial probe (Keysight Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) are on the order of about 2 mm diameter, this suggests that the penetration depth is on the order of 0.3 mm. However, various reports explicitly state the assumed sampling volume to be 3 mm deep or more [12]. The significance is that it is relatively straightforward for a pathologist to perform a tissue analysis over a sample that is 3 mm thick. For a volume as small as 0.3 mm, the analysis is substantially less informative. In these cases, the probe measurements are really only assessing superficial dielectric properties. In addition to compositional issues near the surface, this is also where the greatest temperature (cooling after excision) and moisture (drying after excision) gradients appear especially during measurements of excised tissue. Both temperature and water content can have dramatic influence over the tissue properties. As a whole, these factors are not adequately addressed in recent reports and open the door for substantial variation.
With respect to the frequency sampling regimens, this is primarily a problem related to how the properties are fitted to the Cole-Cole equation to determine broadband coefficients. The norm for this is to acquire data in a logarithmic frequency fashion and was established by Cole and Cole [13]. The reason for this is that when the dielectric property data is plotted in the Cole-Cole plane, the sample points form nearly a circle and the coefficients are derived from the circle’s features such as, the radius and center location. When the data is collected in a logarithmic fashion, the points end up being spaced nearly evenly around the arc of the circle, while for the linearly spaced frequencies, the data points are highly concentrated in a localized corner of the plot. For fitting purposes, the evenly spread out data points produce more accurate findings. The problem becomes further compounded when the data spans multiple relaxation zones (the most prominent cross over point for tissue properties occurs within the range of about 1.5–2.5 GHz) [14]. When a linear sampling regimen is used, the lower relaxation zone is dramatically under-sampled compared to that for the higher zone such that the Cole-Cole fitting is grossly skewed to bias the results for the higher zone. While many of the reports properly sampled the data logarithmically with respect to frequency, some have not [3].
More recently there have been several clinical breast imaging studies [15, 16, 17]. The Preece study was based on the University of Bristol radar imaging technique which only produces intensity maps, where localized hot spots are indicative of tumors. Even so, the clinical data suggests that their system is capable of distinguishing tumor from normal tissue, even in dense breasts suggesting that there must be property contrast between the tumor and fibroglandular tissue. The reports by Poplack et al. [16] and Meaney et al. [17] suggest that there is contrast in both the permittivity and conductivity between malignant and normal tissue. The more interesting aspect is that the contrast is only statistically significant for the conductivity images. Given that there are questions related to the absolute dielectric property levels of the different tissue types for all ex vivo studies, we have attempted to develop a hypothesis based on previous literature. In particular, extensive studies by Foster et al. showed distinctly different tissue permittivity and conductivity relationships as functions of water content [18]. In these situations, the fat and fibroglandular tissue would have either no water or low levels of free water (i.e. the bound water in the fibroglandular tissue is primarily bound to long sugars and proteins). In these situations, the ionic content of the solutions is not able to exhibit higher conductivity because there is little to no free water necessary for conduction. However, the tumor has considerable free water and exhibits high conductivity. This mechanism is one means for explaining the relatively high conductivity contrast between the tumor and normal tissue. Conversely, the permittivity acts more as a measure of bulk water. In this situation, the fibroglandular tissue has relatively high water content compared with fat, but not as high as that for tumor. But the percentage difference between that for tumor and fibroglandular is typically in the range of 10–20% compared with what could amount to factors of 2× or more for the conductivity. This can explain the more subdued permittivity contrast we observe for the imaging studies between normal and malignant tumor. These features need to be explored further—preferably in clinical studies.
As was alluded to above, there are multiple near field microwave imaging techniques. These consist primarily of (a) radar techniques, (b) tomography or inverse problem techniques, (c) thermoacoustic imaging, and (d) holography. The radar techniques are generally a type of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) methods that typically utilize either backscatter or transmission data. For the backscatter approaches, a large amount of wideband data is acquired for many positions around the object surface and then time delays are synthetically added or subtracted from each measurement to focus sequentially at each pixel within the imaging domain. The contributions from each measurement are summed at each pixel and the resulting intensity maps are displayed as the images [19]. Multiple simulation efforts have been developed with the most advanced phantom and patient experiments performed by the Fear group at the University of Calgary [20]. Transmission techniques have also been developed—primarily by the group at the University of Bristol [21]. Theirs utilizes a fixed array of wideband antennas which directly contact the breast—albeit they utilize a coupling gel to enhance coupling and minimize unwanted contributions from multipath signals. This has advanced from simulation and phantom experiments to more extensive clinical trials [15].
Tomographic and inverse problems have been studied extensively in simulation with only very few translating to phantom and clinical work. These approaches typically utilize mostly transmission data and require nonlinear inverse algorithms to produce actual maps of the tissue permittivity and conductivity [22]. Simulation work includes studies by Rocca et al. [23], Fhager and Persson [24], Catapano et al. [25] and Shea et al. [26]. Extensive phantom and ex vivo animal studies have been performed by Semenov et al. [27]. The most comprehensive clinical work has been performed by Meaney et al. which includes studies of normal patients [28, 29], a diagnostic study comparing images of patients with and without tumors [16], and a study monitoring the progression of tumors during neoadjuvant chemotherapy [17]. For these studies, the imaging technique can distinguish tumors from normal tissue and benign lesions to a level of significance for lesions 1 cm and larger. For the therapy monitoring study, the technique was able to determine whether a tumor was responding to treatment or not within the first 30 days of the chemotherapy regimen.
The thermoacoustic techniques generally apply a low duty cycle, high power microwave pulse which is selectively absorbed by the malignant tissue and subsequently causes a mechanical vibration which can be detected by ultrasound transducers. The images are produced by synthetically combining the signals from the different ultrasound transducers. The technique has seen limited success in both phantom and clinical work [30]. The holography approach is being studied primarily at McMaster University by Dr. Nikolova. To date, they have developed an initial prototype which has produced promising phantom results [31].
For this chapter, we focus on tomographic or inverse problem approaches. Microwave tomography and/or microwave inverse problems have now been studied at great length for several decades [25, 26, 32]. The preponderance of efforts has been in simulation with very few advancing to actual implementation and/or clinical exams. While factors such as cost, exam time and image reconstruction complexity/costs are often cited as prime reasons for failure, our experience has led us to focus on two factors that inhibit progress. These are the need to explicitly contend with the problems of multi-path signal corruption [33] and the need for variance stabilizing transformations in the reconstruction process [34]. Viewing microwave imaging from the context of these two challenges clearly illustrates flaws in conventional approaches and inhibits overall progress.
Multi-path signal corruption has been acknowledged for decades. In the context of classic radar and telecommunications applications, signals such as ground clutter constructively and destructively add to the desired signals and excite unwanted artifacts such as ghosting [35]. For far-field applications such as radar, these artifacts can often be as little as a minor nuisance. However, for near field imaging situations, the corruption can be extreme—to the degree that the multi-path signal can easily completely overwhelm the desired one [33]. For far-field situations, the primary mechanism for multi-paths are reflections off of neighboring structures or surfaces and recombining with the original signal [36]. However, for near field cases, they very often propagate as surface waves along interfaces of support structures and the coupling medium or along the outside of antenna feedlines. One likely reason why this phenomenon goes unconsidered is the fact that these structures are simply not included in the models for numerical simulations [26, 37]. For many implementations, the computational costs are already enormous when simply including just the antennas, coupling medium and the target. Adding complexities such as the feedlines, support structure and the coupling medium tank would simply overwhelm the capabilities of modern computers. Consequently, for most simulation efforts, these structures are simply ignored—in fact, even neighboring antennas are usually also eliminated in the name of computational speed and cost. The unfortunate result is essentially a precise rendering of an unrealistic scenario.
There are few options in compensating for this challenge. The primary factor is that the multi-path signals originate from the same desired signal—i.e. it is the same frequency. Because of this, sophisticated filtering approaches are not effective. Techniques such as time-gating have been proposed in different implementations but have not resulted in any published results for microwave tomography [38]. One of the more challenging aspects of time gating is the need for a very broad band signal with fine sampling between frequencies. Given that the measured microwave data is most often acquired in the frequency domain, this can add dramatically to the acquisition time. In addition, many of the proposed antennas simply do not operate over sufficient bandwidth to make this possible.
One technique employed by the Dartmouth group is the use of a lossy coupling medium [39]. This poses unique challenges, but when considering the imaging problem in a comprehensive manner, there is considerable merit to it. The main drawback is that propagating across even a short span in a lossy imaging medium can easily exceed the measurement dynamic range of high quality commercial vector network analyzers (VNA). This is not a trivial concern, but when properly understood, it is possible to devise systems to adequately accommodate this. Dynamic range considerations are discussed in more detail in the Methods section. The primary benefit is that the highly attenuating medium dramatically suppresses the unwanted surface waves. Figure 1 shows a set of simulations for a monopole antenna radiating into a coupling medium where the active part of the antenna is positioned several centimeters above a Plexiglas plate [40]. For the low attenuating liquids (low conductivity), the surface waves easily reach the Plexiglas via coaxial modes traveling on the outsides of the feedlines. Once sufficiently powerful signals reach the low loss plate, planar modes are excited and the waves propagate unimpeded everywhere. However, as the conductivity of the liquid is increased, the coaxial modes are dramatically reduced to the point that for the last example, no signal reaches the Plexiglas. In this instance, the desired signal still propagates in a well-behaved beam pattern from the active part of the monopole antenna. In effect, we have traded a nearly impossible problem—i.e. uncontrolled propagation from damaging multi-path signals—for the need for a high dynamic range VNA which is just a difficult problem. It should be noted that multi-port VNA’s with the necessary dynamic range are now commercially available from some vendors—albeit at a significant cost.
Simulations of the field patterns and associated surface waves for differing coupling bath conductivities (S/m) (Permission granted to re-print images by Human Press [
As a side note, in explicitly dealing with multi-path issue, we have been able to realize several opportunities that would not have been possible had we taken a more conventionally intuitive approach. For instance, we have found that the monopole antennas are ideal in this setting. First, the naturally occurring resistive loading of the lossy bath dramatically improves the monopole antenna bandwidth [41]. These can be used from roughly 500 MHz to 3 GHz with a −10 dB return loss across the band—well in excess of that for most conventional antennas. While these antennas are essentially isotropic radiators, their low profile allows them to be packed tightly around the target which dramatically reduces the propagation distances compared with more conventional aperture antennas. This shortening of the propagation distance easily compensates for the signal loss suffered due to having lower directivity. Ultimately, the close packing feature is a substantial advantage over the loss of directivity. In addition, because of the lossy bath, antenna low physical profile and the isotropic radiation pattern, there is essentially no mutual coupling between antennas even when spaced as closely as 2 cm apart [42]. Mutual coupling can be significantly debilitating for antenna array performance. Finally, the combination of the low loss medium and the low profile antennas makes the broadcast waves appear to be propagating in a mostly dielectric medium. This allows us to exploit the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) as an efficient means for simulating the signal forward solution which is recognized as the largest time cost in the reconstruction process [43]. We are now able to recover 2D images in 6 s and estimate that fully 3D images can be reconstructed in a few minutes—all without the aid of parallel processors and graphical processing units (GPUs). Overall, the advantages of using a lossy coupling medium have led to dramatic innovations.
Finally, while much has been written about the mathematics and algorithms regarding microwave tomography and/or inverse problems, the most common approach is a non-linear, iterative one which broadly falls under the category of multi-parameter estimation problems. These problems have been studied extensively within the probability and statistics community for which a host of definitions and techniques have been developed to optimize algorithmic performance. In particular, work by Box and Cox in the 1950s and 1960s devised ways to assess the performance of different single-step and iterative algorithms and derived a wide range of suitable transformations to improve performance [44]. Their focus centered around characterizing problems where the data was inherently heteroscedastic and developing transformations to make the data more homoscedastic—i.e. amenable to standard, least squares multi-parameter estimation techniques. Two of the more ubiquitous examples include the log transforms used in X-ray CT and optical coherence tomography (OCT) [45, 46]. The basic assumptions are that the error function difference between the measured and computed field values should have a zero mean and a normal distribution. A convenient way to test this is to simply examine the residual vector after the reconstruction [47]. For the X-ray CT case, the image reconstructions are simply not possible without the transformation. This is also the case with OCT, for which the log transform is now widely adopted [48].
In earlier work, we demonstrated that the residual data for the microwave case was highly heteroscedastic when applied to an algorithm operating directly on the complex field data (Figure 2a) [34]. Our interpretation was that it was largely due to the wide signal strength dynamic range of the field values. However, once we applied the log transformation, the residuals were significantly more normal with a near zero mean (Figure 2b). The main challenge here is that when taking the log transform of a complex number, the result is the log magnitude and its phase [49]. The phase term immediately implies that there could be some form of unwrapping necessary. For the X-ray CT case, the detected signals are all real numbers, so there is no phase term. In OCT, the governing equation for the light is the transport equation and the phase is generated by harmonically modulating the light with a 100 MHz signal [46]. The major point here is that the wavelength associated with the 100 MHz is very large such that there is never enough scattering to generate phase changes greater than +/− 180 degrees. In effect, the data is always unwrapped. However, for the microwave breast imaging case, the dielectric scatterers are often physically on the same order size as the wavelengths and the scattered fields can quite frequently change phase by values well in excess of +/− 180 degrees. For the parameter estimation problems utilizing complex data, it is critical that all of the measured and computed phase pairs be on the same Riemann sheet for the algorithms to work properly. We briefly describe methods for unwrapping the phase in Section 2.2 which are covered in more detail in Meaney et al. [50].
Histograms of the residual error vector after reconstruction for the (a) non-transformed and (b) log transformed algorithms (Permission granted by Wiley Publishers to re-print graphs [
Operationally, the key is that when starting at a baseline of a homogeneous medium, adding a contrasting target to the imaging zone can change the phases measured or computed for the different transmit/receive pairs substantially—often easily exceeding the single Riemann sheet bounds of −180 to +180 degrees. Depending on the antenna orientations, there are nominally some cases where the measurement and computed phases are already on the same Riemann sheet at the start of the algorithm, but there can also be many that are not. In cases where they are not, by mapping all of the measured and computed phases to the baseline Riemann sheet—i.e. −180 to +180 degrees—(which is effectively what happens when using the non-transformed algorithm), it essentially transforms that element into a “bad” data point. While not universally viewed in this context, the various solutions that have been proposed generally work with the net effect of forcing the starting measured and computed phase values to be on the same Riemann sheet. These include: (1) introducing a priori information [24], (2) frequency hopping [51], and (3) simply adding more data [25, 27]. A priori information works because it effectively assumes a sample target at the start of the image reconstruction process that has similar characteristics to the actual target. The desired result is that it generally positions the measured and computed phases for all or most transmit/receive pairs on the same Riemann sheet. There are several reports utilizing this technique in simulation that appear promising; however, these techniques have generally not advanced beyond simulation studies. These results unfortunately end up being biased based on the quality of the initial guess. Frequency hopping acts in a similar manner as for applying a priori information in that images are reconstructed at progressively increasing frequencies with the results from lower frequencies used as starting guesses for the subsequent higher frequency reconstructions. At the lowest frequency, assumptions can be made that the phase changes are modest and it can be assumed that all of the data is unwrapped. While the lower frequency images can be quite blurred because of the associated larger wavelengths, the algorithms converge more reliably. The property images that are transposed to the next higher frequency can be close enough to the actual images at the increased frequency such that it essentially positions the phases for all transmit/receive pairs on the appropriate Riemann sheet. The notion is that the resolution of each successively higher frequency increases until one reaches the highest frequency. Finally, a number of groups have advocated utilizing substantially more measurement data than that prescribed by the Dartmouth team [25, 27]. While these often advance the notion that there needs to be as much measurement data as number of unknowns, our own experience based on a wealth of literature suggests that this may not be necessary [52]. An equally valid interpretation in the context of this discussion is that they hope to increase the amount of “good” data such that the amount of “good” data simply outweighs the amount of “bad” data for which a least squares image process can achieve a reasonable image. For many real situations, each of these solutions may be unrealistic. Accurate a priori information may be difficult to generate at the time of or before the actual imaging session. Frequency hopping may be unrealistic because it is difficult to devise antennas with sufficient bandwidth to accommodate the algorithm. Finally, adding more data inevitably implies that the measurement system will require more channels which inherently leads to increases in the algorithm complexity and hardware costs.
The Dartmouth team has devised robust unwrapping techniques for both the measured and computed phases which are briefly summarized in Section 2.2 [50]. These generally exploit the wide operating bandwidth of the monopole antennas and even the nature of the algorithm convergence. One important consequence of these developments is that the amount of measurement data can be kept to a minimum (typically 16 antennas configured in a circle for 2D images) which dramatically reduces overall system cost and complexity [52]. The algorithm is fast and does not suffer from convergence to unwanted local minima even when starting from an initial estimate of the coupling bath properties. These approaches have been developed in the context of utilizing actual measurement data to maximize the benefit from each piece of measurement data while not imposing Riemann sheet criteria that essentially transform “good” data into “bad”. This approach is summarized in Section 2.2 and demonstrates excellent convergence behavior using real measurement data.
The heart of the system concept is the monopole antenna array submerged in a lossy glycerin: water coupling bath. As discussed in the Introduction, the monopole antennas offer important advantages such as small size, ease of modeling and broad bandwidth while also presenting different opportunities. The major trade-off is that the signal attenuation is great, even for a typical physical distance of 15 cm across the lossy medium in the illumination chamber, such that most commercial vector network analyzers are inadequate. This has changed somewhat in that there are now commercial 24 channel systems from Rohde & Schwartz (Munich, Germany) and Keysight Technologies (Santa Clara, CA); however, their costs can easily exceed $100 K depending on the options necessary. For realizing an actual system, the most critical trade-offs are cost versus performance. In our case, this discussion involved numerical modeling concerns along with critical aspects of the microwave technology. For instance, as mentioned above, there is considerable debate regarding the required number of antennas. Our approach has been to configure just enough antennas for a single-plane array and then exploit mechanical motion to move the array vertically to achieve complete 3D coverage of the target—in this case the breast. We have demonstrated that 16 antennas is sufficient for the single array [52], which has kept our costs to modest levels. Figure 3 shows the antennas mounted to a horizontal plate which is supported by opposing motors that can bring the antennas to different levels surrounding the breast to enable full volumetric coverage of the breast. Below we summarize the more significant issues for the microwave electronics.
Photographs of the antenna array, support structure and motors used for vertical, mechanical array motion: (a) close-up of mounting plate, (b) side view of tank, antennas and support structure, and (c) top view of the antennas in the tank.
In general, the dynamic range is limited on the low end by the noise floor which is defined as
One hypothetical way to achieve a large dynamic range would be to use a 2-channel VNA coupled to a double-pole, 16 throw (DP16T) switch matrix to achieve coverage for all 16 channels. We have already discussed the challenges in achieving the dynamic range for a 2-channel system. Unfortunately, the multi-pole switch matrix introduces its own set of problems. In cases where the 2-port VNA already has a dynamic range approaching 140 dB, it is necessary for the switch matrix to have channel-to-channel isolation on the order of 140 dB. In practice it is especially difficult to achieve this and very rarely do switch manufacturers specify isolation greater than roughly 80–100 dB. There are ways to achieve this, but it generally requires substantial shielding and the addition of extra single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switches which introduces substantial insertion loss and inevitably detracts from the overall dynamic range.
Our latest concept is to exploit new software defined radio (SDR) technology as the key building block of our system [53]. In this case, we utilize the Ettus Research B210 (Austin, TX) which has two channels, each having a transmit/receive port and a dedicated receive port. Our design involves a physical separation of the boards used for transmit and receive (extra isolation), along with a set of switch/amplifier modules which add to the overall channel-to-channel isolation along with improving the dynamic range with a 20 dB gain amplifier in front of the receiver channel. One of the signals from the Transmit B210 is used as a reference signal to synchronize the transmit oscillators with those of the receive modules. Figure 4 shows a schematic of a representative 4-channel system along with an initial prototype showing the separate transmit and receive modules along with the switch and amplifiers. This design can be readily scaled up to a full 16 channel system.
(a) Schematic diagram of a 4-channel measurement system and (b) a photograph of a first prototype (a is reproduced from “Meaney PM, Hartov A, Bulumulla S, Raynolds T, Davis C, Schoenberger F, Richter S, Paulsen KD, “4-channel, vector network analyzer microwave imaging prototype based on software defined radio technology,”
With respect to isolation, Figure 5a shows the shielded housings for the B210 boards. The primary feature is the ridge in the cover which lightly rests on a gold strap running across the board that physically separates the RF portion of the board from the lower frequency electronics and power supply circuitry. Tests have shown that the “one-way” leakage from these housings is on the order of −110 dB (from a nominally transmitted signal of 1 mW). While a signal of this amplitude may propagate along the outer surface of the electronics, because all of the other components of the system have comparable isolation specification, the greatest signal level that could leak back into the system would be on the order of −220 dB because of the “two-trip” attenuation in escaping the isolated board and then re-entering a companion board. Figure 5b shows the internal features of an earlier, custom transceiver module which included several amplifiers and switches along with a downconverting mixer. All feedthrus for the bias and control lines were coaxial low pass filters to restrict RF signals from escaping outside of the housings. Each component within the housing was sequestered to its own channelized compartment to limit internal leakage and the covers were configured with raised surfaces for tight fits of the two housing portions to further limit leakage to the outside. While somewhat cumbersome, in large quantity the housings can be fabricated at relatively low cost and have proven to be effective in limiting leakage, even to the extreme levels of −140 dBm.
Photograph of the (a) shielded housings for the Ettus B210 SDR circuit boards, and (b) the shielded housing for an earlier transceiver module (b is reproduced from “Li D, Meaney PM, Raynolds T, Pendergrass SA, Fanning MW, Paulsen KD, “A parallel-detection microwave spectroscopy system for breast imaging,”
Commercial VNA’s are attractive because they produce measurements that guarantee built-in synchronization of the transmit and receive signals. However, as was discussed earlier and also in the subsequent sections, these network analyzers are unattractive because of their costs. There are a host of means for achieving synchronization of signals in different hardware configurations. For our SDR-based system, we exploit the phase locking of the transmit and receive oscillators with respect to a 10 MHz reference signal from their Octoclock (Ettus Research, Austin, TX). In addition, accurate and consistent triggering of the measurements is achieved via the PPS signal which is also supplied by the Octoclock. In the case with separate transmit and receive modules, we exploit the fact that the second output signal from the dedicated transmit board is synchronized to the output of the channel that feeds the antennas. This is subsequently used as a reference signal and is fed into an unused receive port of the receive channels for sampling and synchronization with the receive boards [53, 54].
While much has been made of a range of non-linear iterative schemes and various stochastic approaches for image reconstruction approaches, we have opted to use the robust and well-regarded Gauss-Newton algorithm. Figure 6 shows examples of the magnitude contour plots for 2D wave propagation from different antennas surrounding the medium with a high contrast object. The differences between the values measured at the receive antenna locations for the situation where an object is present minus that for the case for the homogeneous bath becomes the measurement data for the algorithm. Note that the techniques are completely translatable to 3D but are more easily understood in the context of 2D.
2D magnitude contour plots within an imaging zone containing a high contrast scatterer for point source illuminations from different directions.
For the untransformed algorithm, the minimization statement examines the differences between the measured field values and the associated computed values at each receive antenna and for all views of the object from each iteration:
where
where
where
For applications such as MR, phase unwrapping is normally performed as a function of position—i.e. the phase at a specific location is set as the reference phase and the phases at neighboring locations are compared with it [57]. If the differences between the values at new locations differ from the reference ones by more than 180°, the values for the new ones are adjusted by multiples of 360° until the differences are minimized. This process is continued until the entire spatial domain has been unwrapped. For the microwave measured values, this is impossible since the phases can only be known at the receive antenna locations—i.e. the phase can vary more than 180° between antennas. Our alternative is to unwrap the phases as a function of frequency. A baseline assumption implies that the scattered phases should be within the bounds of +/− 180° for the lowest frequency. The measured phases are forced to be within the baseline Riemann sheet, i.e. −180 to +180°. The values at the next frequency are unwrapped against these, followed by those at the next frequency being unwrapped with respect to the second set and so on. This is described in more detail in Meaney et al. [50]. For the computed phases, it would be possible to unwrap the values as a function of position. However, this is tedious, complicated and slow. We previously introduced a novel technique to unwrap the phases as a function of image reconstruction iteration [50]. As long as the phases do not change dramatically between iterations of the reconstruction process, it can be assumed that their differences will be less than 180°. To ensure this criterion, we deliberately force the step size (Eq. (3)) to be small during the earliest iterations so that the image, and hence the phases, differ only slightly between iterations. In this way, the phases only need to be computed at the antenna locations, and the values for the previous iteration need to be stored for comparison purposes. This technique is described in more detail in Meaney et al. [50].
Finally, the most substantial computational cost for these types of algorithms are for the forward field solutions which need to be computed for each transmit antenna at each image reconstruction iteration. Different techniques have been proposed to reduce this time, most notably finite element (FEM) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) modeling [26, 58]. However, these can be quite slow, especially as the forward problem grows in size, and often requires multi-processor computers and GPU processors to keep the computation times modest. While our 2D FEM-based approach can usually produce images in roughly 5 minutes, we have explored ways to further reduce the time. In particular, we have been experimenting with the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) to improve efficiency [59]. This technique is generally not suitable when there are large, high contrast scatterers in the field of view—especially other bulky antennas; however, because our monopole antennas only slightly perturb the fields, and almost not at all when submerged in a lossy bath, this algorithm is ideal for our approach. The primary notion is that it utilizes Gauss-iterative based forward solver techniques whose most substantial time cost is a matrix–vector multiplication that needs to be performed repeatedly (O(N2)) where N is the vector length). However, it can be easily shown that the associated matrix can be formulated to be a symmetric, block Toeplitz matrix. Each block matrix can then be easily converted to a circulant matrix. Circulant matrix–vector multiplication can be performed efficiently (O(NlogN)) by use of the convolution theorem and the use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT). We have shown that this can reduce the forward solution time by a factor of 20–50 times with respect to efficient commercial software—i.e. full reconstructions in 6 seconds or less. This technique is described in detail in Hosseinzadegan et al. [59, 60].
While the final desired result of the iterative image reconstruction algorithm is the associated property images, the best way to assess the quality of the process is by analyzing the computed electric fields as compared with the measurement data [47]. As can be seen from Eq. (2), the minimization statement should converge to a point where measured and computed magnitudes and phases achieve a reasonable match. In essence, the final image can really be considered a bi-product of this process. A key reason why this distinction is important is that there are ample situations where researchers employ a range of a priori information to achieve reasonable results. In a laboratory or experimental setting this might appear reasonable; however, these ad hoc measures often introduce biases which can artificially skew the final results. The best unbiased way to examine the process is to focus on the actual terms being compared.
Figure 7 shows the normalized (a) magnitude and (b) phase values for the receiver positions associated with a single transmitter for both the measured values (heavy black lines) and computed values (narrower colored lines) at selected iterations [50]. The data was collected at 1300 GHz and both the magnitude and phase values have been normalized to the cases where there is no target in the bath—i.e. that the reconstruction process starts with an assumption of an empty bath which is reasonable since it is possible to exactly know the bath properties in all situations. Note that the measured phases exceed the +/− 180 degree bounds in some cases, implying that our algorithm is robust even for large, high contrast targets which often generate some measurements outside of the primary Riemann sheet. As a useful analogy, we refer to the curves for each measurement set as a projection, much like the nomenclature used in X-ray CT. It should be noted that in this example, a two-step algorithm was used whereby the first 50 iterations used a standard Levenberg–Marquardt technique to produce a good, albeit smoothed image. After which, a Tikhonov algorithm was used for 20 iterations to more carefully refine the images. The intermediate projection is a black, dashed line for both the magnitude and phase.
1300 MHz (a) Magnitude and (b) phase projections for the measured data and multiple computed values at representative iterations. Note that the dashed black lines represent the projections at the end of the first step (Permission granted by Wiley Publishers to re-print graphs [
For both the magnitude and phase, the projections monotonically approach those for the measurement data. The projections for the intermediate image have not yet matched the measurement data, but their curves retain many of the characteristics of the measurements but with a reduced overall strength and are also somewhat smoothed. Once the second step is employed, the computed magnitudes and phases rapidly approach the measured values. The convergence of the phase values is almost exact, while those for the amplitude are good but not as precise. The discussion in Section 4 provides a possible rationale for this mismatch. Regardless, the match is quite good and gives confidence that the process works well. It should be noted that this is for an actual breast exam where the measurement data inherently has 3D characteristics while the algorithm is a 2D one. In addition, these plots are for only one of the 16 antennas but is reasonably representative of all sets.
While microwave imaging is poised to play a substantial role in the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer, it may be that its most important role will be in the area of neoadjuvant chemotherapy monitoring [17]. In this setting, it is important to be able to tell if the tumor is responding adequately to treatment at a sufficiently early time point so that treatment can be altered appropriately. Measures such as a physical exam present morphological information regarding the tumor response—i.e. size—however, these changes are generally quite slow to manifest compared to physiological changes. Early results suggest that the microwave images may be more physiological in nature [17].
Figure 8a shows representative sagittal MR scans of the ipsilateral breast for a woman with heterogeneously dense breasts and a 6.5 x 3.7 x 7.1 cm3 tumor in the right breast just before treatment started: (i) T2, (ii) T1 with gadolinium, and (iii) the T1 subtraction image for the cases with and without gadolinium. (i) Shows a large thickening of the skin surrounding most of the breast, while (ii) and (iii) show the extent of the tumor. Figure 8b shows the corresponding images after 85 days of treatment. The skin thickening had diminished substantially and the subtraction image indicates only small, minor enhancements.
Sagittal MR images of the right breast of a patient with a complete pathologic response: (a) images prior to therapy and (b) at day 85. For each set, (i) is a T2-weighted image, (ii) is a contrast-enhanced image from a spoiled gradient recalled (SPGR) sequence, and (iii) is a subtraction image between (ii) and a pre-contrast baseline, respectively (Reproduced from [
Figure 9 shows the 1300 MHz permittivity and conductivity images for planes 5, 6, and 7, respectively, where plane 1 is closest to the chestwall and plane 7 is closest to the nipple. Set (a) is for the contralateral breast (normal) and sets (b), (c), and (d) are for the ipsilateral breast at different time points during the treatment—prior to treatment, after 44 days of treatment, and just prior to surgery, respectively. In all cases, the outline of the breast is readily visible separating the tissue from the surrounding bath. For the contralateral breast, the majority of the tissue exhibits quite low permittivity and conductivity which is consistent with adipose tissue, while there are also centralized zones of slightly elevated tissue corresponding to the fibroglandular tissue. For the diseased breast at the first two time points, there is a pronounced ring of highly elevated tissue properties—primarily to the lower left quadrant. This feature is consistent with the edema that would be present from the skin thickening observed in the MR images. For these same time points, the localized, elevated properties of the tumor are also visible, albeit slightly diminished at the 44 day mark. By the final set, both the microwave observable skin thickening and tumor have essentially disappeared in agreement with the MR images shown in Figure 8b. It is noteworthy that the tumor has shrunk considerably with respect to size and property intensity by the midway point suggesting that the microwave images are capable of recognizing early tumor response.
1300 MHz microwave tomographic images. Imaging planes five to seven are shown corresponding to the three closest planes to the nipple with the permittivity on the top row and conductivity on the bottom row. (a) Left (contralateral) breast prior to treatment, (b) right (ipsilateral) breast prior to treatment, (c) right breast 44 days into treatment, and (d) right breast immediately prior to surgery (Reproduced from [
One of the more interesting aspects of our imaging system revolves around the notion of why a 2D algorithm works in the first place. While there have been efforts by others exploring 2D imaging, most have reverted to 3D implementations when 2D efforts failed. Notably, Semenov et al. [61] concluded that the reason their 2D system did not work was because of the inherent mismatch between the actual 3D wave propagation and the assumed 2D propagation in their algorithm. However, we contend that there are scientifically valid reasons why our 2D algorithm works well. The most important is that by choosing the monopole antennas, we are able to position them on a quite small diameter circle surrounding the target. Given the vertical orientation of the antennas, in the limit of a decreasing array circle diameter, the aspect ratio of the antenna length to the diameter of the circle naturally increases. This can be theoretically extrapolated to the point where the domain closely mimics that of cylindrical geometry. For competing systems, the motivation has often centered about acquiring as much measurement data as possible. This often implies that the antenna array must be configured on a larger diameter circle for the simple reason relating to space limitations associated with the physical size and the increased number of radiating elements. In Semenov et al. [62], thousands of antennas (effective number based partially on mechanical motion) were positioned on a 60 cm diameter circle for a roughly 8 hour, 3D data acquisition, single frequency exam time, while the diameter for the Dartmouth system is only on a 15.2 cm diameter where the broadband data acquisition takes roughly 10 minutes. For the latter, the field patterns have simply not devolved into their spherical radiation behavior within the small zone while they are considerably further along that process for the larger diameter system.
In Meaney et al. [63], we compared the magnitude and phase values for the scattering from a simple phantom illuminated in our imaging chamber. It is noteworthy that there was very little difference between the phase calculations using both 2D and 3D models. There was some deviation for the magnitude, but the differences never exceeded 0.5 dB. It is worth examining the far field behavior of the 2D and 3D waves, in spite of the fact that it is a simple estimation in this situation. For the phase in the main beam, the phases propagate as a function of R (distance from the antenna) for both the 2D and 3D cases. This presumably accounts for the close match of the previous calculations. However, for the magnitude, they decay as a function of 1/R and 1/R2 for the 2D and 3D cases. Likewise, this likely partially accounts for the previously mentioned differences. As hypothesized above, these differences are likely mitigated because we operate within such a physically constrained space. As a final note, the lossy coupling bath most likely assists for this comparison by substantially attenuating (and almost eliminating) signals that might propagate out of the plane of interest only to be reflected back into it during the propagation process. Regardless, our 2D configuration in conjunction with our 2D algorithm has provided good images in a variety of settings from simulations, phantom experiments, animal experiments and even clinical trials.
The Dartmouth microwave imaging system is quite robust because of its synergism of hardware and numerical modeling expertise. Competing implementations of microwave imaging approaches generally ignore multipath signals. In fact, most numerical models preclude their existence by not incorporating structures which would excite surface wave propagation. The Dartmouth approach directly addresses this phenomenon which has led to a range of hardware and software innovations. Most notably, by being able to pack the antennas in such a small circle about the target, various factors have aligned to make 2D imaging a reality.
In addition, by incorporating fundamental concepts from parameter estimation theory, we have been able to implement a version of the image reconstruction process that essentially eliminates the a priori information requirement. While the log transform is most often used for purely real mathematical functions, there is precedent for its use with complex functions—notably for optical coherence tomography. The concept takes on an added level of complexity for microwave imaging because of the phase unwrapping criteria. By developing simple and effective ways to unwrap the phases, we now have an algorithm which does not require a priori information and does not converge to local minima or unwanted solutions. This type of robustness is essential when working in actual clinical situations.
Finally, the results bear out that microwave images can be diagnostically useful in the breast neoadjuvant chemotherapy monitoring setting. Initial pilot results suggest that the property changes observed as early as 30 days after treatment correlate well with final treatment response. Essentially the microwave properties provide a physiological assessment of the response which is known to occur earlier than measures based on morphological phenomena. While physiological models have been proposed that may explain the behavior observed in the imaging trials, more data is required to confirm this phenomenon. Regardless, these results suggest that microwave imaging may be a viable approach and may provide additional tools for clinicians in their fight to treat breast cancer.
This work was supported by NIH/NCI grant # R01-CA240760.
Drs. Meaney and Paulsen are co-inventors on several patents related to microwave imaging.
The Internet has irrevocably changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing. Consequently, we find it necessary to indicate, unambiguously, our definition of what we consider to be a published scientific work.
",metaTitle:"Prior Publication Policy",metaDescription:"Prior Publication Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/prior-publication-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\\n\\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\\n\\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\\n\\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\\n\\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\\n\\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\\n\\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\\n\\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\\n\\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\\n\\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\\n\\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\\n\\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\\n\\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\\n\\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\\n\\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\\n\\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\\n\\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\\n\\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\\n\\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\\n\\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\\n\\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\\n\\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\n\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\n\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\n\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\n\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\n\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\n\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"6"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11645",title:"Neural Tube Defects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"08d6ba70d97767769a97cfeeb52dac78",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11645.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12214",title:"Phagocytosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79d7747d6e3aa6a3623ab710a7634588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12214.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12216",title:"Cell Proliferation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d5e37e8c90c4c6cb33c25d4445574ac0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12216.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12217",title:"Protein Interactions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8514f8e3d3dd0e22e87b0c4c84a6cc3a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12217.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12218",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8cb2e6bb3d9c717bb8dc44e35ed774c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12174",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5922df051a2033c98d2edfb31dd84f8c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12174.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12177",title:"Epigenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"185b00910074e8beeedd2276900a911a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12177.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12310",title:"Advances in Transcriptome Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9b0d98cf9a47e93524dbaa2eedbbcf46",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12310.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12332",title:"Resveratrol - Recent Advances, Application, and Therapeutic Potential",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3b7fe05be184ecb8d7d79fda19259829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12332.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12333",title:"Alkaloids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"50ba29b67f4b54e2e38088c223b35305",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12333.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12368",title:"Histones",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b6890021008f436dcc47bf04c8e57b34",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12368.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12369",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5a82dedbd96e152e777bd10a244e5d57",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:46},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:107},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering",parent:{id:"1",title:"Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology"},numberOfBooks:918,numberOfSeries:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:21793,numberOfWosCitations:37591,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22666,numberOfDimensionsCitations:49580,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"11",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10972",title:"Control Systems in Engineering and Optimization Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f92f65447d0f90b67465865d41a61cd1",slug:"control-systems-in-engineering-and-optimization-techniques",bookSignature:"P. Balasubramaniam, Sathiyaraj Thambiayya, Kuru Ratnavelu and JinRong Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10972.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252215",title:"Dr.",name:"P.",middleName:null,surname:"Balasubramaniam",slug:"p.-balasubramaniam",fullName:"P. Balasubramaniam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10775",title:"Hypersonic Vehicles",subtitle:"Applications, Recent Advances, and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0eb40c595ae6a0a77f2bd4102c00a2e6",slug:"hypersonic-vehicles-applications-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pezzella and Antonio Viviani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10775.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10216",title:"Paraffin",subtitle:"Thermal Energy Storage Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"456090b63f5ba2290e24e655abd119bf",slug:"paraffin-thermal-energy-storage-applications",bookSignature:"ElSayed G. Zaki and Abdelghaffar S. Dhmees",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220156",title:"Dr.",name:"ElSayed G.",middleName:null,surname:"Zaki",slug:"elsayed-g.-zaki",fullName:"ElSayed G. Zaki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10862",title:"Recent Perspectives in Pyrolysis Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fbcd74f18a3cd31b2a02263dca84e66f",slug:"recent-perspectives-in-pyrolysis-research",bookSignature:"Mattia Bartoli and Mauro Giorcelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10862.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188999",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Bartoli",slug:"mattia-bartoli",fullName:"Mattia Bartoli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10269",title:"Network-on-Chip",subtitle:"Architecture, Optimization, and Design Explorations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f244dbc91db3a8dc7b68cd5a944e6dc",slug:"network-on-chip-architecture-optimization-and-design-explorations",bookSignature:"Isiaka A. Alimi, Oluyomi Aboderin, Nelson J. Muga and António L. Teixeira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10269.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"208236",title:"Dr.",name:"Isiaka",middleName:"Ajewale",surname:"Alimi",slug:"isiaka-alimi",fullName:"Isiaka Alimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10685",title:"Management and Applications of Energy Storage Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"586a205ec604f58bc4df847ceafa60c3",slug:"management-and-applications-of-energy-storage-devices",bookSignature:"Kenneth E. Okedu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172580",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenneth Eloghene",middleName:null,surname:"Okedu",slug:"kenneth-eloghene-okedu",fullName:"Kenneth Eloghene Okedu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9889",title:"Low-Temperature Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2865068ffdd46feac433c0592bbd377a",slug:"low-temperature-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Salim Newaz Kazi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9889.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93483",title:"Prof.",name:"Md Salim Newaz",middleName:null,surname:"Kazi",slug:"md-salim-newaz-kazi",fullName:"Md Salim Newaz Kazi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10969",title:"New Perspectives on Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac30eed50ea83d4284f11d72791aa15a",slug:"new-perspectives-on-electric-vehicles",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:918,seriesByTopicCollection:[{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],seriesByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"17237",doi:"10.5772/24553",title:"Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, Characterisation and Applications",slug:"hydrogels-methods-of-preparation-characterisation-and-applications",totalDownloads:65735,totalCrossrefCites:86,totalDimensionsCites:276,abstract:null,book:{id:"248",slug:"progress-in-molecular-and-environmental-bioengineering-from-analysis-and-modeling-to-technology-applications",title:"Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering",fullTitle:"Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering - From Analysis and Modeling to Technology Applications"},signatures:"Syed K. H. Gulrez, Saphwan Al-Assaf and Glyn O Phillips",authors:[{id:"58120",title:"Prof.",name:"Saphwan",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Assaf",slug:"saphwan-al-assaf",fullName:"Saphwan Al-Assaf"}]},{id:"13254",doi:"10.5772/13474",title:"Insight Into Adsorption Thermodynamics",slug:"insight-into-adsorption-thermodynamics",totalDownloads:7122,totalCrossrefCites:84,totalDimensionsCites:252,abstract:null,book:{id:"25",slug:"thermodynamics",title:"Thermodynamics",fullTitle:"Thermodynamics"},signatures:"Papita Saha and Shamik Chowdhury",authors:[{id:"13943",title:"Dr.",name:"Papita",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"papita-saha",fullName:"Papita Saha"},{id:"24184",title:"Mr.",name:"Shamik",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"shamik-chowdhury",fullName:"Shamik Chowdhury"}]},{id:"35261",doi:"10.5772/34233",title:"Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of ABS Parts Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modelling",slug:"anisotropic-mechanical-properties-of-abs-parts-fabricated-by-fused-deposition-modeling-",totalDownloads:7225,totalCrossrefCites:112,totalDimensionsCites:236,abstract:null,book:{id:"1982",slug:"mechanical-engineering",title:"Mechanical Engineering",fullTitle:"Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"Constance Ziemian, Mala Sharma and Sophia Ziemian",authors:[{id:"89554",title:"Dr.",name:"Mala",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"mala-sharma",fullName:"Mala Sharma"},{id:"98759",title:"Dr.",name:"Constance",middleName:null,surname:"Ziemian",slug:"constance-ziemian",fullName:"Constance Ziemian"},{id:"137165",title:"Ms.",name:"Sophia",middleName:null,surname:"Ziemian",slug:"sophia-ziemian",fullName:"Sophia Ziemian"}]},{id:"8446",doi:"10.5772/39538",title:"2 µm Laser Sources and Their Possible Applications",slug:"2-m-laser-sources-and-their-possible-applications",totalDownloads:12006,totalCrossrefCites:136,totalDimensionsCites:212,abstract:null,book:{id:"3161",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics"},signatures:"Karsten Scholle, Samir Lamrini, Philipp Koopmann and Peter Fuhrberg",authors:[{id:"4951",title:"Dr.",name:"Karsten",middleName:null,surname:"Scholle",slug:"karsten-scholle",fullName:"Karsten Scholle"},{id:"133366",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Lamrini",slug:"samir-lamrini",fullName:"Samir Lamrini"},{id:"133370",title:"Prof.",name:"Philipp",middleName:null,surname:"Koopmann",slug:"philipp-koopmann",fullName:"Philipp Koopmann"},{id:"133371",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Fuhrberg",slug:"peter-fuhrberg",fullName:"Peter Fuhrberg"}]},{id:"27163",doi:"10.5772/31200",title:"Synergisms between Compost and Biochar for Sustainable Soil Amelioration",slug:"synergism-between-biochar-and-compost-for-sustainable-soil-amelioration",totalDownloads:6005,totalCrossrefCites:68,totalDimensionsCites:167,abstract:null,book:{id:"873",slug:"management-of-organic-waste",title:"Management of Organic Waste",fullTitle:"Management of Organic Waste"},signatures:"Daniel Fischer and Bruno Glaser",authors:[{id:"84418",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Glaser",slug:"bruno-glaser",fullName:"Bruno Glaser"},{id:"96141",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"daniel-fischer",fullName:"Daniel Fischer"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35255",title:"Mechanical Transmissions Parameter Modelling",slug:"mechanical-transmissions-parameter-modelling",totalDownloads:7046,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1982",slug:"mechanical-engineering",title:"Mechanical Engineering",fullTitle:"Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"Isad Saric, Nedzad Repcic and Adil Muminovic",authors:[{id:"101313",title:"Prof.",name:"Isad",middleName:null,surname:"Saric",slug:"isad-saric",fullName:"Isad Saric"}]},{id:"67558",title:"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Principle and Applications",slug:"polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-principle-and-applications",totalDownloads:10263,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The characterization of the diversity of species living within ecosystems is of major scientific interest to understand the functioning of these ecosystems. It is also becoming a societal issue since it is necessary to implement the conservation or even the restoration of biodiversity. Historically, species have been described and characterized on the basis of morphological criteria, which are closely linked by environmental conditions or which find their limits especially in groups where they are difficult to access, as is the case for many species of microorganisms. The need to understand the molecular mechanisms in species has made the PCR an indispensable tool for understanding the functioning of these biological systems. A number of markers are now available to detect nuclear DNA polymorphisms. In genetic diversity studies, the most frequently used markers are microsatellites. The study of biological complexity is a new frontier that requires high-throughput molecular technology, high speed computer memory, new approaches to data analysis, and the integration of interdisciplinary skills.",book:{id:"7728",slug:"synthetic-biology-new-interdisciplinary-science",title:"Synthetic Biology",fullTitle:"Synthetic Biology - New Interdisciplinary Science"},signatures:"Karim Kadri",authors:[{id:"290766",title:"Dr.",name:"Kadri",middleName:null,surname:"Karim",slug:"kadri-karim",fullName:"Kadri Karim"}]},{id:"62059",title:"Types of HVAC Systems",slug:"types-of-hvac-systems",totalDownloads:12036,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"HVAC systems are milestones of building mechanical systems that provide thermal comfort for occupants accompanied with indoor air quality. HVAC systems can be classified into central and local systems according to multiple zones, location, and distribution. Primary HVAC equipment includes heating equipment, ventilation equipment, and cooling or air-conditioning equipment. Central HVAC systems locate away from buildings in a central equipment room and deliver the conditioned air by a delivery ductwork system. Central HVAC systems contain all-air, air-water, all-water systems. Two systems should be considered as central such as heating and cooling panels and water-source heat pumps. Local HVAC systems can be located inside a conditioned zone or adjacent to it and no requirement for ductwork. Local systems include local heating, local air-conditioning, local ventilation, and split systems.",book:{id:"6807",slug:"hvac-system",title:"HVAC System",fullTitle:"HVAC System"},signatures:"Shaimaa Seyam",authors:[{id:"247650",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"},{id:"257733",title:"MSc.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"},{id:"395618",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaimaa",middleName:null,surname:"Seyam",slug:"shaimaa-seyam",fullName:"Shaimaa Seyam"}]},{id:"70315",title:"Some Basic and Key Issues of Switched-Reluctance Machine Systems",slug:"some-basic-and-key-issues-of-switched-reluctance-machine-systems",totalDownloads:1216,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Although switched-reluctance machine (SRM) possesses many structural advantages and application potential, it is rather difficult to successfully control with high performance being comparable to other machines. Many critical affairs must be properly treated to obtain the improved operating characteristics. This chapter presents the basic and key technologies of switched-reluctance machine in motor and generator operations. The contents in this chapter include: (1) structures and governing equations of SRM; (2) some commonly used SRM converters; (3) estimation of key parameters and performance evaluation of SRM drive; (4) commutation scheme, current control scheme, and speed control scheme of SRM drive; (5) some commonly used front-end converters and their operation controls for SRM drive; (6) reversible and regenerative braking operation controls for SRM drive; (7) some tuning issues for SRM drive; (8) operation control and some tuning issues of switched-reluctance generators; and (9) experimental application exploration for SRM systems—(a) wind generator and microgrid and (b) EV SRM drive.",book:{id:"8899",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-switched-reluctance-machines",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",fullTitle:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines"},signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw"},{id:"306461",title:"Mr.",name:"Min-Ze",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"min-ze-lu",fullName:"Min-Ze Lu"},{id:"306463",title:"Mr.",name:"Ping-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Jhou",slug:"ping-hong-jhou",fullName:"Ping-Hong Jhou"},{id:"306464",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chou",slug:"kuan-yu-chou",fullName:"Kuan-Yu Chou"}]},{id:"70874",title:"Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources",slug:"social-economic-and-environmental-impacts-of-renewable-energy-resources",totalDownloads:4712,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:48,abstract:"Conventional energy source based on coal, gas, and oil are very much helpful for the improvement in the economy of a country, but on the other hand, some bad impacts of these resources in the environment have bound us to use these resources within some limit and turned our thinking toward the renewable energy resources. The social, environmental, and economical problems can be omitted by use of renewable energy sources, because these resources are considered as environment-friendly, having no or little emission of exhaust and poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monooxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. Renewable energy is going to be an important source for power generation in near future, because we can use these resources again and again to produce useful energy. Wind power generation is considered as having lowest water consumption, lowest relative greenhouse gas emission, and most favorable social impacts. It is considered as one of the most sustainable renewable energy sources, followed by hydropower, photovoltaic, and then geothermal. As these resources are considered as clean energy resources, they can be helpful for the mitigation of greenhouse effect and global warming effect. Local employment, better health, job opportunities, job creation, consumer choice, improvement of life standard, social bonds creation, income development, demographic impacts, social bonds creation, and community development can be achieved by the proper usage of renewable energy system. Along with the outstanding advantages of these resources, some shortcomings also exist such as the variation of output due to seasonal change, which is the common thing for wind and hydroelectric power plant; hence, special design and consideration are required, which are fulfilled by the hardware and software due to the improvement in computer technology.",book:{id:"7636",slug:"wind-solar-hybrid-renewable-energy-system",title:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",fullTitle:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System"},signatures:"Mahesh Kumar",authors:[{id:"309842",title:"Mr.",name:"Kamlesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"kamlesh-kumar",fullName:"Kamlesh Kumar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"11",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81870",title:"Value-Added Products from Natural Gas using Fermentation Processes—Products from Natural Gas using Fermentation Processes, Part 2",slug:"value-added-products-from-natural-gas-using-fermentation-processes-products-from-natural-gas-using-f",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104643",abstract:"Methanotrophic bacteria can use methane as their only energy and carbon source, and they can be deployed to manufacture a broad range of value-added materials, from single-cell protein (SCP) for feed and food applications over biopolymers, such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), to value-added building blocks and chemicals. SCP can replace fish meal and soy for fish (aquacultures), chicken, and other feed applications, and also become a replacement for meat after suitable treatment, as a sustainable alternative protein. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) like PHB are a possible alternative to fossil-based thermoplastics. With ongoing and increasing pressure toward decarbonization in many industries, one can assume that natural gas consumption for combustion will decline. Methanotrophic upgrading of natural gas to valuable products is poised to become a very attractive option for owners of natural gas resources, regardless of whether they are connected to the gas grids. If all required protein, (bio) plastics, and chemicals were made from natural gas, only 7, 12, 16–32%, and in total only 35–51%, respectively, of the annual production volume would be required. Also, that volume of methane could be sourced from renewable resources. Scalability will be the decisive factor in the circular and biobased economy transition, and it is methanotrophic fermentation that can close that gap.",book:{id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas - New Perspectives and Future Developments",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg"},signatures:"Maximilian Lackner, David Drew, Valentina Bychkova and Ildar Mustakhimov"},{id:"81861",title:"Emerging Human Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2) in the Environment Associated with Outbreaks Viral Pandemics",slug:"emerging-human-coronaviruses-sars-cov-2-in-the-environment-associated-with-outbreaks-viral-pandemics",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103886",abstract:"In December 2019, there was a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, a city of about 11 million people in Hubei Province. The World Health Organization (WHO), qualified CoVid-19 as an emerging infectious disease on March 11, 2020, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which spreads around the world. Coronaviruses are also included in the list of viruses likely to be found in raw sewage, as are other viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae family. SRAS-CoV-2 has been detected in wastewater worldwide such as the USA, France, Netherlands, Australia, and Italy according to the National Research Institute for Public Health and the Environment. In addition, the SARS-CoV-2 could infect many animals since it has been noticed in pigs, domestic and wild birds, bats, rodents, dogs, cats, tigers, cattle. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 molecular characterization in the environment, particularly in wastewater and animals, appeared to be a novel approach to monitor the outbreaks of viral pandemics. This review will be focused on the description of some virological characteristics of these emerging viruses, the different human and zoonotic coronaviruses, the sources of contamination of wastewater by coronaviruses and their potential procedures of disinfection from wastewater.",book:{id:"11173",title:"Wastewater Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11173.jpg"},signatures:"Chourouk Ibrahim, Salah Hammami, Eya Ghanmi and Abdennaceur Hassen"},{id:"81826",title:"Robot Perception Based on Vision and Haptic Feedback for Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"robot-perception-based-on-vision-and-haptic-feedback-for-fighting-the-covid-19-pandemic",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104983",abstract:"The robot perception can be enhanced further through visual and haptic to give more impression. This chapter aims to combine vision and haptic for the robot navigation during tracing their movement. The pandemic has striven humans to do direct contact; therefore, an alternative using the robot as delivery tools is assumed to be one of solution. As the initial experiment has been shown in the previous section, the deviation of angle is quite low and the success rate of arriving at the destination is also quite high around 76%. Future work can be enhanced by improving the success rate by monitoring the robot track closely.",book:{id:"10663",title:"Haptic Technology - Intelligent Approach to Future Man-Machine Interaction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10663.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmad Hoirul Basori, Omar M. Barukab, Sharaf Jameel Malebary and Andi Besse Firdausiah Mansur"},{id:"81849",title:"A Comparative Evaluation of Biodiesel and Used Cooking Oil as Feedstock for HDRD Application: A Review",slug:"a-comparative-evaluation-of-biodiesel-and-used-cooking-oil-as-feedstock-for-hdrd-application-a-revie",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104393",abstract:"The search for clean energy for transportation fuel across the globe has grown in intensity. The use of biodiesel as a fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines has shown some deficiencies, e.g., poor storage, and poor pour point. The carbon chain of biodiesel is one of the factors to be considered; the longer carbon chain length leads to decreased ignition delay, which leads to the formation of OH during the premixed combustion phase. The major challenges that render biodiesel inefficient are discussed, like higher viscosity, lower energy content, higher nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions, lower engine speed and power, injector coking, engine compatibility, high cost, and higher engine wear. The novelty of this work is that it shows that biodiesel conversion to green diesel is possible using a biowaste heterogeneous catalyst to obtain quality and high yield of HDRD with lower cost. This renewable energy (HDRD) possesses properties that are directly compatible with CI engines and transportation engines. This research reviewed biodiesel and UCO as feedstocks for the production of HDRD, including the cost–benefit of these feedstocks. Hydrogenation of biodiesel has the potential to overcome the drawbacks of conventional chemically catalyzed processes.",book:{id:"11164",title:"Diesel Engines",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11164.jpg"},signatures:"Josiah Pelemo, Kayode Timothy Akindeji, Freddie L. Inambao, Omojola Awogbemi and Emmanuel Idoko Onuh"},{id:"81819",title:"Value-Added Products from Natural Gas Using Fermentation Processes: Fermentation of Natural Gas as Valorization Route, Part 1",slug:"value-added-products-from-natural-gas-using-fermentation-processes-fermentation-of-natural-gas-as-va",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103813",abstract:"Methanotrophic bacteria can use methane as their only energy and carbon source, and they can be deployed to manufacture a broad range of value-added materials, from single cell protein (SCP) for feed and food applications over biopolymers such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) to value-added building blocks and chemicals. SCP can replace fish meal and soy for fish (aquacultures), chicken and other feed applications, and also become a replacement of meat after suitable treatment, as a sustainable alternative protein. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) like PHB are a possible alternative to fossil-based thermoplastics. With ongoing and increasing pressure towards decarbonization in many industries, one can assume that natural gas consumption for combustion will decline. Methanotrophic upgrading of natural gas to valuable products is poised to become a very attractive option for owners of natural gas resources, regardless of whether they are connected to the gas grids. If all required protein, (bio)plastics and chemicals were made from natural gas, only 7, 12, 16–32%, and in total only 35–51%, respectively, of the annual production volume would be required. Also, that volume of methane could be sourced from renewable resources. Scalability will be the decisive factor in the circular and biobased economy transition, and it is methanotrophic fermentation that can close that gap.",book:{id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas - New Perspectives and Future Developments",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg"},signatures:"Maximilian Lackner, David Drew, Valentina Bychkova and Ildar Mustakhimov"},{id:"81797",title:"Study of Change Surface Aerator to Submerged Nonporous Aerator in Biological Pond in an Industrial Wastewater Treatment in Daura Refinery",slug:"study-of-change-surface-aerator-to-submerged-nonporous-aerator-in-biological-pond-in-an-industrial-w",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104860",abstract:"Daura refinery, with a capacity of 140,000 barrel per stream day as a refining capacity, wastewater discharged from refining and treatment processing units, polluted water as foul water, drainages, oil spills, blowdown of boilers and cooling towers, and many other polluted water sources, aims to remove pollutants and reject clean water to the river; wastewater treatment system takes place in this treatment process. Wastewater treatment system suffers from many problems and specifically biological stage; at this stage, activated sludge with bacteria, should be supplied with oxygen, aeration system done by surface aerators with four surface fans; these fans suffer from high vibration, loss support, and in consequence, lack in oxygen supply to aerobic bacteria less than 4 ppm. The nonporous aerator is suggested as an oxygen source for the biological pool. The pilot plant builds the aim to study the ability to apply the new aeration system at the biological pool, pilot plant build with 1 cubic meter capacity tank and continuous overflow of wastewater of 10 liters.min−1, air injected with the pressure of (0.5–0.75) bar(g), and airflow of (7.6–9.7) liter.min−1 respectively. Oxygen concentration was recorded as (3.4–6.0) ppm; in terms of consumption power, changing the aeration system reduces it to less than 20%.",book:{id:"11173",title:"Wastewater Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11173.jpg"},signatures:"Omar M. Waheeb, Mohanad Mahmood Salman and Rand Qusay Kadhim"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:235},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11675",title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",hash:"e1d9662c334dd78ab35bfb57c3bf106e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"281317",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Iannotti",slug:"fabio-iannotti",fullName:"Fabio Iannotti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11677",title:"New Insights in Mammalian Endocrinology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11677.jpg",hash:"c59dd0f87bbf829ca091c485f4cc4e68",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"321396",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad Subhan",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"muhammad-subhan-qureshi",fullName:"Muhammad Subhan Qureshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:9,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:19,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",slug:"human-microbiome",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",volumeInSeries:20,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:8},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:10}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"dinh-hoa-nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"hongbin-ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",slug:"yasushi-kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81412",title:"Mathematical Morphology and the Heart Signals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104113",signatures:"Taouli Sidi Ahmed",slug:"mathematical-morphology-and-the-heart-signals",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81360",title:"Deep Learning Algorithms for Efficient Analysis of ECG Signals to Detect Heart Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103075",signatures:"Sumagna Dey, Rohan Pal and Saptarshi Biswas",slug:"deep-learning-algorithms-for-efficient-analysis-of-ecg-signals-to-detect-heart-disorders",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81068",title:"Characteristic Profiles of Heart Rate Variability in Depression and Anxiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104205",signatures:"Toshikazu Shinba",slug:"characteristic-profiles-of-heart-rate-variability-in-depression-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80691",title:"Applications of Quantum Mechanics, Laws of Classical Physics, and Differential Calculus to Evaluate Source Localization According to the Electroencephalogram",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102831",signatures:"Kristin S. Williams",slug:"applications-of-quantum-mechanics-laws-of-classical-physics-and-differential-calculus-to-evaluate-so",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80643",title:"EEG Authentication System Using Fuzzy Vault Scheme",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102699",signatures:"Fatima M. Baqer and Salah Albermany",slug:"eeg-authentication-system-using-fuzzy-vault-scheme",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80529",title:"Effective EEG Artifact Removal from EEG Signal",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102698",signatures:"Vandana Roy",slug:"effective-eeg-artifact-removal-from-eeg-signal",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80505",title:"Soft Tissue Image Reconstruction Using Diffuse Optical Tomography",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102463",signatures:"Umamaheswari K, Shrichandran G.V. and Jebaderwin D.",slug:"soft-tissue-image-reconstruction-using-diffuse-optical-tomography",totalDownloads:47,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"79881",title:"Control of Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Cancer through a Combination of Cytoskeletal Components",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101624",signatures:"Ban Hussein Alwash, Rawan Asaad Jaber Al-Rubaye, Mustafa Mohammad Alaaraj and Anwar Yahya Ebrahim",slug:"control-of-cytoskeletal-dynamics-in-cancer-through-a-combination-of-cytoskeletal-components",totalDownloads:104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"79580",title:"Dotting the “i” of Interoperability in FAIR Cancer-Registry Data Sets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101330",signatures:"Nicholas Nicholson, Francesco Giusti, Luciana Neamtiu, Giorgia Randi, Tadeusz Dyba, Manola Bettio, Raquel Negrao Carvalho, Nadya Dimitrova, Manuela Flego and Carmen Martos",slug:"dotting-the-i-of-interoperability-in-fair-cancer-registry-data-sets",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"79550",title:"Urologic Cancer Molecular Biology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101381",signatures:"Pavel Onofrei, Viorel Dragoș Radu, Alina-Alexandra Onofrei, Stoica Laura, Doinita Temelie-Olinici, Ana-Emanuela Botez, Vasile Bogdan Grecu and Elena Carmen Cotrutz",slug:"urologic-cancer-molecular-biology",totalDownloads:96,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"79450",title:"Identification of Biomarkers Associated with Cancer Using Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101432",signatures:"Arpana Parihar, Shivani Malviya and Raju Khan",slug:"identification-of-biomarkers-associated-with-cancer-using-integrated-bioinformatic-analysis",totalDownloads:156,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},publishedBooks:{},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/25002",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"25002"},fullPath:"/chapters/25002",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()