\r\n\tThis book chapter’s main theme will be focused on transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, mechanisms of host interaction and response, epigenetics and markers, molecular diagnosis, RNA interacting proteins, RNA binding proteins, advanced development of tools for diagnosis, possible development of concepts for vaccines and anti drugs for RNA viruses, immunological mechanisms, treatment, prevention and control.
\r\n\t
In the present era of globalization, outsourcing proves to be one of the prominent and emerging business practices widely adopted by the firms around the world in order to stay competitive [1]. There are various definitions and explanations of outsourcing in the literature, all mostly conveying a similar meaning. Outsourcing is an abbreviation for “outside resource using” which essentially means using external parties in the value chain of a firm [2]. Outsourcing is defined as a management approach in which an enterprise delegates its operational responsibilities to an external party which was prior performed in-house [3]. Tadelis [4] defines outsourcing as “the transfer of a business activity or function to an external provider (or vendor) who takes control of the activity’s inputs, and then performs that function off the company’s balance sheet and sells the activity/function back to the company”. Outsourcing to third-party firms when based within the same continent or substantially in the similar cultural environment is termed as near shore outsourcing whereas third-party vendors when based on a different continent or substantially in a different cultural environment is termed as offshore outsourcing [5, 6].
Hätönen and Eriksson [7] and Zhu et al. [8] define outsourcing as one of the strategies that are being recently practised among most of the manufacturing and service industries so as to gain competitive advantage. Considering the potential benefits of such a business practice in terms of catering to the customer requirements in reduced time and cost, a wide application of outsourcing has been noticed by industries all over the globe. Though originated in the eighteenth-century, such business endeavour has gained prominence during the 1980s. Since then there has been a massive paradigm shift in such a business outlook [9, 10]. Traditionally, outsourcing practices were confined to peripheral jobs like cleaning, catering, and security that has shifted to potential core jobs like design, research and development, manufacturing, mining, human resource, sales and marketing [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. A large number of firms view outsourcing as a value-addition process and a means to achieve business transformation [16, 17]. Thus, the motivation of outsourcing that was solely based on cost criteria has gradually transformed into a strategy-based approach more likely to be known as transformational outsourcing. In this reference certain concepts like vested outsourcing, crowdsourcing, white collar outsourcing has emerged in the era of 21st century.
Outsourcing has offered several benefits to the organizations that have enabled managers to use it as a strategic tool to be ahead in the competitive race [18]. The motivation for outsourcing differs from one organization to the other and accordingly a wide spectrum of possible benefits is witnessed in the existing literature. Outsourcing has been a proven mechanism in offering a plethora of strategic benefits including skilled workforce, state-of-the-art technology, cost reduction, greater flexibility are to name a few [19, 20]. Organizations have experienced several other benefits of outsourcing, some of them are mentioned below [21]:
Outsourcing non-value-added activities to third-party service providers allow the companies to focus on their core activities. Outsourcing non-strategic activities allow the client firms to invest in capital, resources, and time to the areas that contribute to the competitiveness of the firm [22, 23, 24].
Outsourcing allows the companies to achieve cost-savings in terms of reduced overheads and consequent training costs by delegating low-skilled and labour-intensive activities to low-cost locations [25, 26].
Outsourcing enables organizations to achieve cost-savings by capitalizing on economies of scale gained through production efficiencies and specialized personnel of the outsourced firm [22, 27].
Outsourcing allows achievement of improved and quality services due to service provider’s standardized and consistent service levels which ensures an improved and appropriate level of service through their specialized equipment and expertise [28, 29].
Outsourcing enables organizations to convert fixed cost into variable cost. Components that are required occasionally are often selected as the candidates for outsourcing since maintaining capacity for such items may lead to cost incurrence throughout the year [30, 31].
Outsourcing enables organizations to gain access to the state-of-the-art and most effective technology, innovation, proven methodologies, and specialized capabilities of the outsourced firm [10, 27, 29].
Outsourcing enables firms to deliver products/services at a much-reduced time. Reduced cycle time leads to better responsiveness in catering to the ever-changing customer needs through the utilization of state-of-the-art technology, specialized knowledge, and expertise workforce [2, 32, 33].
Outsourcing brings in greater flexibility. Outsourcing is beneficial at times when sudden necessity arises for a certain resource that may be either human or equipment that are not required on a full-time basis [30, 34, 35].
Outsourcing is helpful at times in terms of sharing risks when conditions like market fluctuations, volatile financial conditions, and change in government regulations occur [32, 35].
Though outsourcing has been considered as a strategic tool in providing organizations with a competitive advantage, there are quite a few drawbacks which adversely affects the firm in form of cost escalation and inherent risks [30, 36]. Some of the outsourcing risks are highlighted as follows:
Outsourcing may lead to loss of core competencies of the firm. It has been witnessed that firms often indulge in an aggressive outsourcing in view of the short-term cost advantage failing to realize the significance of such an activity in contributing to the long-run competitiveness of the firm [32]. Delegating a potential activity may be vulnerable in terms of the service provider becoming a competitor in the near future [21].
Dependency on the service provider sometimes leads to opportunism demonstrated by the service provider which is another risk factor in an outsourcing relationship. Opportunism occurs when individuals act deceitfully and in a self-seeking manner as and when need arises [37, 38]. Such negative behaviour influences an outsourcing relationship by increasing cost and decreasing revenue [39].
Client organization investing in specialized assets and resources (tangible and intangible) that are specific to that relationship often encounter difficulties in switching providers known as lock-in situation. Interruption of supply, delivery of inferior quality of products, unexpected cost escalations, and non-performance of the service provider are some of the complications encountered by the client organization in such situation [37].
One of the primary motives behind outsourcing is to gain cost advantage. However, there are several unexpected costs associated with outsourcing such as, cost of monitoring, implementing, negotiating, coordinating, enforcing and terminating the existing exchange agreements that goes unnoticed and unreported while taking an outsourcing decision [32].
Possession of proprietary knowledge and methods, customer specific data, organizational know-how are examples of intellectual capital that need to be identified and protected through contract clauses when engaging a third party as they can be easily copied and thereby prone to risks and leakages [40, 41].
The academic literature on outsourcing in the Indian context mostly deals with the outsourcing of information technology/information systems (IT/IS) and business process outsourcing (BPO) that are outsourced to Indian IT firms by the multinational companies (MNCs) located abroad. However, studies on outsourcing practices followed by the Indian firms may be inadequate in the extant literature. It was observed that the decision of outsourcing is often taken in an aggressive manner with an emphasis on short-term cost advantage rather than giving due consideration in realizing the significant contribution of such decisions over the long-term competitiveness of the organization [42]. The present study provides a structured approach to investigate the appropriateness of outsourcing, as a strategic decision, in accord with the organizational strategy for performance improvement in the context of an Indian coal mining organization. Therefore, the objectives of the present study are to provide a general overview of outsourcing in the backdrop of the Indian outsourcing scenario focussing on the coal mining organization and manufacturing and service industries in general. The study then discusses the significant contribution of the coal mining organization in reference to the growing importance of coal in the country. Subsequently, the relevance of outsourcing in view of the improved organizational performances for the Indian coal mining organization has been elucidated. Finally, the study proposes an outsourcing decision model that may provide a comprehensive approach towards evaluating the appropriateness of such strategic decision as outsourcing in consistent with the organizational strategy for performance improvement for the coal mining organization in India.
As aforementioned, the extant literature on outsourcing in the Indian context mostly highlights outsourcing of IT, IS, and BPO that are offshored to Indian IT firms by the MNCs located overseas [43, 44]. However, studies on outsourcing practices by the Indian firms may be inadequate in the extant literature. According to the outsourcing survey by Deloitte, the business functions that are recently being outsourced are IT, operations, finance, human resources, legal, real estate/facilities, procurement, and sales/marketing support [45]. As reported in this survey, while IT, finance, and operations are expected to be heavily outsourced in offshore locations, business functions such as procurement, human resources, sales and marketing, legal, and real estate/facilities are likely to be outsourced within the national boundaries (India). Some of the publicly known cases of outsourcing by Indian firms are (a) IT outsourcing contract to IBM by Airtel [46], (b) outsourcing of business process and technology by Indian banking sector [47], (c) outsourcing of mining operations by Hindustan copper Ltd. and Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd. [48, 49], (d) outsourcing of back-office operations to Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) by Passport Seva, Ministry of External Affairs [50], (e) outsourcing of passenger services by Indian Railways [51], and (f) human resources management system outsourcing contract to TCS by the Indian Railways [52]. Some of the recent cases of outsourcing reported in Indian context that are more transformational in nature are relocation of high-tech industries like pharmaceutical industry outsourced to India [53], study of professional service outsourcing in India while examining the impacts of task traits (complexity, connectivity and security) and their alignments with inter-firm governance control mechanisms in improving service capabilities by Jayaraman and Liu [54], the impact of employer branding strategy on employee engagement consideration a case of a business process outsourcing (BPO) in India [43], and R & D offshore outsourcing to India, the service provider, taking into account their innovation performance gained through learning from their clients for a biopharmaceutical industry [55].
Mineral and mining sectors play a pivotal role in the economic development of a country as they are the principal source of raw materials for an array of industries. Among them, coal is the most dominating energy resource and remains as the lifeline for fuelling Indian industries since its first use in the 1700s. Coal mining constitutes a share of 80% of the total mining in India while the remaining 20% includes mining of various other ores such as gold, copper, iron, lead, bauxite, zinc, etc. [56]. At present coal contributes about 52% to the India’s total commercial energy needs and about 66% of the country’s power generation and is expected to remain the most viable energy resource contributing to sustainable economic growth for the years to come [56, 57, 58, 59]. As India is among the top three fastest-growing economies in the world, the coal mining industry in India plays a substantial role in fulfilling the uprising demand of coal from the increasing power plants, steel, and cement industries.
The state-owned coal mining organization of India came into existence in the year 1975 after the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act in the year 1973 taking over the private coal mines by the Government. For the purpose of this study, this organization is referred to as the Indian coal mining organization (ICMO). ICMO owns seven coal producing subsidiaries along with a mine planning and consultancy company located in eight provincial states in India. They are Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Western Coalfields Limited (WCL), Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL), and Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited (CMPDIL) [57]. Ministry of Coal (MoC) is responsible for the development and implementation of policies and strategies for the entire coal sector that are exercised through ICMO and its subsidiaries along with Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) which is a public-sector undertaking company jointly governed by Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Government of India [56]. ICMO is of strategic importance to the country because of several reasons as mentioned below [57]:
India is the third largest coal-producing country in the world after China and USA where ICMO contributes to about 81.1% of India’s overall coal production and is the single largest coal producer in the world.
Out of the 52% of India’s primary commercial energy which is coal-based, ICMO alone contributes to around 40% of the primary commercial energy requirement.
ICMO accounts for about 74% of the Indian coal market.
ICMO maintains the stability of coal prices to the Indian coal customers.
The main business of the organization is based on the identification of coal reserves, coal exploration, design, optimization and application of operational activities for excavation of coal while distributing them to industries across the nation as per the demand.
As coal is an important source of primary energy in India, the demand for coal has always been on the rise. The demand for coal has further aggravated in view of the increasing power sectors and steel and cement industries growing nationwide. Despite the fact that India has been ranked fourth in terms of the total coal reserve and is also considered as the third largest coal producing country in the world, India is still chasing to encounter the escalating demand of coal.
As per the Coal India Report (2014–2015), between 2007–2008 and 2014–2015, the demand for coal in India has increased from 492.5 million tons (MT) to 787.03 MT showing an increase of 60% over a period of seven years. Figure 1 illustrates the year-wise details of overall demand for coal and the corresponding share of ICMO, SCCL, and other indigenous sources contributing to the overall demand while the gap is met through import [57].
Year-wise demand and supply of coal.
From Figure 1 it may be observed that the share of demand met by ICMO, SCCL, and other indigenous sources have always been substantially below the expected demand which has necessitated the coal mining organization to depend on coal imports from the neighbourhood countries. The gap, bridged by import between the period 2007–2008 and 2012–2013 has increased from 30.61 MT to 192.54 MT, showing a rise of 529% over a period of five years.
The Ministry of Coal articulates several reasons for such dependency on imported coal. As stated, increasing unavailability of indigenous coal, limited availability of coal with desired quality, environmental consideration in combining the low-quality coal with good quality imported coal, and locations-based cost issues are among the primary influencers [57]. However, coal imports are associated with certain risks and challenges that include fluctuations in global spot prices and foreign exchange rates, law and order issues in exporting countries, and many more [60]. In view of the growing inclination towards the import of coal from oversea sources, there have been several initiatives to enhancement in-house coal production to the outmost possible which are within the ICMO’s 12th Five-year plan. The strategies within the 12th Five-year plan include enhancement of exploration drilling capacity, introduction of new mines, and fast initiation of activities related to projects in-process [57]. However, the improvement and expansion of in-house domestic mines involve a substantial amount of investment resulting in a considerable increase in the price of coal [60]. At the same time, it has been also noticed that service providers have facilitated firms in enhancing their business processes though their technical efficiency, expertise, cost-saving techniques, and flexibility when they were deployed for operational activities. Likewise, the captive mines have realized competitive advantage through deployment of modernized equipment, adoption of new technologies, and utilization of experience and expertise of the service providers [60]. The presence of these third-party private agencies has also been noteworthy in the development and operation of coal mines through contract mining and related technical services.
In view of the significant participation of the third-party providers, the coal mining organization in India have started several interventions involving such organizations to delegate some of the key operational activities. This, in turn, is expected to diminish the ever increasing demand–supply gap through increase in operational efficiency, cost-reduction techniques, sustainability of operations and minimization of wastes [56]. Considering the above, outsourcing of operational activities has been introduced by ICMO to suffice the growing energy demand.
One of the primary objectives of ICMO is to enhance its internal exploration drilling operation to accomplish the expected target as mentioned in the 12th Five-year plan. Outsourcing of drilling operation by CMPDIL has increased from 0.07 lakh meter in 2007–2008 to 2.86 lakh meter in 2012–2013 over a period of five years that has further increased to 6.15 lakh meter in 2013–2014 showing a significant increase of 115%. For the year 2014–2015 the drilling operation has further increased to 8.28 lakh meter realized through departmental resources and outsourcing [57]. The estimated target for the year 2015–2016 has considerably increased to 15 lakh meter where the departmental capacity has been raised to 4 lakh meter and the rest through outsourcing [61]. According to the report, a total of 50 blocks involving 17.7 lakh meter of drilling was awarded since 2008–2009, however, drilling has been performed in only 24 blocks. The rest of the blocks are remaining non-functional because of reasons like local law and order problems and non-availability of forest clearance [61].
As reported, ECL, a coal producing subsidiary within ICMO, produced 141.73 lakh tons of coal and raised 587.91 lakh cubic meter of overburden (OB) from 27 outsourcing opencast patches in 2014–2015 that increased to 171.12 lakh tons of coal and 882.20 lakh cubic meter of OB in the year 2015–2016 from 31 outsourced opencast patches [62]. CCL, another subsidiary, has already outsourced several opencast mines and have been outsourcing a number of activities like OB removal, exploration, and monitoring of geological exploration. NCL has been planning to outsource OB removal along with departmental outsourcing which is within their 2015–2016 production program [63]. As reported, MCL has been also planning to outsource activities for the expansion of the opencast projects [64]. Further, it has been clearly stated by ICMO and MoC that they have already engaged an international agency for studying the mine operations in order to modernize the existing mines through the implementation of state-of-the-art technology [57].
Thus, the above-stated facts emphasize the importance of outsourcing as a strategic decision of the organization in view of the improved organizational performances. However, while conducting the site visits and interacting with the company executives, the researcher discovered several lacunas related to the absence of strategic perspectives in regard to the outsourcing decisions of operational activities. It was observed that the decision of outsourcing is often taken in an aggressive manner with an emphasis on short-term cost advantage rather than giving due consideration in realizing the significant contribution of such decisions over the long-term competitiveness of the organization. Management of the company ought to have recognized the need to develop a logical step-wise approach towards adopting outsourcing through a clear understanding of the contribution of each operational activity and its relation to organizational core competencies. Second, the need to analyse the appropriateness of the organization’s outsourcing decision in the context of organizational strategy and its effect on organizational performance is another area of concern. There is absence of any performance evaluation framework for identification of the attributes (drivers) and their relative rank order for assessing organizational performance as a consequence of an outsourcing decision. In view of the advantages and short-term as well as long-term challenges, it may be worthwhile to develop a framework that can provide guidance to the practitioners faced with the dilemma of retaining activities in-house, or enter into outsourcing in a transactional manner, or to maintain an alliance relationship with the service provider. Last but not the least, one of the primary challenges of the organization is how to maintain an outsourcing arrangement with the service providers so that current competitive position along with a sustained business performance is maintained over an extended period of time. So, the identification of critical success factors for developing and maintaining a sustainable outsourcing relationship between the service provider and the client may be another area of research.
In this reference, it may be noted that apart from few studies conducted by the management consulting firms like the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Deloitte Consulting, there has been very limited studies on outsourcing for the coal mining organization specific to the Indian context. The existing literature does not adequately focus on the outsourcing decision support based on a strategic perspective that may facilitate the mining managers in outsourcing decision-making for the organizational activities. Adequate studies with a focus on the identification of key drivers for the assessment of organizational performance as a consequence of an outsourcing decision are limited in the extant literature. Studies on organization-level outsourcing decision strategies in the context of the coal mining organization in India have been rarely considered. Further, the literature on a structured approach that takes into account the sustainable relationship management aspect of the coal mining organization and its service providers in regard to the long-term competitiveness of the organization is also limited. Thus, reviewing the existing literature and considering the above-mentioned gaps, a comprehensive outsourcing decision model has been formulated to address the salient issues emerged from the identified gaps as presented in Figure 2.
The graphical representation of the outsourcing decision model.
The study emphases on developing an outsourcing decision support to help management make a more informed decision on outsourcing of the operational activities. The decision support is in regard to the outsourcing decision of operational activities to be strategic rather than an aggressive one. Besides, defining the candidates for outsourcing, the decision support may contribute towards the identification of core, partial core, and non-core activities through a logical phased approach based on their contribution towards the organizational competencies. Thus, comprehending the contribution of each operational activity towards the organizational competencies allows the management to check for its strategic soundness and thus help in retaining the competitive position of the organization.
Outsourcing is considered to be one of the strategic options for organizations to improve their business performance. Determination of the unexplored attributes (drivers) and their comparative rank order for the assessment of organizational performance out of an outsourcing decision is another area of research to be taken into consideration [65]. The analysis comprising of both quantitative and qualitative attributes based on the cognition of the decision makers may contribute to a thorough understanding of a practical real-life problem and could help managers in long-term decision making. Understanding the effect of the unexplored attributes may also benefit management of the organization to develop policies in maintaining competitive advantage in the market.
The outsourcing decision problem, also known as the make-buy decision of an organization is well-considered as one of the strategic decisions of any organization. The extant literature on the make-buy decision has been predominantly classified into two categories. The first one is related to the financial issues based on Transaction Cost Theory (TCT) whereas the second rests on strategic issues. There are several methods and approaches conferred in the earlier studies addressing such make-buy decision problems. The present study emphasizes on an organizational decision support to assess the optimal outsourcing strategy among insourcing (in-house), outsourcing (involving external service provider), and strategic alliance (partnership) relationship for operational activities of an organization [66].
The focus is to identify the factors responsible for establishing and maintaining a sustainable relationship between the third-party service provider and the client organization. In this era of globalization, when service providers are value-adding partners, trust, commitment, and long-term orientation are the key elements in maintaining a buyer–supplier relationship. Literature has witnessed a relationship characterized by such aforementioned traits not only help to better serve the customer but also intensifies mutual benefits. Investigation of relevant antecedents pertaining to trust, commitment, and long-term orientation have seldom been used in light of an on-going outsourcing relationship and are areas of concern.
Outsourcing has been one of the noticeable business practices in view of its demonstrated capability in accomplishing competitive advantage to the organization. With the developing fame of outsourcing in the manufacturing and service sectors, mining sector have also started capitalizing the conceivable outcomes of outsourcing. Outsourcing has now turned into a key device for mining industries for building up corporate capability through its viable and effective methods of value improvement. In view of this business prospect, the coal mining organization of India has started outsourcing its operational activities to meet the escalating demand of coal across the country. However, along with several success stories, there are quite a few pieces of evidence that portray several difficulties encountered by the organization. Accordingly, to accomplish any firm’s business goals, it is prudent to consider it as a key aspect of corporate decision choices.
The present study provides a general introduction about outsourcing followed by its potential benefits and the shortcomings as witnessed in the existing literature. Besides giving an overview, the study provides a backdrop of the Indian outsourcing scenario considering the coal mining organization and outsourced activities by manufacturing and service industries in general. The study then discusses the significant contribution of the coal mining organization in reference to the growing importance of coal in the country. Subsequently, the relevance of outsourcing in view of the improved organizational performances for the Indian coal mining organization has been elucidated. Finally, the chapter ends with proposing an outsourcing decision model that may provide a comprehensive approach towards evaluating the appropriateness of such strategic decision as outsourcing in consistent with the organizational strategy for performance improvement for the coal mining organization in India.
The present study contributes in understanding a practical problem of a coal mining industry that may act as a guiding instrument to the mining managers in terms of decision making related to strategic sourcing. Developing an outsourcing decision support may assist the managers of the coal mining organization to determine the candidates for outsourcing, thus identifying the set of core activities that needs to be nurtured and protected for organizational excellence. The study provides elementary guidance to the management in investigating the appropriateness of outsourcing with the organizational performance through identification of key drivers. Further an effective outsourcing decision support tool may help managers to decide upon the optimal sourcing strategy among insourcing, outsourcing, and strategic alliance (partnership) for the organization’s operational activities. While the Indian coal mining organization is reliant on third party service providers for identification and exploration of new coal reserves, investigation of relevant antecedents pertaining to trust, commitment, and long-term orientation may facilitate management as client firm to develop and improve outsourcing relationship with the service providers. Determining the impact of the aforementioned factors may also help the mining executives to formulate relevant policies accordingly. However, there are few limitations of the present study. First, the study deals with the development of an outsourcing decision-making framework broadly considering four aspects as presented. However, there are several possibilities to investigate an extensive set of decision elements within the said framework. Second, the outsourcing decision model proposed in the present study is based on the insights gained through the interaction with a particular expert group from the Indian coal mining organization, but to make it applicable for other industries, the framework may be altered/improved upon by incorporating changes as required. For a public sector like the Indian coal mining organization, it was difficult to obtain the various components of cost related to on-going outsourcing projects (particularly when many such projects are in either planning or finalization stage), the present study could not incorporate the influence of cost criteria and the required cost analysis for the proposed outsourcing decision framework. Hence, the current research work may be extended in future by incorporating several dimensions of cost. The study takes into account the client perspective, while it may be relevant to take into consideration the viewpoints of service providers to get a more comprehensive view.
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Despite the importance of obtaining the exact solution of nonlinear partial differential equations in physics and applied mathematics, there is still the daunting problem of finding new methods to discover new exact or approximate solutions. The purpose of this chapter is to impart a safe strategy for solving some linear and nonlinear partial differential equations in applied science and physics fields, by combining Laplace transform and the modified variational iteration method (VIM). This method is founded on the variational iteration method, Laplace transforms and convolution integral, such that, we put in an alternative Laplace correction functional and express the integral as a convolution. Some examples in physical engineering are provided to illustrate the simplicity and reliability of this method. 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Necessary and sufficient conditions are investigated for at most one solution to the proposed problem. Also, results for the existence of at least one or two positive solutions are developed by using a fixed-point theorem of concave-type operator for the considered problem. Further, we extend the conditions for more than two solutions and established some adequate conditions for multiplicity results to the proposed problem. Also, a result devoted to Hyers-Ulam stability is discussed. 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We give explicit identities for the 3-variable Hermite polynomials. Finally, we investigate the zeros of the 3-variable Hermite polynomials by using computer.",book:{id:"6637",slug:"differential-equations-theory-and-current-research",title:"Differential Equations",fullTitle:"Differential Equations - Theory and Current Research"},signatures:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo",authors:[{id:"230100",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheon Seoung",middleName:null,surname:"Ryoo",slug:"cheon-seoung-ryoo",fullName:"Cheon Seoung Ryoo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70922",title:"Approximate Solutions of Some Boundary Value Problems by Using Operational Matrices of Bernstein Polynomials",slug:"approximate-solutions-of-some-boundary-value-problems-by-using-operational-matrices-of-bernstein-pol",totalDownloads:692,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we develop an efficient numerical scheme for the solution of boundary value problems of fractional order differential equations as well as their coupled systems by using Bernstein polynomials. On using the mentioned polynomial, we construct operational matrices for both fractional order derivatives and integrations. Also we construct a new matrix for the boundary condition. Based on the suggested method, we convert the considered problem to algebraic equation, which can be easily solved by using Matlab. 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The relation between the chaotic homeomorphisms and chaotic foldings on the chaotic connected edge graphs and their fundamental group is deduced. The fundamental group of the limit chaotic chain of foldings on chaotic. Many types of chaotic foldings are achieved. Theorems governing these relations are achieved. We also discuss some applications in chemistry and biology.",book:{id:"7785",slug:"functional-calculus",title:"Functional Calculus",fullTitle:"Functional Calculus"},signatures:"Mohammed Abu Saleem",authors:null},{id:"60553",title:"Fixed Point Theory Approach to Existence of Solutions with Differential Equations",slug:"fixed-point-theory-approach-to-existence-of-solutions-with-differential-equations",totalDownloads:1835,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce a generalized contractions and prove some fixed point theorems in generalized metric spaces by using the generalized contractions. 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Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. 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In recent years, emerging technologies such as multi-omics, high-throughput technologies, and genome editing tools could assist plant physiologists in unraveling molecular mechanisms in specific critical pathways. The global picture of physiological processes in plants needs to be investigated continually to increase our knowledge, and the resulting technologies will benefit sustainable agriculture.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11409,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313856/images/system/313856.png",institutionString:"University of Orléans",institution:{name:"University of Orléans",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"33993",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Lopez",slug:"jose-carlos-jimenez-lopez",fullName:"Jose Carlos Jimenez-Lopez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33993/images/system/33993.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Spanish National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. 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