Examples of social recreational programs by Alzheimer’s Society of Canada.
\r\n\tWe need such information of the environmental indicators day and night, from the crowded cities and the most remote locations. Therefore the study, development, and application of automated sensing systems have been booming during the last decades and the progress in this field is really fast.
\r\n\r\n\tThe current book intends to provide the reader with the most recent trends in the development of sensing technologies for environmental control and monitoring, application of these novel technologies for the detection and monitoring of different environmental indicators, but also identification of hazardous chemical compounds and pathogens, and to introduce various aspects of using the online sensing data for decision-making in different fields of social life.
\r\n\t
On a global scale, more and more individuals are living longer, thus increasing the global aging population. It is important to take into consideration that as the population ages, certain health requirements need to be fulfilled in order to meet the needs and specificity of care for older adults outside the traditional medical care model [1]. Such is the case among individuals living with dementia in addition to the family members and loved ones who care for them. It is crucial to be prepared as a society to address the needs of older adults at the community level and provide a more holistic approach to health and wellness. Although interest in dementia-friendly communities has received an increased attention over the past years, people living with dementia and their caregivers continue to be influenced by social isolation and experience the negative health consequences associated with it. For instance, social isolation has negative impacts on the health and well-being of persons with dementia, including loneliness and depression [1].
Social isolation is defined as an absence of social belongingness, feelings of loss relationships, or lack of meaningful interpersonal relationships [2]. The term can be mostly attributed to the lack of engagement with others, specifically in regards to the ability to make meaningful social relationships. Social isolation can manifest at an individual level as a lack of sense of belonging socially in a community, decline in social engagement, and having significantly minimal number of social contact, which contributes to a sense of inadequacy regarding satisfying quality relationships [2]. Social isolation as an individual’s lack of sense of belonging socially in a community, decline in social engagement, and having significantly minimal social contact, which contributes to a sense of inadequacy regarding satisfying quality relationships [2]. Furthermore, it is important to highlight that the term social isolation can be categorized into two types: subjective and objective [3]. Subjective social isolation refers to the characteristics that result in shortage of companionship and social support, whereas objective social isolation is mainly due to lack of or infrequent social interactions, social network, or participation in social activities [3]. Therefore, social isolation can be attributed to an objective deprivation of social interactions and/or to subjective experience of social isolation and exclusion.
Numerous risk factors increase an older adult’s probability of experiencing social isolation. Such factors that can influence an individual ‘s risk of social isolation include poor health, gender, loss of spouse, disabilities, living alone, place of residence, lack of transportation, as well as poverty and low confidence [4]. It is crucial to address that the aforementioned risk factors are just factors that increases an individual’s likelihood of being socially isolated or excluded and that the factors do not imply a causal relationship to isolation. Many studies have outlined that the presence of more than one factor may influence the risk of social isolation. Social isolation has been shown to have negative health risks among older adults [5]. This is mainly due to the many losses occurring at the physical and psychological level, as well as changes in social roles, mobility, and living arrangements which can correlate with a decline in social relationships and an increase in isolation [5]. This is especially true for older adults with cognitive impairments, such as Alzheimer’s or other forms of dementias as they can pose as a serious health risk. Not only does social isolation affect the individual living with dementia, but it can also be detrimental to the caregivers. This is mainly due to the increase in burden of care, facing obstacles, and balancing competing priorities (i.e. career and relationships) [6]. Some literature goes as far labelling caregivers as the “invisible second patients” due to the stressors that comes with caring for a person living with dementia, including fatigue and burnout [6].
To address the negative impacts associated with social isolation, social recreational programs have been developed to provide support systems to relieve the challenges faced by members in the dementia community [7]. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the effectiveness of social recreational programs as an exemplar of a recovery intervention for persons with dementia that focuses on reducing the risk of social isolation associated with dementia. The objectives of this chapter are to provide an introduction to the medical overview of Alzheimer’s disease and describe how dementia increases the risks of social isolation. In particular, this chapter will focus on examining the negative health implications of social isolation experienced by the persons living with dementia and their caregivers. The potential health benefits that social recreational programs provide to the clients, as well as the important role these programs play as a therapeutic component of illness recovery will be discussed. The critical analysis of the current literature regarding social recreational programs for persons living with dementia and their caregivers will help identify the existing gap in the literature, as well as providing implications and recommendations for future research directions.
In the Statistics Canada 2016 report, it estimated that 35.6 million global citizens were living with dementia, and that the number is expected to double within the next 20 years [9]. When diagnosing an individual with dementia, physicians refer to the Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a guide when determining whether the individual shows progressive tendencies of dementia [8]. The manual that is currently in practice is the DSM-5, which classifies dementia as a neurocognitive disorder. Generally, dementia is an umbrella term that encompasses a variety of symptoms related to the decline of cognitive function, which influences a person’s ability to execute everyday activities [8]. In order to be diagnosed with dementia, one must meet certain criterions listed in the DSM-5 when determining major neurocognitive disorders such as: (a) showing evidence of significant mental decline that interferes with mundane daily routines; or (b) for milder cases show signs of modest cognitive decline with only little interference of daily active living [8]. The DSM-5 criteria for tendencies of dementia includes: (1) Cognitive changes, including new forgetfulness, difficulty finding words; (2) Psychiatric symptoms, such as withdrawal or apathy, depression, anxiety; (3) Personality changes, such as blunting and disinterest, social withdrawal; (4) Problem behaviors, such as wandering, agitation, restlessness; and (5) Changes in day-to-day functioning, including difficulty driving, getting lost, neglecting self-care, difficulty handling money [8].
There are different forms of dementia due to variances in the distinct expression of symptoms in addition to structural brain abnormalities. One of the most common forms of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, followed closely then by vascular dementia [9]. Other known types of dementia include dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia. Moreover, impaired mental functions that arise due to the neurodegenerative disease include memory, language and communication, judgment and reasoning, and attention span [8]. Even emotional control and social behaviour and motivation are altered and may deteriorate as the disease progresses. Rates of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of illness, are projected to increase continuously and double every 20 years [10]. It is estimated that in 2010, over 35 million people worldwide were living with dementia [11]. Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are considered as an abnormal process of aging. Common symptomology includes frequent memory loss and finding family members and friends unrecognizable [12]. It is believed that people first experience an asymptomatic period where neurodegenerative changes occur in the brain, while cognitive abilities remain stable. This preliminary phase occurs for a long duration and is followed by the progressive cognitive decline and the eventual, late-stage development of dementia [13].
People who develop dementia are at an increased risk for social isolation due to the natural process of aging, when cognitive and functional health may decline, where retirement may occur and result in a loss of social networks [14]. As individuals age, the risk for social isolation or exclusion increases. Aging with the development of dementia poses as an additional factor in increasing the risk of social isolation. Persons living with dementia report that their social circle decreases in size after friends learn of their diagnosis [15]. Caring for a person living with dementia is also a demanding task that can lead to social isolation. Informal caregiving is regarded as a rewarding task, however; it can have a negative impact on a caregiver’s well-being and quality of life [16]. Social recreational programs are increasingly becoming an essential intervention that can help promote the engagement of persons with dementia and their caregivers in the participation of social activities and involvement in community services [17]. Positive health impacts are attributed to the meaningful socialization and community engagement through the participation in the social recreational programs.
As the rates of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease continue to increase globally, it is vital to examine the negative health impacts that the illness has on persons living with dementia and their social network. Meanwhile there is evidence of an increase in caregiver burden and distress while providing assistance to their loved ones living with dementia. The following section explores the health and emotional burden of persons with dementia and the associated impact on their informal caregiver’s health and well-being.
Physical and mental health symptoms as a result of social isolation and the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease can be a great burden upon the persons living with dementia. El Haj et al. [14] discussed the impact of social isolation and its associated emotional impact such as loneliness that affects the individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. The researchers indicated that these isolating experiences may result in hallucinogenic health issues. For instance, the person living with dementia may develop the hallucinations as a result of boredom and use them as an escape method from the feelings of loneliness and social isolation [14]. This study revealed that Alzheimer’s disease has a great impact on the levels of loneliness and social isolation of persons with dementia compared to the participants in a healthy control group. The research findings suggested that the hallucinations experienced by the study participants were a result of increased social isolation in the lives of the persons living with dementia. This study provided significant insight into the specific health and emotional consequences associated with the increase in an individual’s level of social isolation among the dementia populations.
Other researchers emphasized the impact of dementia on a person’s social interactions through examining cognitive impairments and how an individual may be excluded from social resources, such as interactions with family and friends leading to the development of loneliness and depression [18]. Examining how dementia and cognitive decline can result in poor social interactions is the key to an increased understanding of how chronic physical and mental health conditions can arise. This understanding can allow for the development of preventative measures for the purpose of lessening the impact of the illness on one’s social interactions, as well as a person’s physical and mental health. The findings of this study concluded that dementia has a significant influence on social resources, such as relationships with family and friends. This can contribute to social isolation of a person living with dementia and therefore provides the ground for the development of chronic health conditions. This study suggested that the causes of loneliness and social isolation in persons with dementia are inter-related, and new research is needed to provide information to the future development of intervention programs that address the barriers associated with the multifactorial causes [18].
Persons with dementia who are diagnosed with depression are particularly vulnerable for the development of social isolation. Shub et al. [19] examined the levels of irritability and social isolation in war veterans of whom have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. The study recruited a group of participants who had an accompanying clinical diagnosis of depression, and another group of participants who only had Alzheimer’s disease. The study findings suggested that a person living with dementia who was additionally diagnosed with depression tend to have a greater increase in social isolation levels compared to the other participants who did not have depression [19]. It is important to assess the additional strain a mental health condition can put on persons living with dementia and how it impacts their feelings of social connectedness. As social isolation is a major risk associated with dementia, it is important for the researchers to critically analyze its implications on the health and well-being of the individuals with cognitive impairment. Previous research studies concluded that persons with dementia were more likely to experience social isolation which may be accompanied by mental and physical health conditions [17, 18, 19]. Burholt et al. [18] underscored the importance of recognizing the interrelationship between cognitive and mental health status and how the impairment in one domain can negatively impact the other. These research studies highlighted the prevalence of social isolation among persons with dementia and provided evidence to demonstrate the health consequences an individual may suffer from who is experiencing a cognitive impairment such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. These negative health impacts can include loneliness, depression and other physical or mental health conditions.
Bass et al. [20] examined the extent of the caregiving burden among the caregivers of the veterans living with dementia. This study is crucial for the understanding of how certain health effects can present themselves due to the negative experiences that occurred while caring for a loved one with dementia. Study findings revealed that the caregivers for persons with dementia experienced a high level of social isolation, which can lead to depressive symptoms, emotional strain and unmet needs [20]. These health conditions were attributed to the person with dementia’s level of cognitive impairment, behavioral tendencies and their increased need for care and support. An additional predictive factor of caregiver burden was the additional health care conditions that the person with dementia is experiencing [20]. As a result of the emotional burden, caregivers can experience high levels of stress which may further lead to the development of health issues. This study provided significant insight into the negative effects of social isolation that equally affect both the persons with dementia, and their informal caregivers. Figure 1 demonstrates the process of how negative health issues develop and impact the caregiver as a result of caring for a person living with dementia. The risk for the development of health issues begins at diagnosis and is fueled by the experiences of social isolation.
The trajectory of how social isolation negatively impacts the caregivers of persons with dementia.
Since social isolation is found to be a risk factor for the caregivers of persons with cognitive impairment, it may act as a potential barrier for the caregivers to be connected with the appropriate community support programs that might benefit themselves and their loved ones. Researchers analyzed the effectiveness of a linking system designed to connect caregivers to local support programs soon after their loved one has been diagnosed with dementia [21]. Caregivers may be delayed in finding the appropriate community support programs because of their personal beliefs and values or they simply lack the necessary knowledge of the availability of these support programs within the community. The linking system developed in the study allowed for establishing connections between informal caregivers, health care professionals and community programs and resources [21]. This research study provided insight into the development of an effective method to connect caregivers to the community support programs after the dementia diagnosis of their loved ones. Referrals and linking strategies can help support both health care professionals and their caregivers in effectively managing dementia and thereby may reduce the associated caregiver burden [21]. These research studies highlighted the role of social recreational programs in the community for persons living with dementia and their caregivers with the goal of improving their sense of social connectedness and reducing the risk for health and emotional burden associated with the illness.
Social recreational programs are developed to provide individual impacted by dementia with the appropriate community support programs and public education services. These services aim at reducing the stigma associated with dementia and increasing the levels of social inclusion among people living with dementia and their caregivers [22]. Social recreational program should be regarded as an important component of the recovery intervention for persons with dementia. The effectiveness of social recreational programs and the associated health benefits provided to the individuals with dementia are discussed in this section.
As the number of older adults in society increases, it presents many unique and complex health needs that may not be met through the conventional health care model. Many within the field of gerontology are recognizing this concept and the significance of meaningful social interactions and support to improve overall quality of life and well-being. A research study examined whether the Community-Engaged Arts (CEA) programs developed in Vancouver, Canada by the Arts, Health and Seniors (AHS) Program addressed the question of how implementing more inclusive and supportive communities can support older citizens achieve and improve overall quality of life [1]. There were gaps found within the literature as implementing social inclusion programs for seniors was relatively new, with few anecdotal evidences and limited academic research conducted surrounding the topic [1]. The researchers conducted a qualitative study analyzing how the AHS program addressed the older adult’s experience with community involvement using methodologies such as participant observation, informal interviews, and review of documents [1]. Findings from the study concluded that the AHS program supported social networks for the older adults to increase their participation within the community [1]. Participants of the AHS program from all four different neighborhoods that were offered the intervention expressed that engaging with young people by making art together through an intergenerational approach provided a sense of belonging within a community through mutual appreciation of the arts and allowed the co-creation of meaningful connections [1].
Another research study took a similar approach concerning community-based arts programs for persons living with dementia and their caregivers by evaluating its potential in creating social and cognitive engagement between both groups [23]. Participants of the study included 13 persons living with dementia and 21 caregivers who were involved in the gallery tours and art classes at the Frye Art Museum in Seattle, Washington [23]. The research employed a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews in which the data were analyzed to generate common themes regarding the participant’s experiences with the programs. Among the persons living with dementia, themes such as mindfulness, enjoyment, engagement, socialization, and personhood were some of the major themes emerged from the study [23]. The study highlighted the importance of future funding to support the development of this type of art programs as these programs were found to be effective in increasing social connectedness among the persons with dementia.
Additional studies have implemented art-based interventions for persons with dementia and their caregivers with the aim of increasing social connectedness and reducing caregiver burden and distress. For instance, a research study provided persons living with dementia and their caregivers with an intervention program based in an art gallery where findings suggested a greater level of social interaction among study participants, feelings of social inclusion and improved quality of life for the persons living with dementia [24]. A different study examined an art-based therapy program for persons with dementia. The study findings supported the implementation of art-based therapy programs for fostering social connections with other program participants, as well as the opportunities to connect the individuals with the appropriate programs and services provided in the community [1]. One study also explored the caregiver’s perspective while analyzing the effectiveness of an art-based program for persons with dementia [25]. The results indicated that caregivers experienced more meaningful interactions with the person with dementia and the program provided them with an opportunity for stress relief and increased sense of social acceptance [25]. Art-based therapy interventions for persons with dementia and their caregivers can potentially be an effective recovery intervention that contributes to the positive health benefits and the development of social inclusion in the community.
Other intervention programs such as the community-based walking program was assessed in the literature review. One randomized controlled trial about a walking program is through Takasaki Project which took place in three different locations in Japan [26]. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a community-based program for the prevention of further deterioration of cognitive impairment of older adults through walking exercises. The program allowed and encouraged participants to improve walking routines through a gradual process in a group environment, thus providing the combined advantages of exercising and social interactions to take place [26]. The results obtained from the qualitative research indicated that the walking program resulted in increased motivation, positive attitudes, as well as increased social connectedness [26]. Before initiation or participation in the project, participants felt alienated from the society due to changes occurred in their social roles, and having felt some form of emotional isolation, which consequently posed a risk to a decline in their mental status [26]. However, after the implementation of the walking program presented in the Tasaki Project, participants expressed the increased sense of community belonging through the intervention.
The influence of social stigma may result in an increase of social isolation among persons living with dementia and their caregivers. Harris and Caporella [27] explored the stigma associated with dementia and studied the effectiveness of a choir program designed for university students, persons with dementia and their caregivers in an effort to reduce the stigma and increase social interaction among the study participants. Findings from this study concluded that the choir program increased the levels of social connectedness between the students and the dementia couples, while the social stigma associated with the illness decreased from the perspectives of the students. The social interactions between the dementia couples also increased as a result of the choir program [27]. The study findings indicated that persons living with dementia and their caregivers may be more vulnerable to societal stigmas associated with the disease, which in turn would increase their risk for social isolation. Particularly, university students and the general public may not be well-educated about Alzheimer’s disease and can develop misunderstanding towards the dementia populations as a whole. This study highlighted the impact of societal influences have on the levels of social isolation or exclusion of persons with dementia and their caregivers. The study proposed that the development of social recreational programs can potentially become an effective intervention to promote the successful recovery from the negative impact of social isolation.
Using a narrative approach, a research study explored the journey of the illness trajectory that the persons with dementia and their caregivers have experienced [28]. The narrative experiences began at a time prior to the participation in a social recreational program that were aimed at increasing the social interactions of the study participants. These narratives were completed with the descriptions of how the persons with dementia and their caregiver benefitted from the social recreational program based on their perspectives [28]. This methodology offered the researchers with an in-depth insight into the lived experiences of persons with dementia, as well as their interpreted meaning about the essence of social inclusion [28]. For instance, this study found that after the participation in the social recreational program, study participants expressed an increased social connection with others who were experiencing the same illness, and this sense of mutuality was therapeutic to them as it helped promote a feeling of comfort and acceptance from others [28]. The critical analysis of the above research studies highlighted the therapeutic impact of social recreational program as an exemplar of an effective recovery approach that helps promote the social participation and inclusion of persons with dementia in the community.
As discussed in the review of the literature, community-based programs with the aim of promoting social connectedness can be implemented to reduce the health and emotional burden of the illness on both the persons with dementia and their caregivers. These programs were found to allow for the development of positive social interactions with others, and an increased sense of acceptance and well-being, which are attributed to be an effective approach to support illness recovery, as well as reducing the risk of additional chronic health conditions, such as depression [20]. In addition to the increased sense of social connectedness, researchers who evaluated the effectiveness of social recreational program indicated that the community-oriented programs can help promote an increased awareness and understanding of dementia through the delivery of educational training [29]. Roberts and Silverio [30] conducted a study that focused on evaluating the effectiveness of social recreational program for people living with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers. The results indicated that the study participants expressed an increased knowledge and understanding of their illness experience as a result of the educational training about their illness trajectory of Alzheimer’s disease. The study participants indicated that the increased knowledge and understanding of their illness helped empower them in strengthening their social network and resources in the community. Social recreational programs are crucial for maintaining a person with dementia and their caregiver’s social networks and interactions, and they are beneficial in reducing the effects of social isolation as a result of the disease process [14].
It is essential to take into account the health and well-being of the caregiver as they play a crucial role in the health care services provided for the older adult with dementia. The study that examined the use of museum-based programs catered to both dyads showed benefits for both persons with dementia and caregivers who participated in the arts program [23]. Results obtained from the study through in-depth interviews revealed common themes that arose among participants such as engagement, mindfulness, socialization, joint respite, as well as relationship themes including normalization, affirmation, and relationship growth [23]. The program provided a means of social interactions among participants of the arts programs through discussions of artistic creations and partaking in hands-on artwork as it allowed a means of expression and personal exploration [23]. The increased socialization associated with the program was identified as a major theme among the study participants. The art-based interventions allowed the persons with dementia to engage in reminiscence of experiences and relationship affirmation, which in turn, elevated social connectedness among members of the program [23].
As caregivers, many challenges can arise where caregivers of persons living with dementia are often referred to as “second victims of dementia” [31]. The caregiving workload resulted in a heavy burden upon the caregivers that included physical, emotional, financial, as well as social problems [31]. A research study was conducted with the aim of improving the health and quality of life of caregivers with individuals of Alzheimer’s disease by providing treatment that focused on four main components: (1) counseling sessions tailored for each caregiver; (2) family-centered counseling sessions; (3) encouraging participation in community support groups; and (4) continuous availability of counselors to provide follow-up telephone contact [32]. Findings from the study indicated that psychosocial interventions which emphasized social support, led to significant improvements in the health of the caregivers. These results are interesting, as the intervention did not emphasize any health promotion, exercise, or vaccination to cause such improvements in health to occur. This study underscored the importance of counseling and social support interventions for caregivers of persons with Alzheimer disease as it provided a means of preserving health and quality of life among vulnerable dementia carers who were at risk for health decline [23]. Providing social support and recreational activities involving both persons with dementia and their caregivers can support the long-term development of relationship roles and responsibilities; facilitate open communication; and enable the caregivers to develop a sense of partnership that will promote the feelings of enjoyment and togetherness while providing caregiving [33]. Table 1 provides the examples of stimulating programs developed by Alzheimer’s Society of Canada that are effective for persons with dementia and their caregivers to promote their sense of social connectedness through active participation of social recreational activities in the community [35].
Arts/Choir Program | Persons with dementia who enjoy music and singing are encouraged to join the choral group. Singing can elicit pleasant memories from past experiences, release endorphins and help decrease anxiety and depression. |
Brain Wave Cafe | Brain Wave Cafés offer a dementia friendly place for persons with dementia, their family and friends to meet for stimulating conversation, support and engaging activities. Social interaction contributes to a greater sense of well-being, promote mental function and a sense of connectedness. |
Walking Buddies | This outdoor walking program session at various walking trails in the local community. Volunteers accompany persons with dementia at their respective fitness levels make it accessible for all. |
Minds-in-Motion | Minds in Motion is a community-based social program that incorporates physical activity and mental stimulation for people with early to mid-stage signs dementia and their care partners. |
IPOD Project | Living with dementia can trigger a range of emotional responses which may seem out of character for an individual. One of the things to alleviate these feelings is offer personalized music. There is a growing body of evidence showing that music can be used to help connect with and engage a person with dementia. Through consultation with the person with dementia and/or their caregiver, a personalized playlist is created and loaded onto an iPod shuffle. Music and Memory iPod project aims to provide the means and opportunity for a person with dementia to experience the benefits of listening to well loved, meaningful music. |
Examples of social recreational programs by Alzheimer’s Society of Canada.
This chapter examined the impact of social isolation on persons living with dementia and their caregivers. Researchers found that the risk for social isolation increases with age, and older people with dementia are particularly more vulnerable for developing loneliness and depression as a result of social isolation [16]. For instance, researchers have examined the negative emotional impact, such as loneliness as a result of the levels of social isolation in the lives of the persons with dementia and their carers [14, 18]. Studies also focused on examining the increased risk for caregiver burden and distress associated with the care of persons with dementia who have the additional diagnosis of depression [19]. Particularly, a lack of education about the availability of community resources and an increased responsibility of care for a loved one with dementia can lead to a greater risk for the development of physical and mental health conditions in caregivers [12, 13].
Alzheimer’s disease will impact a greater portion of the population in the coming years. This presents a greater risk for persons living with dementia and their caregivers feeling isolated from the social aspects of their lives as a result of the disease. Future research should continue to explore areas of emotional burden or strain for both the persons living with dementia and their caregivers and what interventions are beneficial to their well being. Current research suggests that stigma increases the likelihood of social isolation among people with dementia and their caregivers by acting as barriers to the utilization of available services that will reduce their health burdens associated with the disease. [34] Research findings indicated that the risk for social isolation increases with age, and older people with dementia are particularly more vulnerable at developing loneliness and depression as a result of social isolation [5]. This can be associated with the social stigma surrounding Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, as well as the implications of stereotypes associated with ageism.
Current studies demonstrated the importance of social recreational programs in promoting a sense of social connectedness for persons with dementia and their caregivers. These included strategies such as choir programs, art-based therapies, narrative approaches and educational training. These programs are exemplars of potential recovery interventions targeted at supporting persons with dementia to develop a greater sense of social connectedness in the community, as well as promoting their recovery from the negative health and emotional impact associated with their cognitive impairment. The lack of education about the availability of community resources and an increased responsibility of care for a loved one with dementia can lead to a greater risk for the development of physical and mental health conditions [11, 12]. Future research should continue to focus specifically on the knowledge of caregivers and persons living with dementia regarding the benefits and appropriate utilization of social recreational programs. The causes of loneliness and social isolation in persons with dementia are inter-related, and new research is needed to provide information to the future development of intervention programs that address the barriers associated with the multifactorial causes [18]. There is an urgent need for more research regarding the effectiveness of social recreational programs in supporting the persons with dementia and their caregivers, as well as raising awareness about these programs and services to combat the negative effects of social isolation.
The critical analysis of the literature highlighted the need for more research regarding the effectiveness of social recreational programs in helping the persons with dementia and their caregivers to combat the negative effects of social isolation. Social inclusion can provide persons living with dementia many positive physical and mental health benefits, including building meaningful relationships and social connections, as well as reducing the societal stigma associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Public education of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia can help reduce the current stigma surrounding the disease. Educating the dementia communities of services available to them is also an important factor in decreasing the social isolation experienced by persons living with dementia and their caregivers. Through reducing social isolation, health care professionals can support the persons with dementia into the road of recovery with the goal of enabling them to feel empowered in actively participating and being socially engaged in the community.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Recently, silver nanoparticles have been harnessed as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents, including antisense oligonucleotides, and other small molecules. Silver is the most profit-oriented precious metal used in the preparation of nanoparticles and nanomaterials because of its antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant and unusually enhanced physicochemical properties compared to the bulk material such as optical, thermal, electrical, and catalytic properties. Small silver nanoparticles offer many advantages as drug carriers, including adjustable size and shape, enhanced stability of surface-bound nucleic acids, high-density surface ligand attachment, transmembrane delivery without harsh transfection agents, protection of the attached therapeutics from degradation, and potential for improved timed/controlled intracellular drug-delivery. Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles is gaining interest due to its inexpensiveness, providing a healthier work environment, and protecting human health leading to lessening waste and safer products. The chapter presents the essential physicochemical characteristics, antibacterial, and anticancer properties which silver nanoparticles obtained by plant-mediated methods possess, and their application as drug-delivery systems with a critical view on the possible toxicity on the human body.",book:{id:"7437",slug:"nanomedicines",title:"Nanomedicines",fullTitle:"Nanomedicines"},signatures:"Nadezhda Ivanova, Viliana Gugleva, Mirena Dobreva, Ivaylo\nPehlivanov, Stefan Stefanov and Velichka Andonova",authors:[{id:"202958",title:"Dr.",name:"Velichka",middleName:null,surname:"Andonova",slug:"velichka-andonova",fullName:"Velichka Andonova"},{id:"265332",title:"MSc.",name:"Nadezhda",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanova",slug:"nadezhda-ivanova",fullName:"Nadezhda Ivanova"},{id:"265333",title:"MSc.",name:"Viliana",middleName:null,surname:"Gugleva",slug:"viliana-gugleva",fullName:"Viliana Gugleva"},{id:"265334",title:"MSc.",name:"Mirena",middleName:null,surname:"Dobreva",slug:"mirena-dobreva",fullName:"Mirena Dobreva"},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov"},{id:"265336",title:"MSc.",name:"Ivaylo",middleName:null,surname:"Pehlivanov",slug:"ivaylo-pehlivanov",fullName:"Ivaylo Pehlivanov"}]},{id:"63035",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80225",title:"Biological Function of Exosomes as Diagnostic Markers and Therapeutic Delivery Vehicles in Carcinogenesis and Infectious Diseases",slug:"biological-function-of-exosomes-as-diagnostic-markers-and-therapeutic-delivery-vehicles-in-carcinoge",totalDownloads:2209,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that are formed during inward budding of multivesicular bodies and the maturation of endosomes. They are secreted by almost all cell types under normal, pathological, and physiological conditions. They are found in mostly all biological fluids, such as breast milk, blood, urine, and semen. Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication through the biological transfer of lipids, proteins, DNAs, RNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs. Exosomes are enriched in tetraspanins, enzymes, heat shock proteins, and membrane trafficking proteins. There are numerous techniques that are used to isolate, purify, and characterize exosomes from biofluids. Isolation/purification techniques include ultracentrifugation, filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, etc. Characterization techniques include flow cytometry, electron microscopy, NanoSight tracking analysis, Western blot, etc. These techniques are often used to help principal investigators understand the properties and biological functions of exosomes. However, some of these techniques can be very complicated and challenging, resulting in various drawbacks. Exosomes can be used as potential carriers for therapeutics. Thus, they can serve as biomarkers to diagnosis various diseases that are associated with cancer, genetics, viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. Therefore, with advances in science and technology, many innovative techniques have been established to exploit the biological properties of exosomes.",book:{id:"7437",slug:"nanomedicines",title:"Nanomedicines",fullTitle:"Nanomedicines"},signatures:"Brennetta J. Crenshaw, Brian Sims and Qiana L. Matthews",authors:[{id:"254038",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Qiana",middleName:null,surname:"Matthews",slug:"qiana-matthews",fullName:"Qiana Matthews"},{id:"254039",title:"Ms.",name:"Brennetta",middleName:null,surname:"Crenshaw",slug:"brennetta-crenshaw",fullName:"Brennetta Crenshaw"},{id:"266042",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Sims",slug:"brian-sims",fullName:"Brian Sims"}]},{id:"56634",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70122",title:"Biomaterials and Stem Cells: Promising Tools in Tissue Engineering and Biomedical Applications",slug:"biomaterials-and-stem-cells-promising-tools-in-tissue-engineering-and-biomedical-applications",totalDownloads:1584,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Biomaterial sciences and tissue engineering approaches are currently fundamental strategies for the development of regenerative medicine. Stem cells (SCs) are a unique cell type capable of self‐renewal and reconstructing damaged tissues. At the present time, adult SCs isolated from postnatal tissues are widely used in clinical applications. Their characteristics such as a multipotent differentiation capacity and immunomodulatory activity make them a promising tool to use in patients. Modern material technologies allow for the development of innovative biomaterials that closely correspond to requirements of the current biomedical application. Biomaterials, such as ceramics and metals, are already used as implants to replace or improve the functionality of the damaged tissue or organ. However, the continuous development of modern technology opens new insights of polymeric and smart material applications. Moreover, biomaterials may enhance the SCs biological activity and their implementation by establishing a specific microenvironment mimicking natural cell niche. Thus, the synergistic advancement in the fields of biomaterial and medical sciences constitutes a challenge for the development of effective therapies in humans including combined applications of novel biomaterials and SCs populations.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Małgorzata Sekuła and Ewa K. Zuba‐Surma",authors:[{id:"202773",title:"Prof.",name:"Ewa",middleName:null,surname:"Zuba-Surma",slug:"ewa-zuba-surma",fullName:"Ewa Zuba-Surma"},{id:"202775",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Sekula",slug:"malgorzata-sekula",fullName:"Malgorzata Sekula"}]},{id:"56100",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69718",title:"Properties of Co-Cr Dental Alloys Fabricated Using Additive Technologies",slug:"properties-of-co-cr-dental-alloys-fabricated-using-additive-technologies",totalDownloads:1613,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The aim of the present paper is to make a review of the properties of dental alloys, fabricated using Additive Technologies (AT). The microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr alloys as well as the accuracy and surface roughness of dental constructions are discussed. In dentistry two different approaches can be applied for production of metal frameworks using AT. According to the first one the wax/polymeric cast patterns are fabricated by 3D printing, than the constructions are cast from dental alloy with as-printed patterns. Through the second one the metal framework is manufactured form powder alloy directly from 3D virtual model by Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM) or Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr dental alloys, cast using 3D printed patterns, are typical for cast alloys. Their dimensional and adjustment accuracy is higher comparing to constructions, produced by traditional lost-wax casting or by SLM. The surface roughness is higher than that of the samples, cast by conventional technology, but lower comparing to the SLM objects. The microstructure of SLM Co-Cr dental alloys is fine grained and more homogeneous comparing that of the cast alloys, which defines higher hardness and mechanical properties, higher wear and corrosion resistance.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Tsanka Dikova",authors:[{id:"205539",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsanka",middleName:null,surname:"Dikova",slug:"tsanka-dikova",fullName:"Tsanka Dikova"}]},{id:"31995",doi:"10.5772/35937",title:"Air-Solids Flow Measurement Using Electrostatic Techniques",slug:"air-solids-flow-measurement-using-electrostatic-techniques",totalDownloads:5015,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"1649",slug:"electrostatics",title:"Electrostatics",fullTitle:"Electrostatics"},signatures:"Jianyong Zhang",authors:[{id:"106435",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianyong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"jianyong-zhang",fullName:"Jianyong Zhang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69398",title:"New Generation Peptide-Based Vaccine Prototype",slug:"new-generation-peptide-based-vaccine-prototype",totalDownloads:1157,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Synthetic peptide-based vaccine prototypes are the future potential vaccination. Antigens, which belong to minimal microbial component and produce antibodies such as peptides and polysaccharides, can promote long-term protection against pathogens that can cause infectious diseases. Production of peptides becomes simple with solid phase peptide synthesis and microwave-assisted solid phase peptide synthesis using automatic synthesizers. The use of synthetic peptides was approved by the health authorities for vaccine design. Peptides are themselves very weak immunogens and need adjuvants to provide an effective autoimmune response. For this reason, peptide antigens are conjugated with biopolymers and loaded with nanoparticles. The toxicity of vaccine prototypes is evaluated in cell culture, and non-toxic prototypes are selected for vaccinating experimental animals. The most effective peptide-based vaccine prototype is determined as the one with the highest antibody level. The goal of this book chapter is to illustrate the use of peptides vaccine systems and present their opportunities with their future development.",book:{id:"9048",slug:"current-and-future-aspects-of-nanomedicine",title:"Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine",fullTitle:"Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine"},signatures:"Öznur Özge Özcan, Mesut Karahan, Palanirajan Vijayaraj Kumar, Shen Leng Tan and Yi Na Tee",authors:[{id:"305705",title:"Dr.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Karahan",slug:"mesut-karahan",fullName:"Mesut Karahan"},{id:"310005",title:"MSc.",name:"Öznur Özge",middleName:null,surname:"Özcan",slug:"oznur-ozge-ozcan",fullName:"Öznur Özge Özcan"},{id:"310006",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanirajan Vijayaraj",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"palanirajan-vijayaraj-kumar",fullName:"Palanirajan Vijayaraj Kumar"},{id:"310008",title:"MSc.",name:"Shen Leng",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",slug:"shen-leng-tan",fullName:"Shen Leng Tan"},{id:"310009",title:"MSc.",name:"Yi Na",middleName:null,surname:"Tee",slug:"yi-na-tee",fullName:"Yi Na Tee"}]},{id:"56614",title:"Systematic Study of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) in the Manufacturing of Protector Devices for the Orofacial System",slug:"systematic-study-of-ethylene-vinyl-acetate-eva-in-the-manufacturing-of-protector-devices-for-the-oro",totalDownloads:1706,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Fracture of facial bones and dental elements, and laceration of soft tissue, have increased in sports over recent years. Dentist is the only professional responsible for the mouth protection design, the knowledge about suitable materials is essential. EVA is a thermoplastic material, available in the market, easy of handling and processing, and low-cost. However, it is important to understand the mechanical properties and ability to absorb and to dissipate the impact energy, when this material is submitted to different environments, such as oral cavity with saliva and different temperatures. This chapter show provides a systematic evaluation of the EVA application in orofacial protectors while focusing on sports. The research comprises two aspects: experimental tests and numerical analyses. During experimental tests, EVA was analyzed in special buccal conditions, concerning temperature and presence of saliva. Regarding the presence of saliva, more specific studies about its influence on the mechanical behavior of EVA were performed. In the numerical analyses of the EVA orofacial protector, the studies focused on its effect on the nasal bone integrity, and in the zygomatic bone protection. However, life cycle should be analyzed, since its performance deteriorates over time. Mainly due to the saliva-originated changes to the EVA mechanical characteristics, it can behave as a rigid material. For facial protection, a better performance is obtained with a combination of rigid and soft EVA material. According to the experimental and numerical results from a systematic study of EVA, its application to orofacial protection can be considered satisfactory.",book:{id:"5951",slug:"biomaterials-in-regenerative-medicine",title:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine",fullTitle:"Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine"},signatures:"Reinaldo Brito e Dias, Neide Pena Coto, Gilmar Ferreira Batalha and\nLarissa Driemeier",authors:[{id:"204968",title:"Dr.",name:"Neide",middleName:null,surname:"Pena Coto",slug:"neide-pena-coto",fullName:"Neide Pena Coto"}]},{id:"63035",title:"Biological Function of Exosomes as Diagnostic Markers and Therapeutic Delivery Vehicles in Carcinogenesis and Infectious Diseases",slug:"biological-function-of-exosomes-as-diagnostic-markers-and-therapeutic-delivery-vehicles-in-carcinoge",totalDownloads:2209,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that are formed during inward budding of multivesicular bodies and the maturation of endosomes. They are secreted by almost all cell types under normal, pathological, and physiological conditions. They are found in mostly all biological fluids, such as breast milk, blood, urine, and semen. Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication through the biological transfer of lipids, proteins, DNAs, RNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs. Exosomes are enriched in tetraspanins, enzymes, heat shock proteins, and membrane trafficking proteins. There are numerous techniques that are used to isolate, purify, and characterize exosomes from biofluids. Isolation/purification techniques include ultracentrifugation, filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, etc. Characterization techniques include flow cytometry, electron microscopy, NanoSight tracking analysis, Western blot, etc. These techniques are often used to help principal investigators understand the properties and biological functions of exosomes. However, some of these techniques can be very complicated and challenging, resulting in various drawbacks. Exosomes can be used as potential carriers for therapeutics. Thus, they can serve as biomarkers to diagnosis various diseases that are associated with cancer, genetics, viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. Therefore, with advances in science and technology, many innovative techniques have been established to exploit the biological properties of exosomes.",book:{id:"7437",slug:"nanomedicines",title:"Nanomedicines",fullTitle:"Nanomedicines"},signatures:"Brennetta J. Crenshaw, Brian Sims and Qiana L. Matthews",authors:[{id:"254038",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Qiana",middleName:null,surname:"Matthews",slug:"qiana-matthews",fullName:"Qiana Matthews"},{id:"254039",title:"Ms.",name:"Brennetta",middleName:null,surname:"Crenshaw",slug:"brennetta-crenshaw",fullName:"Brennetta Crenshaw"},{id:"266042",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Sims",slug:"brian-sims",fullName:"Brian Sims"}]},{id:"64869",title:"Transethosomes and Nanoethosomes: Recent Approach on Transdermal Drug Delivery System",slug:"transethosomes-and-nanoethosomes-recent-approach-on-transdermal-drug-delivery-system",totalDownloads:1630,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"In the past few decades, an emerging drug delivery system that came into light is transdermal drug delivery system. It has become the talk of the town in the field of drug delivery because of its better and easy accessibility. Though it is one of the attractive routes, transport of drug through the skin has remained a challenge. To overcome the challenge, vesicular system has been adopted so as to have better skin permeation of bioactive agents. Vesicular system like liposome has shown inefficiency to cross the layers of skin. Then transethosomes and nanoethosomes are employed for delivering drug into the deeper layer of skin. Nanoethosomes and transethosomes have same composition that is water, ethanol and phospholipid. Transethosome contains edge activator additionally. Due to the presence of ethanol and edge activator, it displayed enhanced skin permeation. Vesicular system gives a better patient compliance, being a non-invasive method of drug administration. In this chapter, we attempted to provide brief information about methods of preparation, characterization and pharmaceutical uses of nanoethosomes and transethosomes.",book:{id:"7437",slug:"nanomedicines",title:"Nanomedicines",fullTitle:"Nanomedicines"},signatures:"Koushlesh Kumar Mishra, Chanchal Deep Kaur, Shekhar Verma, Anil\nKumar Sahu, Deepak Kumar Dash, Pankaj Kashyap and Saraswati\nPrasad Mishra",authors:[{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu"},{id:"211230",title:"Mr.",name:"Pankaj",middleName:null,surname:"Kashyap",slug:"pankaj-kashyap",fullName:"Pankaj Kashyap"},{id:"221419",title:"Mr.",name:"Koushlesh",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"koushlesh-mishra",fullName:"Koushlesh Mishra"},{id:"221420",title:"Mr.",name:"Sarawati Prasad",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"sarawati-prasad-mishra",fullName:"Sarawati Prasad Mishra"},{id:"250558",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Dash",slug:"deepak-kumar-dash",fullName:"Deepak Kumar Dash"},{id:"270359",title:"Dr.",name:"Chanchal Deep",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",slug:"chanchal-deep-kaur",fullName:"Chanchal Deep Kaur"},{id:"270998",title:"Prof.",name:"Shekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Verma",slug:"shekhar-verma",fullName:"Shekhar Verma"}]},{id:"68412",title:"Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems: Easy to Prepare Multifunctional Vectors for Efficient Oral Delivery",slug:"self-emulsifying-drug-delivery-systems-easy-to-prepare-multifunctional-vectors-for-efficient-oral-de",totalDownloads:1135,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have been mainly investigated to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs belonging to class II of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. However, in the past few years, they have shown promising outcomes in the oral delivery of various types of therapeutic agents. In this chapter, we discuss the recent progress in the application of SEDDS for oral delivery of protein therapeutics and genetic materials. The role of SEDDS in enhancing the oral bioavailability of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate drugs is also highlighted. Also, we discuss the most critical evaluation criteria of SEDDS. Additionally, we summarize various solidification techniques employed to transform liquid SEDDS to the more stable solid self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (s-SEDDS) that are associated with high patient compliance. This chapter provides a comprehensive approach to develop high utility SEDDS and their further transformation into s-SEDDS.",book:{id:"9048",slug:"current-and-future-aspects-of-nanomedicine",title:"Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine",fullTitle:"Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine"},signatures:"Khaled AboulFotouh, Ayat A. Allam and Mahmoud El-Badry",authors:[{id:"299910",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"El-Badry",slug:"mahmoud-el-badry",fullName:"Mahmoud El-Badry"},{id:"299914",title:"MSc.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Abulftooh",slug:"khaled-abulftooh",fullName:"Khaled Abulftooh"},{id:"299916",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayat",middleName:null,surname:"Allam",slug:"ayat-allam",fullName:"Ayat Allam"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"282",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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