1. Introduction
Today, most electrical energy is generated by burning huge fossil fuels and special weather conditions such as acid rain and snow, climate change, urban smog, regional haze, several tornados, etc., have happened around the whole world. It is now clear that the installation of a number of wind turbine generators can effectively reduce environmental pollution, fossil fuel consumption, and the costs of overall electricity generation. Although wind is only an intermittent source of energy, it represents a reliable energy resource from a long-term energy policy viewpoint. Among various renewable energy resources, wind power energy is one of the most popular and promising energy resources in the whole world today. At a specific wind farm, the available electricity generated by a wind power generation system depends on mean wind speed (MWS), standard deviation of wind speed, and the location of installation. Since year-to-year variation on annual MWS is hard to predict, wind speed variations during a year can be well characterized in terms of a probability distribution function (pdf). This paper also addresses the relations among MWS, its standard deviation, and two important parameters of Weibull distribution.
The wind resource varies with of the day and the season of the year and even some extent from year to year. Wind energy has inherent variances and hence it has been expressed by distribution functions. In this paper, we present some methods for estimating Weibull parameters, namely, shape parameter ( k ) and scale parameter (
2. Weibull distribution
The Weibull distribution is characterized by two parameters, one is the shape parameter k (dimensionless) and the other is the scale parameter c (m/s).
The cumulative distribution function is given by
And the probability function is given by
The average wind speed can be expressed as
Equation (3) can be simplified as
By substituting a Gamma Function
The standard deviation of wind speed v is given by
i.e.
Use
And put
Hence we get
2.1. Linear Least Square Method (LLSM)
Least square method is used to calculate the parameter(s) in a formula when modeling an experiment of a phenomenon and it can give an estimation of the parameters. When using least square method, the sum of the squares of the deviations S which is defined as below, should be minimized.
In the equation, xi is the wind speed, yi is the probability of the wind speed rank, so (xi, yi) mean the data plot, wi is a weight value of the plot and n is a number of the data plot. The estimation technique we shall discuss is known as the Linear Least Square Method (LLSM), which is a computational approach to fitting a mathematical or statistical model to data. It is so commonly applied in engineering and mathematics problem that is often not thought of as an estimation problem. The linear least square method (LLSM) is a special case for the least square method with a formula which consists of some linear functions and it is easy to use. And in the more special case that the formula is line, the linear least square method is much easier. The Weibull distribution function is a non-linear function, which is
i.e.
i.e.
But the cumulative Weibull distribution function is transformed to a linear function like below:
Again
Equation (15) can be written as
where
By Linear regression formula
2.2. Maximum Likelihood Estimator(MLE)
The method of maximum likelihood (Harter and Moore (1965a), Harter and Moore (1965b), and Cohen (1965)) is a commonly used procedure because it has very desirable properties.
Let
is the Likelihood function. The Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) of θ
Now, we apply the MLE to estimate the Weibull parameters, namely the shape parameter and the scale parameters. Consider the Weibull probability density function (pdf) given in (2), then likelihood function will be
On taking the logarithms of (20), differentiating with respect to k and
On eliminating
which may be solved to get the estimate of k. This can be accomplished by Newton-Raphson method. Which can be written in the form
Where
And
Once
2.3. Some results
When a location has c=6 the pdf under various values of k are shown in Fig. 1. A higher value of k such as 2.5 or 4 indicates that the variation of Mean Wind speed is small. A lower value of k such as 1.5 or 2 indicates a greater deviation away from Mean Wind speed.
When a location has k=3 the pdf under various valus of c are shown in Fig.2. A higher value of c such as 12 indicates a greater deviation away from Mean Wind speed.
Fig. 3 represents the characteristic curve of
Fig.4 represents the characteristic curve of
March, 2009 | Wind Speed (m/s) | March, 2009 | Wind Speed (m/s) |
1 | 0.56 | 17 | 0.28 |
2 | 0.28 | 18 | 0.83 |
3 | 0.56 | 19 | 1.39 |
4 | 0.56 | 20 | 1.11 |
5 | 1.11 | 21 | 1.11 |
6 | 0.83 | 22 | 0.83 |
7 | 1.11 | 23 | 0.56 |
8 | 1.94 | 24 | 0.83 |
9 | 1.11 | 25 | 1.67 |
10 | 0.83 | 26 | 1.94 |
11 | 1.11 | 27 | 1.39 |
12 | 1.39 | 28 | 0.83 |
13 | 0.28 | 29 | 2.22 |
14 | 0.56 | 30 | 1.67 |
15 | 0.28 | 31 | 2.22 |
16 | 0.28 |
Example: Consider the following example where
Also let
But if we apply maximum Likelihood Method we get k = 1.912128 and c=1.335916. There is a huge difference in value of c by the above two methods. This is due to the mean rank of
3. Conclusions
In this paper, we have presented two analytical methods for estimating the Weibull distribution parameters. The above results will help the scientists and the technocrats to select the location for Wind Turbine Generators.
4. Appendix
Those who are not familiar with the units or who have data given in units of other systems (For example wind speed in kmph), here is a short list with the conversion factors for the units that are most relevant for design of Wind Turbine Generators.
Length | 1m = 3.28 ft |
Area | 1m2=10.76 ft2 |
Volume | 1m3 = 35.31 ft3=264.2 gallons |
Speed | 1m/s=2.237mph 1knot=.5144 m/s=1.15 mph |
Mass | 1 kg=2.20 5lb |
Force | 1N=0.225 lbf=0.102 kgf |
Torque | 1Nm=.738 ft lbf |
Energy | 1J= 0.239 Calories= 0.27777*10-6 kWh= 1 Nm |
Power | 1 W=1Watt=1 J/s=0.738 ft lbf/s= 1Nm/s 1 hp = 0.7457 kW 1 pk = 0.7355 Kw |
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