Normality tests for study variables.
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80355-367-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-366-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-368-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"d3a491e5194cad4c59b900dd57a11842",bookSignature:" Vladimir V. Kalinin",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11782.jpg",keywords:"Variety of Traits, Historical Remarks, Modern Definitions and Descriptions, Personality Disorders, Comorbid Psychopathology, Depression, Anxiety, Obsessions, Delusion, Treatment of Personality Disorders, Phenomenology of Personality Traits, Delusional Symptoms",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 9th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 12th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 11th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 29th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 28th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:'A researcher with over 300 publications in psychopathology, psychopharmacology, neuropsychiatry, and epileptology, a member of the Russian Society of Psychiatry, and the Russian Society of Epileptology. Dr. Kalinin\'s biography is included in Marquis "Who’s Who in Medicine and Healthcare" (2006-2007); Who’s Who in Science and Engineering 2008-2009"; "Who’s Who in the World" (2010, 2011), and in the Cambridge International Biographical Centre.',coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",middleName:null,surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. Kalinin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31572/images/system/31572.png",biography:"Vladimir V. Kalinin was born in1952 into a family of physicians in Orenburg (Russian Federation). He obtained an MD from Moscow State Medical Stomatological University in 1976. In 1976-1977 he completed an internship in Psychiatry. In 1978 he became a scientific researcher at Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry of Ministry of Health and Social Development where he is currently the department head. His scientific interests concern a broad range of psychiatry problems. The topic of his doctoral thesis in 1996 was the psychopathology and therapy of anxiety disorders with an emphasis on panic disorder. Prof. Kalinin has authored 228 publications, including research articles in professional journals (in Russian and English), three monographs in Russian, and four monographs in English.",institutionString:"Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry – The Branch of Serbsky's National Center of Psychiatry and Narcology of Ministry of Health",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444312",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Tikel",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444312/images/20015_n.jpg",email:"sara.t@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"510",title:"Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"183445801a9be3bfbce31fe9752ad3db",slug:"anxiety-disorders",bookSignature:"Vladimir Kalinin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/510.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. Kalinin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3808",title:"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder",subtitle:"The Old and the New Problems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a88e0e721da6859f0d527cdf5041baf9",slug:"obsessive-compulsive-disorder-the-old-and-the-new-problems",bookSignature:"Vladimir Kalinin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. Kalinin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5152",title:"Epileptology",subtitle:"The Modern State of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3cd008df10046135bfaa4f329e83af7f",slug:"epileptology-the-modern-state-of-science",bookSignature:"Vladimir V. Kalinin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5152.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. Kalinin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9530",title:"Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:"The New Achievements",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"702af230f376b968ca17900a9007cab9",slug:"anxiety-disorders-the-new-achievements",bookSignature:"Vladimir V. Kalinin, Cicek Hocaoglu and Shafizan Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9530.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31572",title:null,name:"Vladimir V.",surname:"Kalinin",slug:"vladimir-v.-kalinin",fullName:"Vladimir V. Kalinin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6494",title:"Behavior Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72a81a7163705b2765f9eb0b21dec70e",slug:"behavior-analysis",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou and Carolyn S. Ryan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6494.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"96493",title:"Prof.",name:"Huei Tse",surname:"Hou",slug:"huei-tse-hou",fullName:"Huei Tse Hou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9052",title:"Psychoanalysis",subtitle:"A New Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69cc7a085f5417038f532cf11edee22f",slug:"psychoanalysis-a-new-overview",bookSignature:"Floriana Irtelli, Barbara Marchesi and Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9052.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174641",title:"Dr.",name:"Floriana",surname:"Irtelli",slug:"floriana-irtelli",fullName:"Floriana Irtelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10981",title:"Sport Psychology in Sports, Exercise and Physical Activity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5214c44bdc42978449de0751ca364684",slug:"sport-psychology-in-sports-exercise-and-physical-activity",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10981.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde",surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde Nielsen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10211",title:"The Science of Emotional Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447fc7884303a10093bc189f4c82dd47",slug:"the-science-of-emotional-intelligence",bookSignature:"Simon George Taukeni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202046",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon George",surname:"Taukeni",slug:"simon-george-taukeni",fullName:"Simon George Taukeni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7811",title:"Beauty",subtitle:"Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f6fd59694706550db8dd1082a8e457b",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine and Júlia Scherer Santos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7811.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"12069",title:"Kinematics Synthesis of a New Generation of Rapid Linear Actuators for High Velocity Robotics",doi:"10.5772/10192",slug:"kinematics-synthesis-of-a-new-generation-of-rapid-linear-actuators-for-high-velocity-robotics",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/12069.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12069",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12069",totalDownloads:4188,totalViews:104,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:54,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"August 12th 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/12069",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/12069",book:{id:"3654",slug:"advanced-strategies-for-robot-manipulators"},signatures:"Luc Rolland",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3654",type:"book",title:"Advanced Strategies for Robot Manipulators",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Strategies for Robot Manipulators",slug:"advanced-strategies-for-robot-manipulators",publishedDate:"August 12th 2010",bookSignature:"S. Ehsan Shafiei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3654.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-099-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5954-4",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:27,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"9940",title:"Mr.",name:"Seyed Ehsan",middleName:null,surname:"Shafiei",slug:"seyed-ehsan-shafiei",fullName:"Seyed Ehsan Shafiei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1298"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12064",type:"chapter",title:"The Comparative Assessment of Modeling and Control of Mechanical Robot Manipulators",slug:"-the-comparative-assessment-of-modeling-and-control-of-mechanical-robot-manipulators-",totalDownloads:2134,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hamed Rahimi Nohooji",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12065",type:"chapter",title:"Hyper Redundant Manipulators",slug:"hyper-redundant-manipulators",totalDownloads:3062,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mircea Ivanescu and Dorian Cojocaru",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12066",type:"chapter",title:"Micro-Manipulator for Neurosurgical Application",slug:"micro-manipulator-for-neurosurgical-application",totalDownloads:2946,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ya'akob Yusof",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12067",type:"chapter",title:"DeLiA: a New Family of Redundant Robot Manipulators",slug:"delia-a-new-family-of-redundant-robot-manipulators",totalDownloads:1963,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jaime Gallardo-Alvarado",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12068",type:"chapter",title:"Dynamic Modelling, Tracking Control and Simulation Results of a Novel Underactuated Wheeled Manipulator (WAcrobot)",slug:"dynamic-modelling-tracking-control-and-simulation-results-of-a-novel-underactuated-wheeled-manipulat",totalDownloads:2580,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohsen Moradi Dalvand and Bijan Shirinzadeh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12069",type:"chapter",title:"Kinematics Synthesis of a New Generation of Rapid Linear Actuators for High Velocity Robotics",slug:"kinematics-synthesis-of-a-new-generation-of-rapid-linear-actuators-for-high-velocity-robotics",totalDownloads:4188,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Luc Rolland",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12070",type:"chapter",title:"Sliding Mode Control of Robot Manipulators via Intelligent Approaches",slug:"sliding-mode-control-of-robot-manipulators-via-intelligent-approaches",totalDownloads:2665,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"S. Ehsan Shafiei",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12071",type:"chapter",title:"Supervision and Control Strategies of a 6-DOF Parallel Manipulator Using a Mechatronic Approach",slug:"supervision-and-control-strategies-of-a-6-dof-parallel-manipulator-using-a-mechatronic-approach",totalDownloads:3414,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Joao Mauricio Rosario, Didier Dumur, Alvaro Joffre Uribe Quevedo, Mariana Moretti and Fabian Lara",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12072",type:"chapter",title:"Collision Detection and Control of Parallel-Structured Flexible Manipulators Based on Unscented Kalman Filter",slug:"collision-detection-and-control-of-parallel-structured-flexible-manipulators-based-on-unscented-kalm",totalDownloads:2285,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yuichi Sawada, Yusuke Watanabe and Junki Kondo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12073",type:"chapter",title:"On Saturated PID Controllers for Industrial Robots: the PA10 Robot Arm as Case of Study",slug:"on-saturated-pid-controllers-for-industrial-robots-the-pa10-robot-arm-as-case-of-study",totalDownloads:2611,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Jorge Orrante-Sakanassi, Victor Santibanez and Ricardo Campa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12074",type:"chapter",title:"Real-Time-Position Prediction Algorithm for Under-Actuated Robot Manipulator Using of Artificial Neural Network",slug:"real-time-position-prediction-algorithm-for-under-actuated-robot-manipulator-using-of-artificial-neu",totalDownloads:2578,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ahmed Azlan Mat Isa, Hayder M.A.A.Al-Assadi and Ali Taqi Hasan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12075",type:"chapter",title:"On Nonlinear Control Perspectives of a Challenging Benchmark",slug:"on-nonlinear-control-perspectives-of-a-challenging-benchmark",totalDownloads:2162,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Guangyu Liu and Yanxin Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12076",type:"chapter",title:"A Unified Approach to Robust Control of Flexible Mechanical Systems Using H-Infinity Control Powered by PD Control",slug:"a-unified-approach-to-robust-control-of-flexible-mechanical-systems-using-h-infinity-control-powered",totalDownloads:1764,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Masayoshi Toda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12077",type:"chapter",title:"An Improved Adaptive Kinematics Jacobian Trajectory Tracking of a Serial Robot Passing Through Singular Configurations",slug:"an-improved-adaptive-kinematics-jacobian-trajectory-tracking-of-a-serial-robot-passing-through-singu",totalDownloads:2531,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ali Taqi Hasan, Hayder M.A.A.Al-Assadi and Ahmed Azlan Mat Isa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12078",type:"chapter",title:"Development of Fuzzy-Logic-Based Self Tuning PI Controller for Servomotor",slug:"development-of-fuzzy-logic-based-self-tuning-pi-controller-for-servomotor",totalDownloads:4703,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Nordin Saad and Oyas Wahyunggoro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12079",type:"chapter",title:"Distributed Particle Filtering over Sensor Networks for Autonomous Navigation of UAVs",slug:"distributed-particle-filtering-over-sensor-networks-for-autonomous-navigation-of-uavs",totalDownloads:2058,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Gerasimos Rigatos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12080",type:"chapter",title:"Design and Control of a Compact Endoscope Manipulator: a Biologically Inspired Approach",slug:"design-and-control-of-a-compact-endoscope-manipulator-a-biologically-inspired-approach",totalDownloads:2213,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Atsushi Nishikawa, Mitsugu Sekimoto, Kazuhiro Taniguchi, Yasuo Yamada, Norikatsu Miyoshi, Shuji Takiguchi, Yuichiro Doki, Masaki Mori and Fumio Miyazaki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12081",type:"chapter",title:"Description of an Open Software Robotic Platform for Sensor Fusion Applications",slug:"description-of-an-open-software-robotic-platform-for-sensor-fusion-applications",totalDownloads:3e3,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Juan Gomez Ortega, Javier Gamez Garcia, Luis M. Nieto Nieto and Alejandro Sanchez Garcia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"12082",type:"chapter",title:"Structure and Property of the Singularity Loci of Gough-Stewart Manipulator",slug:"structure-and-property-of-the-singularity-loci-of-gough-stewart-manipulator",totalDownloads:1942,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yi Cao, Yanwen Li and Zhen Huang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3592",title:"Robot Manipulators",subtitle:"Trends and Development",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2aa8e8b567caf6c1f701d72f87798fa8",slug:"robot-manipulators-trends-and-development",bookSignature:"Agustin Jimenez and Basil M Al Hadithi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3592.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16314",title:"Prof.",name:"Agustin",surname:"Jimenez",slug:"agustin-jimenez",fullName:"Agustin Jimenez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"10489",title:"Optimal Usage of Robot Manipulators",slug:"optimal-usage-of-robot-manipulators",signatures:"Behnam Kamrani, Viktor Berbyuk, Daniel Wäppling, Xiaolong Feng and Hans Andersson",authors:[null]},{id:"10476",title:"Robotil Modelling and Simulation: Theory and Application",slug:"robotic-modelling-and-simulation-theory-and-application",signatures:"Muhammad Ikhwan Jambak, Habibollah Haron, Helmee Ibrahim and Norhazlan Abd Hamid",authors:[null]},{id:"10497",title:"Robot Simulation for Control Design",slug:"robot-simulation-for-control-design",signatures:"Leon Zlajpah",authors:[null]},{id:"10495",title:"Modeling of a One Flexible Link Manipulator",slug:"modeling-of-a-one-flexible-link-manipulator",signatures:"Mohamad Saad",authors:[null]},{id:"10501",title:"Motion Control",slug:"motion-control",signatures:"Sangchul Won and Jinwook Seok",authors:[null]},{id:"10483",title:"Global Stiffness Optimization of Parallel Robots Using Kinetostatic Performance Indices",slug:"global-stiffness-optimization-of-parallel-robots-using-kinetostatic-performance-indices",signatures:"Dan Zhang",authors:[null]},{id:"10484",title:"Measurement Analysis and Diagnosis for Robot Manipulators Using Advanced Nonlinear Control Techniques",slug:"measurement-analysis-and-diagnosis-for-robot-manipulators-using-advanced-nonlinear-control-technique",signatures:"Amr Pertew Ph.D P.Eng., Horacio Marquez Ph.D P.Eng and Qing Zhao Ph.D P.Eng",authors:[null]},{id:"10477",title:"Cartesian Control for Robot Manipulators",slug:"cartesian-control-for-robot-manipulators",signatures:"Pablo Sanchez-Sanchez and Fernando Reyes-Cortes",authors:[null]},{id:"10475",title:"Biomimetic Impedance Control of an EMG-Based Robotic Hand",slug:"biomimetic-impedance-control-of-an-emg-based-robotic-hand",signatures:"Toshio Tsuji, Keisuke Shima, Nan Bu and Osamu Fukuda",authors:[null]},{id:"10503",title:"Adaptive Robust Controller Designs Applied to Free-Floating Space Manipulators in Task Space",slug:"adaptive-robust-controller-designs-applied-to-free-floating-space-manipulators-in-task-space",signatures:"Tatiana Pazelli, Marco Terra and Adriano Siqueira",authors:[null]},{id:"10480",title:"Neural and Adaptive Control Strategies for a Rigid Link Manipulator",slug:"neural-and-adaptive-control-strategies-for-a-rigid-link-manipulator",signatures:"Dorin Popescu, Dan Selisteanu, Cosmin Ionete, Monica Roman and Livia Popescu",authors:[null]},{id:"10500",title:"Control of Flexible Manipulators. Theory and Practice",slug:"control-of-flexible-manipulators-theory-and-practice",signatures:"Pereira E., Becedas J., Payo I., Ramos F. and Feliu V.",authors:[null]},{id:"10488",title:"Fuzzy Logic Positioning System of Electro-Pneumatic Servo-Drive",slug:"fuzzy-logic-positioning-system-of-electro-pneumatic-servo-drive",signatures:"Jakub E. Takosoglu, Ryszard F. Dindorf and Pawel A. Laski",authors:[null]},{id:"10481",title:"Teleoperation System of Industrial Articulated Robot Arms by Using Forcefree Control",slug:"teleoperation-system-of-industrial-articulated-robot-arms-by-using-forcefree-control",signatures:"Satoru Goto",authors:[null]},{id:"10491",title:"Trajectory Generation for Mobile Manipulators",slug:"trajectory-generation-for-mobile-manipulators",signatures:"Foudil Abdessemed and Salima Djebrani",authors:[null]},{id:"10482",title:"Trajectory Control of Robot Manipulators Using a Neural Network Controller",slug:"trajectory-control-of-robot-manipulators-using-a-neural-network-controller",signatures:"Zhao-Hui Jiang",authors:[null]},{id:"10490",title:"Performance Evaluation of Autonomous Contour Following Algorithms for Industrial Robot",slug:"performance-evaluation-of-autonomous-contour-following-algorithms-for-industrial-robot",signatures:"Anton Satria Prabuwono, Samsi Said, Burhanuddin and Riza Sulaiman",authors:[null]},{id:"10502",title:"Advanced Dynamic Path Control of the Three Links SCARA Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System",slug:"advanced-dynamic-path-control-of-the-three-links-scara-using-adaptive-neuro-fuzzy-inference-system",signatures:"Prabu D, Surendra Kumar and Rajendra Prasad",authors:[null]},{id:"10499",title:"Topological Methods for Singularity-Free Path-Planning",slug:"topological-methods-for-singularity-free-path-planning",signatures:"Davide Paganelli",authors:[null]},{id:"10494",title:"Vision-based 2D and 3D Control of Robot Manipulators",slug:"vision-based-2d-and-3d-control-of-robot-manipulators",signatures:"Luis Hernandez, Hichem Sahli and Rene Gonzalez",authors:[null]},{id:"10486",title:"Using Object\\'s Contour and Form to Embed Recognition Capability into Industrial Robots",slug:"using-object-s-contour-and-form-to-embed-recognition-capability-into-industrial-robots",signatures:"I. Lopez-Juarez, M. Pena-Cabrera and A.V. Reyes-Acosta",authors:[null]},{id:"10493",title:"Autonomous 3D Shape Modeling and Grasp Planning for Handling Unknown Objects",slug:"autonomous-3d-shape-modeling-and-grasp-planning-for-handling-unknown-objects",signatures:"Yamazaki Kimitoshi, Masahiro Tomono and Takashi Tsubouchi",authors:[null]},{id:"10496",title:"Open Software Structure for Controlling Industrial Robot Manipulators",slug:"open-software-structure-for-controlling-industrial-robot-manipulators",signatures:"Flavio Roberti, Carlos Soria, Emanuel Slawinski, Vicente Mut and Ricardo Carelli",authors:[null]},{id:"10479",title:"Miniature Modular Manufacturing Systems and Efficiency Analysis of the Systems",slug:"miniature-modular-manufacturing-systems-and-efficiency-analysis-of-the-systems",signatures:"Nozomu Mishima, Kondoh Shinsuke, Kiwamu Ashida and Shizuka Nakano",authors:[null]},{id:"10487",title:"Implementation of an Intelligent Robotized GMAW Welding Cell, Part 1: Design and Simulation",slug:"implementation-of-an-intelligent-robotized-gmaw-welding-cell-part-1-design-and-simulation",signatures:"I. Davila-Rios, I. Lopez-Juarez, Luis Martinez-Martinez and L. M. Torres-Trevino",authors:[null]},{id:"10478",title:"Implementation of an Intelligent Robotized GMAW Welding Cell, Part 2: Intuitive Visual Programming Tool for Trajectory Learning",slug:"implementation-of-an-intelligent-robotized-gmaw-welding-cell-part-2-intuitive-visual-programming-too",signatures:"I. Lopez-Juarez, R. Rios-Cabrera and I. Davila-Rios",authors:[null]},{id:"10492",title:"Dynamic Behavior of a Pneumatic Manipulator with Two Degrees of Freedom",slug:"dynamic-behavior-of-a-pneumatic-manipulator-with-two-degrees-of-freedom",signatures:"Juan Manuel Ramos-Arreguin, Efren Gorrostieta-Hurtado, Jesus Carlos Pedraza-Ortega, Rene de Jesus Romero-Troncoso, Marco-Antonio Aceves and Sandra Canchola",authors:[null]},{id:"10474",title:"Dexterous Robotic Manipulation of Deformable Objects with Multi-Sensory Feedback - a Review",slug:"dexterous-robotic-manipulation-of-deformable-objects-with-multi-sensory-feedback-a-review",signatures:"Fouad F. Khalil and Pierre Payeur",authors:[null]},{id:"10498",title:"Task Analysis and Kinematic Design of a Novel Robotic Chair for the Management of Top-Shelf Vertigo",slug:"task-analysis-and-kinematic-design-of-a-novel-robotic-chair-for-the-management-of-top-shelf-vertigo",signatures:"Giovanni Berselli, Gianluca Palli, Riccardo Falconi, Gabriele Vassura and Claudio Melchiorri",authors:[null]},{id:"10485",title:"A Wire-Driven Parallel Suspension System with 8 Wires (WDPSS-8) for Low-Speed Wind Tunnels",slug:"a-wire-driven-parallel-suspension-system-with-8-wires-wdpss-8-for-low-speed-wind-tunnels",signatures:"Yaqing Zheng, Qi Lin and Xiongwei Liu",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"46",title:"Biped Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"biped-robots",bookSignature:"Armando Carlos Pina Filho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/46.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24367",title:"Prof.",name:"Armando Carlos",surname:"De Pina Filho",slug:"armando-carlos-de-pina-filho",fullName:"Armando Carlos De Pina Filho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3592",title:"Robot Manipulators",subtitle:"Trends and Development",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2aa8e8b567caf6c1f701d72f87798fa8",slug:"robot-manipulators-trends-and-development",bookSignature:"Agustin Jimenez and Basil M Al Hadithi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3592.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16314",title:"Prof.",name:"Agustin",surname:"Jimenez",slug:"agustin-jimenez",fullName:"Agustin Jimenez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3654",title:"Advanced Strategies for Robot Manipulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advanced-strategies-for-robot-manipulators",bookSignature:"S. Ehsan Shafiei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9940",title:"Mr.",name:"Seyed Ehsan",surname:"Shafiei",slug:"seyed-ehsan-shafiei",fullName:"Seyed Ehsan Shafiei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"76881",title:"Effects of the Peace Education Program on the Social and Emotional Behaviour for Pre-School in the Sultanate of Oman",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97795",slug:"effects-of-the-peace-education-program-on-the-social-and-emotional-behaviour-for-pre-school-in-the-s",body:'Peace is the highest level that who help spreads tranquillity, happiness, harmony and balance; not only with others [1, 2, 3]. But is peace of mind and inner tranquillity with oneself of mind which is full of love and enables the ability to live tranquillity. Psychological peace and self-alignment is the top of the spiritual pyramid to live happily, with comfort and peace of mind. All of these could be gained through continuous training on how to deal with others on a win-win basis [4]. In addition, peace is a human need, without which people live in terror and fear, lose their constancy and make them deal with the surroundings as enemies, lose friendship and respect for people. Peace education in UNICEF refers to viewed peace is a set of values and behaviours that drive individuals to social interaction and active participation, which are based on the principles of democracy, tolerance, solidarity and all human rights that work to reject violence, and dialogue replaces conflicts, and ways to participate fully in the process of Community Development [5]. In addition, peace education is a philosophy and process concerned with gaining knowledge about various aspects of peace, violence and peace-making skills. It is also the process of instilling elements of peace education in learners to enable them to develop their abilities to demonstrate tolerance and skills for solving non-violent conflicts and a sense of dedication in creating peace education [6].
Harris and Morrison [7], also noted that peace education not only guarantees a philosophical dimension such as love, mercy, respect and nonviolence, but is also a process that includes listening, meditation, thinking, cooperation and conflict resolution skills. As, we all today face many problems that threaten the whole world. One of the most serious of these problems is the problem of conflict and violence in its various forms, such as violence with self and social violence. It was therefore normal that the world represented in United Nations promotes a culture of peace in the world, especially among children [8].
Furthermore, the peace education program is designed to teach the skills and values associated with peaceful behaviour, encouraging adults and children to think constructively about social or emotional issues, and developing positive attitudes towards coexistence, and solve the problems that may arise in their societies by peaceful means. Children are affected by the conflicts and violence that revolve around them and what they watch from programs and news on television, which leaves deep psychological scars on children, with all the painful feelings that accompany them, this requires psychological support for this age group to restore balance [9]. It has also become the duty of those responsible for raising children to help them face the challenges that surround them by instilling a culture of peace, its concepts, and its skills, and this will only be achieved through peace education that works to create a child-friendly environment and help them learn, as Future peace is not limited to the absence of outright hostility, but it also includes the employment of peace-making processes and skills, which will lay the foundations for lasting peace [5].
Moreover, this confirms that the first years of a child’s life are essential in composition of their intelligence, personality and social behaviour. Children are born with a range of social capacities, physical and psychological abilities enabling them to communicate, learn and develop; if they do not receive attention they seek from adults, such abilities may decrease. Studies also suggest that behaviour develops in children occurs before the age of seven, and because children are the future of our lives in next generations to come, they honour the values of culture and maintain the social and moral values. Therefore, it is very important to start by promoting these values with children through related useful educational programs [10].
Oman Vision 20/40 stated that Oman seeks to be among the top ten countries that enjoy world peace [11]. The present study came to support Oman’s vision 20/40 for reaching the forefront of peace.
In addition, Muscat Daily (2018) showed, in a recent newspaper report, there are 387 cases of abuses against children in Oman (e.g. physical, verbal, negligence, and sexual harassment), which occurred between January and June 2018. The cases reported through the free hotline (1100) of the Ministry of Social Development uncovered many of the cases of abuse against children which were hidden before. Despite the existence of the Omani Children’s Code issued by a royal decree number 22/2014 [12] to protect children and preserve their rights, still this is not enough. Children need to learn how to take preventive measures before the incident in order to protect themselves from any abuse that may occur. The problem of the study is formulated accordingly with some previous scholars’ calls, for instance, Al Sawafi [13] who strongly recommended the importance of designing a new curriculum to measure social skills of pre-school and develop their social skills, since the existing curriculum in Oman does not provide any significant elements to deal with the preschoolers’ behavioural and emotional issues. Hence, the researcher tries to formulate a new comprehensive framework to meet the needs of children to enhance their behaviour by training them accordingly in different situations and environments. In search of solutions, “evidence on the role of supportive school environments in buffering negative community processes and fostering resilience in youth affected by violence is increasing” [14, 15, 16]. While educational programs for developing school environment and peace building have been globally agreed on as helpful in providing safe learning environments [17], to pre-school children’s experience and knowledge, the social dynamics in societies affected by ferocity and the contextual hindrances that may interfere with their translation into practices are often overlooked and left, especially within the Middle East region. Before putting into account educational methods to address problems of peace and violence in schools, we thus first explore the core issue of this research from a socio-educational perspective where a significant body of votes share ideas and opinions, which might give authenticity to the research findings.
In eighties and nineties (in the beginning of the Renaissance in Oman), the Omani society put a remarkable organised interest concerning children’s rights. The focus, however, was more directly on children’s literacy and numeracy than on instilling the values of peace in children, which in turn had a negative impact on the behaviour of children. This is because of the negative role of media in portraying children in cartoons, which implants many negative images in children’s mind. Nowadays, it is different from the past because of many external influences affecting children. Moreover, today’s family is much busy working outside home. This thus gives children an opportunity to spend much time watching TV. Also, pre-school teachers are constantly complaining about the aggressive behaviour of children.
On the other hand, children need to learn how to take preventive measures before the incident in order to protect themselves from any abuse that may occur. This in turn confirms to the researcher the firm desire to teach children peace education.
Peace has as many definitions as its types and thus it might not be easy to have one unified definitions i.e. Harlock defines peace, as the sharpening of consciousness in individuals to avoid conflicts between them and it promotes a culture of preventing disputes between nations and large groups, and the promotion of social development to motivate individuals to work on development and production, and work to create opportunities and conditions that help people settle [18].
The study sought to modify children’s social and emotional behaviour through the peace education program. Social behaviour is a set of works, performances, experiences, and activities that pre-school children learn and repeat, and they train in a regular manner until they enter into their social interaction with others and the things around them [19]. In procedural terms, the researcher defines it as the degree to which the examiners (children of the study sample) obtain a scale of social behavior from the peace education program prepared by the researcher in the following skills (Self-care skills (SCS), Communication skills (CS)). Emotional behaviour is defined as the way in which children acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes to know their feelings and how to manage them, set positive goals to achieve them, care for others, establish and maintain positive relationships with them, make responsible decisions and deal with personal situations effectively [20]. The researcher defines it as The emotional behavior shown by the examined (pre-school children) through their dealing with the situations and events they pass through after training them on the following skills (Self-Awareness (SA), Emotional Management (EM), Motivaion (M)) in the peace education program prepared by the researcher.
The study aimed to build a Peace Education Program (PEP) that demonstrates social and emotional behaviour in children. Accordingly, the objectives of the study came as follows:
In order to determine whether there are statistically significant differences in the social behaviour of preschoolers between the experimental group and the control group after the Peace Education Program (PEP), the first hypothesis came: There are no statistically significant differences in the social behaviour of children at some point Pre-school between the experimental and control group after PEP;
In order to determine whether there are statistically significant differences in the emotional behaviour of preschoolers between the experimental group and the control group after PEP, the second hypothesis came which is: There are no statistically significant differences in the emotional behaviour of preschoolers between the experimental group and the group Control subjects after PEP;
As for determining whether there are statistically significant differences between males and females in pre-school stage in social and emotional behaviour after infection with PEP, the third hypothesis came: There are no statistically significant differences between males and females in pre-school stage in Social and emotional behaviour after PEP.
To answer the research questions and investigate the accuracy of the proposed hypotheses, the study has integrated two theories from which the researcher has formulated a new framework to analyse the data as follows: Maslow’s theory argues that human beings have basic needs to be fulfilled first and on which other needs are based. That is children’s basic needs ought to be fulfilled and then other needs with higher virtues such as co-existence and peaceful life and constructive dialogues are fulfilled. The study has adopted Maslow’s theory because of its emphasis on individuals’ constructive dialogue, respect, love, peace, cooperation, tolerance and honesty with one another. In other words, preschoolers can reach to and possess such virtues after they reach to self-realisation comprehensively built on other needs on the hierarchy including the most significant one at the base of the pyramid. Along with Maslow’s theory, this study is built on Daniel Goleman’s Model (1995). Goleman’s theory sheds light on emotional intelligence which generates/is associated with a range of different behaviours, the most important of which as claimed by Goleman [21] is emotional behaviour, based on which many human characteristics and virtues can be analysed/measured”. In 1998 Goleman formulated a new version of the theory “an emotional intelligence -based theory of performance” consisting of a set of guidelines for competencies and effectiveness and for development of individual worker. He claimed that EI is the ability to understand and control our feelings and emotions, which, thus, helps create real, persuasive leaders. He also formulated five domains of EI. These domains include: 1- self-regulation, self-awareness, motivation, empathy and social skills. These five domains consist of 25 competencies and include social competence and personal competence. Self-awareness is one’s ability to realise and understand their moods, feelings and emotions and their effects on others. Self-management is one’s ability to control reactions and emotions of oneself. Social skills are one’s ability to maintain constructive relationships and build a network. Motivation is one’s ability to deal with challenges and be optimistic [22] Since this study investigates the dimensions of the traits and faults of emotional behaviour, the proposed theory is the most applicable one to provide a new explanation for the causes of the problems of emotional behaviour that negatively influence the process/environment of peace education of pre-school students. The results of the possible problems of emotional behaviour generated by this theory may greatly help decision-makers and other personnel to take the necessary steps and procedures in making/finding proper solutions that help promote and spread peace education at pre-schools in Sultanate of Oman.
Al-Saidi [23] evaluated the effectiveness of enrichment activities in planting the concepts of peace in kindergarten children. To achieve the objectives of the study, the semi-experimental method was used on a random sample (n = 46) of kindergarten children in the Holy City in the second semester of 2013. The sample included 23 children of the experimental group, and 23 children in the control. The researcher prepared a daily program concerning the education of peace (Peace Unit). The researcher concluded that integrating peace education in the curricula enriches the kindergarten programs, which thus boost students’ motivation and desire to effectively and quickly learn.
A significant study was conducted by Darweish and Abdulsamad [24] about peace education existence and influence in education in schools in Iraqi Kurdistan. The authors adopted qualitative research approach and critical discourse analysis to shed light on the content of educational textbooks in respect with violence, principles and values. The author concluded that Kurdistan’s school curriculum suffers from different issues including violence, inequality and discrimination, which are caused by the dominant political group. Such issues have serious academic and socio-psychological impact on school children. The authors emphasised that Kurdistan’s curriculum lacks the core foundations necessary to enhance students’ cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The study finally found that the terminologies, concepts and words used in school textbooks focus on Muslims’ alienation of the other ethnic groups rather than on the more positive aspects of Islam that should be learned and shared. Thus, it is hardly to find essential terms such as peace, equality and tolerance used in the curriculum due to the dominant group promulgating its knowledge as a sign of domination and influence.
Very recently, Murano, Lipnevich, Walton, Burrus, Way & Carrasco [25] conducted a study about measuring social and emotional skills in elementary students. They conducted two searches to develop and validate items in order to measure emotional and social skills in third, fourth and fifth grade students. Having applied Big Five personality model as an assessment framework, the authors concluded that emotional and social skills can be validly and reliably measured in elementary students. The authors also concluded that team work is the most important factors leading elementary students for academic success and achievement.
In astonishing paper written by Panayiotou & Wigelsworth [26], social and emotional behaviours were exclusively investigated. The authors investigated a longitudinal sample of 1626 students attending 45 elementary schools in the UK. Having used structural equation modelling accounting for data-clustering, prior academic attainment, gender and within-time covariance, the authors examined the temporal relations between school connectedness, mental health difficulties, social–emotional competence and academic attainment. The authors emphasised that social- emotional competence exerted a valuable influence on school students’ mental health difficulties and school connectedness. The authors concluded that students who have greater social–emotional competence experience fewer mental health issues and difficulties and thus they may have higher academic attainment.
Al Sawafi [13] conducted a study to measure the effectiveness of a training program in developing some social skills among a sample of pre-school children. Three social skills were identified (empathy, communication with others, cooperation). The program was applied to a sample of (20) pre-school children (ranging from 4 to 6) years from Sanao Private School in Sharqiyah North Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman. The researcher used the Social Intelligence Scale in the study of Al-Qatami and Al-Yousef [27], which consists of a photographic scale and a note form for the teacher. The results of the study confirmed the correctness of the first hypothesis about the presence of statistically significant differences in the social skills (empathy, communicate with others, cooperation) with pre-school children in the first and second measurements. This is because of the training program used in this study. The results also confirmed the second hypothesis which indicates that there are no statistically significant differences between the second and follow-up measurements in social skills (empathy, communicate with others, cooperation) among a sample of pre-school children.
Normality tests were performed to ensure sample normality, subsequently, ANCOVA test was performed as an inferential analysis, in order to examine the study hypothesis.
Table 1 shows the values of skewness and kurtosis as the normality tests and the mean and the standard deviation for each variable for the study variables. The results show that all variables are considered normally distributed as the skewness and kurtosis values are between ±2 which is considered acceptable according to George & Mallery (Figure 1) [28].
Variable | Mean | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Behaviour | Self-Care Skills | 1.4938 | .26821 | ||
Communication Skills | 1.5896 | .23562 | |||
Emotional Behaviour | Self-Awareness | 1.7650 | .20256 | −.524 | −.339 |
Emotions Management | 1.7578 | .23861 | −.546 | −.622 | |
Motivation | 1.7234 | .23053 | −.371 | −.561 |
Normality tests for study variables.
SD = Standard Deviation.
Factor analysis for self-care skill (SCS).
Table 2 shows the results that the KMO value is 0.782 which mean that the used data is considered enough for factor analysis. The results show the significant value of the Bartlett’s test which is (.000) less than 0.05 indicating that the used data of this factor is adequate for the factor analysis. On the other hand, the factor loading values show the variance explained by the variable on this particular factor (SCS). The results show that all factor loading is greater than 0.4 which indicate that, as suggested by Hair et al. [29], there is no need to eliminate any items from further analysis due to low loading (Figure 2).
No. | Items | Loading | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | SCS1 | KMO | ||
2. | SCS2 | Barlett’s test of Sphericity | 428.444 | |
3. | SCS3 | Sig. | ||
4. | SCS4 | |||
5. | SCS5 | |||
6. | SCS6 |
Factor analysis for self-care skill (SCS).
Factor analysis for communication skill (CS).
Table 3 shows the results that indicate the suitability of the Communication Skill (CS) factor detection. The results show that the KMO value is 0.731 which is greater than 0.5 indicating that the used data is considered enough for factor analysis.
No. | Items | Loading | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | CS1 | KMO | ||
2. | CS2 | Barlett’s test of Sphericity | 360.737 | |
3. | CS3 | Sig. | ||
4. | CS4 | |||
5. | CS5 | |||
6. | CS6 |
Factor analysis for communication skill (CS).
In addition, the results show that Bartlett’s test significance level of (.000) which is less than 0.05 indicating that the used data of this factor is adequate for the factor analysis too.
Also, the factor loading values of the communication skill (CS) factor’s items that are greater than 0.4 which means that there is no need to eliminate any item from the further analysis due to low loading as suggested by Hair et al. (Figure 3) [29].
Factor analysis for self-awareness (SA).
Table 4 shows the results that the KMO value is 0.562 which is greater than 0.5 indicating that the used data is considered enough for factor analysis. In addition, the results show that Bartlett’s test significance level of (.016) is less than 0.05 indicating that the used data of this factor is adequate for the factor analysis too. Also, the factor loading values of the self-awareness (SA) factor’s items are greater than 0.4 except only one item (SA5, loading value = .200) that has loading value less than 0.4 which means that this item should be eliminated from the further analysis due to low loading as suggested by Hair et al. (Figure 4) [29].
No. | Items | Loading | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | SA1 | KMO | ||
2. | SA2 | Barlett’s test of Sphericity | 21.817 | |
3. | SA3 | Sig. | ||
4. | SA4 | |||
5. | SA5 |
Factor analysis for self-awareness (SA).
Factor analysis for emotion management (EM).
Table 5 shows the results that indicate the suitability of the Emotion-Management (EM) factor detection. The results show that the KMO value is 0.594 which is greater than 0.5 indicating that the used data is considered enough for factor analysis. In addition, the results show that Bartlett’s test significance level of (.001) which is less than 0.05 indicating that the used data of this factor is adequate for the factor analysis too. Also, the factor loading values of the emotion-management (EM) factor’s items that are greater than 0.4 which means that no need to eliminated any items from the further analysis due to low loading as suggested by Hair et al. (Figure 5) [29].
No. | Items | Loading | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | EM1 | KMO | ||
2. | EM2 | Barlett’s test of Sphericity | 22.790 | |
3. | EM3 | Sig. | ||
4. | EM4 |
Factor analysis for emotion-management (EM).
Factor analysis for motivation (M).
Table 6 shows the results that indicate the suitability of the Motivation (M) detection factor. The results show that the KMO value is 0.500 which is equal to the limit of 0.5 indicating that the used data is considered enough for factor analysis. In addition, the results show that Bartlett’s test significance level of (.000) which is less than 0.05 indicating that the used data of this factor is adequate for the factor analysis too. Also, the factor loading values of the motivation (M) factor’s items that are greater than 0.4 which means that no need to eliminated any items from the further analysis due to low loading as suggested by Hair et al. [29].
No. | Items | Loading | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | M1 | KMO | ||
2. | M2 | Barlett’s test of Sphericity | 28.248 | |
3. | M3 | Sig. | ||
4. | M4 |
Factor analysis for motivation (M).
In the following section, the research hypotheses are tested:
The first (RH1) hypothesis states that “There are no significant differences in the social behaviour of preschoolers between the experimental and the control group after the Peace Education Programme (PEP).” and in order to test this hypothesis, ANCOVA test is used as well.
The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is a statistical test used to control for the effects of a confounding variable (covariate) on the relationship or association between a predictor and outcome variable. With ANCOVA, the covariate is measured at a continuous level. The predictor variable can represent independent groups or levels of a categorical variable. The outcome is continuous with ANCOVA [30].
The first hypotheses assume that there are no significant differences in the social skills of preschool children between the experimental and the control group of the peace education program (PEP) which means that there is a pre-test and a post-test for each social skills. There is also an independent variable with two groups (control and experimental), so by using ANCOVA test, the independent variable will be the students’ group (control and experimental), the dependent variable will be the post-test and the covariate variable is the pre-test.
The ANCOVA test results are shown in Table 7.
Variable | Test | Mean | SD | F | Sig. | Effect Size % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social | Control | .06097 | 1588.119 | |||
Experimental | .05731 |
ANCOVA results for testing the differences in the social skills of preschool children between the experimental and the control group of the (PEP).
Sig. <0.05.
Table 7 shows that there are significant differences in social skills of preschool children between the experimental and the control groups after receiving the peace education program (PEP) whereas the significance level is .000 which is less than 0.05. This means that social skills of the preschool children are significantly enhanced after receiving the PEP. This is also indicated by noticing the mean values before (M = 1.43) and after (M = 1.93) the PEP with an effect size percentage of .95.
As a result, we can reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis as the social skills of the pre-schoolers have enhanced significantly after receiving the peace education program (PEP).
The second (RH2) hypothesis states that “there are no significant differences in the emotional behaviour of preschoolers between the experimental and the control group after the Peace Education Programme (PEP).”. In order to test this hypothesis, ANCOVA test is used as well. The second hypothesis assumes that there are no significant differences in the emotional behaviours of preschool children between the experimental and the control groups of the peace education program (PEP) which means that there is a pre-test and a post-test for emotional behaviours. There is also an independent variable with two groups (control and experimental). By using ANCOVA test, the independent variable is the students’ group (control and experimental), the dependent variable is the post-test and the covariate variable is the pre-test. The ANCOVA test results are shown in Table 8.
Variable | Test | Mean | SD | F | Sig. | Effect Size % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional | Control | .10669 | 298.524 | |||
Experimental | .04419 |
ANCOVA results for testing the differences in the emotional behaviours of preschool children between the experimental and the control group of the (PEP).
Sig. <0.05.
Table 8 shows that there are significant differences in emotional behaviours of preschool children between the experimental and the control group after receiving the peace education program (PEP) whereas the significance level is .000 which is less than .05 meaning that emotional skills of the preschool children significantly enhanced after receiving the PEP. This is indicated also by noticing the mean values before (M = 1.68) and after (M = 1.95) the PEP with an effect size percentage of .80.
As a result, we can reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis as the emotional behaviours of the preschool children have significantly enhanced after receiving the peace education program (PEP).
The fifth hypothesis states that “There are no significant differences between male and female preschool children in social and emotional behaviour after having the peace education program (PEP)” and in order to test this hypothesis, Independent-sample t-test is used which the independent variable will be the students’ gender (male and female) and the dependent variables will be the emotional and social behaviour dimensions and the results are shown in Table 9.
Variable | Group | Mean | SD | T | df | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-Care Skills | Male | 1.8981 | .12959 | −.081 | 38 | .936 |
Female | 1.9015 | .13273 | ||||
Interpersonal Relation Skills | Male | 1.9352 | .08361 | .115 | 38 | .909 |
Female | 1.9318 | .09839 | ||||
Communication Skills | Male | 1.9537 | .07681 | −.358 | 38 | .722 |
Female | 1.9621 | .07149 | ||||
Self-Awareness | Male | 1.9111 | .12314 | −.674 | 38 | .505 |
Female | 1.9364 | .11358 | ||||
Emotions Management | Male | 1.9722 | .08085 | −.207 | 38 | .837 |
Female | 1.9773 | .07356 | ||||
Empathy | Male | 1.9630 | .07130 | .037 | 38 | .971 |
Female | 1.9621 | .07149 | ||||
Motivation | Male | 1.9306 | .11522 | −.318 | 38 | .752 |
Female | 1.9432 | .13210 |
Independent-sample t-test results.
Sig. <0.05.
Table 9 shows that there are no significant differences in all social and emotional behaviours of preschool children between male and female students after receiving the peace education program (PEP) whereas the significance levels are more than 0.05 for all variables meaning that student gender does not affect the social and emotional behaviours of the preschool children after receiving the PEP.
As a result, we accept the null hypothesis as there are no statistically significant differences between male and female preschool children in term of social and emotional behaviour after receiving the peace education program (PEP).
This study concludes that there is an impact of the peace education program on the social and emotional behaviour of preschool children. The study shows that peace is an important prerequisite for the development of a balanced life for people, especially in childhood stage. The results of this study may provide many benefits of measuring and improving children’s behaviour through program and it may support the curriculum in Oman. This study has been successful to focus on some aspects of growth and behaviour enhancement in children. It is likely to be beneficial to learners, teachers, curriculum designers, and educational policy-makers in Oman.
The study was based on Maslow’s theory and Goleman’s theory, and presented an integrated program in peace education for preschool children, and also provided a measure of social and emotional behaviour, through which teachers, supervisors and stakeholders in childhood can use it to measure children’s behaviour and work to develop them to be effective elements in society, and grow up Balanced personalities avoid them falling into the wrong and harmful behaviours and behaviours of society.
This study is important because it sheds light on the importance of measuring the behaviour of children and working to improve them on the basis of scientific and well-studied. For this purpose, the study included seven basic dimensions of the skills of social and emotional behaviour, namely (self-care, interpersonal relationships, communication, self-awareness, emotion management, empathy and motivation). Which was measured through a scale of two images, and was developed through the peace education program that the study sample received in the experimental group, and the results of the study showed a noticeable development in the behaviour of the experimental group children compared to their low behaviour in which the scale showed before joining the program.
The study also came out with a set of recommendations, the most prominent of which was the importance of implementing the peace education program in the pre-school education stage in Oman in parallel with the applied curricula, and training teachers on using it with children.
As a company committed to the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).
',metaTitle:"OAI-PMH",metaDescription:"As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/oai-pmh",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\\n\\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\\n\\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\\n\\nREQUESTS
\\n\\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at ai@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nDATABASES
\\n\\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\\n\\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\\n\\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\\n\\n\\n\\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\n\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\n\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\n\nREQUESTS
\n\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at ai@intechopen.com.
\n\nDATABASES
\n\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\n\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\n\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\n\n\n\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6601},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5906},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12541},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132763},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10744",title:"Astrocytes in Brain Communication and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8b6a8e2bb5f070305768945fdef8eed2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Denis Larrivee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10744.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11020",title:"Dietary Supplements - Challenges and Future Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2283ae2d0816c17ad46cbedbe4ce5e78",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Venketeshwer Rao and Dr. Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11020.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11121",title:"Crystal Growth - Technologies and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"81f076fab2acb567946aeaa4b7281fc1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11121.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300527",title:"Dr.",name:"Riadh",surname:"Marzouki",slug:"riadh-marzouki",fullName:"Riadh Marzouki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11168",title:"Sulfur Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"39d4f4522a9f465bfe15ec2d85ef8861",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Enos Wamalwa Wambu and Dr. Esther Nthiga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11168.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"187655",title:"Dr.",name:"Enos",surname:"Wambu",slug:"enos-wambu",fullName:"Enos Wambu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07e8cf78550507643fbcf71a6a9d48b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jacome Bruges Armas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"70522",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",surname:"Bruges Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges Armas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11294",title:"Blood Donation and Transfusion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5dcef6c86c9137be3e9e73514bc26dbf",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Osaro Erhabor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11294.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"35140",title:"Dr.",name:"Osaro",surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11432",title:"Drugs Modification via Co-crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a9e50e249a320b0fba2dfaf478848854",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Aleksey Kuznetsov and Dr. Akbar Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11432.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"201033",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksey",surname:"Kuznetsov",slug:"aleksey-kuznetsov",fullName:"Aleksey Kuznetsov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11434",title:"Indigenous Populations - Perspectives From Scholars and Practitioners in Contemporary Times",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c0d1c1c93a36fd9d726445966316a373",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sylvanus Gbendazhi Barnabas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11434.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"293764",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvanus",surname:"Barnabas",slug:"sylvanus-barnabas",fullName:"Sylvanus Barnabas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:123},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:792},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4387},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"287",title:"Environmental Engineering",slug:"technology-environmental-engineering",parent:{id:"24",title:"Technology",slug:"technology"},numberOfBooks:16,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:347,numberOfWosCitations:224,numberOfCrossrefCitations:218,numberOfDimensionsCitations:571,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"287",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10975",title:"Sewage",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0933f9b6aa7b8c65e710e951e674997d",slug:"sewage-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tao Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10975.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185487",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"tao-zhang",fullName:"Tao Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10389",title:"Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d5bb1865e5a17251d299b5c1ada3f5c0",slug:"osmotically-driven-membrane-processes",bookSignature:"Muharrem Ince and Olcay Kaplan Ince",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10389.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258431",title:"Prof.",name:"Muharrem",middleName:null,surname:"Ince",slug:"muharrem-ince",fullName:"Muharrem Ince"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9921",title:"Promising Techniques for Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Assessment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"59ea12a5ea4a235dc8123537effc7cf1",slug:"promising-techniques-for-wastewater-treatment-and-water-quality-assessment",bookSignature:"Iqbal Ahmed Moujdin and J. Kevin Summers",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9921.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197244",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Iqbal",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"iqbal-ahmed",fullName:"Iqbal Ahmed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7633",title:"Energy Policy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7b3214f2f9bbd4ca03ca927267b13cbf",slug:"energy-policy",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7633.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7645",title:"Desalination",subtitle:"Challenges and Opportunities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79498ce21a56d214786502c9fe4ebd6b",slug:"desalination-challenges-and-opportunities",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hossein Davood Abadi Farahani, Vahid Vatanpour and Amir Hooshang Taheri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7645.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"249503",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Davood Abadi Farahani",slug:"mohammad-hossein-davood-abadi-farahani",fullName:"Mohammad Hossein Davood Abadi Farahani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9415",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes",subtitle:"Applications, Trends, and Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60d177837fbb691b82c80922cd9bb295",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-applications-trends-and-prospects",bookSignature:"Ciro Bustillo-Lecompte",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"189304",title:"Dr.",name:"Ciro",middleName:"Fernando",surname:"Bustillo-Lecompte",slug:"ciro-bustillo-lecompte",fullName:"Ciro Bustillo-Lecompte"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8915",title:"Advances in Membrane Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19febde893f705494f2334d02977fd83",slug:"advances-in-membrane-technologies",bookSignature:"Amira Abdelrasoul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"151521",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelrasoul",slug:"amira-abdelrasoul",fullName:"Amira Abdelrasoul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8496",title:"Zero and Net Zero Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55f42cf4f87acf2e1ade4a7b5e9835a4",slug:"zero-and-net-zero-energy",bookSignature:"Getu Hailu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8496.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"250634",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Getu",middleName:null,surname:"Hailu",slug:"getu-hailu",fullName:"Getu Hailu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8804",title:"Water and Wastewater Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ccb46d6518786712b3184b2498fb0cab",slug:"water-and-wastewater-treatment",bookSignature:"Murat Eyvaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8804.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7382",title:"Antarctica",subtitle:"A Key To Global Change",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deead09dc6b7b3f28dea1432ef711265",slug:"antarctica-a-key-to-global-change",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Genti Toyokuni and Masa-yuki Yamamoto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7382.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6500",title:"Low Carbon Transition",subtitle:"Technical, Economic and Policy Assessment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"637de6ab7049f98e96b610f7b28a3d63",slug:"low-carbon-transition-technical-economic-and-policy-assessment",bookSignature:"Valter Silva, Matthew Hall and Inês Azevedo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187136",title:"Dr.",name:"Valter",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"valter-silva",fullName:"Valter Silva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6525",title:"Energy Systems and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf60dee49589a07a71b7f43f338dd2fd",slug:"energy-systems-and-environment",bookSignature:"Pavel Tsvetkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6525.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10023",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel V.",middleName:null,surname:"Tsvetkov",slug:"pavel-v.-tsvetkov",fullName:"Pavel V. Tsvetkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:16,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"66882",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85919",title:"World’s Demand for Food and Water: The Consequences of Climate Change",slug:"world-s-demand-for-food-and-water-the-consequences-of-climate-change",totalDownloads:2126,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"This study focused on analysis of global food demand and supply situation by 2030 and 2050, water demand-availability, impact of climate change on world water resource, food security and desalination challenges and development opportunities. The population of the world will be 8.6 billion in 2030 and 9.8 billion in 2050; Africa will be the major contributor. World cereal equivalent (CE) food demand is projected to be around 10,094 million tons in 2030 and 14,886 million tons in 2050, while its production is projected to be 10,120 million tons in 2030 and 15,970 million tons in 2050 having a marginal surplus. India and China are capturing large share of global food demand. The developing country will demand more animal origin foods due to income growth in the future. The growth rate of world demand for cereals will decline till 2050. Global water demand is projected to increase by 55% between 2000 and 2050 from 3500 to 5425 km3. Evidence showed that climate change will have adverse impact on world water resources and food production with high degree of regional variability and scarcity. A number of options are suggested for development of global water resource and food production.",book:{id:"7645",slug:"desalination-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Desalination",fullTitle:"Desalination - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Sheikh Mohammad Fakhrul Islam and Zahurul Karim",authors:[{id:"288119",title:"Prof.",name:"S.M. Fakhrul",middleName:null,surname:"Islam",slug:"s.m.-fakhrul-islam",fullName:"S.M. Fakhrul Islam"},{id:"288121",title:"Prof.",name:"Zahurul",middleName:null,surname:"Karim",slug:"zahurul-karim",fullName:"Zahurul Karim"}]},{id:"60850",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76624",title:"Wastewater Treatment Using Membrane Technology",slug:"wastewater-treatment-using-membrane-technology",totalDownloads:2961,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Water contamination by heavy metals, cyanides and dyes is increasing globally and needs to be addressed as this will lead to water scarcity as well as water quality. Different techniques have been used to clean and renew water for human consumption and agricultural purposes but they each have limitations. Among those techniques, membrane technology is promising to solve the issues. Nanotechnology present a great potential in wastewater treatment to improve treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment plants. In addition, nanotechnology supplement water supply through safe use of modern water sources. This chapter reviews recent development in membrane technology for wastewater treatment. Different types of membrane technologies, their properties, mechanisms advantages, limitations and promising solutions have been discussed.",book:{id:"6539",slug:"wastewater-and-water-quality",title:"Wastewater and Water Quality",fullTitle:"Wastewater and Water Quality"},signatures:"Azile Nqombolo, Anele Mpupa, Richard M. Moutloali and Philiswa\nN. Nomngongo",authors:[{id:"191669",title:"Dr.",name:"Philiswa",middleName:null,surname:"Nomngongo",slug:"philiswa-nomngongo",fullName:"Philiswa Nomngongo"}]},{id:"9113",doi:"10.5772/7588",title:"Photocatalytic Processes on the Oxidation of Organic Compounds in Water",slug:"photocatalytic-processes-on-the-oxidation-of-organic-compounds-in-water",totalDownloads:5773,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"3704",slug:"new-trends-in-technologies",title:"New Trends in Technologies",fullTitle:"New Trends in Technologies"},signatures:"C. J. Philippopoulos and M. D Nikolaki",authors:null},{id:"70242",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90256",title:"Advancements in the Fenton Process for Wastewater Treatment",slug:"advancements-in-the-fenton-process-for-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:1873,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Fenton is considered to be one of the most effective advanced treatment processes in the removal of many hazardous organic pollutants from refractory/toxic wastewater. It has many advantages, but drawbacks are significant such as a strong acid environment, the cost of reagents consumption, and the large production of ferric sludge, which limits Fenton’s further application. The development of Fenton applications is mainly achieved by improving oxidation efficiency and reducing sludge production. This chapter presents a review on fundamentals and applications of conventional Fenton, leading advanced technologies in the Fenton process, and reuse methods of iron containing sludge to synthetic and real wastewaters are discussed. Finally, future trends and some guidelines for Fenton processes are given.",book:{id:"9415",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-applications-trends-and-prospects",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes",fullTitle:"Advanced Oxidation Processes - Applications, Trends, and Prospects"},signatures:"Min Xu, Changyong Wu and Yuexi Zhou",authors:[{id:"307479",title:"Dr.",name:"Changyong",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"changyong-wu",fullName:"Changyong Wu"},{id:"307546",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuexi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yuexi-zhou",fullName:"Yuexi Zhou"},{id:"311139",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"min-xu",fullName:"Min Xu"}]},{id:"67689",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86952",title:"Membrane Distillation: Basics, Advances, and Applications",slug:"membrane-distillation-basics-advances-and-applications",totalDownloads:1444,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Membrane technology as an emerging separation process has become competitive with other separation techniques in recent decades. Among pressure-driven and isothermal membrane processes, membrane distillation (MD) as a thermally driven process has come out to put an end to hardships of such processes like distillation. MD process can be used in a wide variety of applications such as desalination and wastewater treatment. Generally, MD is a process which water is a main component of the feed solution and only water vapor can pass through a hydrophobic membrane pores. With four main configurations different from each other by their condensation procedure, the performance of MD process is limited due to the lack of appropriate module, membrane, and energy consumption rate. In recent years, many experiments have been carried out to find well-suited membrane type and module. Also, applying solar or waste heat as heat source and the capability of coupling with other processes like forward osmosis and osmotic distillation distinguish MD process from other membrane processes. This chapter addresses membrane characteristics, MD applications, transport mechanisms, and process challenges.",book:{id:"8915",slug:"advances-in-membrane-technologies",title:"Advances in Membrane Technologies",fullTitle:"Advances in Membrane Technologies"},signatures:"Mohammad Reza Shirzad Kebria and Ahmad Rahimpour",authors:[{id:"289042",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimpour",slug:"ahmad-rahimpour",fullName:"Ahmad Rahimpour"},{id:"289043",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Shirzad Kebria",slug:"mohammad-reza-shirzad-kebria",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Shirzad Kebria"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70242",title:"Advancements in the Fenton Process for Wastewater Treatment",slug:"advancements-in-the-fenton-process-for-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:1873,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"Fenton is considered to be one of the most effective advanced treatment processes in the removal of many hazardous organic pollutants from refractory/toxic wastewater. It has many advantages, but drawbacks are significant such as a strong acid environment, the cost of reagents consumption, and the large production of ferric sludge, which limits Fenton’s further application. The development of Fenton applications is mainly achieved by improving oxidation efficiency and reducing sludge production. This chapter presents a review on fundamentals and applications of conventional Fenton, leading advanced technologies in the Fenton process, and reuse methods of iron containing sludge to synthetic and real wastewaters are discussed. Finally, future trends and some guidelines for Fenton processes are given.",book:{id:"9415",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-applications-trends-and-prospects",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes",fullTitle:"Advanced Oxidation Processes - Applications, Trends, and Prospects"},signatures:"Min Xu, Changyong Wu and Yuexi Zhou",authors:[{id:"307479",title:"Dr.",name:"Changyong",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"changyong-wu",fullName:"Changyong Wu"},{id:"307546",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuexi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yuexi-zhou",fullName:"Yuexi Zhou"},{id:"311139",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"min-xu",fullName:"Min Xu"}]},{id:"71660",title:"Applications of Chemical Kinetics in Heterogeneous Catalysis",slug:"applications-of-chemical-kinetics-in-heterogeneous-catalysis",totalDownloads:1104,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Chemical kinetics is a key subdiscipline of physical chemistry that studies the reaction rate in every elemental step and corresponding catalytic mechanism. It mainly concludes molecular reaction dynamics, catalytic dynamics, elemental reaction dynamics, macrodynamics, and microdynamics. Such a research field has wide applications in heterogeneous catalysis. Based on the Arrhenius plot fitted by the catalytic conversions below 15% without the mass transfer effect and heat transfer effect, the apparent activation energy echoing with the intrinsically catalytic sites and the pre-exponential factor echoing with the relative number of active sites can be, respectively, derived from the slope and intercept of the Arrhenius plots, which can be used to compare the intrinsically catalytic activity of different catalysts and the relative amount of active sites. Reaction orders of both reactants and products are derived from the reaction rate equation and also fitted by the catalytic conversions below 15% without the mass transfer effect and heat transfer effect. According to the acquired reaction orders, the reaction mechanism can be proposed and even defined in some simple reactions. Therefore, investigations of chemical kinetics are of extreme importance and meaning in heterogeneous catalysis.",book:{id:"9415",slug:"advanced-oxidation-processes-applications-trends-and-prospects",title:"Advanced Oxidation Processes",fullTitle:"Advanced Oxidation Processes - Applications, Trends, and Prospects"},signatures:"Zhenhua Zhang, Li-Ping Fan and Yue-Juan Wang",authors:[{id:"312555",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhenhua",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhenhua-zhang",fullName:"Zhenhua Zhang"},{id:"316868",title:"Ms.",name:"Li-Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",slug:"li-ping-fan",fullName:"Li-Ping Fan"},{id:"316869",title:"Prof.",name:"Yue-Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yue-juan-wang",fullName:"Yue-Juan Wang"}]},{id:"77416",title:"Application of Water Quality Index for the Assessment of Water from Different Sources in Nigeria",slug:"application-of-water-quality-index-for-the-assessment-of-water-from-different-sources-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:516,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Water quality index (WQI) provides a single number that expresses the overall water quality, at a certain location and time, based on several water quality parameters. The objective of WQI is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public. A number of indices have been developed to summarize water quality data in an easily expressible and easily understood format. The WQI is basically a mathematical means of calculating a single value from multiple test results. This chapter discusses, in detail, the application of a water quality index for the assessment of water quality to different several water sources in Nigeria.",book:{id:"9921",slug:"promising-techniques-for-wastewater-treatment-and-water-quality-assessment",title:"Promising Techniques for Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Assessment",fullTitle:"Promising Techniques for Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Assessment"},signatures:"Ruth Olubukola Ajoke Adelagun, Emmanuel Edet Etim and Oko Emmanuel Godwin",authors:[{id:"256167",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Edet Etim",slug:"emmanuel-edet-etim",fullName:"Emmanuel Edet Etim"},{id:"345734",title:"Mr.",name:"Oko",middleName:null,surname:"Emmanuel Godwin",slug:"oko-emmanuel-godwin",fullName:"Oko Emmanuel Godwin"},{id:"345735",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth",middleName:null,surname:"Olubukola Ajoke Adelagun",slug:"ruth-olubukola-ajoke-adelagun",fullName:"Ruth Olubukola Ajoke Adelagun"}]},{id:"71348",title:"Water Treatment and Desalination",slug:"water-treatment-and-desalination",totalDownloads:1049,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Water covers a large area of the earth that reaches about three quarters of the surface of this planet, but we cannot say that all of this water is fresh or drinkable; according to many statistics, the percentage of fresh water reaches about 1% of the total water on earth. But with the great need for fresh water, whether for drinking or other purposes such as agriculture, the search for water treatment methods has become much larger. One of the most important of these methods that have been developed is desalination of seawater using desalination plants; therefore, we will address here the most important methods used in desalination and water treatment.",book:{id:"7645",slug:"desalination-challenges-and-opportunities",title:"Desalination",fullTitle:"Desalination - Challenges and Opportunities"},signatures:"Mona M. Amin Abdel-Fatah and Ghada Ahmed Al Bazedi",authors:[{id:"286268",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mona",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel-Fatah",slug:"mona-abdel-fatah",fullName:"Mona Abdel-Fatah"},{id:"295973",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghada",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Basedi",slug:"ghada-al-basedi",fullName:"Ghada Al-Basedi"}]},{id:"69228",title:"Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach",slug:"advances-in-passive-cooling-design-an-integrated-design-approach",totalDownloads:2073,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Incorporating passive cooling devices within building design requires analysis of device variables and actions to improve cooling performance, maximize efficiency, and integrate with building elements. Improving devices performance requires understanding the relation of devices to design stages, building elements, and working mechanism, and actions performed by devices to enhance cooling process and effectiveness. Therefore, designers could integrate passive devices as intrinsic design elements. The current research introduces SARS as an innovative classification of passive devices based on cooling actions that are performed by a device like storing, avoidance, removal or slowing (SARS). All actions, devices, and variables were discussed and analyzed to help integrate them within design stages: analysis, designing, and performance. Understanding actions will help maximize the performance of the devices, combine two or more devices together, and integrate the devices’ deign in design process. Combining more devices together to perform more than one function will move passive design to a new level to become as whole building design approach and to be a core design element.",book:{id:"8496",slug:"zero-and-net-zero-energy",title:"Zero and Net Zero Energy",fullTitle:"Zero and Net Zero Energy"},signatures:"Ahmed A.Y. Freewan",authors:[{id:"284866",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Freewan",slug:"ahmed-a.y.-freewan",fullName:"Ahmed A.Y. Freewan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"287",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"