Different bio-recognition, their applications and features.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1536",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Material Recycling - Trends and Perspectives",title:"Material Recycling",subtitle:"Trends and Perspectives",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The presently common practice of wastes' land-filling is undesirable due to legislation pressures, rising costs and the poor biodegradability of commonly used materials. 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recognizing and detecting devices. Ideally, they are composed of integrated system of photonic sources and biomolecule recognition component, which in spatial contact with the transductor, that can recognize and interact with specific molecule analytes present in sample [1, 2]. The interaction induces a variation in an electrical, optical or mechanical property of the transduces, the degree of variation reflects to the quantity of the analytes [2]. The fundamental structure of OB features the 1- bio-recognition element, such as; enzymes, nucleic acids, antibodies, microbes, polysaccharides. 2- Single transductor including electrical current, potential, impedance, EM radiations, mass, optical, piezoelectric or thermal, and 3- amplifier [3, 4, 5, 6]. The interaction occur between bio-recognition element and analyte produces a signal due to a number of factors, either alteration in proton concentration, release or capture of gases or electron, or light mission, absorption or reflectance, heat emission, change in mass [4]. The produced signal can be converted into measurable value (e.g. current, temperature alteration) by the transducer as shown in Figure 1.
Schematic diagram illustrate biosensor structure [
OB provide an accurate and sensitive, timely detection technology [8]. In the current era, having such an analytical and informative features become an essence, especially in healthcare diagnostics, environment quality monitoring, food safety and security, biological warfare and biodefense [9]. Therefore, it become an attractive tool that subjected to a modification and development and emerging with nanotechnologies, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), biotechnologies [10, 11, 12]. This reflected in the rapid advancement in biosensors, which is associated with the market growth application and is estimated by 21.18 billion USD in North America in the 2020 [13]. There is no universal or standard OB for detection; however, there are groups of OBs developed for specific applications and targets.
There are a broad range of OB classification. Generally, the classification can be divided into two main classes: label-free and label-dependent classes. In label-free class the measured signal is produced directly by the interaction between transducer and the bio-analyte. Whereas in label-based sensors, a label is needed to produce signal, which can be measured later by a colorimetric, luminescent or fluorescent method as can be illustrated in Figure 2 [14].
Illustration graph showing label and label free recognition classes of OB.
Label-free mode is more economically efficient in comparison to label dependent mode. It requires less effort and expertise and eliminate the experimental errors such that resultant from label shelf life, signal noise background. These are commonly seen in antibody–antigen interaction using label, which has a wide application in detection technologies [15].
Different bio-recognisers are used in the OB detection and quantifying technologies. The diversity of the detected materials required a suitable recognizing element. Examples of analytes in the samples; genetic material, toxins, drugs, enzymes, heavy metals [16, 17, 18, 19]. Enzymes, nucleic acids, antibodies, cells and micro-organisms are commonly used as bio-recognisers [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Table 1 shows some of their applications and features in biosensing.
Biorecognition | (Bio)sensors | Selected application | Physical transducer/liner range | Detection limit |
---|---|---|---|---|
Enzyme | Multilayers of silver metal and tantalum oxide nanoflakes with acetylcholinesterase enzyme OB [25] | Alzahimer’s disease diagnosis | 50–400 uM | 8.709 nm/μM and a remarkable LOD value of 38 nM |
Tyrosinase on Fe3o4@Au core shell nanoparticles bio-probe [26] | Detection of dopamine, phenol and catechol | Linear response in the concentration range 5.0–75.0 μM, 10.0–100.0 μM for phenol and dopamine and 50.0–500.0 M for catechol | ND | |
Carbon nanofiber gold nanoparticles tyrosinase [27] | Detection of ferulic acid in cosmetics | ND | 2.89 × 10−9 mol/L | |
Nucleic acids | DNA - AuNTs-PC electrode | Human papilloma visus 16 & 18 [28] | 0.01pM to 1 μM. | 1 fM |
Disposable electrodes were fabricated by thermal evaporation on polyethylene terephthalatesubstrates covered with a nanometric gold layer manufactured in three-contact configurations | Zika virus [29] | 25 nM and 340 nM | 25 nM | |
Antibodies and Immuonsensor | Antibody against Aflatoxin immunosensor [30, 31] | Aflatoxin detection in food | ND | 100 pg./mL |
Graphene oxide (GO) composite and staphylococcal protein A [32] | Human IgG detection | 40–120 um/ml | 10 ng/mL | |
Cell/Microbial -based sensor | Bioelectric Recognition Assay [33] | ND | 102 CFU/mL |
Different bio-recognition, their applications and features.
NM = not determined.
An optical measurement concept is used by optical biosensors devices. Fiber optics are used along with optoelectronic transducers in these devices. The opt rode term is composed of optical and electrode terms. Enzymes and antibodies such as transducing elements are examples of what types of elements involved in these sensors. A secure non-electrical is permitted in optical biosensors, in which a sensing of equipment is inaccessible [34]. An additional advantage is that devices do not require reference sensors [35]. The reason behind that is that a light source can generate a comparative signal, which is similar to that of the sampling sensor. In order to ecxite the sensing element, optical source such as LED or Laser should be focused into substrate and photodetector capture the output signal as shown in Figure 3 [36].
Schematic for optical biosensor working method [
Biosensors in general divided into categories which are Bioreceptor and Transducer. While, Optical biosensors are divided into two groups, which are: direct optical biosensor detection and labeled optical biosensor detection as follow:
Evanescent wave-based biosensors are used to investigate the exponential growth in life science applications. They include the dissociation and binding kinetics of receptor-ligand pairs and antibodies, epitope mapping, interactions between protein-DNA and DNA–DNA, phage, show libraries, and interactions between virus-protein and whole cell [37].
Waveguide interferometers have remarkable significance, because they merge both sensitive techniques that are: wave guiding and interferometry techniques. Hence, they provide great reliability and potential miniaturization and integration in optical chips. Through the utilization of evanescent wave technology, the interaction between biomolecules and receptors are measure by the waveguide interferometer in real time without using labels. On a sensor surface, receptors are frozen and the interaction with the close biomolecules leads to a variation in the refractive index. With being far from the surface, the evanescent wave decays exponentially, usually over the distance of 100 nm to approximately a wavelength. Due to the reason that the evanescent wave is a near-surface phenomena, therefore, by using the detection of evanescent wave stimulation to produce fluorescent signal is surface-sensitive. This means that solely fluorescent molecules close to the surface are stimulated as seen in Figure 4 [37, 38, 39, 40].
Evanescent wave fluorescence biosensors working method and the separation of molecules in the surface.
Fiber optic is an example of analytical devices that works as a transduction item, in which it generates a signal proportional to the density of chemical or biochemical elements with react of the biological element. In addition, they transfer light with silica glass or plastic fiber optic fiber based on the Total Internal Reflection (TIR) principle to the analysis site [41]. The fiber optics biosensors are categorized into two different types:
Intrinsic sensors: the environmental changes are transformed by the internal property of the optical fiber itself into light signal modulation. This light signal modulation may be in the form of phase, intensity, and frequency or it may be polarization [42].
Extrinsic sensors: on the other hand, the extrinsic sensors can use the fiber as carriers of information leading to a black box. In addition, these sensors produce a light signal based on the received information at black box. This black box can be made of gas, mirrors liquid cells or several other optical signal generation mechanisms (Figure 5) show the difference between Intrinsic and extrinsic optical biosensor) [44].
(a) Extrinsic types of fiber optic sensors, and (b) intrinsic types of fiber optic sensors [
The fiber-optical sensors essential benefits can vary from their: 1) capability of hard environment to robust EMI (electromagnetic interference immunity), chemical corrosion, high temperature, high voltage, and pressure. 2) Low power, very small size, and passive. 3) Exceptional performance such as wide bandwidth and high sensitivity. 4) Processing of long range. 5) They applied distributed or multiplexed measurements to cope with their main flaw of high cost and unfamiliarity of end-user [45].
Backscattering interferometry (BI) sensor is another category of optical biosensors. The detector can measure the uncalculated reflected intensity of a small sensing area by using a single wavelength laser light. Based on the sub wavelength formation on the top sensing area, the detector results in an interference pattern [46].
The improvement of Backscattering as a label-free detection technique appeared in field and applications as following: (a) applied to what is called lab-on-a-disc, (b) Silicon Sensor Surfaces SSS (bio reactions) application (c) Measuring minor refractive index transformations in capillaries of fused silica, and (d) Bio molecular interaction control in microfluidic channels [47].
Backscattering applications started with measuring bio molecular interactions on porous silicon based optical systems. In the pores, the surface is adjusted using elements of bio molecular recognition. Fabry-Perot fringes result in an interference pattern of impinging white light above and below the optical interference layer [48].
In order to investigate molecular interaction, a physical technique known as reflectometric interference spectroscopy is used. This technique depends on white light being interfered at thin films as shown in Figure 6. In Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy (RIfS), biomolecular reactions happen on the sensing component. The sensing component is a glass slide adjusted with a thin layer of translucent dielectric material (e.g., SiO2, SiO2–Ta2O5). When the white light strikes the reverse side of the glass, an intervention occurs from the partial beams, reflected at each interface. This intervention alternates maximum and minimum reflectance range [50], which corresponds to the constructive and destructive reflected radiation interference. Biomolecular reactions cause build-up of an adlayer on top of the dielectric, which increases the optical path length. This results in a reflectance spectrum change [51]. This change can be associated with the intensity of the reacting biomolecules and is equivalent to the increase in thickness. Information about the viscosity and refractive index of the adsorbed protein layer is given by alterations in the polarized light phase and amplitude. For the identification and quantification of diclofenac in bovine milk, this approach was used, and the detection limit obtained was 0.112 μg.
Schematic illustration of (a) the RIfS principle and (b) the RIfS measurement system [
Surface Enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy method are used for the extremely sensitive biological analytes. With rapid growth during the last four decades, surface-enhanced Raman scattering has become one of the most reliable spectroscopic method. Applications for (SERS) detection are expanding quickly in various fields such as materials science, chemistry, biochemistry, and life sciences. Remarkable growth has resulted in biological and biomedical sensing applications from advances in the creation and production of SERS-based biosensors particularly. Electromagnetic improvement leads primarily to SERS improvement, and the configurations of the hotspot are essential to the success of responsive and reproducible detection [52]. Biosensors that are SERS-based can be generated according to the sensing requirements through direct and indirect methods. To define SERS, it is an extremely sensitive optical detection method using lasers in molecules adsorbed on the top of a metal nanoparticle in order to excite vibrational transitions. The Raman cross-section for a molecule on a surface is enhanced by factors of 10 caused by large optical fields. Because of molecular vibrational events, Raman scattering depends mainly on the loss (Stokes) or gain (anti-Stokes) of energy; from inflexible scattered photons and represents the information on the molecular structure, allowing in situ and real-time detection [53, 54]. SERS is a subclass of Raman dispersion and provides a million-fold improvement by plasmonic nanostructures, making the sensitivity of detection down to the level of a sole molecule as can be seen in Figure 7.
(A) SERS substrate modification by antitarget antibody, (B) target isolation, followed by binding of nanoparticles (NPs), (C) labeled by SeRS tag, and SeRS-tag detection [
The first observation of SPR physical phenomenon was in 1902. Through decades, this observation of an esoteric optical phenomenon developed into a complete comprehension of surface plasmon physics. Then, the first successful usage of SPR was in 1983 through the fabrication of an SPR-based sensor to detect the interactions of bimolecular. Pharmacia Biosensor AB was launched the first commercial SPR-based biosensor device, which was renamed as Biacore later. Currently, several manufacturing are fabricating SPR devices. Moreover, nowadays, the SPR-based biosensor is the dominant method of biosensing [56, 57].
The SPR appears on that surface of the device, when a polarized light such as Laser or LED is illuminated to the metal surface (usually gold or silver coated service) at a particular angle and at the interface of two media (commonly water and glass). This led to the surface plasmons generation and thus a reflected light intensity reduction is created at a particular angle known as the resonance angle. This impact is proportional to the mass on the surface. To obtain a sensogram, the shift of reflectivity, wavelengths or angle are measure against time. In all configuration, label-free, direct and real-time changes of refractive index is enabled by the phenomenon of SPR at the surface of sensor, in which it is proportional to the concentration of the biomolecule as shown in Figure 8 [58].
The schematic of the working principle of SPR and the steps of the SPR analytical cycle.
With the widespread and increased demand of biological sensing devices, there has been a considered attention on reliable and multipurpose biomolecule detection systems. The motivation to produce these detection systems become greater due the rising of health awareness and spread of aging in world population. The affinity-based biosensors, which consists of a biological element and a transducer, is one of the well-known biological agent sensing devices. In the biosensor, the biological element is typically used to identify the substance that necessarily must be detected. While the transducer is used to convert the energy from one form to another, which means converting the event of bio- recognition into an electrical signal that is measurable [59, 60].
Different types of transducers for biosensors are available currently; some of them are piezoelectric transducer, optical transducer and electrochemical transducer. Optical methods have become the most know method among these transducers, which are: surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and evanescent wave-based detection. In the past years, the fluorescence-based detection methods, such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), have been implemented due to their capabilities of high throughput for samples and device sensitivity. But recently the new detection methods require processing of time-consuming labeling with several procedures of protocol detection. Detection systems based on the technology of SPR based bimolecular detection have been commercialized successfully regardless of their novelty. In addition, this method simplifies real-time controlling with high sensitivity without requiring any procedures of labeling. Nevertheless, the current implemented and commercial SPR sensors are comparatively massive size systems and have low throughput, in which they limit their applications range. Hence, higher throughputs are needed with additional disposable and compact SPR system, even though that some of their problems have solved partially [56, 61, 62, 63, 64].
This section and all the fabrication and results have been achieved previously by MQW Group at UCF [56, 57, 58, 59, 64]. In this work, a sensor head of optical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has illustrated in this work. It depends on an inverted-rib dielectric waveguide. The changes happen at the gold metal-dielectric interface, in which the resonance wavelength of the surface plasmon is excited. These changes are in relationship with the environment changes that occur at the top metal surface. The sensor head of the SPR with the inverted-rib dielectric waveguide composed of SU-8 polymer layer with 1.5 refractive index, whereas the cladding lower layer contains silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy) with 1.526 refractive index. The top layer is painted with a 50 nm gold thick layer. The design of sensor head of the SPR permits controlling the media of analyte with 1.44 to 1.502 refractive index. By using reference liquids collection that represent the analyte medium, an analyzer of optical spectrum and a broadband light source were utilized to measure the SPR sensor sensitivity. It was realized that when a liquid contacts the gold metal with 1.442 refractive index, the transmission spectrum has a sharp resonance dip at 1525 nm and with using a liquid of 1.502, its position was shifted to 1537 nm. Therefore, based on these measurements, the sensor devices sensitivity was specified to be S = 232 nm.RIU-1. In this section, we demonstrate that the device can be integrated completely with a photodetection unit, a wavelength tunable light source and a liquid delivery system through microfluidic channels to make it an extremely compact unit [56, 57, 58, 59, 64].
Surface Plasmon is the Propagation of transverse magnetic (TM) surface electromagnetic waves at the dielectric interface of a gold metal. Below is the dispersion relation Eq. (1) which can be used to calculate the propagation constant.
The design of the reversed rib waveguide was to solely support the essential TM directed mode. The waveguide’s dimensions were chosen depending on waveguide dispersion relationship in Eq. (2).
Moreover, a particular surface plasmon resonance wavelength will appear from the refractive index of the analyte material that interacts with the gold-metal. To determine theoretical dependence, matching condition criterion for the surface plasmon propagation constant (Eq. (3)) can be used.
After all the equation have been calculated, The SPR sensor with the propagation of the waveguide has been design and simulation as shown in Figure 9.
Optical waveguide based surface plasmon excitation configuration and schematic of the SPR sensor head.
In order to define the wave vectors of the directed mode, the exact values of the refractive indices of the directing and cladding layers are important and therefore satisfy the matching condition for the SP mode to be launched. Hence, to design the top of the SPR sensor, the refractive indices for both films need to be classified carefully. To make the directing layer of the top of the SPR sensor; a SU-8 polymer with a fixed refractive index of 1.568 at 1550 nm, is used. Although the silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy) cladding layer film, generated using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), has a refractive index as shown in Figure 10, it can be changed by adjusting the relative nitrogen to oxygen composition of the SiOxNy film [56, 57, 58, 59, 64].
Refractive index (n) and K=kelvin of SU-8 film as function of wavelength measures using ellipsometer.
Eq. (3) calculated the theoretical dependence as appears in Table 2.
Analyte medium refractive index | Surface plasmon refractive index | Theoretical wavelength (nm) |
---|---|---|
1.44 | 1.463 | 1539.5 |
1.47 | 1.484 | 1533.8 |
1.49 | 1.504 | 1530 |
1.5 | 1.515 | 1528.1 |
1.518 | 1.533 | 1524.68 |
1.51 | 1.5255 | 1526.2 |
Calculated wavelength vs. the surface plasmon refractive index.
The beam propagation in the SPR sensor head is shown in Figure 11 as simulated using a RSoft beam package. It is noted here that the maximum size of the waveguide that can only support the basic TM mode are 4 μm and 500 nm respectively. The input light was given by the enhanced spontaneous emission of an erbium doped fiber transformer.
(a) Simulation of SPR sensor head performed by RSoft. (b) Fundamental mode for the simulation parameter from (a). (c) Real fundamental mode after fabrication and testing.
To guarantee that only the TM mode is launched to the SPR sensor waveguide by A 40× microscope objective lens, a polarizer was used. In Figure 12, the transmitted light at the output of the device was focused into an optical fiber. To monitor the transmission spectrum the optical fiber is connected to the Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA).
The emission spectrum from the SPR sensor head before placing the sample liquids.
It is probable that a resonant transfer of power from the waveguide can occur at the specific wavelength. The waveguide mode and the surface plasmon mode match the perfect pairing condition between them. In order for that to happen a wide spectrum of light needs to be launched into the system. For that reason, the spectrum of the transmitted light is almost the spectrum of the input light dip at the wavelength of SPR.
One after another, a set of analyte media with calibrated refractive indices (sample liquids) above the Top of the SPR sensor were implemented. To measure the transmission spectrum OSA was used to decide the wavelength of SPR. The transmission spectra for analyte media of refractive indices 1.462, 1.496, and 1.502 correspondingly. As shown in Figure 13, the sharp dip in the transmission spectrum moved to a shorter wavelength while lowering the sample liquid refractive index [54, 56, 57, 58, 59].
Emissions spectrum after placing the different sample liquids.
OB detection technology offers a timely, effective and inexpensive tool to measure analytes in samples. It facilitates the detection in different areas, such as; biomedical, environmental and foods. The development and demand of using such technology will continue to grow within the current and upcoming decades, which will result in introducing new generations of OBs to the analytical and diagnostic markets worldwide.
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Hypoxia can occur with ischemia, a lack of blood flow to tissues, or independent of ischemia as in acute lung injury, anemia, and carbon monoxide poisoning. Hypoxia may be observed in patients with diseases such as obstructive sleep apnea, cerebrovascular diseases, systemic hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF), inflammatory disease states, and acute and chronic renal diseases. In the past decade, research has shown hypoxic signaling to be involved in a range of responses from adaptation of the body to reduced oxygen to pathogenesis of disease. Hypoxic signaling intermediates orchestrate a whole host of responses from angiogenesis, glycolysis, and erythropoiesis to inflammation and remodeling, which could be beneficial or harmful to the hosting organ. The length of exposure to low oxygen pressure as well as the existing signaling pathways within different cells dictates their benefit or disadvantage from hypoxic signaling. Therefore, activation or inhibition of hypoxic intermediates could serve as novel therapeutic strategies. 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Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae are generally considered as the main pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia and Legionella species, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumonia in atypical pneumonias. In contrast the proportion of pneumonias due to viruses has been both difficult to detect and quantify with any precision. However, with the advent of powerful molecular techniques and rapidly developing technologies a greater number of viruses are being implicated as pathogens and co-pathogens in pneumonia. In the case of adults, the most commonly detected viruses are influenza virus, RSV and parainfluenza. Other viruses that have recently received considerable attention, are H5N1 influenza virus and coronaviruses. Infectious causes of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients include measles, HSV, CMV, HHV-6 and Influenza viruses. Pneumonias caused by other viruses are more rarely reported and include outbreaks of rhinovirus, adenovirus (particularly serotype 14 in military institutions), coronavirus, and metapneumovirus. A range of promising therapeutic targets have been identified and numerous innovative therapeutic treatments demonstrated to improve lung injury due to viral infections.",book:{id:"5938",slug:"contemporary-topics-of-pneumonia",title:"Contemporary Topics of Pneumonia",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics of Pneumonia"},signatures:"Al Johani Sameera and Akhter Javed",authors:[{id:"76522",title:"Dr.",name:"Javed",middleName:null,surname:"Akhter",slug:"javed-akhter",fullName:"Javed Akhter"},{id:"80162",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameera",middleName:"M.",surname:"Al Johani",slug:"sameera-al-johani",fullName:"Sameera Al Johani"}]},{id:"67117",title:"Eosinophilic Asthma",slug:"eosinophilic-asthma",totalDownloads:1265,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Eosinophilic asthma is known as a main phenotype of asthma classified on the basis of immune cells involved in inflammatory response in the respiratory airway. Eosinophilic asthma can be related to increased severity of asthma, allergic sensitization, adult onset, and increased resistance to corticosteroids. The prevalence of eosinophilic asthma is 32–40% among asthmatic patients. Different cells and cytokines are involved in its pathogenesis including eosinophil, mast cells, type 2 helper T cells, innate lymphoid cells, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Eosinophil count in induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage is the yardstick for recognizing and distinguishing eosinophilic asthma from non-eosinophilic asthma, while various tests which are noninvasive such as fractional exhaled nitric oxide and periostin are arising as possible substitutes. Novel and advanced therapies new and advanced therapies and more convenient biological drugs, Leads to high requirement for particular endotype- and phenotype-related treatment plans. Identification and knowledge of the specific pathophysiology of eosinophilic asthma have great association with disease management and chances for better patient prognosis.",book:{id:"8738",slug:"asthma-biological-evidences",title:"Asthma",fullTitle:"Asthma - Biological Evidences"},signatures:"Bushra Mubarak, Huma Shakoor and Fozia Masood",authors:null},{id:"66258",title:"Historical Aspects of Hyperbaric Physiology and Medicine",slug:"historical-aspects-of-hyperbaric-physiology-and-medicine",totalDownloads:1575,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The history of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) makes for fascinating reading. From pneumatic chambers and compressed air baths to empirical therapeutic applications during the nineteenth century, the impetus to scientific application of HBOT began in seeking solution for decompression sickness during various construction ventures. French physiologist Paul Bert’s research was pathbreaking and provided a scientific explanation on the etiology of the “bends.” In 1908, JS Haldane’s experiments recommended staged decompression and made diving safe. In 1921, OJ Cunningham employed HBOT to treat hypoxia secondary to lung infections successfully. It was cardiac surgeon Ite Boerema who put HBOT on a solid footing with his open-heart surgery results in various pediatric cardiac conditions and rightly deserved the title of father of modern-day hyperbaric medicine. From 1937 onwards, HBOT research snowballed into treating a wide variety of diseases. In 1999, the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society and Food and Drug Administration recognized the value of HBOT, and this led to its becoming a major tool in the armamentarium of clinicians, either as a primary or adjunctive therapy for a spectrum of diseases.",book:{id:"9126",slug:"respiratory-physiology",title:"Respiratory Physiology",fullTitle:"Respiratory Physiology"},signatures:"Chandrasekhar Krishnamurti",authors:[{id:"257885",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandrasekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Krishnamurti",slug:"chandrasekhar-krishnamurti",fullName:"Chandrasekhar Krishnamurti"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1047",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82740",title:"Secondary Pneumothorax from a Surgical Perspective",slug:"secondary-pneumothorax-from-a-surgical-perspective",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105414",abstract:"Although less frequent than the primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), secondary pneumothoraces (SP) are a common clinical problem with a wide range of severity, depending on the triggering cause(s) and patient clinical condition. By definition, an SP occurs in those patients with an underlying condition that alters the normal lung parenchyma and/or the visceral pleura and determines air entry in the pleural space (e.g., COPD) or, eventually, following trauma or invasive procedures (i.e., iatrogenic pneumothorax). Less frequent, yet described, is SP occurring in neoplastic patients or infectious ones. The gravity of an SP is directly correlated to the underlying cause and patients’ clinical conditions. For example, it may be a life-threatening condition in an end-stage COPD but less severe in a catamenial related syndrome. In this chapter, we are providing a surgical overview of the most relevant and updated information on etiology, incidence, pathophysiology, and management of secondary pneumothoraces.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Simona Sobrero, Francesco Leo and Alberto Sandri"},{id:"80875",title:"Pneumothorax: A Concise Review and Surgical Perspective",slug:"pneumothorax-a-concise-review-and-surgical-perspective",totalDownloads:42,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101049",abstract:"Pneumothorax is the collection of air in pleural cavity, which is commonly due to development of a communication between pleural space and alveolar space (or bronchus) or the atmosphere. In this chapter, we will discuss the various aetiologies of pneumothorax, the differences in their pathophysiology and the implications on the management of the disease. The chapter focusses on the surgical aspects in the management, the revolution brought in by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and the advancement of the field by introduction of uniportal VATS and robotic-assisted thoracic surgery. The principles of management of catamenial pneumothorax are revisited. The chapter also throws light on the nuances of anaesthesia techniques and the latest developments are outlined. Lastly, a section is dedicated to COVID-19 associated pneumothorax and the approach to its management.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Shilpi Karmakar"},{id:"79289",title:"Indwelling Pleural Catheters",slug:"indwelling-pleural-catheters",totalDownloads:86,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100645",abstract:"Indwelling pleural catheters (IPC) are now being considered worldwide for patients with recurrent pleural effusions. It is commonly used for patients with malignant pleural effusions (MPE) and can be performed as outpatient based day care procedure. In malignant pleural effusions, indwelling catheters are particularly useful in patients with trapped lung or failed pleurodesis. Patients and care givers are advised to drain at least 3 times a week or in presence of symptoms i.e. dyspnoea. Normal drainage timing may lasts for 15–20 min which subsequently improves their symptoms and quality of life. Complications which are directly related to IPC insertion are extremely rare. IPC’s are being recently used even for benign effusions in case hepatic hydrothorax and in patients with CKD related pleural effusions. Removal of IPC is often not required in most of the patients. It can be performed safely as a day care procedure with consistently lower rates of complications, reduced inpatient stay. They are relatively easy to insert, manage and remove, and provide the ability to empower patients in both the decisions regarding their treatment and the management of their disease itself.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Yuvarajan Sivagnaname, Durga Krishnamurthy, Praveen Radhakrishnan and Antonious Maria Selvam"},{id:"79221",title:"Surgical Challenges of Chronic Empyema and Bronchopleural Fistula",slug:"surgical-challenges-of-chronic-empyema-and-bronchopleural-fistula",totalDownloads:118,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100313",abstract:"Chronic empyema has always been a clinical challenge for physicians. There is no standard procedure or treatment to deal with the situation, and multi-modality approach is often necessary. Surgical intervention plays a very crucial role in the treatment of chronic empyema. Since bronchopleural fistula is often seen in chronic empyema patients, therefore it should also be mentioned. In this chapter, the focus will be on the different treatment options, various surgical approaches, and the rationale behind every single modality. Certain specific entity will be included as well, such as tuberculosis infection, post lung resection empyema, and intrathoracic vacuum assisted closure system application. Even with the advancement of technology and techniques, chronic empyema management is still evolving, and we look forward to less traumatic ways of approach with better outcome in the future.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Yu-Hui Yang"},{id:"78826",title:"Pneumothorax in Children",slug:"pneumothorax-in-children",totalDownloads:94,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100329",abstract:"Pneumothorax is a common pleural disease worldwide and is defined as the free accumulation of air between visceral and parietal pleura. Pneumothorax can be spontaneous, iatrogenic, and traumatic. Although it is less common than adults, it is seen in about 1.1–4 per 100,000 per year in the childhood age group. In patients presenting with variable clinic according to the cause of etiology, diagnosis is confirmed on a PA chest radiograph, sometimes a computed tomography may be required. The management of pneumothorax is varying from conservative, over intermediate (chest tube drainage) to invasive methods (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery—VATS, thoracotomy). Here, we planned to write a chapter that includes a text containing general information about pediatric pneumothorax, algorithms, and visual and clinical cases of the causes of pneumothorax in children, including age, etiology, and treatment approach of pneumothorax in children.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Hatice Sonay Yalçın Cömert"},{id:"78760",title:"Bronchopleural Fistula after Pulmonary Resection: Risk Factors, Diagnoses and Management",slug:"bronchopleural-fistula-after-pulmonary-resection-risk-factors-diagnoses-and-management",totalDownloads:234,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100209",abstract:"Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) after a pulmonary resection is rare with some of the most life-threatening consequences and a high mortality rate. Contamination of the pleural space resulting in empyema and spillage of the infected fluid into the remaining lung leading to respiratory distress remain the biggest concerns with BPF postoperatively. There are many patient characteristics and risk factors that can be evaluated to decrease the chance of a postoperative BPF. Presentation of BPF can be early or late with the late BPF more difficult to diagnosis and manage. Many options to treat BPF include surgical repair, conservative management, and endoscopic treatment.",book:{id:"11045",title:"Pleura - A Surgical Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11045.jpg"},signatures:"Kristina Jacobsen"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. 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He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. 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He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. 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This phenomenon has been studied by scientists for many years. However, clear strategies and actions are needed now more than ever. Every day, humanity, from individuals to businesses (public and private) and governments, are called to change their mindset in order to pursue a virtuous combination for sustainable development. Reasoning in a sustainable way entails, first and foremost, managing the available resources efficiently and strategically, whether they are natural, financial, human or relational. In this way, value is generated by contributing to the growth, improvement and socio-economic development of the communities and of all the players that make up its value chain. In the coming decades, we will need to be able to transition from a society in which economic well-being and health are measured by the growth of production and material consumption, to a society in which we live better while consuming less. In this context, digitization has the potential to disrupt processes, with significant implications for the environment and sustainable development. There are numerous challenges associated with sustainability and digitization, the need to consider new business models capable of extracting value, data ownership and sharing and integration, as well as collaboration across the entire supply chain of a product. In order to generate value, effectively developing a complex system based on sustainability principles is a challenge that requires a deep commitment to both technological factors, such as data and platforms, and human dimensions, such as trust and collaboration. Regular study, research and implementation must be part of the road to sustainable solutions. Consequently, this topic will analyze growth models and techniques aimed at achieving intergenerational equity in terms of economic, social and environmental well-being. 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