The trend in tomato, watermelon, and papaya areas of cultivation, total production, and yield in Mexico country from 2010 to 2017 [13].
\r\n\t
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Cabrita and Raquel Garcia",authors:[{id:"74131",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes Da Silva",fullName:"Marco Gomes Da Silva",slug:"marco-gomes-da-silva"},{id:"75471",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Costa Freitas",fullName:"Ana Maria Costa Freitas",slug:"ana-maria-costa-freitas"},{id:"75472",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria João",middleName:null,surname:"Bastos Cabrita",fullName:"Maria João Bastos Cabrita",slug:"maria-joao-bastos-cabrita"},{id:"75474",title:"Dr.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",fullName:"Raquel Garcia",slug:"raquel-garcia"}]},{id:"27026",title:"Optical Absorption Spectroscopy for Quality Assessment of Extra Virgin Olive Oil",slug:"optical-absorption-spectroscopy-for-quality-assessment-of-extra-virgin-olive-oil",signatures:"Anna Grazia Mignani, Leonardo Ciaccheri,Andrea Azelio Mencaglia and Antonio Cimato",authors:[{id:"81724",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ciaccheri",fullName:"Leonardo Ciaccheri",slug:"leonardo-ciaccheri"},{id:"122261",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"Mignani",fullName:"Anna Grazia Mignani",slug:"anna-grazia-mignani"},{id:"122267",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea Azelio",middleName:null,surname:"Mencaglia",fullName:"Andrea Azelio Mencaglia",slug:"andrea-azelio-mencaglia"},{id:"122270",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Cimato",fullName:"Antonio Cimato",slug:"antonio-cimato"}]},{id:"27027",title:"Analysis of Olive Oils by Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications",slug:"analysis-of-olive-oils-by-fluorescence-spectroscopy-methods-and-applications",signatures:"Ewa Sikorska, Igor Khmelinskii and Marek Sikorski",authors:[{id:"83679",title:"Dr.",name:"Ewa",middleName:null,surname:"Sikorska",fullName:"Ewa Sikorska",slug:"ewa-sikorska"},{id:"87499",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Khmelinskii",fullName:"Igor Khmelinskii",slug:"igor-khmelinskii"},{id:"87500",title:"Dr.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Sikorski",fullName:"Marek Sikorski",slug:"marek-sikorski"}]},{id:"27028",title:"Metal Determinations in Olive Oil",slug:"metal-determinations-in-olive-oil",signatures:"Sema Bağdat Yaşar, Eda Köse Baran and Mahir Alkan",authors:[{id:"77186",title:"Dr.",name:"Sema",middleName:null,surname:"Bağdat Yaşar",fullName:"Sema Bağdat Yaşar",slug:"sema-bagdat-yasar"},{id:"83390",title:"MSc.",name:"Eda",middleName:null,surname:"Köse Baran",fullName:"Eda Köse Baran",slug:"eda-kose-baran"},{id:"83391",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahir",middleName:null,surname:"Alkan",fullName:"Mahir Alkan",slug:"mahir-alkan"}]},{id:"27029",title:"Sensory Analysis of Virgin Olive Oil",slug:"the-sensory-analysis-of-virgin-olive-oil",signatures:"Alessandra Bendini, Enrico Valli,Sara Barbieri and Tullia Gallina Toschi",authors:[{id:"78741",title:"PhD.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Bendini",fullName:"Alessandra Bendini",slug:"alessandra-bendini"},{id:"78748",title:"Dr.",name:"Tullia",middleName:null,surname:"Gallina Toschi",fullName:"Tullia Gallina Toschi",slug:"tullia-gallina-toschi"},{id:"78750",title:"MSc.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Barbieri",fullName:"Sara Barbieri",slug:"sara-barbieri"},{id:"78751",title:"MSc.",name:"Enrico",middleName:null,surname:"Valli",fullName:"Enrico Valli",slug:"enrico-valli"}]},{id:"27030",title:"Quality Evaluation of Olives, Olive Pomace and Olive Oil by Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"quality-evaluation-of-olives-olive-pomace-and-olive-oil-by-near-infrared-spectroscopy-nir-",signatures:"Ivonne Delgadillo, António Barros and Alexandra Nunes",authors:[{id:"83709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivonne",middleName:null,surname:"Delgadillo",fullName:"Ivonne Delgadillo",slug:"ivonne-delgadillo"},{id:"83732",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:null,surname:"Barros",fullName:"António Barros",slug:"antonio-barros"},{id:"83736",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes",fullName:"Alexandra Nunes",slug:"alexandra-nunes"}]},{id:"27031",title:"Innovative Technique Combining Laser Irradiation Effect and Electronic Nose for Determination of Olive Oil Organoleptic Characteristics",slug:"innovative-technique-combining-laser-irradiation-effect-and-electronic-nose-for-determination-of-org",signatures:"K. Pierpauli, C. Rinaldi, M. L. Azcarate and A. Lamagna",authors:[{id:"83339",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rinaldi",fullName:"Carlos Alberto Rinaldi",slug:"carlos-alberto-rinaldi"}]},{id:"27032",title:"Traceability of Origin and Authenticity of Olive Oil",slug:"traceability-of-origin-and-authenticity-of-olive-oil-by-molecular-approaches",signatures:"Zohreh Rabiei and Sattar Tahmasebi Enferadi",authors:[{id:"73947",title:"Dr",name:"Zohreh",middleName:null,surname:"Rabiei",fullName:"Zohreh Rabiei",slug:"zohreh-rabiei"},{id:"83581",title:"Prof.",name:"Sattar",middleName:null,surname:"Tahmasebi Enferadi",fullName:"Sattar Tahmasebi Enferadi",slug:"sattar-tahmasebi-enferadi"}]},{id:"27033",title:"Quality Assessment of Olive Oil by 1H-NMR Fingerprinting",slug:"quality-assessment-of-olive-oil-by-1h-nmr-fingerprinting",signatures:"Rosa M. Alonso-Salces, Margaret V. Holland,Claude Guillou and Károly Héberger",authors:[{id:"75037",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Alonso-Salces",fullName:"Rosa Maria Alonso-Salces",slug:"rosa-maria-alonso-salces"},{id:"83881",title:"MSc.",name:"Margaret Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Holland",fullName:"Margaret Veronica Holland",slug:"margaret-veronica-holland"},{id:"83883",title:"Dr.",name:"Claude",middleName:null,surname:"Guillou",fullName:"Claude Guillou",slug:"claude-guillou"},{id:"122493",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",middleName:null,surname:"Héberger",fullName:"Károly Héberger",slug:"karoly-heberger"}]},{id:"27034",title:"Cultivation of Olives in Australia",slug:"cultivation-of-olives-in-australia",signatures:"Rodney J. Mailer",authors:[{id:"107591",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodney",middleName:"James",surname:"Mailer",fullName:"Rodney Mailer",slug:"rodney-mailer"}]},{id:"27035",title:"Consumer Preferences for Olive-Oil Attributes: A Review of the Empirical Literature Using a Conjoint Approach",slug:"consumer-preferences-for-olive-oil-attributes-a-review-of-the-empirical-literature-using-a-conjoint-",signatures:"José Felipe Jiménez-Guerrero, Juan Carlos Gázquez-Abad,Juan Antonio Mondéjar-Jiménez2 and Rubén Huertas-García",authors:[{id:"82386",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gázquez-Abad",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gázquez-Abad",slug:"juan-carlos-gazquez-abad"},{id:"82391",title:"Dr.",name:"José Felipe",middleName:null,surname:"Jiménez-Guerrero",fullName:"José Felipe Jiménez-Guerrero",slug:"jose-felipe-jimenez-guerrero"},{id:"82393",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Mondéjar-Jiménez",fullName:"Juan Antonio Mondéjar-Jiménez",slug:"juan-antonio-mondejar-jimenez"},{id:"82394",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubén",middleName:null,surname:"Huertas-García",fullName:"Rubén Huertas-García",slug:"ruben-huertas-garcia"}]},{id:"27036",title:"New Olive-Pomace Oil Improved by Hydrothermal Pre-Treatments",slug:"new-pomace-olive-oil-improved-by-hydrothermal-treatment",signatures:"G. Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, A. Lama-Muñoz, M.V. Ruiz-Méndez, F. Rubio-Senent and J. Fernández-Bolaños",authors:[{id:"75199",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Bolaños",fullName:"Juan Fernández-Bolaños",slug:"juan-fernandez-bolanos"},{id:"126006",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Gutierrez",fullName:"Guillermo Rodriguez-Gutierrez",slug:"guillermo-rodriguez-gutierrez"},{id:"126008",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Lama-Muñoz",fullName:"Antonio Lama-Muñoz",slug:"antonio-lama-munoz"},{id:"126010",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Ruíz-Méndez",fullName:"Mª Victoria Ruíz-Méndez",slug:"ma-victoria-ruiz-mendez"},{id:"126012",title:"Ms.",name:"Fátima",middleName:null,surname:"Rubio-Senent",fullName:"Fátima Rubio-Senent",slug:"fatima-rubio-senent"}]},{id:"27037",title:"Genetic Improvement of Olives, Enzymatic Extraction and Interesterification of Olive Oil",slug:"genetic-improvement-of-olives-enzymatic-extraction-and-interesterification-of-olive-oil",signatures:"Fabiano Jares Contesini, Camilo Barroso Teixeira, Paula Speranza,Danielle Branta Lopes, Patrícia de Oliveira Carvalho,Hélia Harumi Sato and Gabriela Alves Macedo",authors:[{id:"76197",title:"Dr",name:"Fabiano",middleName:null,surname:"Contesini",fullName:"Fabiano Contesini",slug:"fabiano-contesini"},{id:"84046",title:"Mr.",name:"Camilo",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",fullName:"Camilo Teixeira",slug:"camilo-teixeira"},{id:"84047",title:"Ms.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Speranza",fullName:"Paula Speranza",slug:"paula-speranza"},{id:"84049",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Danielle",middleName:"Branta",surname:"Lopes",fullName:"Danielle Lopes",slug:"danielle-lopes"},{id:"84050",title:"Mrs.",name:"Patrícia",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Patrícia Carvalho",slug:"patricia-carvalho"},{id:"135620",title:"Dr.",name:"Hélia",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",fullName:"Hélia Sato",slug:"helia-sato"},{id:"135621",title:"PhD.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:"Alves",surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Gabriela Macedo",slug:"gabriela-macedo"}]},{id:"27038",title:"Olive Oil Mill Waste Treatment:Improving the Sustainability of the Olive Oil Industry with Anaerobic Digestion Technology",slug:"anaerobic-treatment-of-olive-oil-mill-wastes-improving-the-sustainability-of-the-olive-oil-industry",signatures:"Bárbara Rincón, Fernando G. Fermoso and Rafael Borja",authors:[{id:"74541",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Rincon",fullName:"Barbara Rincon",slug:"barbara-rincon"}]},{id:"27039",title:"Potential Applications of Green Technologies in Olive Oil Industry",slug:"potential-applications-of-green-technologies-in-olive-oil-industry",signatures:"Ozan Nazim Ciftci, Deniz Ciftci and Ehsan Jenab",authors:[{id:"71967",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozan Nazim",middleName:null,surname:"Ciftci",fullName:"Ozan Nazim Ciftci",slug:"ozan-nazim-ciftci"},{id:"83477",title:"MSc.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ciftci",fullName:"Deniz Ciftci",slug:"deniz-ciftci"},{id:"120041",title:"MSc.",name:"Ehsan",middleName:null,surname:"Jenab",fullName:"Ehsan Jenab",slug:"ehsan-jenab"}]},{id:"27040",title:"Microbial Biotechnology in Olive Oil Industry",slug:"microbial-biotechnology-in-olive-oil-industry-",signatures:"Farshad Darvishi",authors:[{id:"73283",title:"Dr.",name:"Farshad",middleName:null,surname:"Darvishi",fullName:"Farshad Darvishi",slug:"farshad-darvishi"}]},{id:"27041",title:"Metabolism and Bioavailability of Olive Oil Polyphenols",slug:"metabolism-and-bioavailability-of-olive-oil-polyphenols",signatures:"María Gómez-Romero, Rocío García-Villalba, Alegría Carrasco-Pancorbo and Alberto Fernández-Gutiérrez",authors:[{id:"83442",title:"Dr.",name:"Alegria",middleName:null,surname:"Carrasco-Pancorbo",fullName:"Alegria Carrasco-Pancorbo",slug:"alegria-carrasco-pancorbo"},{id:"84030",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Romero",fullName:"Maria Gomez-Romero",slug:"maria-gomez-romero"},{id:"84031",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Villalba",fullName:"Rocio Garcia-Villalba",slug:"rocio-garcia-villalba"},{id:"84033",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez-Gutierrez",fullName:"Alberto Fernandez-Gutierrez",slug:"alberto-fernandez-gutierrez"}]},{id:"27042",title:"Oleocanthal: A Naturally Occurring Anti-Inflammatory Agent in Virgin Olive Oil",slug:"oleocanthal-a-naturally-occurring-anti-inflammatory-agent-in-virgin-olive-oil",signatures:"S. Cicerale, L. J. Lucas and R. S. J. Keast",authors:[{id:"75123",title:"Prof.",name:"Russell",middleName:null,surname:"Keast",fullName:"Russell Keast",slug:"russell-keast"}]},{id:"27043",title:"Biological Properties of Hydroxytyrosol and Its Derivatives",slug:"biological-properties-of-hydroxytyrosol-and-its-derivatives",signatures:"José G. Fernández-Bolaños, Óscar López, M. Ángeles López-García and Azucena Marset",authors:[{id:"84025",title:"Dr.",name:"José G.",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Bolaños",fullName:"José G. Fernández-Bolaños",slug:"jose-g.-fernandez-bolanos"},{id:"84258",title:"Dr.",name:"Óscar",middleName:null,surname:"López",fullName:"Óscar López",slug:"oscar-lopez"},{id:"84284",title:"MSc",name:"M. Ángeles",middleName:null,surname:"López-García",fullName:"M. Ángeles López-García",slug:"m.-angeles-lopez-garcia"},{id:"84287",title:"MSc.",name:"Azucena",middleName:null,surname:"Marset",fullName:"Azucena Marset",slug:"azucena-marset"}]},{id:"27044",title:"Differential Effect of Fatty Acids in Nervous Control of Energy Balance",slug:"differential-effect-of-fatty-acids-in-nervous-control-of-energy-balance",signatures:"Christophe Magnan, Hervé Le Stunff and Stéphanie Migrenne",authors:[{id:"76646",title:"Prof.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Magnan",fullName:"Christophe Magnan",slug:"christophe-magnan"},{id:"84655",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephanie",middleName:null,surname:"Migrenne",fullName:"Stephanie Migrenne",slug:"stephanie-migrenne"}]},{id:"27045",title:"Meat Products Manufactured with Olive Oil",slug:"effect-of-replacing-animal-fat-with-olive-oil-on-the-quality-for-processed-meat-products",signatures:"S.S. Moon, C. Jo, D.U. Ahn, S.N. Kang, Y.T.Kim1 and I.S. Kim",authors:[{id:"81453",title:"Dr.",name:"Sungsil",middleName:null,surname:"Moon",fullName:"Sungsil Moon",slug:"sungsil-moon"},{id:"82555",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilsuk",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Ilsuk Kim",slug:"ilsuk-kim"}]},{id:"27046",title:"Meat Fat Replacement with Olive Oil",slug:"meat-fat-replacement-with-olive-oil-technological-quality-and-health-aspects-",signatures:"Basem Mohammed Al-Abdullah, Khalid M. Al-Ismail, Khaled Al-Mrazeeq, Malak Angor and Radwan Ajo",authors:[{id:"78175",title:"Prof.",name:"Basem",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Abdullah",fullName:"Basem Al-Abdullah",slug:"basem-al-abdullah"}]},{id:"27047",title:"Biocatalyzed Production of Structured Olive Oil Triacylglycerols",slug:"biocatalyzed-production-of-structured-olive-oil-triacylglycerols",signatures:"Laura J. Pham and Patrisha J. Pham",authors:[{id:"75092",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Pham",fullName:"Laura Pham",slug:"laura-pham"},{id:"127719",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrisha",middleName:null,surname:"Pham",fullName:"Patrisha Pham",slug:"patrisha-pham"}]},{id:"27048",title:"Olive Oil as Inductor of Microbial Lipase",slug:"olive-oil-as-inductor-of-microbial-lipase",signatures:"Marie Zarevúcka",authors:[{id:"80891",title:"Dr.",name:"Marie",middleName:null,surname:"Zarevúcka",fullName:"Marie Zarevúcka",slug:"marie-zarevucka"}]},{id:"27049",title:"Olive Oil-Based Delivery of Photosensitizers for Bacterial Eradication",slug:"olive-oil-based-delivery-of-photosensitizers-for-bacterial-eradication",signatures:"Faina Nakonechny, Yeshayahu Nitzan and Marina Nisnevitch",authors:[{id:"23436",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Nisnevitch",fullName:"Marina Nisnevitch",slug:"marina-nisnevitch"},{id:"40921",title:"Dr.",name:"Yeshayahu",middleName:null,surname:"Nitzan",fullName:"Yeshayahu Nitzan",slug:"yeshayahu-nitzan"},{id:"80487",title:"Prof.",name:"Faina",middleName:null,surname:"Nakonechny",fullName:"Faina Nakonechny",slug:"faina-nakonechny"}]},{id:"27050",title:"Olive Oil Sector in Albania and Its Perspective",slug:"olive-oil-sector-in-albania-and-its-perspective",signatures:"Ana Mane Kapaj and Ilir Kapaj",authors:[{id:"72167",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Mane-Kapaj",fullName:"Ana Mane-Kapaj",slug:"ana-mane-kapaj"},{id:"83206",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilir",middleName:null,surname:"Kapaj",fullName:"Ilir Kapaj",slug:"ilir-kapaj"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"69264",title:"Grafting in Horticultural Crop Species: Effective Pest and Disease Management Technique with Potential in Michoacan, Mexico",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89288",slug:"grafting-in-horticultural-crop-species-effective-pest-and-disease-management-technique-with-potentia",body:'\nIn theory, the graft is the union of two or more pieces of living tissue, which once joined together develops as a single plant [1]. This combination of desirable characteristics consists of the removal of buds of a plant that is called graft and the root that is provided by a plant that is called rootstock [2]. The production of plant grafts has been widely expanded for fruit tree and vegetable crops, and different studies have shown that the success of the crop depends on the rootstock selected when compared with non-grafted plants [3].
\nIn some countries, the grafting technique has been integrated into the scheme of agricultural work as an effective alternative in the management of the crops. Therefore, it has been recognized in all agricultural areas, which makes it a technique of horticultural production more respectful with the environment [4]. With this technique, the tolerance of the root system of the rootstock and the favorable productive characters of a susceptible variety are used. In vegetables the same principles applied to the grafting of fruit trees are followed, in addition to controlled environment requirements and greater post-graft care. So, the use of similar rootstocks strengthens and gives vigor to plants, therefore keeping nematodes and diseases controlled for longer than a plant that has not been grafted [5, 6].
\nAlthough there is evidence that the art of grafting was known to the Chinese from 1000 years ago before Christ [1], the grafting technique has its beginnings in the 1920s in watermelon grafted on pumpkin (
In Mexico, this technique is recent; however, the advantages of using it as a substitute for fumigants can counteract the main phytosanitary problems that limit the production of crops. Otherwise, in the State of Michoacan, like other states of the Mexico, the various contrasts give rise to different production systems, which favor the establishment of different crops. Despite being a predominantly agricultural territory, it has been severely affected by the production system of the monoculture type and the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals, which has caused resistance of pests and pathogens difficult to control by conventional systems. Therefore, among the management alternatives, we can see the use of the graft. Given the phytosanitary situation presented by Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae in the State of Michoacan, the use of rootstocks with specific resistance characteristics offers an option for the recovery of soils, without repercussion in the environment. As mentioned, in our country this technique has not been fully exploited, in the State of Michoacan, it is new and innovative in the cultivations of Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Caricaceae.
\nMexico is located in a privileged geographic position, which favors the environmental conditions for the development of different crops in open field, and where the conditions are restrictive, crops are grown in greenhouses. Among the crops of economic importance and with potential of graft are tomato (
According to SIAP-SAGARPA [13], in the last years at national level, the cultivated area has presented variable trends in tomato and watermelon, with greater amount of hectares cultivated in the year 2010, and as the years pass until the year 2017, they were reduced in 11% and 14%, respectively. However, this trend differs in the total production and the yield per hectare, since percentage of the year 2010 to the year 2017 for the tomato increased 33% and 22%, respectively, and for the vvsituation for papaya, the cultivated area, the total production, and the yield per hectare, the trend always has been increasing from 2010 to 2017 (Table 1).
\nYear | \nTomato | \nWatermelon | \nPapaya | \n||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivated area (ha) | \nTotal production (t) | \nYield (t·ha−1) | \nCultivated area (ha) | \nTotal production (t) | \nYield (t·ha−1) | \nCultivated area (ha) | \nTotal production (t) | \nYield (t·ha−1) | \n|
2017 | \n48,394 | \n3,055,861 | \n64.832 | \n42,105 | \n1,296,767 | \n32.015 | \n19,114 | \n964,702 | \n57.82 | \n
2016 | \n48,840 | \n2,769,611 | \n59.336 | \n39,903 | \n1,129,219 | \n30.544 | \n19,442 | \n957,415 | \n56.895 | \n
2015 | \n49,530 | \n2,570,284 | \n56.077 | \n36,197 | \n1,003,213 | \n28.71 | \n17,530 | \n879,363 | \n55.426 | \n
2014 | \n50,850 | \n2,320,109 | \n48.777 | \n35,511 | \n955,186 | \n28.092 | \n16,071 | \n840,497 | \n57.445 | \n
2013 | \n44,504 | \n2,052,126 | \n49.101 | \n37,482 | \n937,378 | \n26.086 | \n15,952 | \n734,522 | \n51.542 | \n
2012 | \n55,504 | \n2,459,874 | \n47.102 | \n38,288 | \n1,011,667 | \n27.307 | \n16,725 | \n680,204 | \n49.241 | \n
2011 | \n56,025 | \n1,670,454 | \n41.758 | \n47,387 | \n1,002,506 | \n25.006 | \n17,142 | \n646,002 | \n44.909 | \n
2010 | \n54,238 | \n2,058,424 | \n42.104 | \n48,667 | \n1,016,215 | \n23.375 | \n16,261 | \n648,235 | \n46.49 | \n
The trend in tomato, watermelon, and papaya areas of cultivation, total production, and yield in Mexico country from 2010 to 2017 [13].
The record of the last years in the State of Michoacan has been unstable in the harvested area, total production, and yield in the three crops. However, from 2010 to 2017, the trend has been mostly upward (Table 2).
\nYear | \nState of Michoacan | \n||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tomato | \nWatermelon | \nPapaya | \n|||||||
Cultivated area (ha) | \nTotal production (t) | \nYield (t·ha−1) | \nCultivated area (ha) | \nTotal production (t) | \nYield (t·ha−1) | \nCultivated area (ha) | \nTotal production (t) | \nYield (t·ha−1) | \n|
2017 | \n5866 | \n211,100 | \n36.382 | \n990 | \n32,337 | \n32.680 | \n3326 | \n79,207 | \n33.442 | \n
2016 | \n6826 | \n178,252 | \n29.170 | \n679 | \n20,769 | \n31.421 | \n3510 | \n70,198 | \n32.849 | \n
2015 | \n7845 | \n178,931 | \n26.204 | \n888 | \n21,765 | \n24.511 | \n2424 | \n51,714 | \n31.476 | \n
2014 | \n5894 | \n117,710 | \n23.568 | \n507 | \n12,128 | \n23.922 | \n2128 | \n48,605 | \n35.094 | \n
2013 | \n3905 | \n73,253 | \n24.371 | \n676 | \n16,500 | \n24.427 | \n1944 | \n35,401 | \n26.921 | \n
2012 | \n5017 | \n150,690 | \n35.624 | \n604 | \n14,836 | \n24.563 | \n2031 | \n43,935 | \n33.009 | \n
2011 | \n4768 | \n128,367 | \n29.013 | \n618 | \n15,189 | \n24.677 | \n2063 | \n45,002 | \n32.076 | \n
2010 | \n5186 | \n79,291 | \n24.469 | \n696 | \n14,918 | \n25.836 | \n1998 | \n47,947 | \n32.999 | \n
The trend in tomato, watermelon, and papaya areas of cultivation, production total, and yield in the state of Michoacan, from 2010 to 2017 [13].
For its part, the various activities related to the production of tomato, watermelon, and papaya in the State of Michoacan are of great importance because they generate direct and indirect jobs, as well as being the sustenance of many families. Given the economic and social importance of these crops, their production is necessary under efficient and sustainable systems. The choice of genotypes, plantation density, phytosanitary management, and the incorporation of the grafting technique are fundamental practices to achieve higher yields and improve the quality of fruits. Nevertheless, ignorance of the correct application negatively impacts the production.
\nTomato is one of the crops with the greatest phytosanitary problems [14], which have represented a serious problem due to the use of insecticides. This causes the death or many natural parasites of insect pests and creates genetic resistance to insecticides [15, 16]. Diseases are another limiting factor in the production of tomato [17]. Viral pathogens are disseminated by insect vectors, fungal and bacterial. Also, pathogens disseminated by seed, irrigation water and wind mean a potential danger in extensive areas of monoculture.
\nTo achieve health in crops, measures of exclusion, eradication, and protection are used, in the context of an integrated control and use of resistant cultivars. In tomato, the theory on plant resistance has served as the basis for the development of varieties resistant to pathogens and insects, whose main source of resistance is found in wild plants [18, 19, 20]. Among the strategies to induce resistance, the conventional improvement by hybridization [21] and, another perhaps less used, the grafting technique can be distinguished [22].
\nWatermelon is cultivated during two cycles per year (autumn-winter and spring-summer), in irrigation and temporary. Wilt caused by
Therefore, it is feasible that watermelon with management practices such as mulching, technified irrigation, and sowing methods different from the conventional one would considerably improve the productive system and competitiveness [28]. By its nature, watermelon genotypes have a high productive potential, which leads to determine their agronomic behavior to the environmental conditions of each region. Grafting technique is recognized in the agricultural ambit, and effective without negative impact on the environment, this condition is revalued with the imminent prohibition of the use of methyl bromide and its nonpolluting effect [4].
\nPapaya, in some stages within the production process, presents various kinds of problems. There is evidence that over time when the monocultures are continuously established, they bring with them the proliferation and resistance of pests and diseases, in which its management is difficult and has influences in the yield; also this crop requires answers oriented to the high productivity, where the densities and the nutrition play an important role. The alternatives to address the phytosanitary and physiological problems revolve around the improvement of the crop, and this can occur through the hybridization and crossings of materials, also selection of seeds, genetic engineering by including resistance genes, and in vitro propagation, all of them with the complexity of the processes and the response times. Particularly, tissue culture techniques such as micropropagation [29] both for organogenesis [30] and somatic embryogenesis have been considered for the in vitro propagation of this species; however, as biotechnological methods are until the present more expensive in relation to the use of seed, it is limited, only to hybrid genotypes that it justifies [31].
\nIn papaya by its polygamous character, with three basic types of flowers, staminated, pistillate, and hermaphroditic, the typical propagation by seed is hindered by variability in the expression of the sexual characters and subsequent shape of the fruits. Therefore, the asexual propagation through the grafting technique would improve the papaya industry [32], since through the graft it is possible to maintain the original characteristics of the mother plants, in addition, to increase the yield, reduce height, and improve fruiting; some studies support it [33, 34, 35].
\nIn herbaceous plants, the union between the rootstock and graft is carried out by the formation of a callus of parenchymatous tissue, a structure that is differentiated to cambium tissue, which will give rise to the xylem and phloem, with which the union between vascular bundles of both individuals is restored.
\nIt is worth mentioning that the fumigation of the soil with methyl bromide to control some soil pathogens was until recently considered one of the main factors for the success of the production of Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae. However, the banning of methyl bromide and the lack of tolerant or resistant cultivars to biotic stress have increased the interest by the use of the grafting of vegetables [4, 36].
\nSome cases are mentioned on the use of grafts in the induction of resistance to pests and diseases. From the beginning, the grafting technique was used for the management of soil pathogens; currently it includes Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae, in species of
Cucurbitaceae are grafted on pumpkin rootstocks (
On the other hand, environmental stress represents the condition with the greatest limitation for horticultural productivity and use of plants. The temperature causes economic losses of yield, also the reduction in the growth and development of the plant, caused by wilting and necrosis, affecting delay of floral induction and formation and fruit maturity [41]. According to the species of Cucurbitaceae, the threshold temperature for growth of sensitive cultures is between 8 and 12°C [42]. In the range of 25–30°C, the metabolic rates increase exponentially. Under these thresholds, many horticultural crops suffer physiological disorders which, according to intensity and length of exposure, subsequently lead to irreversible damage and death of the plant [43]. As an efficient alternative to control the temperature, the use of rootstocks is presented; since there are commercial cultivars tolerant to low temperatures, these rootstocks are recognized as a promising tool [44].
\nThe success of the grafting depends on several factors, including union and compatibility of the graft, quality and age of seedlings, quality of the union, and post-grafting management [45]. In herbaceous species several grafting techniques have been used, and most of them coincide in some general criteria, such as performing it in the first stages of development of the plants (presence of cotyledonous leaves or first true leaves), plants under controlled conditions of temperature and environmental humidity during the period of formation of the union callus, and the subsequent acclimatization to environmental conditions.
\nThe most common graft is the approach. The two individuals are sown at the same time, and when they reach 12–15 cm in height (four or five leaves), a cut is made inclined downward with a knife. This cut is made in the space of the stem between the cotyledonal leaves and the first leaves of the rootstock. The cut should be minimal and only reach half of the herbaceous stem. In the same way and in the same position, the stem of the graft is cut; instead, it will be directed upward so that the two small lips can fit as closely as possible. Finally, the grafting point is closed with small pincers or a little aluminum foil like band or some fixation device. To simplify the handling and reduce the time invested in the graft, the plants are removed from their pots before the operation and just after the graft are put back in the same pots to which soil is added, as if it were a transplant. In conditions of temperature of about 20–25°C and with a high humidity (covered with plastic bags), from 8 to 10 days, the graft will have joined, and it can proceed to cut the aerial part of the rootstock and the basal area of the graft [46].
\nSimple splice graft. A diagonal cut is made through the rootstock seedling just above the cotyledons. On the cut end of the pattern, a piece of thin-walled polyethylene pipe, of the appropriate diameter, is slid to give a good fit. The basal end of the scion receives a diagonal cut similar in length and inclination to that made in the pattern. The prong is slid into the plastic tube until the two cut surfaces are in close contact. The tube is held in place until healing occurs, about 12 days after grafting. If there are no leaves and the buds have not grown, the tube can be removed by sliding it over the scion; otherwise it can be cut with a razor blade [1].
\nIn another procedure used to graft on herbaceous rootstocks, the cleft graft is used (but with a single scion), which consists of making a cut in the stem of the variety 1.5 cm below the cotyledons and making a bevel of 0.6–1.0 cm at its extreme; in the rootstock the apical bud is removed, and a slit is made between the cotyledons, to the center of the stem and down to 1–1.5 cm in length; then the graft union is inserted and tied with rubber bands or latex adhesive tape. To prevent the grafted plant from drying out, it is covered with a polyethylene bag, placed in the shade until the graft has healed, and then the plastic cover is removed [1].
\nLateral slit graft. This method is practiced by making a cut in the rootstock above the first leaves and practicing a slight lateral incision directed downward (almost to the middle of the stem) along the space between the leaf that has not been cut and the two cotyledonal leaves (between 1 and 2 cm below the cutoff point). Then, the aerial part of the graft is separated, wedge-shaped and inserted into the lateral crack of the rootstock, and tied. The leaves of the rootstock are left to allow continuity of the absorption activity of the rootstock plant and to favor the union of the scion. Once the graft has been welded, it must be removed with the part of the stem that was left, as it could develop the axillary bud of the leaf and cause the graft to fail [46].
\nGiven the phytosanitary situation presented by the horticultural species in the State of Michoacan, the use of rootstocks with specific characteristics offer an option for the recovery of soils, without repercussion in the environment. So in integrated management, one of the strategies is plant resistance, where the technique of grafting plays fundamental importance; in Mexico, there are few documented works on grafts in vegetables and their resistance to pests and diseases [47, 48]; however, graft tests have been performed on tomato, watermelon, and papaya with spontaneous and cultivated plants and with positive results. Although it is true, in Michoacan, Mexico, this technique has not been fully exploited. In the State of Michoacan, it is new and innovative in the cultivations of Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Caricaceae.
\nIn Solanaceae, particularly the tomato as a species very susceptible to the attack of phytophagous insects and soil pathogens, apparently
Based on the above, with the objective of evaluating the incidence of the main diseases in tomato grafts on the rootstock
Treatment | \n|||
---|---|---|---|
Damping-off | \nVirosis | \n||
G-BAp | \n46.00 ± 6.92*ab | \n0.00 ± 0.00*a | \n52.67 ± 21.12* | \n
Tom | \n25.00 ± 10.00bc | \n16.66 ± 10.40a | \n17.03 ± 13.96 | \n
G-SAp | \n16.66 ± 11.54bc | \n0.00 ± 0.00a | \n30.33 ± 15.17 | \n
G-Ac | \n10.23 ± 11.70cd | \n5.12 ± 4.43a | \n12.93 ± 7.88 | \n
G-Jiq | \n8.33 ± 10.40cd | \n1.66 ± 2.88a | \n19.33 ± 7.37 | \n
G-Tab | \n6.56 ± 6.50cd | \n6.66 ± 6.66a | \n21.00 ± 8.71 | \n
G-LR | \n0.00 ± 0.00d | \n4.44 ± 3.84a | \n15.07 ± 13.79 | \n
Incidence of “damping-off,”
Means ± standard deviation, data subjected to arcsine transformation of the square root of the ratio.
Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences between means (Tukey, 0.05).
Distribution of severity levels of
The use of
Regarding soluble solids, the concentration in fruits was higher in
The species of Cucurbitaceae that are commonly grafted are watermelon, cantaloupe, and cucumber. There are some rootstocks compatible with the three species [37]. Regarding diseases in cucurbitaceae, of the most important and that has been achieved better by grafting are those caused by pathogenic fungi, the wilt caused by
During the 1980s, the region of Apatzingan Valley, Michoacan, was positioned among the seven main states producing watermelon, with the advantage of presenting the ideal environment for cultivation during the autumn-winter cycle; however, their participation gradually decreased by more than 50% of the area originally intended for cultivation [59]. This reduction in agricultural land is attributed to several factors, such as the lack of more information about the evaluation and application of technical components for crop management and sustainable control of pests and diseases. Particularly, the wilt caused by
Sampled land | \nNematodes | \nBacteria | \nPresence of | \n||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Presence | \nCucurbitaceae | \n||||
Tolerance limit (No.) | \nEconomic threshold (No.) | \n||||
Crucitas | \n+ | \n2–49 | \n≥50 | \n2.94 × 109* | \n+ | \n
Y Griega Pozos | \n+ | \n2.53 × 107 | \n+ | \n||
Y Griega | \n+ | \n1.39 × 106 | \n+ | \n||
Cd. Morelos | \n+ | \n3.01 × 106 | \n+ | \n
Results of the microbiological analysis of infested soils of agricultural lands of the Apatzingan Valley, Michoacan [60].
CFU/g d.s. = colony-forming units per gram of dry soil.
The experimental design proposed was randomized complete blocks. Six treatments were evaluated, triploid watermelon grafts on two rootstocks and triploid watermelon without grafting, all at two planting densities (4166 and 2083 plants/ha), conforming the following treatments: triploid watermelon graft on “Super Shintosa” rootstock at a density of 4167 plants per hectare (G-RSS 100), triploid watermelon graft on “Super Shintosa” rootstock at a density of 2083 plants per hectare (G-RSS 50), triploid watermelon graft on “Robusta” rootstock at a density of 4167 plants per hectare (G-RR 100), triploid watermelon graft on “Robusta” rootstock at a density of 2083 plants per hectare (G-RR 50), and triploid watermelon at a density of 4167 plants per hectare (C-100) and triploid watermelon at a density of 2083 plants per hectare (C-50) as controls. Regarding the qualitative characteristics of the fruits, the statistical analysis showed significant differences in the variables hardness of pulp, width of bark, and width of pulp, where, with the exception of the width of bark, the control treatments were exceeded in both densities. Although statistically there were differences between rootstocks (G-RSS and G-RR), with the values so close, it is presumed that the use of the graft does not alter the quality of the fruit (Table 5).
\nTreatments | \nTriploid crunchy red | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soluble solids (°Brix) | \nPulp hardness (kg/cm2) | \npH | \nBark width (cm) | \nPulp width (cm) | \nMoisture content (%) | \n|
G-RSS 100 | \n11.72 | \n1.94 bc | \n5.20 | \n1.43 c | \n15.59 b | \n91.13 | \n
G-RSS 50 | \n11.78 | \n2.02 ab | \n5.30 | \n1.45 bc | \n17.63 a | \n91.16 | \n
G-RR 100 | \n11.74 | \n2.12 a | \n5.27 | \n1.50 ab | \n17.29 a | \n90.97 | \n
G-RR 50 | \n11.53 | \n2.11 a | \n5.27 | \n1.45 bc | \n17.27 a | \n90.94 | \n
C-100 | \n11.46 | \n1.86 c | \n5.29 | \n1.53 a | \n10.67 d | \n91.83 | \n
C-50 | \n11.46 | \n1.70 d | \n5.27 | \n1.53 a | \n13.55 c | \n91.27 | \n
0.17 | \n0.00 | \n0.87 | \n0.00 | \n0.00 | \n0.28 | \n|
C.V. | \n1.59 | \n2.79 | \n1.91 | \n1.42 | \n3.93 | \n0.51 | \n
Qualitative aspects of watermelon fruits grafted in two population densities [60].
Regarding the phytosanitary condition, the rootstocks showed tolerance in the presence of
In Michoacan, ecotypes of papaya have been developed [65]. Being a predominantly agricultural territory, the region has been severely affected by the system of monoculture type and the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals, which has caused resistance of pests and diseases difficult to control through conventional systems [66]. For this reason, the Caricaceae family, particularly papaya, has the potential to be grafted to explore, in addition to the productive and phytosanitary aspect, the appearance of the sexing of plants, knowing that the preferred plants are those that emit the elongata hermaphrodite flower type and that it gives rise to elongated or marketable fruit, which is possible through grafting [67].
\nTherefore, in the Apatzingan Valley, experimental works of grafting in papaya were developed. The region has a semidry warm climate condition (the wettest of the semidry warm ones) with summer rains and a dominant volcanic (clayed) soil type. In order to generate and adapt a grafting method for papaya, experimental trials were carried out. Two grafting methods were tested, along with the strategies employed in vegetables, which were used for the formation of grafted papaya plants. During the development of the trials, modifications were made. In the first evaluation, two grafting methods, approach graft G.A. and cleft graft G.C. [5], and two clamping devices, lead band (G.A.B. and G.C.B.) and plastic clip (G.A.P. and G.C.P.), were compared. The response in the percentage of survival of the methods of approach and cleft grafts and fastening with lead band and clip was variable (Figure 2).
\nMethods of approach and cleft graft and two fixation devices [
In the second evaluation, there were two modifications to the first graft method, called modified approach graft (G.A.M.) with two types of cuts (G.A.M.C1 and G.A.M.C2). With respect to the cleft graft, a modification was also proposed (G.C.M.) (Figure 3). As noted, in the second evaluation, two modifications to the evaluated methods arose, and a method called modified cleft graft (G.C.M.) was also incorporated. In Figure 3, the percentage values on the grafting of the graft approach methods are presented (G.A.M.C1 and G.A.M.C2). Due to its high percentage of survival (almost 90%), the treatment G.A.M.C2 is acceptable and exceeds the expectations for its use in papaya, under the conditions evaluated.
\nModified approach and cleft graft methods and two fixation devices [
In a third evaluation, the modified approach graft method (G.A.M.C1) was tested in three containers. With respect to the election of containers, it includes the trays of 128 and 200 cavities (G.A.M.128 and G.A.M.200) and the plastic bag (G.A.M.B.). The results showed that the G.A.M.B. achieved 89% of survival (Figure 4).
\nModified graft method in different containers [
Recapitulating, of the three evaluations, the approach graft method subjected by lead band (G.A.B.) and the modified method (G.A.M.C2.) were the most effective with 79 and 87% of survival, respectively. As for the containers used, the grafted plant with the highest yield corresponded to the use of a bag (G.A.M.B), surpassing the tray containers [68].
\nIn another experiment, with the objective of evaluating the behavior of grafted plants and the quality of the plants, an experiment was established with five treatments formed by different combinations of rootstock and graft, in commercial genotypes. Two phases were evaluated, before and after the transplant. In the nursery, a papaya seedling was produced in a plastic bag container. The genotypes used were the varieties “Gibara” (G), “BS” (BS), “BS2” (BS2) and “Maradol” (M), and later they would serve as rootstocks (R) and grafts (G). The grafting method used was the modified approach. Five treatments were used: R. G × G. BS, R. BS × G. G, R. BS2 × G. BS, R. BS × G. BS2, and R. BS2 × G. M. The variables evaluated were the percentage of post-graft survival (prior to transplant) and percentage of post-graft survival in the field (after transplant). In the field, to determine the quality of the grafted plant in its post-graft stage, a grading scale designed under three key levels was used: N1 = vigorous, robust plant, upright leaves, normal terminal bud, does not present physical alterations in the union of the graft; N2 = vigorous plant, some leaves upright, slightly physical alterations are perceived in the union of the graft; and N3 = stressed plant appearance, weak terminal bud, contrast in stem coloration near the graft. The results obtained from the survival of the grafted papaya plant before and after the transplant are presented in Figure 5. The modified approach graft method responded positively in both situations, since most of the treatments exceeded well above 80% of survival, which is acceptable for the papaya species, due to its recent exploration on the subject. When making the comparison of survival between the pre- and posttransplant conditions, the values were generally lower when the pretransplant condition was registered.
\nQuality of grafted papaya plant prior and post transplant.
In relation to plant quality, based on the three-level assessment scale, the results are presented in Figure 6. In general, the five grafting treatments presented level 1 (N1 = vigorous, robust plant, upright leaves, bud normal terminal, does not present physical alterations in the union of the graft) in greater percentage than levels 2 and 3; and between treatments, R. G × G. BS, R. BS × G. G., and R. BS2 × G. M were superior with more than 90% in the first level. In level 2 (N2 = vigorous plant, some upright leaves, slightly physical alterations are perceived in the union of the graft), which was desirable to occur in a smaller proportion, only the treatments R. BS × G. G. and R. BS2 × G. BS. presented between 10 and 14%, respectively; in the rest of treatments, it was presented between 4 and 7%. This circumstance can be attributed to the fact that the plants registered under this characterization are possibly still in the postgraft recovery stage, which is caused by defect in the operation of the graft; however the situation can be reversed. Finally, level 3 (N3 = appearance of stressed plant, weak terminal bud, contrast in the coloration of the stem close to the graft), except for the treatments R. BS × G. G., and R. BS2 × G. M., did not have this condition. The other treatments presented between 2 and 5%. Although they are grafted plants that will be discarded, the percentage can be considered tolerant (Figure 6).
\nQuality level of grafted papaya plant [
Both the modified approach graft technique and the combination of grafted genotypes in the post-graft stage before and after the transplant expressed the percentage survival condition acceptable. With the technique surpassed of the papaya graft, the bases are established to explore other aspects oriented to the management of the crop.
\nThe species with potential for the use of graft in the Apatzingan Valley Michoacan, Mexico, are from the Solanaceae family, the tomato, the tomato from shell (
Therefore, the graft in the State of Michoacan is an alternative viable solution for the management of the mentioned crops, since it offers promising results, so its adoption can be a reality. It is also worth mentioning that the advantages of using grafted plants are much, since doing a count, is a non-polluting technique, it gives vigor to the plants, and is possible to lengthen the productive cycle. In general, the root system of the rootstocks is denser and wider; therefore, the plant has greater exploration capacity in the soil and in turn greater absorption of water and nutrients. Also, the fact of tolerating the presence of soil pests such as nematodes and harmful pathogens, plants can produce fruits and in most cases increase yields. By itself, the use of grafted plants helps to improve the conditions of the crop, but also, if this technique is included in a program of integrated management of pests and diseases, it can ensure the success of the production of different crops.
\nThe author wished to express his gratitude to the institutions that supported and solved the development of the research works: the National Polytechnic Institute; the National Technological Institute of Mexico; the National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research; as well as the team of researchers that participated directly in technical support of projects.
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\n\nSljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\nKlijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\nKompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\nStranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\nSve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\nOsim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nMi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\nMaterijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\nIntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\nZadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\nAko smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\nBez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\nIntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\nOve Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
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