Procedure of action and consequences of different antioxidants.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"},{slug:"intechopen-s-chapter-awarded-the-guenther-von-pannewitz-preis-2020-20200715",title:"IntechOpen's Chapter Awarded the Günther-von-Pannewitz-Preis 2020"},{slug:"suf-and-intechopen-announce-collaboration-20200331",title:"SUF and IntechOpen Announce Collaboration"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7798",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Neuroethics in Principle and Praxis - Conceptual Foundations",title:"Neuroethics in Principle and Praxis",subtitle:"Conceptual Foundations",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"With the conclusion of the Decade of the Brain and Decade of the Mind, neuroscience has advanced well beyond single neuron functions, and begun to investigate global properties that emerge from central nervous system operation. Core ethical issues for neural intervention, in consequence, now touch on concerns over how the individual as a whole may be affected. Central to these concerns is the fundamental value of the human being, which lends normative weight to questions, interventions, and practices influencing him or her. Yet, despite wide recognition of the crucial relevance of human value, the derivation of metaethical principles that underwrite this value is by no means uniformly agreed to. Why and how the human being is normatively privileged, accordingly, emerge as core questions that frame issues of ethical praxis. This book tackles this dissonance, and exposes the philosophical foundations that are rooting contemporary divisions in ethical approaches to intervention in the nervous system.",isbn:"978-1-78984-760-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-644-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-761-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77614",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"neuroethics-in-principle-and-praxis-conceptual-foundations",numberOfPages:104,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"c331b07083fed290d6be2ccf32f1118f",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7798.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1921,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:1,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 22nd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 3rd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 1st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 22nd 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 21st 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206412/images/system/206412.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Denis Larrivee is a visiting scholar at the Mind and Brain Institute, University of Navarra Medical School and Loyola University, Chicago. He has held professorships at the Weill Cornell University Medical College, NYC, and Purdue University, Indiana. A former fellow at Yale University\\'s Medical School, Dr. Larrivee received the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology\\'s first place award for studies on photoreceptor degenerative and developmental mechanisms. He is the editor of Brain Computer Interfacing and an editorial board member of the Annals of Neurology and Neurological Sciences (USA) and EC Neurology (UK). He is also the author of more than eight-five papers and book chapters in such varied journals/venues as Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroscience, Journal of Religion and Mental Health, and IEEE Xplore. In 2018, he was a finalist for the international Joseph Ratzinger Expanded Reason award sponsored by the Francis Vittorio University of Madrid.",institutionString:"Loyola University Chicago",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Loyola University Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"167",title:"Bioethics",slug:"medicine-bioethics"}],chapters:[{id:"65399",title:"Introductory Chapter: Reconciling Neurobioethics through Nature’s Lens - Metaphysical Determinants of Subjectivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83502",slug:"introductory-chapter-reconciling-neurobioethics-through-nature-s-lens-metaphysical-determinants-of-s",totalDownloads:290,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Denis Larrivee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65399",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65399",authors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],corrections:null},{id:"64961",title:"Doing and Being: A Metaphysic of Persons from an Ontology of Action",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82837",slug:"doing-and-being-a-metaphysic-of-persons-from-an-ontology-of-action",totalDownloads:280,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Simon Smith",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64961",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64961",authors:[{id:"266039",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",surname:"Smith",slug:"simon-smith",fullName:"Simon Smith"}],corrections:null},{id:"64245",title:"Naturalizing Neuroethics? A Syncretic Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81829",slug:"naturalizing-neuroethics-a-syncretic-approach",totalDownloads:320,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"John R. Shook and James Giordano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64245",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64245",authors:[{id:"263029",title:"Dr.",name:"James",surname:"Giordano",slug:"james-giordano",fullName:"James Giordano"},{id:"263110",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Shook",slug:"john-shook",fullName:"John Shook"}],corrections:null},{id:"66920",title:"Terminality Advance Directives and Nursing Practice in Brazil: Bioethical Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85914",slug:"terminality-advance-directives-and-nursing-practice-in-brazil-bioethical-issues",totalDownloads:259,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jacqueline Resende Boaventura, Juliana Dias Reis Pessalacia, Luciana Ferreira Da Silva, Ana Paula Da Silva, Larissa Da Silva Barcelos, Carlos Eduardo Pereira Furlani and Adriano Menis Ferreira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66920",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66920",authors:[{id:"224763",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Dias Reis Pessalacia",slug:"juliana-dias-reis-pessalacia",fullName:"Juliana Dias Reis Pessalacia"},{id:"290311",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",surname:"Menis Ferreira",slug:"adriano-menis-ferreira",fullName:"Adriano Menis Ferreira"},{id:"290312",title:"BSc.",name:"Ana Paula",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"ana-paula-da-silva",fullName:"Ana Paula Da Silva"},{id:"290313",title:"BSc.",name:"Jacqueline",surname:"Resende Boaventura",slug:"jacqueline-resende-boaventura",fullName:"Jacqueline Resende Boaventura"},{id:"290315",title:"BSc.",name:"Luciana",surname:"Ferreira Da Silva",slug:"luciana-ferreira-da-silva",fullName:"Luciana Ferreira Da Silva"},{id:"293517",title:"BSc.",name:"Larissa",surname:"Da Silva Barcelos",slug:"larissa-da-silva-barcelos",fullName:"Larissa Da Silva Barcelos"},{id:"293518",title:"BSc.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",surname:"Pereira Furlani",slug:"carlos-eduardo-pereira-furlani",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Pereira Furlani"}],corrections:null},{id:"68299",title:"Values-Based Medicine (VsBM) and Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88393",slug:"values-based-medicine-vsbm-and-evidence-based-medicine-ebm-",totalDownloads:257,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Ahmed Ammar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68299",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68299",authors:[{id:"263426",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Ammar",slug:"ahmed-ammar",fullName:"Ahmed Ammar"}],corrections:null},{id:"63761",title:"Dynamic and Static Models of Body-Mind Approaches from Neurobiological Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81397",slug:"dynamic-and-static-models-of-body-mind-approaches-from-neurobiological-perspectives",totalDownloads:517,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Shoichi Shiota and Michio Nomura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63761",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63761",authors:[{id:"265358",title:"Dr.",name:"Michio",surname:"Nomura",slug:"michio-nomura",fullName:"Michio Nomura"},{id:"265378",title:"Dr.",name:"Shoichi",surname:"Shiota",slug:"shoichi-shiota",fullName:"Shoichi Shiota"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6610",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",subtitle:"Engaging Brain State Dynamics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81a5621637cfaad35284f268db29bb60",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6610.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8059",title:"Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cc2c649900edf37ff3374fdc96a1586",slug:"neurostimulation-and-neuromodulation-in-contemporary-therapeutic-practice",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee and Seyed Mansoor Rayegani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7868",title:"Redirecting Alzheimer Strategy",subtitle:"Tracing Memory Loss to Self Pathology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"57b9b4f3a8d378e6ce3b7444d134fbd1",slug:"redirecting-alzheimer-strategy-tracing-memory-loss-to-self-pathology",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7868.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6615",title:"Nursing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec518aff724f10de937340ca865b5e94",slug:"nursing",bookSignature:"Nilgun Ulutasdemir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191796",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nilgun",surname:"Ulutasdemir",slug:"nilgun-ulutasdemir",fullName:"Nilgun Ulutasdemir"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6568",title:"Reflections on Bioethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8da3f5e7819e769f07a77dc3f0f357c2",slug:"reflections-on-bioethics",bookSignature:"José Antonio Morales-González and María Eugenia Aguilar Nájera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6568.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109774",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",surname:"Morales-Gonzalez",slug:"jose-antonio-morales-gonzalez",fullName:"Jose Antonio Morales-Gonzalez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66300",slug:"corrigendum-to-recovery-intervention-to-promote-social-connectedness-through-social-recreational-pro",title:"Corrigendum to: Recovery Intervention to Promote Social Connectedness through Social Recreational Programs for Persons with Dementia: A Critical Analysis",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66300.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66300",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66300",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66300",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66300",chapter:{id:"65375",slug:"recovery-intervention-to-promote-social-connectedness-through-social-recreational-programs-for-perso",signatures:"Winnie Sun, Shelby-Lynne Clarke, Hanaan Madahey and Ping Zou",dateSubmitted:"November 12th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"January 28th 2019",datePublished:"April 10th 2019",book:{id:"8268",title:"Advances in Dementia Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Dementia Research",slug:"advances-in-dementia-research",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Ghulam Md. Ashraf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8268.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Md",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"ghulam-md-ashraf",fullName:"Ghulam Md Ashraf"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"219759",title:"Dr.",name:"Winnie",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Winnie Sun",slug:"winnie-sun",email:"winnie.sun@uoit.ca",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Ontario Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"284558",title:"Dr.",name:"Shelby-Lynne",middleName:null,surname:"Clarke",fullName:"Shelby-Lynne Clarke",slug:"shelby-lynne-clarke",email:"shelbylynne.clarke@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284561",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanaan",middleName:null,surname:"Madahey",fullName:"Hanaan Madahey",slug:"hanaan-madahey",email:"hanaan.madahey@uoit.net",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284562",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Zou",fullName:"Ping Zou",slug:"ping-zou",email:"pingz@nipissingu.ca",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"65375",slug:"recovery-intervention-to-promote-social-connectedness-through-social-recreational-programs-for-perso",signatures:"Winnie Sun, Shelby-Lynne Clarke, Hanaan Madahey and Ping Zou",dateSubmitted:"November 12th 2018",dateReviewed:"December 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"January 28th 2019",datePublished:"April 10th 2019",book:{id:"8268",title:"Advances in Dementia Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Dementia Research",slug:"advances-in-dementia-research",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Ghulam Md. Ashraf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8268.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Md",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"ghulam-md-ashraf",fullName:"Ghulam Md Ashraf"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"219759",title:"Dr.",name:"Winnie",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Winnie Sun",slug:"winnie-sun",email:"winnie.sun@uoit.ca",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Ontario Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"284558",title:"Dr.",name:"Shelby-Lynne",middleName:null,surname:"Clarke",fullName:"Shelby-Lynne Clarke",slug:"shelby-lynne-clarke",email:"shelbylynne.clarke@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284561",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanaan",middleName:null,surname:"Madahey",fullName:"Hanaan Madahey",slug:"hanaan-madahey",email:"hanaan.madahey@uoit.net",position:null,institution:null},{id:"284562",title:"Dr.",name:"Ping",middleName:null,surname:"Zou",fullName:"Ping Zou",slug:"ping-zou",email:"pingz@nipissingu.ca",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8268",title:"Advances in Dementia Research",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Dementia Research",slug:"advances-in-dementia-research",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Ghulam Md. Ashraf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8268.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199287",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam Md",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"ghulam-md-ashraf",fullName:"Ghulam Md Ashraf"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7012",leadTitle:null,title:"Biochemical Testing",subtitle:"Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis highlights the improvements in methodological approaches for the purposes of disease diagnosis and health research. Chapters cover such topics as serum protein electrophoresis, urinary iodine measurement, blood collection tubes, semi-solid phase assay and advancement in analytical and bioanalytical techniques, and serological diagnostic tools for Zika virus, among other subjects. All these will not be possible without a proper laboratory management where this book also includes the Tissue Bank ATMP Production as a model. The chapters are expected to provide a new perspective in health science which may trigger a further exploration into the diagnostic and research field.",isbn:"978-1-78985-086-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-085-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-371-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73769",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"biochemical-testing-clinical-correlation-and-diagnosis",numberOfPages:172,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1aa28a784b136633d827933ad91fe621",bookSignature:"Varaprasad Bobbarala, Gaffar Sarwar Zaman, Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa and Abdah Md Akim",publishedDate:"April 29th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7012.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:5640,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 16th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 31st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 29th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 18th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 16th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"207119",title:"Dr.",name:"Varaprasad",middleName:null,surname:"Bobbarala PhD",slug:"varaprasad-bobbarala-phd",fullName:"Varaprasad Bobbarala PhD",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/207119/images/system/207119.jpg",biography:"Varaprasad Bobbarala has a doctorate from Andhra University\nwith a specialization in Biochemistry, Medicinal Chemistry,\nand Microbiology. He is currently editor-in-chief, associate\neditor, editorial board member as well as reviewer of dozens of\nhigh-impact international periodicals. He has authored/co-authored research and review articles in numerous peer-reviewed\nnational and international journals in various subjects related\nto biomedicine, pharmacy, and microbiology. Dr. Varaprasad previously served as\nthe Chief Scientist of Research and Development at Krisani Innovations Pvt. Ltd.,\nbefore his current role as the Chief Scientist and Director of Adhya Biosciences Pvt.\nLtd., India. He is currently working in the area of clinical diagnostics, antimicrobial\nresistance, drug discovery, production of commercially important chemicals by\nbiotechnology routes, isolation of bio-active metabolites, and bio-efficacy studies.",institutionString:"Adhya Biosciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar Sarwar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-sarwar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/203015/images/system/203015.jpeg",biography:'Dr. Zaman is a Doctor of Medicine in Biochemistry (M.D.) from Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh University, India, Fellowship in Diabetes (FID) from Royal Liverpool Academy, United Kingdom, Fellowship in Applied Nutrition (FIAN) from Medvarsity, Apollo Hospitals, India and PGDCR (Post Graduate Diploma in Clinical Research) from Symbiosis University, India.\nHe has almost 12 years of experience as an Assistant Professor in King Khalid Government University and Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. \nHe is well accustomed in Quality development and can help any college in the improvement in its quality. He is also well accustomed in Curriculum designing and is trained in e-learning methods. \nHe has more than 40 Research publications (most of them Original articles) to his credit, in both national and International journals. \nHe has edited two books entitled \'Ultimate Guide to Insulin”, along with "Quality Control in Laboratory". In addition he has written many book chapters. He is also a reviewer for many journals.',institutionString:"King Khalid University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"King Khalid University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"189666",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mohd Nasir",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Desa",slug:"mohd-nasir-mohd-desa",fullName:"Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189666/images/system/189666.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa currently serves as an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia. He was a former head for Laboratory of Halal Science Research at Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia. He holds a BSc in Microbiology from the University of Arizona, USA, Master of Medical Science and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology from the University of Malaya, Malaysia. He has authored/co-authored research articles in numerous peer-reviewed journals locally and internationally in various subjects related to biomedical science and food authentication. In addition, He has also been an active reviewer for papers from various journals. Apart from administrative, postgraduate supervision and research work, he teaches undergraduate courses in medical microbiology and laboratory management to health science students.",institutionString:"Universiti Putra Malaysia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universiti Putra Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},coeditorThree:{id:"290714",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdah",middleName:null,surname:"Akim",slug:"abdah-akim",fullName:"Abdah Akim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290714/images/system/290714.png",biography:"Abdah Md Akim is an Associate Professor in Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia. She obtained her bachelor’s degree in Biochemistry in the University of Cardiff, master’s degree and Ph.D. in Biochemistry in Universiti Putra Malaysia. Her International Atomic Energy Agency fellowship training was in the School of Pharmacy, University of London. She is a Chief Editor for Malaysian Journal of Microscopy. She reviewed papers from various local and international journals. She is an examiner for undergraduate and postgraduate research project in various universities in Malaysia. She teaches Clinical Biochemistry, Research Methodology and Laboratory Management.",institutionString:"Universiti Putra Malaysia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"914",title:"Biotechnology",slug:"materials-science-biochemistry-biotechnology"}],chapters:[{id:"69537",title:"Serum Protein Electrophoresis and Its Clinical Applications",slug:"serum-protein-electrophoresis-and-its-clinical-applications",totalDownloads:832,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"229011",title:"Dr.",name:"Satish",surname:"Ramanathan",slug:"satish-ramanathan",fullName:"Satish Ramanathan"}]},{id:"66237",title:"Urinary Iodine: Biomarker for Population Iodine Nutrition",slug:"urinary-iodine-biomarker-for-population-iodine-nutrition",totalDownloads:543,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"219402",title:"Dr.",name:"Husniza",surname:"Hussain",slug:"husniza-hussain",fullName:"Husniza Hussain"},{id:"239718",title:"MSc.",name:"Rusidah",surname:"Selamat",slug:"rusidah-selamat",fullName:"Rusidah Selamat"},{id:"289785",title:"Dr.",name:"Fuziah",surname:"Md Zain",slug:"fuziah-md-zain",fullName:"Fuziah Md Zain"},{id:"289787",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Yazid",surname:"Jalaludin",slug:"muhammad-yazid-jalaludin",fullName:"Muhammad Yazid Jalaludin"},{id:"295170",title:"Dr.",name:"Lim Kuang",surname:"Kuay",slug:"lim-kuang-kuay",fullName:"Lim Kuang Kuay"}]},{id:"67668",title:"Advancement in Analytical and Bioanalytical Techniques as a Boon to Medical Sciences",slug:"advancement-in-analytical-and-bioanalytical-techniques-as-a-boon-to-medical-sciences",totalDownloads:412,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"256521",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Khushaboo",surname:"Pandey",slug:"dr.-khushaboo-pandey",fullName:"Dr. Khushaboo Pandey"},{id:"265530",title:"Prof.",name:"Om Prakash",surname:"Mishra",slug:"om-prakash-mishra",fullName:"Om Prakash Mishra"}]},{id:"63692",title:"Pre-Analytical Within-Laboratory Evacuated Blood-Collection Tube Quality Evaluation",slug:"pre-analytical-within-laboratory-evacuated-blood-collection-tube-quality-evaluation",totalDownloads:555,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"171229",title:"Dr.",name:"Nataša",surname:"Gros",slug:"natasa-gros",fullName:"Nataša Gros"}]},{id:"71434",title:"In Silico Proteomics EVOO Therapy for Lipid Lowering in the Patients of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"in-silico-proteomics-evoo-therapy-for-lipid-lowering-in-the-patients-of-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:174,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"172958",title:"Dr.",name:"Samreen",surname:"Riaz",slug:"samreen-riaz",fullName:"Samreen Riaz"},{id:"259652",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhamamd",surname:"Sohail",slug:"muhamamd-sohail",fullName:"Muhamamd Sohail"}]},{id:"64585",title:"ZIKV Diagnostics: Current Scenario and Future Directions",slug:"zikv-diagnostics-current-scenario-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:387,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"268210",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zilton",surname:"Vasconcelos",slug:"zilton-vasconcelos",fullName:"Zilton Vasconcelos"},{id:"269903",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniela Prado",surname:"Cunha",slug:"daniela-prado-cunha",fullName:"Daniela Prado Cunha"},{id:"269904",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Zin",slug:"andrea-zin",fullName:"Andrea Zin"},{id:"269905",title:"MSc.",name:"Luiza",surname:"Neves",slug:"luiza-neves",fullName:"Luiza Neves"},{id:"269907",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata Campos",surname:"Azevedo",slug:"renata-campos-azevedo",fullName:"Renata Campos Azevedo"}]},{id:"64152",title:"Semi-Solid Phase Assay for the Alternative Complement Pathway Activity Assessment (AP100)",slug:"semi-solid-phase-assay-for-the-alternative-complement-pathway-activity-assessment-ap-sub-100-sub-",totalDownloads:164,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"217341",title:"Dr.",name:"Kheir Eddine",surname:"Kerboua",slug:"kheir-eddine-kerboua",fullName:"Kheir Eddine Kerboua"}]},{id:"66048",title:"Amino Acids Profiling for the Diagnosis of Metabolic Disorders",slug:"amino-acids-profiling-for-the-diagnosis-of-metabolic-disorders",totalDownloads:2117,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"285558",title:"Dr.",name:"Yana",surname:"Sandlers",slug:"yana-sandlers",fullName:"Yana Sandlers"}]},{id:"67429",title:"Resource-Based View of Laboratory Management: Tissue Bank ATMP Production as a Model",slug:"resource-based-view-of-laboratory-management-tissue-bank-atmp-production-as-a-model",totalDownloads:460,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"},{id:"204300",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",surname:"Klama-Baryła",slug:"agnieszka-klama-baryla",fullName:"Agnieszka Klama-Baryła"},{id:"204303",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",surname:"Nowak",slug:"mariusz-nowak",fullName:"Mariusz Nowak"},{id:"271428",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Łabuś",slug:"wojciech-labus",fullName:"Wojciech Łabuś"},{id:"294857",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Smętek",slug:"wojciech-smetek",fullName:"Wojciech Smętek"},{id:"294860",title:"Ms.",name:"Małgorzata",surname:"Kraut",slug:"malgorzata-kraut",fullName:"Małgorzata Kraut"},{id:"294861",title:"Mr.",name:"Michał",surname:"Szapski",slug:"michal-szapski",fullName:"Michał Szapski"},{id:"294862",title:"Mr.",name:"Jacek",surname:"Węgrzyk",slug:"jacek-wegrzyk",fullName:"Jacek Węgrzyk"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6410",title:"Drug Discovery",subtitle:"Concepts to Market",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c11a8742cce40078f11cacb0d5a5fee",slug:"drug-discovery-concepts-to-market",bookSignature:"Varaprasad Bobbarala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6410.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"207119",title:"Dr.",name:"Varaprasad",surname:"Bobbarala PhD",slug:"varaprasad-bobbarala-phd",fullName:"Varaprasad Bobbarala PhD"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8244",title:"New Advances on Fermentation Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d14302686630dee0aa70e9dda9540c27",slug:"new-advances-on-fermentation-processes",bookSignature:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8244.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"23181",title:"The Impact of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome on Gestational Diabetes",doi:"10.5772/23795",slug:"the-impact-of-polycystic-ovarian-syndrome-on-gestational-diabetes",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/23181.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23181",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23181",totalDownloads:3228,totalViews:118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 30th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 15th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 2nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/23181",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/23181",book:{slug:"gestational-diabetes"},signatures:"Stefanie Aust and Johannes Ott",authors:[{id:"53790",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Ott",fullName:"Johannes Ott",slug:"johannes-ott",email:"johannes.ott@meduniwien.ac.at",position:null,institution:null},{id:"56731",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Aust",fullName:"Stefanie Aust",slug:"stefanie-aust",email:"stefanie.aust@meduniwien.ac.at",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"337",title:"Gestational Diabetes",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Gestational Diabetes",slug:"gestational-diabetes",publishedDate:"November 2nd 2011",bookSignature:"Miroslav Radenkovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/337.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45327",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Radenkovic",slug:"miroslav-radenkovic",fullName:"Miroslav Radenkovic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"23172",title:"Novel Screening Approaches for the Early Detection of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"novel-screening-approaches-for-the-early-detection-of-gestational-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:2940,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Harry M. Georgiou, Sebastián Illanes López and Gregory E. Rice",authors:[{id:"45726",title:"Dr.",name:"Harry",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Georgiou",fullName:"Harry Georgiou",slug:"harry-georgiou"},{id:"45733",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregory",middleName:"Edward",surname:"Rice",fullName:"Gregory Rice",slug:"gregory-rice"},{id:"82625",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastián",middleName:null,surname:"Illanes",fullName:"Sebastián Illanes",slug:"sebastian-illanes"}]},{id:"23173",title:"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - A Perspective",slug:"gestational-diabetes-mellitus-a-perspective",totalDownloads:4607,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Veerasamy Seshiah, Vijayam Balaji and Balaji Madhuri",authors:[{id:"40452",title:"Prof.",name:"Veerasamy",middleName:null,surname:"Seshiah",fullName:"Veerasamy Seshiah",slug:"veerasamy-seshiah"},{id:"57828",title:"Prof.",name:"Vijayam",middleName:null,surname:"Balaji",fullName:"Vijayam Balaji",slug:"vijayam-balaji"},{id:"57829",title:"Prof.",name:"Balaji",middleName:null,surname:"Madhuri",fullName:"Balaji Madhuri",slug:"balaji-madhuri"}]},{id:"23174",title:"Gestational Diabetes: Evidence-Based Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment",slug:"gestational-diabetes-evidence-based-screening-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:4853,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Melania Maria Ramos Amorim and Leila Katz",authors:[{id:"51899",title:"Prof.",name:"Melania",middleName:null,surname:"Amorim",fullName:"Melania Amorim",slug:"melania-amorim"},{id:"53379",title:"Prof.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Katz",fullName:"Leila Katz",slug:"leila-katz"}]},{id:"23175",title:"Validity of Fasting Blood Glucose Test in Screening for the Pre-Diabetes State Among Pregnant Females",slug:"validity-of-fasting-blood-glucose-test-in-screening-for-the-pre-diabetes-state-among-pregnant-female",totalDownloads:3725,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mostafa A Abolfotouh and Mohammed A Al-Rowaily",authors:[{id:"53716",title:"Prof.",name:"Mostafa A.",middleName:null,surname:"Abolfotouh",fullName:"Mostafa A. Abolfotouh",slug:"mostafa-a.-abolfotouh"},{id:"53740",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rowaily",fullName:"Mohammed A. Al-Rowaily",slug:"mohammed-a.-al-rowaily"}]},{id:"23176",title:"Prevalence and Risk Factors for the Development of GD in Some Eastern European Countries – Tendencies and Pharmacoeconomical Assessment for the Choice of Treatment",slug:"prevalence-and-risk-factors-for-the-development-of-gd-in-some-eastern-european-countries-tendencies-",totalDownloads:1899,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Valentina Petkova and Irina Nikolova",authors:[{id:"39575",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Petkova",fullName:"Valentina Petkova",slug:"valentina-petkova"},{id:"57063",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolova",fullName:"Irina Nikolova",slug:"irina-nikolova"}]},{id:"23177",title:"Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Past, the Present and the Future",slug:"pathophysiology-of-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-the-past-the-present-and-the-future",totalDownloads:21949,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohammed Chyad Al-Noaemi and Mohammed Helmy Faris Shalayel",authors:[{id:"41119",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Shalayel",fullName:"Mohammed Shalayel",slug:"mohammed-shalayel"},{id:"43192",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Noaemi",fullName:"Mohammed Al-Noaemi",slug:"mohammed-al-noaemi"}]},{id:"23178",title:"The Role of Adipocyte Mediators, Inflammatory Markers and Vitamin D in Gestational Diabetes",slug:"the-role-of-adipocyte-mediators-inflammatory-markers-and-vitamin-d-in-gestational-diabetes",totalDownloads:2342,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sedigheh Soheilykhah",authors:[{id:"42992",title:"Dr.",name:"Sedigheh",middleName:null,surname:"Soheilikhah",fullName:"Sedigheh Soheilikhah",slug:"sedigheh-soheilikhah"}]},{id:"23179",title:"Gestational Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome",slug:"gestational-diabetes-and-the-metabolic-syndrome",totalDownloads:2579,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Leanne R. De Souza, Joel G. Ray and Ravi Retnakaran",authors:[{id:"46339",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravi",middleName:null,surname:"Retnakaran",fullName:"Ravi Retnakaran",slug:"ravi-retnakaran"},{id:"46443",title:"MSc",name:"Leanne",middleName:"R",surname:"De Souza",fullName:"Leanne De Souza",slug:"leanne-de-souza"},{id:"46444",title:"Prof.",name:"Joel",middleName:"G",surname:"Ray",fullName:"Joel Ray",slug:"joel-ray"}]},{id:"23180",title:"Insulin Resistance in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy Suffering from Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Impaired Glucose Tolerance",slug:"insulin-resistance-in-the-third-trimester-of-pregnancy-suffering-from-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-",totalDownloads:3890,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohammed Helmy Faris Shalayel, Mohammed Chyad Al-Noaemi and Salah A.M. Ahmed",authors:[{id:"41119",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Shalayel",fullName:"Mohammed Shalayel",slug:"mohammed-shalayel"},{id:"43192",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Noaemi",fullName:"Mohammed Al-Noaemi",slug:"mohammed-al-noaemi"},{id:"43193",title:"Prof.",name:"Salah",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",fullName:"Salah Ahmed",slug:"salah-ahmed"}]},{id:"23181",title:"The Impact of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome on Gestational Diabetes",slug:"the-impact-of-polycystic-ovarian-syndrome-on-gestational-diabetes",totalDownloads:3228,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stefanie Aust and Johannes Ott",authors:[{id:"53790",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Ott",fullName:"Johannes Ott",slug:"johannes-ott"},{id:"56731",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Aust",fullName:"Stefanie Aust",slug:"stefanie-aust"}]},{id:"23182",title:"Impact and Mechanisms of Pancreatic Beta-Cell Mass Programming by Maternal Diabetes - Insight from Animal Model Studies",slug:"impact-and-mechanisms-of-pancreatic-beta-cell-mass-programming-by-maternal-diabetes-insight-from-ani",totalDownloads:1683,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Audrey Chavey, Jamileh Movassat and Bernard Portha",authors:[{id:"50252",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Portha",fullName:"Bernard Portha",slug:"bernard-portha"},{id:"58899",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Chavey",fullName:"Audrey Chavey",slug:"audrey-chavey"},{id:"58900",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamileh",middleName:null,surname:"Movassat",fullName:"Jamileh Movassat",slug:"jamileh-movassat"}]},{id:"23183",title:"Unravelling the Connection Between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Butyrylcholinesterase",slug:"unravelling-the-connection-between-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-and-butyrylcholinesterase",totalDownloads:2312,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alexander E. Omu Frcog",authors:[{id:"61402",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:"Emeakpor",surname:"Omu",fullName:"Alexander Omu",slug:"alexander-omu"}]},{id:"23184",title:"Gestational Hyperglycemia, Excessive Pregnancy Weight Gain and Risk of Fetal Overgrowth",slug:"gestational-hyperglycemia-excessive-pregnancy-weight-gain-and-risk-of-fetal-overgrowth",totalDownloads:1881,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xinhua Chen, Theresa O. Scholl, Robert A. Steer and T. Peter Stein",authors:[{id:"45251",title:"Prof.",name:"Theresa",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",fullName:"Theresa Scholl",slug:"theresa-scholl"},{id:"45335",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhua",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Xinhua Chen",slug:"xinhua-chen"},{id:"45336",title:"Prof.",name:"T. Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Stein",fullName:"T. Peter Stein",slug:"t.-peter-stein"},{id:"56391",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Steer",fullName:"Robert Steer",slug:"robert-steer"}]},{id:"23185",title:"Congenital Cardiopathies Screening Associated with Diabetes Mellitus Using Maternal Fructosamine Plasma Concentration",slug:"congenital-cardiopathies-screening-associated-with-diabetes-mellitus-using-maternal-fructosamine-pla",totalDownloads:2310,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Zilma Silveira Nogueira Reis and Gabriel Costa Osanan",authors:[{id:"45155",title:"Dr.",name:"Zilma",middleName:"Silveira Nogueria",surname:"Reis",fullName:"Zilma Reis",slug:"zilma-reis"},{id:"62741",title:"Mr",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Costa Osanan",fullName:"Gabriel Costa Osanan",slug:"gabriel-costa-osanan"}]},{id:"23186",title:"Applications of Doppler Studies for Fetal Surveillance in Diabetic Pregnancies",slug:"applications-of-doppler-studies-for-fetal-surveillance-in-diabetic-pregnancies",totalDownloads:3704,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"William WK To",authors:[{id:"41362",title:"Dr.",name:"William WK",middleName:null,surname:"To",fullName:"William WK To",slug:"william-wk-to"}]},{id:"23187",title:"The Influence of Diet to Control the Metabolism in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"the-influence-of-diet-to-control-the-metabolism-in-gestational-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:2438,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rebeca Monroy-Torres and Jaime Naves-Sanchez",authors:[{id:"54583",title:"Dr.",name:"Rebeca",middleName:null,surname:"Monroy-Torres",fullName:"Rebeca Monroy-Torres",slug:"rebeca-monroy-torres"},{id:"54599",title:"MSc.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Naves-Sánchez",fullName:"Jaime Naves-Sánchez",slug:"jaime-naves-sanchez"}]},{id:"23188",title:"Insulin Use in Gestational Diabetes – Pragmatic Protocols for Self-Management and for Labour and Delivery",slug:"insulin-use-in-gestational-diabetes-pragmatic-protocols-for-self-management-and-for-labour-and-deliv",totalDownloads:5740,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sara J Meltzer and Rima Alsayari",authors:[{id:"53937",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:"J",surname:"Meltzer",fullName:"Sara Meltzer",slug:"sara-meltzer"},{id:"123791",title:"Dr.",name:"Rima",middleName:null,surname:"Alsayari",fullName:"Rima Alsayari",slug:"rima-alsayari"}]},{id:"23189",title:"Treatment Considerations for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Long-Term Postpartum Options",slug:"treatment-considerations-for-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-and-long-term-postpartum-options",totalDownloads:2018,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miroslav Radenković",authors:[{id:"45327",title:"Prof.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Radenkovic",fullName:"Miroslav Radenkovic",slug:"miroslav-radenkovic"}]},{id:"23190",title:"Glyburide Disposition During Pregnancy",slug:"glyburide-disposition-during-pregnancy",totalDownloads:3721,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Diana L. Shuster, Mary F. Hebert and Qingcheng Mao",authors:[{id:"41058",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingcheng",middleName:null,surname:"Mao",fullName:"Qingcheng Mao",slug:"qingcheng-mao"},{id:"56512",title:"Ms.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Shuster",fullName:"Diana Shuster",slug:"diana-shuster"},{id:"56513",title:"Prof.",name:"Mary",middleName:null,surname:"Hebert",fullName:"Mary Hebert",slug:"mary-hebert"}]},{id:"23191",title:"Exercise Guidelines for Women with Gestational Diabetes",slug:"exercise-guidelines-for-women-with-gestational-diabetes",totalDownloads:3565,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michelle F. Mottola and Stephanie-May Ruchat",authors:[{id:"39818",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",middleName:null,surname:"Mottola",fullName:"Michelle Mottola",slug:"michelle-mottola"},{id:"57874",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephanie-May",middleName:null,surname:"Ruchat",fullName:"Stephanie-May Ruchat",slug:"stephanie-may-ruchat"}]},{id:"23192",title:"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus After Delivery",slug:"gestational-diabetes-mellitus-after-delivery",totalDownloads:2886,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aleida M. Rivas",authors:[{id:"50382",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleida",middleName:"M.",surname:"Rivas",fullName:"Aleida Rivas",slug:"aleida-rivas"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2666",title:"Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:"Insights and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49a714ae0be8a338523befe4ffc9352f",slug:"diabetes-mellitus-insights-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2666.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",surname:"Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"42092",title:"The Utility of Vitamins in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: A Public Health Perspective",slug:"the-utility-of-vitamins-in-the-prevention-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-and-its-complications-a-public",signatures:"Alaa Badawi, Bibiana Garcia-Bailo, Paul Arora, Mohammed H. Al Thani, Eman Sadoun, Mamdouh Farid and Ahmed El-Sohemy",authors:[{id:"138732",title:"Dr.",name:"Alaa",middleName:null,surname:"Badawi",fullName:"Alaa Badawi",slug:"alaa-badawi"}]},{id:"42096",title:"Aldose Reductase Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Drugs of Diabetic Complications",slug:"aldose-reductase-inhibitors-as-potential-therapeutic-drugs-of-diabetic-complications",signatures:"Changjin Zhu",authors:[{id:"140294",title:"Dr.",name:"Changjin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Changjin Zhu",slug:"changjin-zhu"}]},{id:"42089",title:"Behavioral Problems and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Self and Parent Reports",slug:"behavioral-problems-and-depressive-symptoms-in-adolescents-with-type-1-diabetes-mellitus-self-and-pa",signatures:"Nienke M. Maas- van Schaaijk, Angelique B.C. Roeleveld-Versteegh, Roelof R.J. Odink and Anneloes L. van Baar",authors:[{id:"142419",title:"MSc.",name:"Nienke",middleName:null,surname:"Maas-Van Schaaijk",fullName:"Nienke Maas-Van Schaaijk",slug:"nienke-maas-van-schaaijk"}]},{id:"42080",title:"GPR119 Agonists: A Novel Strategy for Type 2 Diabetes Treatment",slug:"gpr119-agonists-a-novel-strategy-for-type-2-diabetes-treatment",signatures:"Xiaoyun Zhu, Wenglong Huang and Hai Qian",authors:[{id:"144003",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenlong",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Wenlong Huang",slug:"wenlong-huang"},{id:"144116",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoyun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Xiaoyun Zhu",slug:"xiaoyun-zhu"},{id:"144117",title:"Dr.",name:"Hai",middleName:null,surname:"Qian",fullName:"Hai Qian",slug:"hai-qian"}]},{id:"42086",title:"The Role of Nutrition in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"the-role-of-nutrition-in-the-management-of-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"Olabiyi Folorunso and Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",authors:[{id:"150060",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Folorunso",middleName:"Adewale",surname:"Olabiyi",fullName:"Folorunso Olabiyi",slug:"folorunso-olabiyi"}]},{id:"42093",title:"Can Lifestyle Factors of Diabetes Mellitus Patients Affect Their Fertility?",slug:"can-lifestyle-factors-of-diabetes-mellitus-patients-affect-their-fertility-",signatures:"Guillaume Aboua, Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju and Stefan S. du Plessis",authors:[{id:"154003",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillaume",middleName:null,surname:"Aboua",fullName:"Guillaume Aboua",slug:"guillaume-aboua"}]},{id:"42095",title:"The Role of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Human Health and Disease Prevention",slug:"the-role-of-fruit-and-vegetable-consumption-in-human-health-and-disease-prevention",signatures:"O. O. Oguntibeju, E. J. Truter and A. J. Esterhuyse",authors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",middleName:"Omoniyi",surname:"Oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju"}]},{id:"42090",title:"Diabetes Mellitus in Developing Countries and Case Series",slug:"diabetes-mellitus-in-developing-countries-and-case-series",signatures:"Omiepirisa Yvonne Buowari",authors:[{id:"151696",title:"Dr.",name:"Dabota",middleName:"Yvonne",surname:"Buowari",fullName:"Dabota Buowari",slug:"dabota-buowari"}]},{id:"42081",title:"Principles of Exercise and Its Role in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"principles-of-exercise-and-its-role-in-the-management-of-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"Yıldırım Çınar, Hakan Demirci and Ilhan Satman",authors:[{id:"146690",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dr. Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Demirci",fullName:"Dr. Hakan Demirci",slug:"dr.-hakan-demirci"},{id:"149496",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilhan",middleName:null,surname:"Satman",fullName:"Ilhan Satman",slug:"ilhan-satman"},{id:"163077",title:"Prof.",name:"Yıldırım",middleName:null,surname:"Çınar",fullName:"Yıldırım Çınar",slug:"yildirim-cinar"}]},{id:"42085",title:"Hyperglycemia and Diabetes in Myocardial Infarction",slug:"hyperglycemia-and-diabetes-in-myocardial-infarction",signatures:"Marco A. López Hernández",authors:[{id:"138831",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez Hernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Lopez Hernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-lopez-hernandez"}]},{id:"42088",title:"Physical Activity in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"physical-activity-in-the-management-of-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"N.A. Odunaiya and O.O. Oguntibeju",authors:[{id:"32112",title:"Prof.",name:"Oluwafemi",middleName:"Omoniyi",surname:"Oguntibeju",fullName:"Oluwafemi Oguntibeju",slug:"oluwafemi-oguntibeju"},{id:"158236",title:"Dr.",name:"Nse Ayooluwa",middleName:null,surname:"Odunaiya",fullName:"Nse Ayooluwa Odunaiya",slug:"nse-ayooluwa-odunaiya"}]},{id:"42091",title:"Copper, Zinc and Magnesium in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Metformin",slug:"copper-zinc-and-magnesium-in-non-insulin-dependent-diabetes-mellitus-treated-with-metformin",signatures:"Monica Daniela Dosa, Cecilia Ruxandra Adumitresi, Laurentiu Tony Hangan and Mihai Nechifor",authors:[{id:"140764",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Dosa",fullName:"Monica Daniela Dosa",slug:"monica-daniela-dosa"}]},{id:"42083",title:"Animal Models for Study of Diabetes Mellitus",slug:"animal-models-for-study-of-diabetes-mellitus",signatures:"A. Lukačínová, B. Hubková, O. Rácz and F. Ništiar",authors:[{id:"142310",title:"Prof.",name:"Frantisek",middleName:null,surname:"Nistiar",fullName:"Frantisek Nistiar",slug:"frantisek-nistiar"}]},{id:"42084",title:"Essentials of Diabetes Care in Family Practice",slug:"essentials-of-diabetes-care-in-family-practice",signatures:"Hakan Demirci, Ilhan Satman, Yıldırım Çınar and Nazan Bilgel",authors:[{id:"146690",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dr. Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Demirci",fullName:"Dr. Hakan Demirci",slug:"dr.-hakan-demirci"},{id:"143975",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilhan",middleName:null,surname:"Satman",fullName:"Ilhan Satman",slug:"ilhan-satman"},{id:"146932",title:"Prof.",name:"Yildirim",middleName:null,surname:"Cinar",fullName:"Yildirim Cinar",slug:"yildirim-cinar"},{id:"146933",title:"Prof.",name:"Nazan",middleName:null,surname:"Bilgel",fullName:"Nazan Bilgel",slug:"nazan-bilgel"}]},{id:"42087",title:"Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus in Animals",slug:"spontaneous-diabetes-mellitus-in-animals",signatures:"Emilia Ciobotaru",authors:[{id:"139907",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilia",middleName:null,surname:"Ciobotaru",fullName:"Emilia Ciobotaru",slug:"emilia-ciobotaru"}]},{id:"42079",title:"A New Behavioral Model (Health Belief Model Combined with Two Fear Models): Design, Evaluation and Path Analysis of the Role of Variables in Maintaining Behavior",slug:"a-new-behavioral-model-health-belief-model-combined-with-two-fear-models-design-evaluation-and-path-",signatures:"Alireza Shahab Jahanlou, Masoud Lotfizade and Nader Alishan Karami",authors:[{id:"143640",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza Shahab",middleName:null,surname:"Jahanlou",fullName:"Alireza Shahab Jahanlou",slug:"alireza-shahab-jahanlou"}]},{id:"42094",title:"Development of Improved Animal Models for the Study of Diabetes",slug:"development-of-improved-animal-models-for-the-study-of-diabetes",signatures:"Emilia Ciobotaru",authors:[{id:"139907",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilia",middleName:null,surname:"Ciobotaru",fullName:"Emilia Ciobotaru",slug:"emilia-ciobotaru"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"70916",title:"Insights of Sperm Pathology and Its Association with Infertility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90950",slug:"insights-of-sperm-pathology-and-its-association-with-infertility",body:'\n
Male reproductive function can be divided into three subdivision: (i) hormonal balance of male reproductive function (ii) spermatogenesis, development of sperm; and (iii) fulfill of male sexual act.
\nSpermatogenesis begins within the seminiferous tubules of testis through the successive mitotic, meiotic and post meiotic phases which results in the formation of spermatozoon, the end product of this process. To expand the spermatogonial population, the germ line stem cell during the mitotic phase undergo a series of division which culminates into two meiotic division and formation of haploid spermatids without the replication of DNA. For the development of male gametes these two phases are very significant. During this phase the remodeling of spermatids occurs extensively into sperm by acrosome formation, condensation of nucleus, development of flagella and loss of cytoplasm. The head and flagellum are the two-substantial component of sperm. These two components are joined together by a connective piece. The head carries the nucleus, cytoskeleton element and cytoplasm. It comprises various types of enzymes homogeneous to lysosomes of a typical cell, including hyaluronidase (having the ability to digest proteoglycan filaments of tissue) and powerful proteolytic enzymes which can digest proteins having an important role in the process of oocyte fertilization. The flagellum is divided into three regions: mid piece, principle piece and terminal piece. A central complex of microtubules covered by outer dense forms the axoneme. Mitochondria are present in the mid piece which surrounds the outer dense fibers and neighboring axoneme. The principle part of the flagellum is mostly comprised by the existence of fibrous sheath which surrounds the dense fibers and axoneme. In higher vertebrates these dense fibers and fibrous sheath are developed due to internal fertilization and these are cytoskeletal material of sperm flagellum [1]. The plasma membrane as in sperm head surrounds the flagellum tightly and contains scattered cytoplasm. Invertebrate’s sperm usually have an acrosome in the head region and mitochondria and an axoneme in the flagellar region but the accessory or additional cytoskeletal elements are absent [2]. To achieve the fertilization the acrosome, have an enzyme which plays a key role to penetrate into egg. The flagellum of the sperm contains the source of energy that generates sperm motility required to reach the egg. All these characteristics of sperm are necessary to deliver the genetic material exists in sperm nucleus to egg. After that, zygote is formed by the fusion of haploid pronuclei of male and female, and thus development initiates. In most mammals, the nucleus of haploid sperm carries the sex chromosome decides the sex of resulting animals [3]. The genome of both maternal and paternal parents is essentially required to proceed the normal development, generally due to distinctive genes imprinting in males and females during gametogenesis [4, 5].
\nThis chapter gives center of attention on the unique features of mammalian spermatozoa with especial consideration to molecules presently known that enrich to the structure and function of sperm. The main topics contemplated are; physiology of male sexual organ, spermatogenesis, sperm count, heritable effect on human sperm structure, regulation of sperm motility, effect of oxidative stress on male reproductive system, sources of reactive oxygen species in seminal plasma, physiological role of ROS in seminal plasma, consequence of Oxidative Stress on male Reproductive System, management and prevention of oxidative stress, correlation between biology of male reproduction and sleep and role of inflammation in infertility.
\nThe favorable outcome of male reproductive system depends mainly upon the cohesive function of vast array of tissues. It comprises of assembly of sperm in the testes, sperm maturation in epididymis, secretion of seminal fluid by addition sex glands, deliver sperm into the reproductive tract of female, erection of penis, emission and final ejaculation. Fertilization of the egg requires the motility of sperm, successful capacitation and acrosomal reaction. These entire needs are dependent directly or indirectly on the secretion of testosterone hormone by the Leydig cells. The testis of male is comprised of up to 900 coiled seminiferous tubules, in which the sperm is formed and each seminiferous tubule exceeds up to 1 meter long in average. The sperm then discharged into one more coiled tube which is about 6-meter long known as epididymis. The epididymis enlarges into vasa deferens that infiltrates into prostate gland. There are two seminal vesicles and the material (Is secreted) from both the ampulla and seminal vesicles. The excretion from both the prostate gland and seminal vesicles enters into the ejaculatory duct through the body of prostate gland and then vacant into the internal urethra. Mucus released from urethral gland and more from bilateral bulbourethral glands which is located near to urethra is supplied to urethra [6].
\nThe process of spermatogenesis takes place in each of the testis tubules. In this process the spermatozoa are produced by the population of germ cells (spermatogonia) through process of mitosis and meiosis. This entire spermatogenesis process starts during the onset of puberty and last till the old age. This process involved various stages starting with germ cells formation in the germinal epithelium and followed by continuous development into primary and secondary spermatocytes. These spermatocytes finally developed into functional spermatozoa. Spermatogenesis is extremely well-ordered process; male germ cells proliferate and differentiate rapidly and the modulation of spermatogenesis occurs at the extra testicular and intra testicular level and can be dispersed ubiquitously. As aforementioned, spermatogonia originated from the primordial germ cells that migrate into the genital ridge of the indifferent gonads, during embryo development and are present in two to three layers in seminiferous tubules. At puberty, the spermatogonia starts mitotic division, proliferate and differentiate continuously to form mature sperm cells [7] (Figure 1).
General characteristics of germ.
The process of spermatogenesis starts at an average age of 12–13 years, continues throughout the remaining life, and markedly decreases during the older age. During the initial stage of spermatogenesis, the spermatogonia shift toward the central lumen of seminiferous tubules. The Sertoli cells are part of a seminiferous tubule and support the process of spermatogenesis. Its main function is to nourish the developing sperm cells throughout the stages of spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells control the entry and exit of nutrients, hormones and other substances into the tubules of the testis. The Sertoli cells are also responsible for establishing and maintaining the spermatogonial stem cell niche, which ensures the renewal of stem cells and the differentiation of spermatogonia into mature germ cells, that progress stepwise through the long process of spermatogenesis, ending in the release of spermatozoa.
\nSpermatogonia which are able to pass across Sertoli cell layer change and grow in size progressively into primary spermatocytes. The two secondary spermatocytes are formed by meiotic division from the primary spermatocytes. These secondary spermatocytes, also divide to produce spermatids that transform into sperm after a period of time. During the process of spermatocyte to spermatid stage transformation, the 23 pair of chromosomes (46 chromosome total) of spermatocytes also divides, and as a result, 23 chromosomes go to one spermatid and the rest 23 chromosomes to the other spermatid. It takes about 74 days to complete the entire process of spermatogenesis, from spermatogonia to spermatozoa [6] Figure 2. Suggested: Round and elongated spermatids will differentiate into mature spermatozoa, by the process of spermiogenesis.
\nSteps of spermatogenesis.
Motility of sperm cells is provided by the back-and-forth movement of tail and it results from rhythmic longitudinal sliding motion between the anterior and posterior tubules [8]. Different molecular markers of sperm, such as mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA fragmentations and ROS have presently concluded as reliable estimators of sperm function that can be used to evaluate the quality of the sperm [9]. Due to the overloading of ROS, osmatic stress is increased which in turn decreases the MMP and increases the fragmentation of DNA, affecting the viability of sperm [10]. It is broadly accepted that motility of sperm mainly depends upon ATP which is produced by the mitochondria. The latest is located in mid piece of spermatozoa, which explains the correlation between motility and mitochondrial membrane potential [11, 12].
\nThe spermatozoon is the cell of male reproductive system. Sperm count, also known as sperm concentration, is the parameter to measure the number of sperm cells in the ejaculate. During each coitus the quantity of ejaculated semen in average, is about 3.5 milliliters, and 120 million sperm might be present in average in each milliliter of semen. However, in normal males this count can vary from 35 to 200 million. In several milliliters of each ejaculated semen, an average of total of 400 million sperms might be present. When the sperm count is less than 20 million in 1 milliliter (ml), it might point to infertility. A relatively high sperm count might elevate the chances of conception [6].
\nThere are several causes of infertility in males such as genetic factors like cryptorchidism, congenital absence of vas deferens, karyotype abnormalities and some acquired factors like trauma, varicocele, medication, urogenital infection, inflammation, testicular torsion and idiopathic factors.
\nSemen deficiencies are termed as
Oligospermia or oligozoospermia—lower than normal number of spermatozoa in semen.
Aspermia—complete lack of semen.
Azoospermia—absence of sperm cells in semen.
Hypospermia—reduction in the seminal volume.
Teratospermia—abnormal morphology of sperm cells.
Asthenozoospermia—reduced motility of sperm.
Oligospermia, is one of male infertility causes, defined as low concentration of sperm cells in the ejaculate. Semen with decreased concentration of sperm may often depict considerable abnormalities in morphology and motility of spermatozoa. Low sperm count may be due to an endocrinopathy such as varicocele, prolactinoma or it may be a genetic cause. In about 6 and 15% of patients with severe low sperm count or azoospermia (respectively), microdelitions can be found in azoospermic factor (AZF) region of Y chromosome. AZF refers to one of several proteins or their genes, which are coded from the AZF region located in the human male Y chromosome. Deletions in this region are associated with inability to produce sperm. Subregions within the AZF region are AZFa, AZFb and AZFc, located in the long arm of Y chromosome [13]. By cytogenetic analysis, chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 2% of men having low sperm count and 15–20% with no sperm count. These abnormalities include translocation of nonsex chromosome and Klinefelter syndrome [14].
\nAsthenozoospermia, low sperm motility, could be derived due to:
Inborn metabolic deficiency (such as Kartagener’s syndrome or immotile cilia syndrome—ICS).
Abnormal ultrastructure of the sperm flagellum: as primary ciliary dyskinesia; spermatozoa consist of altered peri-axonemal structure but have normal axoneme. Densed individual fibers are extended abnormally along the axoneme, location and number of longitudinal columns of fibrous sheath are modified and change in the order of termination of these structures [15].
Sperm with the following syndromes: abnormal axoneme, partial or complete lacking of dynein (a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells and convert the chemical energy stored in ATP to mechanical work), lack of central sheath and lack of inner arms might be unable to show motility;
Necroozospermia—binding of antisperm antibodies or an increase in white blood cell concentration in the ejaculate, which later results in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, might lead to damages in the spermatozoa [16].
Dysplasia of fibrous sheath spermatozoa: spermatozoa with very short, thick, rigid and immotile tail, mainly due to disorganized and hyperplastic fibrous sheath [17, 18].
The hereditary condition which causes the defects in the flagella of sperm is termed as Kartagener’s syndrome, immotile cilia syndrome (ICS), or primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). It often leads to chronic respiratory problems, male sterility and situs inversus [19]. These states are linked directly or indirectly with the autosomal recessive traits. The aforementioned conditions make the flagella unable to show normal movement. Sperm with these syndromes have abnormal axoneme lacking dynein arm partially or completely, lack of central sheath, lack of inner arms [20]. Due to variety of defects presented in sperm and cilia, many genes are mutated and contribute to the syndrome [21]. Another flagellar defect characterized by severe asthenozoospermia is familiar as dysplasia of fibrous sheath. In this type of disorder, the sperm have disorganized and hyperplastic fibrous sheath, and very short, thick, rigid and immotile tail [17, 18]. Another flagellar defect which appears in sperm cells of infertile men is known as flagellar dyskinesia [15]. This type of defect was observed in brothers and has been suggested that it arises due to the genetic abbreviation [22]. The sperm consist of altered peri-axonemal structure but have normal axoneme. Densed individual fibers are extended abnormally along the axoneme location and number of longitudinal columns of fibrous sheath are modified and else, there are changes in the order of termination of these structures [15].
\nSperm depicts two kinds of motility:
Progressive motility—typical for newly ejaculated sperm.
Spermatozoa acquire the ability of progressive motility in the epididymis. Relatively symmetrical motion of flagella which leads to forward movement has been shown in this type of motility [23].
Hyperactivated motility—after sometimes either in reproductive tract of female or in culture, sperm achieves the hyperactivated motility that is characterized by whip like beating of flagellum, asymmetrical flagellar bends and circular swimming [24].
It is broadly acquired that precious motility of sperm is the chief component of fertility of male. During the beginning of progressive motility and origin of hyper activation of sperm, key factors are involved. These key factors are calcium (Ca2+), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and bicarbonate (HCO3\n−). Olfactory and GABA receptors are the possible candidates which trigger the progressive and hyperactivated motility of sperm.
\nCalcium plays a key role in sperm function by different aspects. Recent studies have been demonstrated that in knockout mice there are at least four components participate in the intracellular regulation of calcium level and initiation of sperm motility. These are CatSper1, CatSper2, Cav2.3 and PMCA4. CatSper1 are localized in the principle piece of sperm and it is a voltage gated Ca2+ channels of the testis. Lacking or any mutation in CatSper1 gene reduces the progressive motility and causes infertility. A sperm cell that lacks the CatSper1 showed progressive motility but failed to develop hyperactivated motility [25]. CatSper2 present in flagellum shows similarity to CatSper1 and it is also a voltage-gated ion channel. Sperm of mice having knockout CatSper2 gene depict decreased flagellar amplitude and also failed to develop hyperactivated motility [26]. Disruption of gene for PMCA4, that have Ca2+/calmodulin dependent ATPase activity involve in efflux of Ca2+, also causes infertility in men. In developing sperm cells and sperm flagellum the cyclic nucleotide gated Ca2+ channels are present. The role of these channels is to regulate the influx of calcium in various micro domains of the flagella [26].
\nDuring sperm motility regulation, cAMP is the second key messenger. Adenylate cyclase converts the ATP into cAMP. Thus, the level of cAMP increases and in turn activates the cAMP dependent kinase A (PKA) which phosphorylates the serine and threonine residues in the flagellum, which ultimately causes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the proteins [27, 28]. In most cells the adenylyl cyclase is activated by G protein in response to external stimuli. In mouse sperm the plasma membrane bounds (mACs) activated by G protein take a part in the acrosome reaction, and in chemotaxis and hyperactivation in human sperm [29]. It was demonstrated that HCO3\n− and Ca2+ are inculpated in cAMP regulated activation of sperm motility. The activity of soluble adenylyl cyclase is augmented by HCO3\n− with increased activation of enzymes (adenylyl cyclase) and by reducing the substrate inhibition that happens at higher concentration of ATP-Mg2+. Due to low level of HCO3\n−, activity of soluble adenylyl cyclase would be reduced in sperm by substrate inhibition stored in epididymis [30].
\nPKA causes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of flagellar proteins. The proteins anchoring with PKA site (AKAP3, AKAP4 and TAKAP-80) in the fibrous sheath, point out that the main role of this structure is to bind PKA in the principle piece of flagellum [31]. Regulatory and catalytic subunits are present in PKA holoenzyme. Four genes (RIα, RIβ, RIIα and RIIβ) are present in regulatory subunits (R subunit) in human and mouse; three catalytic (C subunit) Cα, Cβ and Cγ in human, and two C subunit Cα and Cβ in mice. The cAMP binding site are present in R and C subunits. C subunits is released when cAMP binds to R subunits and their catalytic site is activated by cAMP. The R and C subunits are involved in the motility of sperm (Figure 3).
\nSignalling pathway showing regulation of motility of sperm in mammals.
Oxidative stress is a state which causes disproportion between systemic reactive oxygen species and detoxifying capability of biological system to neutralize the reactive intermediates, also called antioxidant defenses. Spermatozoa have antioxidant defense mechanism that quench the ROS and therefore protects the cells of gonads and mature spermatozoa from oxidative damage [32]. Statistics from United States depicted that the major cause of male infertility is ROS. In 30–40% of infertile men’s seminal plasma, there is an increase in the level of ROS [33]. In spermatozoa ROS are generated by two methods.
At the level of sperm plasma membrane—by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase system.
At the level of mitochondria—by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent oxidoreductase reaction [34].
The production of ROS at the level of mitochondria is the chief source. Large concentration of mitochondria is present in spermatozoa because of a constant need of energy to spermatozoa for motility. In semen, presence of nonfunctional spermatozoa considerably increases the level of ROS that in turn impair the function of mitochondria and motility of sperm. In human spermatozoa, ROS which is produced in large concentration is O2\n−. It reacts with itself to generate H2O2 by dismutation. H2O2 and O2\n− generates most destructive and reactive OH− by Haber-Weiss reaction in the presence of iron and copper. OH− affects the function of sperm by disrupting the fluidity of membrane [35, 36]. Recent studies depicting that O2 production in spermatozoa showed the presence of calcium dependent NADPH oxidase also called NOX5 has been residing in acrosomal and midpiece region of spermatozoa [37]. Initially the NOX5 resides in human testis. It is activated upon binding of calcium to its cytosolic domain and causes conformational changes in cells [35]. ROS is generated during the normal metabolism of cells. Under physiological conditions the mitochondrial respiration is the chief source of superoxide anion radicals. Quality of sperm and function is affected by the high concentration of ROS and is potentially toxic.
\nThe production of ROS in the seminal plasma originated from different endogenous and exogenous pathways. Ejaculate of human contains varieties of mature and immature cells, epithelial cells, leukocytes and round cells. Of these, leukocytes, immature spermatozoa, macrophages and neutrophils are considered to be the main endogenous source. Others life style practices as: excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and environmental factors (e.g., toxins and radiations) may contribute to exogenous ROS production [38, 39, 40].
\nPeroxidase-positive leukocytes include polymorphonuclear leukocytes in about 50–60% and macrophages 20–30%. Peroxidase-positive leukocytes originates in large proportion from prostrate and seminal vesicles of male. These main sources of ROS are activated by different intracellular and extracellular responses such as inflammation and infection. The latest can produce 100 times reactive oxygen species than normal and also increase the secretion of NADPH through hexose monophosphate shunt [41, 42]. There is a decrease in the level of antioxidant superoxide dismutase and an increase in the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, which can lead to the increased level of ROS and respiratory burst ultimately leading to formation of oxidative species OS. OS will than cause the damage of sperm if the concentration of seminal leukocytes is abnormally high [43]. Although in phagocytic clearance and immuno surveillance of unhealthy (abnormal) sperm, leukocytes and ROS play a decisive role. Inflammatory changes are depicted in the testes of smokers due to increased concentration of leukocyte activated free radicals. These leukocytes overcome the protective action of antioxidants and lead to oxidative stress. OS causes severe single and double stranded breaks in DNA by changing sperm chromatin integrity, modification of bases, deletions and rearrangement of chromosome [7].
\nDuring the process of spermatogenesis, the developing spermatozoa expel their cytoplasmic content to prepare itself for the process of fertilization. Due to the arrest in spermiogenesis, the abnormal spermatozoa retained excess of cytoplasm around the midpiece. This condition is referred as excess residual cytoplasm (ERC). By virtue of hexose monophosphate shunt the ERC activates the NADPH system, which is used as a source of electron by spermatozoa for production of ROS and OS [30]. Therefore, ERC affects the morphology, motility and fertilization potential of sperm which can lead to infertility [44].
\nVaricocele is a condition of abnormal enlargement of vein in scrotum, i.e., in the plexus pampiniformis situated throughout the spermatic cord. It is considered to be an etiology of male infertility, because varicocele is found in 19–40% of male partners in infertile couples. Current evidence suggested that oxidative stress is the central element contributing to infertility in men with varicocele [45]. Varicocele arises when damage occurs in valves into the spermatic vein(s) resulting in dysfunction and retrograde blood flow into scrotum from abdomen creating an inappropriate environment for development of sperm. Several studies reveal that oxidative stress also leads to varicocele in male, which occurs due to decrease in the concentration of antioxidants. It results in the deterioration of structure of cell membrane and in the DNA integrity. Nitric oxide is a lipophilic molecule which is presented in the spermatic vein of varicocele patient. Both NO and superoxide might cause a damage in spermatozoa [46].
\nRadiation, a natural source of energy, has a considerable effect on humans. Several studies have been depicted that radiation emitted from mobile phone increases the concentration of ROS in human semen resulting in impaired sperm quality [47, 48]. In vitro studies showed that in human, spermatozoa electromagnet radiation urges the production of ROS and damages of DNA. These changes further diminish the vitality and motility of sperm cells [49]. Due to the presence of varieties of charged molecules in the cytosol the flow of electron along the internal membrane of cells can be negatively affected by these radio frequency electromagnet radiations, and therefore interferes with the functions of the cell and the organelles [50].
\nToxins which are discharged from industrial products and structural materials accumulates in the body of human and increases the production of ROS in the testes. This might result in the negative impact on the structure and function of sperm [51]. Phthalates which are found in the plastics objects used for industrial and domestic’s purpose have been found to impair the spermatogenesis process and causes DNA damages in spermatozoa. Moreover, it has been studied that those laborers who were continuously exposed to metal toxins such as chromium, mercury, manganese and cadmium were more probable to have diminished quality of sperm, sperm count, density and volume [50].
\nTobacco is familiar to be one of the major causes of worldwide death. It has been reported that more than 4000 toxic chemical compounds have been present in cigarettes which includes nitrosamines, alkaloids and inorganic molecules. In the semen of smokers some of those chemicals were depicted to be the source of imbalance between antioxidant and ROS [41]. This disproportion between the ROS level and antioxidant adversely affects the overall quality of semen. It has been depicted that smoking increases by 48% the concentration of seminal leukocytes and 107% the ROS level in semen [52]. Due to the substantial increase in the level of 8-OHdG which is also a biomarker of oxidative damage, a decrease of the antioxidant level in seminal plasma, like vitamin C and vitamin E occurs, thus causing more risk of oxidative damage [40]. A study performed on smokers found an increased concentration of lead and cadmium in their semen and blood, which led to increase the production of ROS with a decrease in the motility of the sperm [53]. Moreover, the spermatozoa of smoker were substantially more prone to acid mediated denaturation as compare to nonsmoker spermatozoa which led to DNA strand break [54]. Furthermore, it was shown that prolonged smoking damages sperm DNA and apoptosis which results in male infertility.
\nAlcohol is widely known as the inducer of ROS and it interferes with the antioxidant defense mechanism of the body, mainly in the liver. Acetaldehyde which is the byproduct of ethanol metabolism, may react with protein and lipids forming the ROS, and may lead to damages in DNA, protein and lipids at the molecular level. The excessive consumption of alcohol is linked with a decrease in the concentration of normal sperm in asthenozoospermia patients [55] (Figure 4).
\nDemonstration of various factors responsible for male infertility (origin).
Physiological level of ROS plays a significant task in the physiological process such as capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosomal reaction, fusion of sperm and oocyte in order to assure the proper fertilization [56].
\nWhen spermatozoa pass the epididymis, it is supposed to be mature and their activity is checked by different inhibitory factors which are produced by genital duct epithelia. However, at that time sperm is unable to fertilize the ova. Ejaculated mammalian spermatozoa should reside in the female genital tract for several hours before gaining their fertilizability. In humans however, sperm must move out of the seminal plasma immediately after ejaculation and appear in the fallopian tube within minutes. As soon as sperm cells are moving out of the ejaculate and passing the cervical mucus, they undergo several biochemical changes collectively called capacitation. These changes involve molecules absorbing on, or integrating into, the sperm plasma membrane during epididymal maturation. The removal or alteration of these molecules prepares the sperm toward successful binding, penetration and fertilization with the egg [57]. During the process of capacitation a production of ROS occurs in spermatozoa that initiates various molecular modifications. Firstly, there is an increase in cAMP; in various organisms and varieties of life processes, this cAMP pathway is necessary because it might activate various enzymes and might regulate the expression of genes [58]. cAMP activates the protein kinase A and causes the phosphorylation of PKA substrate like arginine, serine and threonine. This successively leads to the phosphorylation of MEK, threonine-glutamate-tyrosine, and tyrosine phosphorylation of fibrous sheath proteins. This cAMP increase makes the hyperactivation of sperm. Only the hyperactivated spermatozoa undergo acrosomal reaction due to increased motility and acquired all those properties which are necessary for fertilization [59, 60].
\nHyperactivation is the peculiar condition of sperm motility. The hyperactivation process is significant for lucrative fertilization and it regarded a subcategory of capacitation. Hyperactivated sperm have characteristics of asymmetric flagellar movement, high amplitude, side to side head displacement and also a nonlinear motility [61].
\nHyperactivated spermatozoon binds to zona pellucida after passing the cumulus oophorus, starting the exocytotic discharge of hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes, sperm acrosome reaction (AR) induced by oocyte investment, is a prerequisite event for the spermatozoa. It is obligatory for the sperm cell to enable to penetrate the zona pellucida (ZP) and to fuse with the oocyte. Progesterone (P4), secreted by cumulus cells, is an important cofactor for the occurrence of this exocytosis event. The AR results from the fusion between outer acrosomal and plasma membranes leading to inner acrosomal membrane exposure. Binding of agonists, P4 or ZP3 glycoprotein, to plasma membrane sperm receptors activates intraspermatic signals and enzymatic pathways involved in the AR. Among the proteins or glycoproteins described as potential sperm receptors for ZP, Gi/Go protein-coupled and tyrosine kinase receptors have been described. ZP- and P4-promoted AR is mediated by an obligatory intracellular calcium increase, appearing first at the acrosome equatorial segment and spreading throughout the head. The plasma membrane channels involved in calcium entry are operated by a plasma membrane depolarization and protein phosphorylation mediated by protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase protein. Part of the calcium increase could also be due to intracellular store release through nucleotide (cAMP)-gated channels. Besides adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C activations, intracellular calcium increase also stimulates phospholipase A2 and actin depolymerization, leading to membrane fusion [62]. The sperm cell crosses the physical barrier of zona pellucida and within few minutes it fuses with the oocytes. ROS is involved in the action of the spermatozoa by phosphorylating three plasma membrane proteins [63].
\nHigh concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays a considerable part in maintaining the fluidity of the membrane of spermatozoa. ROS enhances the fluidity of membrane and sperm-oocyte fusion rate, during the process of capacitation and acrosomal reaction. Throughout the entire capacitation process, ROS hinder the protein tyrosine phosphate activity and arrest the dephosphorylation and turnoff the phospholipase A2. PLA2 increases the fluidity of the membrane by cleaving the secondary fatty acid from the triglycerol backbone of membrane phospholipid [64, 65].
\nSperm DNA of healthy males is protected from osmotic stress by two mechanisms;
Tightly packed and coiled DNA so that the genetic material is less exposed to ROS [66].
Production of ROS is minimized by natural antioxidant present in seminal plasma and spermatozoa.
Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant like superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Carotenoids react with ROS and neutralize it, thus prevent the onset of osmatic stress and also preserves the function of sperm [67] (Table 1).
\nAntioxidant | \nMechanism of action | \nEffect | \n
---|---|---|
Superoxide dismutase | \nNeutralizes the superoxide anions | \nPrevents lipid peroxidation. | \n
GSH/GPX | \nScavenges the free radicals | \nPrevents the lipid peroxidation and enhance the sperm membrane characteristics. | \n
Catalase | \nSplits down the H2O2 into H2O and O2. | \nAlso arrests the lipid peroxidation. | \n
Vitamin C | \nCounteracts free radicals | \nProtects the viability and motility of sperm. | \n
Vitamin E | \nCounteracts free radicals | \nBlocks the lipid peroxidation and enhance the activity of other antioxidant. | \n
Carotenoids | \nSuppresses the singlet molecular O2. | \nBlocks the lipid peroxidation. | \n
Carnitine | \nActs as energy source and neutralize the free radical. | \nPrevents the damage of DNA and lipid peroxidation. | \n
Cysteines | \nElevates the concentration of GSH synthesized. | \nInhibits lipid peroxidation. | \n
Pentoxifylline | \nPrevents the breakdown of cAMP and quench the formation of proinflammatory factors. | \nInhibits lipid peroxidation. | \n
Procedure of action and consequences of different antioxidants.
The whole process of spermatogenesis is controlled by hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH. FSH act on the testicular tissue and LH triggers the secretion of testosterone in the testis by Leydig cells. Maximum level of testosterone secretion occurs during sleep. This nocturnal rise in testosterone secretion appears at the same time with the beginning of resting eye movement sleep and it is not concerned with the change in the level of melatonin [68]. In male reproductive system, prolactin hormone secreted by anterior pituitary o has also a key role. Prolactin increases in Leydig cells the utterance of LH receptors at physiological level. The latest leads to increased secretion of testosterone promoting spermatogenesis. The increasing pervasiveness of 24/7 constant distribution of entertainment, disrupts the circadian rhythm and impair the duration and quality of sleep on population level. The schedule of sleep and wake is delayed by the use of electronic devices at night time. More over blue light emitted by LED reduces the secretion of melatonin and thus decreases the prolonged, objective and subjective sleepiness. Sleep restriction disrupts the level of gonadal hormone. The level of testosterone is reduced in 10 volunteer’s healthy males in 1 week of restricted sleep. While in another examination of sleep restriction of 4–5 hours in 15 men is also associated with reduction in the level of testosterone. Effect of sleep restriction and resting eye movement deprivation was analyzed by Alvarenga et al. on parameter of sperm and expression of testis specific genes in male rat. Both sleep restriction (SR) and rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (RSD) group has decreased viability of sperm [69].
\nInflammation is a complexed process of response to tissue damage and injury. It starts with the aggregation of leukocytes and more plasma molecules to infection site. Several factors may be responsible for inflammation in reproductive tract of male. (i) Blockage of ejaculatory duct (ii) epididymitis that causing pain, swelling in scrotal area, penile leakage and presence of blood in urine (iii) sexual transmitted diseases by several agents like E. coli (iv) Urethritis (v) testicular torsion is another pathology affects the fertility in male. It occurs due to abnormality in supportive tissue of testis and causing the testis to pervert inside the scrotum which result in severe swelling and pain [70]. During the process of inflammation, the quality of semen is reduced due to abnormal function of accessory glands, sperm transport hindrance and spermatogenesis dysregulation [71, 72]. Cytokines which are either secreted by activated cells or secreted after receiving stimulus might assist help in normal function of reproductive system [73, 74]. Testicular macrophage is the chief source of cytokine in male but Leydig and Sertoli cells are also depicted to secrete cytokines. Two types of changes are seen due to inflammation in male genitalia; an increase in secretion of seminal fluid leads to redness, local heat and depletion in velocity of seminal flow. Cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1) induce the oxidative damages that impair the quality of semen and have bad impact on fertility of male. Raised level of few cytokines in male semen also disrupts the quality, density and morphology of sperm. The increased level of TNF-α is linked with low sperm count, motility and morphology of sperm. In semen raised level of TNF-α induced apoptosis due to proliferation and differentiation of B-cell, T- cell and NK cells. At the site of inflammation, the blood vessels are dilated permitting the leukocytes in high concentration to migrate out of blood and bind with vascular endothelium. Accumulation of local fluid due to increased permeability causes pain and swelling. So different types of disorders either due to hormonal imbalance, physical or physiological problems lead to infertility in male [7].
\nVast array of knowledge about the structural and functional characteristics of spermatozoa has been obtained in last few decades. This study provides an information about the molecular composition and mechanism of function responsible behind the unique features of spermatozoa. No doubt that the function of spermatozoa is to carry the haploid genome of male and deliver it to the oocyte, so that it can fuse with haploid genome of female to begin the development of future generation. In the last decade the most substantial approaches in knowledge regarding spermatozoa have come by using many tools of molecular biology and proteomics to recognize the gene and protein controlling composition of spermatozoa and using gene targeting method for ascertaining the function of particular gene in sperm. A few of these advances are;
Determination of calcium channels that helps in motility of sperm.
Identification of activated adenylyl cyclase.
Phosphorylation of tyrosine flagellar proteins during capacitation.
Finding the role of heredity on the structure and function of sperm.
About 15% of couples are diagnosed as infertile and in these cases, male contributes 40%. Osmatic stress has been recognized as the inducer of male fertility due to dysfunction of sperm. It has been depicted that antioxidant defense mechanism is disrupted by the production of ROS in large concentration, while only a little concentration of ROS is demanded for normal function of sperm. This augmented production of ROS has negative impact on spermatozoa quality and damage their capacity of fertilizing the egg. ROS itself and their metabolites can cause the death of cells by attacking DNA, proteins and lipids, impair the function of the enzymes, creating irreparable damage and ultimately results to diminish in semen parameter concerned with infertility of male. So, an enhanced knowledge is also needed about the composition, organization and function of spermatozoon so that highly specific approaches are to be developed to regulate the function of sperm and essential for determining the environmental effect on male fertility.
\nIntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"19"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9829",title:"Biosimilars",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c72171c1d1cf6df5aad989cb07cc8e4e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Valderilio Feijó Feijó Azevedo and Dr. Robert Moots",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9829.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"69875",title:"Dr.",name:"Valderilio",surname:"Feijó Azevedo",slug:"valderilio-feijo-azevedo",fullName:"Valderilio Feijó Azevedo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10234",title:"High-Throughput Screening for Drug Discovery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"37e6f5b6dd0567efb63dca4b2c73495f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10234.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Pharmacognosy - Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hany El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10357",title:"Drug Metabolism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3bd3ae5041cab45020555b49152b1ddc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Katherine Dunnington",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10357.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"232694",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine",surname:"Dunnington",slug:"katherine-dunnington",fullName:"Katherine Dunnington"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10531",title:"Advances in Nanoparticle Research for Biomedical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e9e08e7275f2b928af7911b523252f1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Maria Carmo Pereira, MSc. Maria João Ramalho and Dr. Joana A. Loureiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10531.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82791",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Carmo",surname:"Pereira",slug:"maria-carmo-pereira",fullName:"Maria Carmo Pereira"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10578",title:"Pharmacogenetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ca2bc2ff6e15a7b735d662d9664086b1",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Islam Khalil",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10578.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226598",title:"Dr.",name:"Islam",surname:"Khalil",slug:"islam-khalil",fullName:"Islam Khalil"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10736",title:"Neurotoxicity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f3ae592c3bd56dca45f9ce7d02e06714",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10736.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10881",title:"Drug Repurposing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8ef09a9da770b582c0c64114a19b29c0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10881.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10883",title:"Pain Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"82abad01d1cffb27e341ffd507117824",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10883.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:9},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"128",title:"Environmental Design",slug:"environmental-design",parent:{title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:12,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-design",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9916",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",subtitle:"New Approaches and Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b533ca4c0a7f4f0307e4e4ec474594",slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",bookSignature:"Jesús Alberto Pulido Arcas, Carlos Rubio-Bellido, Alexis Pérez-Fargallo and Ivan Oropeza-Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9916.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172801",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Pulido Arcas",slug:"jesus-alberto-pulido-arcas",fullName:"Jesus Alberto Pulido Arcas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7650",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7228ca821b354d974a45eac0ca0eff8",slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",bookSignature:"Ayşem Berrin Çakmaklı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7650.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220974",title:"Dr.",name:"Aysem",middleName:"Berrin",surname:"Cakmakli",slug:"aysem-cakmakli",fullName:"Aysem Cakmakli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5692",title:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"83bab2850ca5c3aea1dd9c25cd2aee8c",slug:"sustainable-home-design-by-applying-control-science",bookSignature:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5692.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"57401",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71325",title:"Basic Schemes: Preparations for Applying Control Science to Sustainable Design",slug:"basic-schemes-preparations-for-applying-control-science-to-sustainable-design",totalDownloads:660,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"sustainable-home-design-by-applying-control-science",title:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science",fullTitle:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"57412",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71324",title:"Methodology of Applying Control Science to Sustainable Housing Design",slug:"methodology-of-applying-control-science-to-sustainable-housing-design",totalDownloads:609,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"sustainable-home-design-by-applying-control-science",title:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science",fullTitle:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"57437",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71321",title:"Discussion and Conclusion: Effectiveness, Characteristics and Future Prospects of the Methodology",slug:"discussion-and-conclusion-effectiveness-characteristics-and-future-prospects-of-the-methodology",totalDownloads:603,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"sustainable-home-design-by-applying-control-science",title:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science",fullTitle:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71982",title:"Net-Zero Energy Buildings: Principles and Applications",slug:"net-zero-energy-buildings-principles-and-applications",totalDownloads:565,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Maher Shehadi",authors:null},{id:"71492",title:"Fly Ash as a Cementitious Material for Concrete",slug:"fly-ash-as-a-cementitious-material-for-concrete",totalDownloads:205,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Aissa Bouaissi, Long Yuan Li, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Romisuhani Ahmad, Rafiza Abdul Razak and Zarina Yahya",authors:null},{id:"70732",title:"Net Zero Energy Buildings and Low Carbon Emission, a Case of Study of Madagascar Island",slug:"net-zero-energy-buildings-and-low-carbon-emission-a-case-of-study-of-madagascar-island",totalDownloads:166,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Modeste Kameni Nematchoua and Sigrid Reiter",authors:null},{id:"73729",title:"Solar Energy and Its Purpose in Net-Zero Energy Building",slug:"solar-energy-and-its-purpose-in-net-zero-energy-building",totalDownloads:133,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Mostafa Esmaeili Shayan",authors:[{id:"317852",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mostafa",middleName:null,surname:"Esmaeili Shayan",slug:"mostafa-esmaeili-shayan",fullName:"Mostafa Esmaeili Shayan"}]},{id:"72850",title:"Computational Analysis of a Lecture Room Ventilation System",slug:"computational-analysis-of-a-lecture-room-ventilation-system",totalDownloads:274,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Abayomi Layeni, Collins Nwaokocha, Olalekan Olamide, Solomon Giwa, Samuel Tongo, Olawale Onabanjo, Taiwo Samuel, Olabode Olanipekun, Oluwasegun Alabi, Kasali Adedeji, Olusegun Samuel, Jagun Zaid Oluwadurotimi, Olaolu Folorunsho, Jacob Adebayo and Folashade Oniyide",authors:null},{id:"67084",title:"Comprehensive Strategy for Sustainable Housing Design",slug:"comprehensive-strategy-for-sustainable-housing-design",totalDownloads:631,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"different-strategies-of-housing-design",title:"Different Strategies of Housing Design",fullTitle:"Different Strategies of Housing Design"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]},{id:"71536",title:"Improvement of the Thermal Properties of Sorel Cements",slug:"improvement-of-the-thermal-properties-of-sorel-cements",totalDownloads:128,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Rim Zgueb, Amal Brichni and Noureddine Yacoubi",authors:null},{id:"72174",title:"Exploring the Factors Hindering the Use of Green Architecture in Nigeria",slug:"exploring-the-factors-hindering-the-use-of-green-architecture-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:186,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Auwalu Faisal Koko and Muhammed Bello",authors:null},{id:"71849",title:"Road-Mapping for a Zero-Carbon Building Stock in Developed and Developing Countries",slug:"road-mapping-for-a-zero-carbon-building-stock-in-developed-and-developing-countries",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"zero-energy-buildings-new-approaches-and-technologies",title:"Zero-Energy Buildings",fullTitle:"Zero-Energy Buildings - New Approaches and Technologies"},signatures:"Dirk Schwede",authors:null},{id:"57400",title:"Case Study: Detached House Designed by Following the Control System",slug:"case-study-detached-house-designed-by-following-the-control-system",totalDownloads:854,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"sustainable-home-design-by-applying-control-science",title:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science",fullTitle:"Sustainable Home Design by Applying Control Science"},signatures:"Kazutoshi Fujihira",authors:[{id:"69662",title:"BSc.",name:"Kazutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujihira",slug:"kazutoshi-fujihira",fullName:"Kazutoshi Fujihira"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"environmental-design",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"book.detail",path:"/books/neuroethics-in-principle-and-praxis-conceptual-foundations",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"neuroethics-in-principle-and-praxis-conceptual-foundations"},fullPath:"/books/neuroethics-in-principle-and-praxis-conceptual-foundations",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()