Comparison of the physicochemical characteristics of goat, sheep and cow milk.
\r\n\tBasic science studies have provided new insights into the pathophysiology of β-thalassemia. Studies of genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity among patients and a better understanding of the control of erythropoiesis have provided new targets for designing novel agents that can be tailored to individual patient needs. JAK-2 kinase inhibitors and agents targeting the GDF-11/SMAD pathway are in clinical trials.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will attempt to discuss the historical background of the disease and present the most up-to-date material regarding disease management in today's world for the reader to be updated on the best practice management of the disease.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-158-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-157-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-159-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"23abb2fecebc48a2df8a954eb8378930",bookSignature:"Dr. Akshat Jain",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10727.jpg",keywords:"History of Gene Mutation, Genetic Counselling, Anemia, Genotyping, Hemoglobin Electrophoresis, HLA typing, Hemolysis, Aplastic Anemia, Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Testing, Fetal Hemoglobin Modifiers, Gene Therapy",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 4th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 3rd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 22nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 20th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A board-certified pediatrician with a specialization in pediatric hematology-oncology and stem cell transplantation. In collaboration with Harvard Medical School, he studied and reported the outcomes of a global hemophilia collaboration. He is a member of the American Board of Pediatrics, Hematology, and American Board of Pediatrics, also he is a Committee member for the American Society of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Special Interest Group in Global Pediatric Hematology oncology.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"344600",title:"Prof.",name:"Akshat",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"akshat-jain",fullName:"Akshat Jain",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/344600/images/system/344600.jpg",biography:"Akshat Jain M.D. M.P.H.\n11175 Campus Street \nLoma Linda, California 92354\nPhone: (917) 331-3216\nakshatjainusa@gmail.com \n\nMEDICAL EDUCATION \n●\tS.S.R. Medical College, Belle Rive, Mauritius - MBBS, Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery, 2007\n●\tPediatrics Residency Training ,The New York Medical College, Metropolitan Hospital , Dec2008-Dec 2011\n●\tPediatric Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Fellowship, Cohen’s Children's Hospital of New York at LIJ-North Shore Health system. July 2012- September 2015\n●\tMaster’s in Public Health ,Hofstra University School of Public Health ,New York , August 2015\n\n\nHONORS/ AWARDS \n●\tThe New York Academy of Medicine Honorary Associate Award , December 2009\n●\tProgram Leadership Award - Committee of Interns and Residents (C.I.R./SIEU), April 2010\n●\tAmerican Academy of Pediatrics Program Delegate Award, New York Medical College, December 2010.\n●\tCitation of Honor from New York County for Excellence in Medicine and Service to Long Island, New York,Nassau county executive chambers , August 15,2015 \n●\tTimes of India N.R.I. ( Non Resident Achiever ) award , August 2015 \n●\tCertificate for academic excellence –Hofstra University School of Health Science & Human Services, New York August 26, 2015\n●\tAmerican Society of Hematology Leadership Institute Award , April 2016\n●\tGlobal Health Speaker Award , convener of Global Health Symposium, Hofstra NorthWell School of Medicine and School of Public health , May 2016\n●\tInternational Pediatric Lymphoma Meeting ,Session Chairperson of Pediatric Lymphoma , Indian Society of Hematology and Oncology , November 2016\n●\tContent Leader Award for Hematology perspective’s in the Global CoronaVirus Pandemic Preparedness Response for Medical Association of physicians of Indian Origin, April 2020.\n●\tConvener and Chairperson International Webinar for COVID 19 Coagulopathy, May 2020. \n●\tFeatured in the Top Doctors magazine 2020, ranked top pediatric Hematologist Oncologist for Southern California.\n\nNATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL POSITIONS \n●\tHofstra University Dean Advisory Board for the School of Health Professions, December 2017\n●\tEditorial Board – American Society of Pediatric Hematology Oncology Communications Committee, International Journal of Hematology Research (ISSN 2409-3548)\n●\tReviewer - JAMA Pediatrics (ISSN: 2168-6203), British Medical Journal (ISSN, 1468-5833), JAMA Oncology (ISSN: 2374-2437), International Journal of Hematology Research (ISSN 2394—806X), Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (ISSN: 1536-3678), New England Journal of Medicine (Resident 360). \n●\tMember – Core committee: American Cancer Society (A.C.S.) and American Academy of Pediatrics (A.A.P.) - Joint global pediatric Oncology taskforce.\n●\tAdvisor -World Health Organization, South East Asia for maternal and child health initiatives.( 2013-Ongoing) , Ministry of Health and Family Welfare ,Government of India ( 2014- Ongoing ) , American Academy of Pediatrics &American Cancer Society Global Taskforce on Pediatric Cancers.( 2014-Ongoing )\n●\tEditor – AAPI journal (American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin. Circulation -40,000)\n●\tVisiting Professorship in Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Rajasthan University of Medical Sciences, India. ( 2009-Ongoing )\n●\tIndustry Advisor – Bayer, UniQure, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, CSL Behring\n●\tDirector of International Bone Marrow Failure Consortium- India, part of the Global Hematology Initiative of Cohen Children’s Medical Center, New York, August 2015-2017. \n●\tCommittee member for the American Society of Pediatric Hematology Oncology Special Interest Group in Global Pediatric Hematology oncology. ( 2016- Ongoing)\n\n\n WORK EXPERIENCE \nNov 2017- Current Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital \n Director Division of Pediatric Hematology \n Director, Comprehensive Hemophilia Program\n Director, Comprehensive Sickle Cell Program \n Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation\n Professor of Public Health, Loma Linda University School of Public Health \n\nMar 2017– Oct 2017 Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology Oncology Practice \n Adventist Health Ukiah Valley, California \n\nSept 2015 –Aug 2016 Assistant Professor Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine \n Section Head –Global Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation\n North Shore LIJ Health system.\n Associate Adjunct Faculty, Hofstra University School of Public Health.\n\nJuly 2012 – Sep 2015 The Steven and Alexandra Cohen’s Children's’ Hospital of New York at LIJ-North Shore \n Hofstra University - Pediatrics Hematology Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant Fellowship \n Chief - Jeffrey Lipton MD\n\nDec 2011- April 2012 Global Health : SMS Medical College and Group of Hospitals, Government of India \n Project Director for Project A.G.N.I. - Set up a regional Lead Poisoning prevention and \n anemia nodal center \n \n Course Director - Pediatric Subspecialty training module for Pediatricians at J.K. Lone \n Children’s Hospital for Government of India. \n\nDec 08- Dec 2011 The New York Medical College, Residency in Pediatrics \n Metropolitan Hospital, NY\n Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester.\n The Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital. NY\n House staff on Stem Cell Transplantation service.\n \nApril – August 2008 Oklahoma State Medical Association (O.S.M.A.) Externship Program\n The Integris Baptist Teaching Hospital and Nazih Zuhdi Transplant Center\n\nRESEARCH EXPERIENCE \nNov 2017 – Ongoing: Current and ongoing – Director, Inherited Bleeding Disorder Experimental Therapeutics Program, Loma Linda University School of Medicine\nJan 2014 –July 2015 - Hofstra University School of Public Health \n Needs Assessment to barriers in cancer care for newly diagnosed patients in a resource \n Limited setting. \n Principal Investigator - Akshat Jain, Co-PI -Corrine Kyriacou \n\nJune 2012- July 2015 - Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children’s Medical Center \n Study – Non Invasive assessment of endothelial dysfunction in children with Sickle cell \n Disease. \n Co-Principal Investigator – Banu Aygun MD\n Study – Multicenter study assessing outcome of Reduced Intensity Conditioning for \n patients undergoing hematopoetic stem cell transplantation for Sickle cell disease . \n Co-Principal Investigator – Indira Sahdev MD\n \nJan 2012- Mar12 A.G.N.I. (Anterograde Growth Normalization Initiative) \n Project Director, Project of Government of India for establishment of Universal Lead \n Independent Pilot project to study effects of Elevated Blood Lead levels in children \n suffering from Developmental disorders- Adapted by W.H.O. 2014 for a National Level \n Lead Screening program, India \n \nJan 2009- Dec11 The New York Medical College, Metropolitan Hospital Center. NY\n Resident Physician – Hypothalamic volumes in patients with Growth Hormone deficiency.\n Maria Fareri Children's hospital / Dr.Richard Noto - Pediatric Endocrinology\n \nApril 2008-Dec 08 Nazih Zuhdi Transplant Institute, Integris Baptist Hospital, Oklahoma City\n Project – Single institution outcome study for Solid organ transplants\n Research Assistant Department of Hepatology\n \nOct 2007 – Dec07 Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY\n Project- Arterio-venous fistula post liver transplantation.\n Research mentor-Dr. Charissa Chang, Assistant Professor in Department of Liver Diseases. \n\nCERTIFICATION\n\n1.\tCalifornia State Medical License 8/2016- Present , New York State Licensure 8/2013-12/16\n2.\tAmerican Board of Pediatrics - Board certified, 11/14- Present\n3.\tAmerican Board of Pediatric Hematology Oncology – Board Certified , 06/2018- Present\n4.\tNeonatal Advanced Life Support 06/2009-Present \n5.\tPediatric Advanced Life Support 06/2009-Present \n6.\tECFMG Certification 12/2007-Present \n\nORAL PRESENTATIONS \n\n\n1.\tLeukemia and Lymphoma Society of America C.M.E. Symposium presentation – Leukemia and Beyond: Advances in Cancer Care and Blood Disorders in the 21st Century, October 2019\n2.\tLoma Linda University School of Medicine – Grand Rounds, Advances in the Management of Sickle Cell Disease, March 2019.\n3.\tLoma Linda University School of Medicine – Experimental Therapeutics in Sickle Cell Disease – New Horizons at Loma Linda , November 2018 .\n4.\tAdventist Health Ukiah , California - Neurological Defects of Iron Deficiency and Lead Poisoning in Humans , October 2017\n5.\tHofstra NorthWell School of Medicine - National Public Health Symposium on Global Public Health , Convener and Moderator ,April 2016 \n6.\tCleveland Clinic Children’s Medical Center, Ohio – Non BCR-ABL Myeloproliferative syndromes of childhood, January 19, 2016.\n7.\tChildren’s Hospital at SMS Medical College ,India – Pediatric Hematology Oncology Emergencies for the Tropics, November 13, 2015 \n8.\tHarvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital Division of Pediatric Hematology – Advances in Global Hematology, Annual Hemophilia Twining symposium, August 2, 2015.\n9.\tNew York Medical College as Grand Rounds, Division of Pediatrics – Emergencies in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, April 2015.\n10.\tMaurice A. Deane School of Law, Hofstra University, New York - Healthcare Access to Undocumented immigrants: Immigration reform and its impact, March 2015.\n11.\tPediatric Academic Society/Society of Pediatric Research (PAS/SPR) as platform presentation, Vancouver, BC - Global Child Health in Rich & Poor Countries Lessons Learned from Indigenous Health, May 3 2014.\n12.\tDepartment of Medicine and Medical Oncology, as Guest International faculty , SMS Medical College, India - Advances in Stem Cell Transplantation – January 2014.\n13.\tInternational health conference, Global Association of physicians of Indian Origin , New Jersey – Impact of Lead Intoxication in Low to middle income countries , August 2012.\n14.\t139st APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition 2011, Boston - Use of decision support in a Harlem pediatric emergency department to increase prescription of controller medicines to patients with poorly controlled asthma - Wilson Wang, Carolina Valez, Nicole Falanga, Vikas Bhambhani , Akshat Jain , Farhad Gazi, David Spiller, Paper no-227188 , November 2011 \n15.\tThe New York Academy of Medicine, Resident award night - False negative result in newborn screening for Congenital Adrenal hyperplasia - July 2009.",institutionString:"Loma Linda University Children's Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Loma Linda University Children's Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"280415",firstName:"Josip",lastName:"Knapic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280415/images/8050_n.jpg",email:"josip@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copy-editing and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"34996",title:"A Review of Non-Invasive Treatment Interventions for Spinal Deformities",doi:"10.5772/38863",slug:"a-review-of-non-invasive-treatment-interventions-for-spinal-deformities",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34996.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34996",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34996",totalDownloads:12509,totalViews:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"July 13th 2011",dateReviewed:"January 5th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/34996",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/34996",book:{slug:"physical-therapy-perspectives-in-the-21st-century-challenges-and-possibilities"},signatures:"Clare Lewis",authors:[{id:"120249",title:"Dr.",name:"Clare",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Clare Lewis",slug:"clare-lewis",email:"lewisc@csus.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"California State University, Sacramento",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1826",title:"Physical Therapy Perspectives in the 21st Century",subtitle:"Challenges and Possibilities",fullTitle:"Physical Therapy Perspectives in the 21st Century - Challenges and Possibilities",slug:"physical-therapy-perspectives-in-the-21st-century-challenges-and-possibilities",publishedDate:"April 5th 2012",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Berta Paz-Lourido",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1826.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0459-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4307-9",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"34994",title:"Physical Therapy for Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis",slug:"physical-therapy-for-adolescents-with-idiopathic-scoliosis",totalDownloads:21225,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov, Tim Cook, Manuel Rigo, Jean Claude De Mauroy, Michele Romano, Stefano Negrini, Jacek Durmala, Ana del Campo, Christine Colliard, Andrejz M'hango and Marianna Bialek",authors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov"},{id:"103819",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean Claude",middleName:null,surname:"De Mauroy",fullName:"Jean Claude De Mauroy",slug:"jean-claude-de-mauroy"},{id:"114406",title:"Mr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Romano",fullName:"Michele Romano",slug:"michele-romano"},{id:"119769",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Negrini",fullName:"Stefano Negrini",slug:"stefano-negrini"},{id:"119849",title:"Ms.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Del Campo",fullName:"Ana Del Campo",slug:"ana-del-campo"},{id:"119853",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",middleName:null,surname:"Coillard",fullName:"Christine Coillard",slug:"christine-coillard"},{id:"119942",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Rigo",fullName:"Manuel Rigo",slug:"manuel-rigo"},{id:"121835",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacek",middleName:null,surname:"Durmala",fullName:"Jacek Durmala",slug:"jacek-durmala"},{id:"127608",title:"BSc.",name:"Tim",middleName:null,surname:"Cook",fullName:"Tim Cook",slug:"tim-cook"},{id:"137458",title:"Dr.",name:"Marianna",middleName:null,surname:"Bialek",fullName:"Marianna Bialek",slug:"marianna-bialek"},{id:"137459",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"M\\'Hango",fullName:"Andrzej M\\'Hango",slug:"andrzej-m'hango"}]},{id:"34995",title:"Kyphosis Physiotherapy from Childhood to Old Age",slug:"kyphosis-physiotherapy-from-childhood-to-old-age",totalDownloads:10764,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jean Claude de Mauroy",authors:[{id:"103819",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean Claude",middleName:null,surname:"De Mauroy",fullName:"Jean Claude De Mauroy",slug:"jean-claude-de-mauroy"}]},{id:"34996",title:"A Review of Non-Invasive Treatment Interventions for Spinal Deformities",slug:"a-review-of-non-invasive-treatment-interventions-for-spinal-deformities",totalDownloads:12509,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Clare Lewis",authors:[{id:"120249",title:"Dr.",name:"Clare",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Clare Lewis",slug:"clare-lewis"}]},{id:"34997",title:"An Overview on the Efficacy of Manual Therapy (Manipulations and Mobilisations) on Nonspecific Cervical Pain:A Systematic Review in Adults",slug:"an-overview-on-the-efficacy-of-manual-therapy-manipulations-and-mobilisations-on-nonspecific-cervica",totalDownloads:2813,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jose Antonio Mirallas Martinez",authors:[{id:"100746",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Mirallas-Martínez",fullName:"Jose Antonio Mirallas-Martínez",slug:"jose-antonio-mirallas-martinez"}]},{id:"34998",title:"Use of Physiotherapeutic Methods to Influence the Position of the Foot",slug:"use-of-physiotherapeutic-methods-to-influence-the-position-of-foot",totalDownloads:1948,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eva Buchtelova",authors:[{id:"99958",title:"MSc.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Buchtelova",fullName:"Eva Buchtelova",slug:"eva-buchtelova"}]},{id:"34999",title:"Effectiveness of Passive Joint Mobilisation for Shoulder Dysfunction: A Review of the Literature",slug:"effectiveness-of-passive-joint-mobilisation-for-shoulder-dysfunction-a-review-of-the-literature",totalDownloads:6030,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Judy Chen",authors:[{id:"103429",title:"Dr.",name:"Judy",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Judy Chen",slug:"judy-chen"}]},{id:"35000",title:"Cryotherapy: Physiological Considerations and Applications to Physical Therapy",slug:"cryotherapy-physiological-considerations-and-applications-to-physical-therapy",totalDownloads:6335,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Anna Lubkowska",authors:[{id:"102785",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Lubkowska",fullName:"Anna Lubkowska",slug:"anna-lubkowska"}]},{id:"35001",title:"Natural Wool Fabrics in Physiotherapy",slug:"natural-wool-fabrics-in-physiotherapy",totalDownloads:4425,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Krzysztof Gieremek and Wojciech Ciesla",authors:[{id:"117207",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Gieremek",fullName:"Krzysztof Gieremek",slug:"krzysztof-gieremek"},{id:"137602",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Cieśla",fullName:"Wojciech Cieśla",slug:"wojciech-ciesla"}]},{id:"35002",title:"Home Physiotherapy: The Relevance of Social Determinants of Health in the Development of Physiotherapy in the Home Environment",slug:"home-physiotherapy-the-relevance-of-social-determinants-of-health-in-the-development-of-physiotherap",totalDownloads:3650,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Berta Paz-Lourido",authors:[{id:"103697",title:"Dr.",name:"Berta",middleName:null,surname:"Paz-Lourido",fullName:"Berta Paz-Lourido",slug:"berta-paz-lourido"}]},{id:"35003",title:"Functional Challenges in the Elderly",slug:"functional-challenges-in-elderly",totalDownloads:2338,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"A. C. Tavares and G. V. Guimaraes",authors:[{id:"74930",title:"Mrs",name:"Aline Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",fullName:"Aline Cristina Tavares",slug:"aline-cristina-tavares"}]},{id:"35004",title:"Evidence-Based Management in the Rehabilitation of Osteoporotic Patients with Fragility Fractures",slug:"evidence-based-management-in-the-rehabilitation-of-osteoporotic-patients-with-fragility-fractures",totalDownloads:4591,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Umberto Tarantino, Irene Cerocchi, Federico Maria Liuni, Pietro Pistillo, Cecilia Rao and Monica Celi",authors:[{id:"106312",title:"Prof.",name:"Umberto",middleName:null,surname:"Tarantino",fullName:"Umberto Tarantino",slug:"umberto-tarantino"},{id:"122692",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Celi",fullName:"Monica Celi",slug:"monica-celi"},{id:"122693",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",middleName:null,surname:"Cerocchi",fullName:"Irene Cerocchi",slug:"irene-cerocchi"},{id:"122694",title:"Dr.",name:"Rao",middleName:null,surname:"Cecilia",fullName:"Rao Cecilia",slug:"rao-cecilia"},{id:"122695",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Liuni",fullName:"Federico Maria Liuni",slug:"federico-maria-liuni"},{id:"132127",title:"Dr.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Pistillo",fullName:"Pietro Pistillo",slug:"pietro-pistillo"}]},{id:"35005",title:"Focus on Psychological Factors and Body Awareness in Multimodal Musculoskeletal Pain Rehabilitation",slug:"don-t-forget-psychological-factors-and-body-awareness-in-multimodal-musculoskeletal-pain-rehabilitat",totalDownloads:2295,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"G. Gard",authors:[{id:"105786",title:"Prof.",name:"Gunvor",middleName:null,surname:"Gard",fullName:"Gunvor Gard",slug:"gunvor-gard"}]},{id:"35006",title:"Relaxation Techniques and States – Applications to Physical Therapy",slug:"relaxation-techniques-and-states-applications-to-physical-therapy",totalDownloads:7665,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Leslaw Kulmatycki",authors:[{id:"103899",title:"Prof.",name:"Leslaw",middleName:null,surname:"Kulmatycki",fullName:"Leslaw Kulmatycki",slug:"leslaw-kulmatycki"}]},{id:"35007",title:"Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Weaning Success in Critically Ill Intubated Patients",slug:"effect-of-inspiratory-muscle-training-on-weaning-success-in-critically-ill-intubated-patients",totalDownloads:3958,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Samaria Cader, Rodrigo Vale and Estelio Dantas",authors:[{id:"102614",title:"Dr.",name:"Samária",middleName:null,surname:"Cader",fullName:"Samária Cader",slug:"samaria-cader"},{id:"102616",title:"Dr.",name:"Estélio",middleName:null,surname:"Dantas",fullName:"Estélio Dantas",slug:"estelio-dantas"},{id:"102618",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Vale",fullName:"Rodrigo Vale",slug:"rodrigo-vale"}]},{id:"35008",title:"Lipedema",slug:"lipedema",totalDownloads:4039,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Gyozo Szolnoky",authors:[{id:"108372",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Szolnoky",fullName:"Szolnoky",slug:"szolnoky"}]},{id:"35009",title:"Running a Complementary Stroke Rehabilitation and Aftercare Program: Experiences of Four European Centres",slug:"running-a-complementary-stroke-rehabilitation-and-aftercare-program-experiences-of-four-european-cen",totalDownloads:2050,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wilfried Schupp, Napasakorn Komaratat and Simon Steib",authors:[{id:"106046",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfried",middleName:null,surname:"Schupp",fullName:"Wilfried Schupp",slug:"wilfried-schupp"}]},{id:"35010",title:"Group Circuit Class Therapy for Stroke Survivors – A Review of the Evidence and Clinical Implications",slug:"group-circuit-class-therapy-for-stroke-survivors-a-review-of-the-evidence-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:4398,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Coralie English, Ingrid van de Port and Elizabeth Lynch",authors:[{id:"105462",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"English",fullName:"English",slug:"english"},{id:"107208",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Van De Port",fullName:"Ingrid Van De Port",slug:"ingrid-van-de-port"},{id:"107209",title:"Ms.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Lynch",fullName:"Elizabeth Lynch",slug:"elizabeth-lynch"}]},{id:"35011",title:"Reaching for Independence: Challenges for a New Concept of Wheelchair Design",slug:"reaching-the-independence-challenges-to-a-new-concept-of-wheelchair-design",totalDownloads:2443,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fausto Orsi Medola, Carlos Alberto Fortulan, Carla da Silva Santana and Valeria Meirelles Carril Elui",authors:[{id:"89268",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeria",middleName:null,surname:"Elui",fullName:"Valeria Elui",slug:"valeria-elui"},{id:"98000",title:"MSc.",name:"Fausto Orsi",middleName:null,surname:"Medola",fullName:"Fausto Orsi Medola",slug:"fausto-orsi-medola"},{id:"109127",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Fortulan",fullName:"Carlos Alberto Fortulan",slug:"carlos-alberto-fortulan"},{id:"109128",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla Da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Santana",fullName:"Carla Da Silva Santana",slug:"carla-da-silva-santana"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5816",title:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b119a322859ceea8f104ff8ae3df194e",slug:"innovations-in-spinal-deformities-and-postural-disorders",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Sanja Schreiber",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"55921",title:"Limits of Normality and Symmetry in Standing Back Shape and Posture: 3D Mapping and Analysis of Young Adults",slug:"limits-of-normality-and-symmetry-in-standing-back-shape-and-posture-3d-mapping-and-analysis-of-young",signatures:"Josette Bettany‐Saltikov, Gokulakannan Kandasamy, Dariusz\nCzaprowski and Lukasz Stolinski",authors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov"},{id:"206490",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokulakannan",middleName:null,surname:"Kandasamy",fullName:"Gokulakannan Kandasamy",slug:"gokulakannan-kandasamy"},{id:"206491",title:"Dr.",name:"Darius",middleName:null,surname:"Czaprowski",fullName:"Darius Czaprowski",slug:"darius-czaprowski"},{id:"206492",title:"Dr.",name:"Lukasz",middleName:null,surname:"Stolinski",fullName:"Lukasz Stolinski",slug:"lukasz-stolinski"}]},{id:"55059",title:"A 3D Spine and Full Skeleton Model for Opto-Electronic Stereo- Photogrammetric Multi-Sensor Biomechanical Analysis in Posture and Gait",slug:"a-3d-spine-and-full-skeleton-model-for-opto-electronic-stereo-photogrammetric-multi-sensor-biomechan",signatures:"Moreno D’Amico, Edyta Kinel, Gabriele D’Amico and Piero\nRoncoletta",authors:[{id:"198632",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Moreno",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",fullName:"Moreno D'Amico",slug:"moreno-d'amico"},{id:"198639",title:"Dr.",name:"Edyta",middleName:null,surname:"Kinel",fullName:"Edyta Kinel",slug:"edyta-kinel"},{id:"198640",title:"Dr.",name:"Piero",middleName:null,surname:"Roncoletta",fullName:"Piero Roncoletta",slug:"piero-roncoletta"},{id:"198684",title:"Mr.",name:"Gabriele",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",fullName:"Gabriele D'Amico",slug:"gabriele-d'amico"}]},{id:"55141",title:"Computational Simulation as an Innovative Approach in Personalized Medicine",slug:"computational-simulation-as-an-innovative-approach-in-personalized-medicine",signatures:"Bauer Sabine and Paulus Dietrich",authors:[{id:"180120",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",middleName:null,surname:"Bauer",fullName:"Sabine Bauer",slug:"sabine-bauer"},{id:"180973",title:"Prof.",name:"Dietrich",middleName:null,surname:"Paulus",fullName:"Dietrich Paulus",slug:"dietrich-paulus"}]},{id:"55160",title:"CASP Methodology for Virtual Prototyping of Garments for People with Postural Disorders and Spinal Deformities",slug:"casp-methodology-for-virtual-prototyping-of-garments-for-people-with-postural-disorders-and-spinal-d",signatures:"Andrej Cupar, Zoran Stjepanovič, Simona Jevšnik, Rija Erveš and\nAndreja Rudolf",authors:[{id:"180695",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Jevšnik",fullName:"Simona Jevšnik",slug:"simona-jevsnik"},{id:"181508",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Stjepanovič",fullName:"Zoran Stjepanovič",slug:"zoran-stjepanovic"},{id:"195721",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreja",middleName:null,surname:"Rudolf",fullName:"Andreja Rudolf",slug:"andreja-rudolf"},{id:"196113",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrej",middleName:null,surname:"Cupar",fullName:"Andrej Cupar",slug:"andrej-cupar"},{id:"205461",title:"Dr.",name:"Rija",middleName:null,surname:"Erveš",fullName:"Rija Erveš",slug:"rija-erves"}]},{id:"54698",title:"A Pilot Study on the Effect of Outpatient Schroth Exercises on Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Curves in Adult Scoliosis Patients",slug:"a-pilot-study-on-the-effect-of-outpatient-schroth-exercises-on-thoracolumbar-and-lumbar-curves-in-ad",signatures:"Shu-Yan Ng, Wing-Yan Chan, Tsz-Ki Ho and Yin-Ling Ng",authors:[{id:"204673",title:"Dr.",name:"Shu Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Shu Yan Ng",slug:"shu-yan-ng"},{id:"205449",title:"BSc.",name:"Wing Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",fullName:"Wing Yan Chan",slug:"wing-yan-chan"},{id:"205450",title:"BSc.",name:"Tsz Ki, Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",fullName:"Tsz Ki, Angel Ho",slug:"tsz-ki-angel-ho"},{id:"205451",title:"MSc.",name:"Yin Ling, Elaine",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",fullName:"Yin Ling, Elaine Ng",slug:"yin-ling-elaine-ng"}]},{id:"55955",title:"Sagittal Alignment in Spinal Deformity: Implications for the Non-Operative Care Practitioner",slug:"sagittal-alignment-in-spinal-deformity-implications-for-the-non-operative-care-practitioner",signatures:"Prachi Bakarania, Hagit Berdishevsky, Kelly Grimes and John Tunney",authors:[{id:"204675",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelly",middleName:null,surname:"Grimes",fullName:"Kelly Grimes",slug:"kelly-grimes"},{id:"206224",title:"Dr.",name:"Prachi",middleName:null,surname:"Bakarania",fullName:"Prachi Bakarania",slug:"prachi-bakarania"},{id:"206225",title:"Dr.",name:"Hagit",middleName:null,surname:"Berdishevsky",fullName:"Hagit Berdishevsky",slug:"hagit-berdishevsky"},{id:"206227",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Tunney",fullName:"John Tunney",slug:"john-tunney"}]},{id:"55812",title:"Postural Restoration: A Tri-Planar Asymmetrical Framework for Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Scoliosis and Other Spinal Dysfunctions",slug:"postural-restoration-a-tri-planar-asymmetrical-framework-for-understanding-assessing-and-treating-sc",signatures:"Susan Henning, Lisa C. Mangino and Jean Massé",authors:[{id:"204825",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Henning",fullName:"Susan Henning",slug:"susan-henning"},{id:"206242",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa C",middleName:null,surname:"Mangino",fullName:"Lisa C Mangino",slug:"lisa-c-mangino"},{id:"206245",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Massé",fullName:"Jean Massé",slug:"jean-masse"}]},{id:"56730",title:"The Principles and Biomechanics of the Rigo Chêneau Type Brace",slug:"the-principles-and-biomechanics-of-the-rigo-ch-neau-type-brace",signatures:"Grant I. Wood and Manuel Rigo",authors:[{id:"205099",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Grant",middleName:null,surname:"Wood",fullName:"Grant Wood",slug:"grant-wood"},{id:"215158",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Rigo",fullName:"Manuel Rigo",slug:"manuel-rigo"}]},{id:"55858",title:"Fusionless Correction of Moderate Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis with a New Minimally Invasive Dynamic Implant (ApiFix®) and Postoperative Schroth Scoliosis Specific Exercises-Case Series",slug:"fusionless-correction-of-moderate-adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis-with-a-new-minimally-invasive-dyna",signatures:"Yizhar Floman and Michael A. Millgram",authors:[{id:"204826",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizhar",middleName:null,surname:"Floman",fullName:"Yizhar Floman",slug:"yizhar-floman"}]},{id:"56308",title:"The Quantified Indices for Compensatory Patterns for Low Back Pain and Outcome Measures",slug:"the-quantified-indices-for-compensatory-patterns-for-low-back-pain-and-outcome-measures",signatures:"Paul S. Sung and Pamela Danial",authors:[{id:"197317",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Sung",fullName:"Paul Sung",slug:"paul-sung"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"66091",title:"Goat and Sheep Milk as Raw Material for Yogurt",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85084",slug:"goat-and-sheep-milk-as-raw-material-for-yogurt",body:'Goats and sheep were the first animals to be domesticated by humans for livestock husbandry, about 10,000 years ago [1, 2]. These animals were raised around the world in hundreds of different breeds. There are currently more than 750 million goats and 1000 million sheep [3].
Portugal is one of the largest producers of sheep milk worldwide. However, a substantial part of the goat and sheep milk production comes from family-scale farms and is normally intended for the owners’ own consumption.
Even so, a significant part of the national milk production is already fully industrialised and has already generated some products that have been awarded with a protected designation of origin (PDO). Such designation grants them a high economic impact.
This is the case of the famous Serra da Estrela cheese and of the Transmontano goat cheese made of the milk obtained from Serra da Estrela sheep and Serrana goats, respectively.
Milk has a high nutritional value; however, small differences in the composition of the different types of milk may generate large nutritional and technological differences in milk processing industry [4]. Goat milk is quite important since it has high biological value and important nutritional qualities. Its higher digestibility, alkalinity and dietary characteristics make it highly recommended for infant feeding and for adults who are sensitive or allergic to cow milk [5, 6]. These benefits can be attributed to the micellar structure of casein protein in goat milk and to the fact that it contains a large quantity of fatty acids with higher digestibility [5, 7]. On the other hand, sheep milk is characterised not only by its higher total solids, fat, protein and caseins but also by its larger amount of minerals and vitamins [5, 8].
Yogurt has been known to mankind for over 6,000 years. The word “yogurt” seems to be derived from the Turkish word “jugurt” which first appeared in the eighth century [9]. The same author mentions that yogurt comes from the Middle East, where milk was scarce due to the desert environment.
Moreover, in milk technology yogurt and its derivatives are called fermented milk products. This process results from the development of certain microorganisms that modify the normal components of milk. Lactose is partially transformed into lactic acid. In certain milks, it also produces ethyl alcohol. Furthermore, proteins may suffer peptonisation, which improves digestibility [8].
The Food and Agriculture Organisation (1984) defined yogurt as “the coagulated milk product obtained by lactic acid fermentation through the action of
The objective of this work was to address the issue of producing yogurts from goat and/or sheep milk with high consumer acceptability and high nutritional value so customers could be offered a new and alternative product in the competitive market of fermented milk and in a context where cow milk yogurt has the largest market share. In order to support the findings observed in this study, a complementary characterisation of the goat, sheep and cow milks was also carried out.
To support this work, a well-documented research on goat and ewe milks and on their suitability for yogurt making was conducted. The main sources of information were scientific papers and books. A research previously carried out by the authors and that included information about the milk obtained through mechanical milking of Serrana Jarmelista goats and Serra da Estrela sheep in the centre region of Portugal was also considered. Milk was pasteurised at 65°C during 30 minutes and then it was cooled to 4°C.
Yogurt was produced using goat and sheep milk in accordance with experimental group obeying to the following proportions of sheep and goat milk: 100% of sheep milk (O100C0), 80% of sheep milk and 20% of goat milk (O80C20), 50% of sheep milk and 50% of goat milk (O50C50), 40% of sheep milk and 60% of goat milk (O40C60), 20% of sheep milk and 80% of goat milk (O20C80) and 100% of goat milk (O0C100). The lactic bacteria used in the yogurt production were lyophilized
The yogurt samples were placed in hermetically sealed bottles for fermentation for 12 hours at 45°C. Then, they were refrigerated at 5°C. The total nitrogen content was measured by the micro-Kjeldahl method [10]. Protein was calculated as N × 5.38. The fat content was determined by the Geber’s method [11]. Ash content was determined by incinerating the samples for 24 hours at 550°C. Moisture content was determined by drying samples overnight at 105°C [10]. Total solids content was determined using the gravimetric method as the samples were dried in an oven at 105°C for 24 hours [10]. Phosphorus was determined by spectrophotometric UV/VIS, 720 nm [12], and calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium were estimated using flame atomic spectrophotometry at 750 nm [13]. The determination of fatty acids was done using a gas-chromatographic method (GLC), total titratable acidity was determined by reference method [10] and the pH using the potentiometric method.
For the sensorial analysis of samples, an acceptance test with untrained panellists was used. The panel consisted of 25 tasters who analysed the samples of goat and ewe yogurt. A commercial yogurt produced with cow milk and bought at a local market was analysed as well. The grades awarded by each panellist ranged from 1 to 9, where 1 is “extremely unpleasant” and 9 is “extremely pleasant” for attributes such as sweetness, colour, aroma, flavour, texture and overall assessment. To assess the tasters’ overall preference, a last question was asked: “Which sample did you prefer?”
Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 12 programme [14] where mean, standard deviation and mode, median, minimum and maximum values were determined.
The findings were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. Means were compared at a 5% level of significance using LSD test to check significant difference. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to verify the panellists’ preferences regarding the different yogurt samples.
Goat milk has a white-matte colour, does not contain β-carotene and has a sweet and pleasant distinctive “freshly milked taste”; however, it can sometimes, at the end of lactation or after a period of storage in a cold environment, acquire a certain flavour one can describe as “animalic”. Sheep milk, on the other hand, shows a more marked white opacity and has a distinctive odour originally called “suarda” or “sheepy”. This feature is relatively less evident in milk that is stored in good hygienic condition. The intense flavour of goat milk may be due to the release of short-chain fatty acids during the handling of milk [5], and it has a density that ranges between 1.026 and 1.042 with a pH ranging from 6.3 to 6.7 [15]. It is naturally alkaline, unlike cow’s milk which is slightly acidic.
The major components of any mammalian milk are water, fat, protein, lactose and minerals [16, 17], as shown in Table 1 for goat, sheep and cow milk. The water content found in goat milk is similar to cow milk and is approximately 87% [18]. Goat milk also has a higher content of nonprotein nitrogenous substances and contains fewer types of casein than sheep and cow milk [6]. This specific characteristic leads to a weaker structure in goat milk yogurt, unlike sheep milk that has good coagulation capacity [6]. Moreover, the differences in sheep milk caseins are the main factors for curd fitness time to be shorter and rennet coagulation time to be firmer [19]. Goat and sheep milk also contains higher amounts of minerals and vitamins than cow milk [6].
Milk | Fat (%) | Nonfat dry extract (%) | Lactose (%) | Protein (%) | Casein (%) | Ash (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Goat | 4.25–3.80 | 8.68–8.90 | 4.08–4.27 | 2.90–3.52 | 2.40–2.47 | 0.79–0.86 |
Sheep | 7.62–7.90 | 10.33–12.00 | 3.70–4.90 | 5.23–6.21 | 4.20–5.16 | 0.90 |
Cow | 3.60–3.70 | 9.00–9.10 | 4.70–4.81 | 3.20–3.50 | 2.60–2.63 | 0.70–0.73 |
The micellar structures of sheep and goat milk differ from cow milk in the diameter, hydration and mineralisation. Goat casein micelles contain more calcium and inorganic phosphorus, are less solvated and less stable to heat and lose casein more easily than bovine casein micelles [20]. Lipids appear in the form of smaller-sized globules in goat and sheep milk, contributing to a better digestibility [3]. An intensive research on sheep and goat milk has revealed that lipid components might have a great deal of benefits. Studies focused on trans-acid and conjugated isomers of linoleic acid, since the latter are believed to have beneficial effects on human health while the former seem to have certain negative effects. As for minerals, the differences between the three types of milks are shown in Table 2.
Mineral constituents | Goat | Sheep | Cow |
---|---|---|---|
Calcium (mg) | 126–135 | 193–197.5 | 120–122 |
Phosphorous (mg) | 97–130 | 141–158 | 92–119 |
Magnesium (mg) | 13–16 | 18–19.5 | 11–12 |
Potassium (mg) | 181–190 | 136–138 | 150–152 |
Sodium (mg) | 38–41 | 44–51 | 45–58 |
Chlorine (mg) | 150–160 | 111–160 | 100–110 |
Sulphur (mg) | 28 | 29 | 32 |
Iron (mg) | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Copper (mg) | 0.03–0.05 | 0.04–0.05 | 0.02–0.06 |
Manganese (mg) | 0.008–0.032 | 0.007 | 0.006–0.02 |
Zinc (mg) | 0.34–0.56 | 0.57–0.63 | 0.38–0.53 |
Iodine (mg) | 0.008–0.022 | 0.020–0.097 | 0.007–0.021 |
Selenium (ug) | 1.33–2 | 1.00–3.1 | 0.96–3 |
Aluminium (mg) | — | 0.05–0.18 | — |
Sheep milk is the type of milk that has the highest amount of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, while goat milk has higher amounts of potassium, chlorine and manganese. Minerals have great importance in the composition of the milk of any species. The most important minerals in the constitution of milk are calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium [21]. Thus, milk mineral fraction is characterised mainly by its high calcium content linked to casein phosphoserine, and it is the calcium-protein binding that gives milk its irreplaceable character [17].
Calcium and phosphorus are two fundamental elements of the micelle structure of caseins and will condition the stability of the colloidal phase, particularly calcium which is also very important biologically [22].
Bacterial populations which are traditionally used in the manufacture of yogurt include species such as
When a single population of
In the first fermentation stages of the yogurt, in which the action of those bacteria are evident,
The optimum ratio between the two species that will enable the existence of the flavour and aroma that are characteristic of the product depends on the properties of the strains used. Nonetheless the most common ratio is approximately 1:1 [28]. The characteristic flavour of yogurt is also related to bacteria, as they produce acetaldehyde, acetone, acetoin and a small amount of diacetyl. Among all these, the best flavour compound of yogurt is acetaldehyde, and
It should also be noted that the predominance of any of these species may lead to defects in the final product. The main factors that can affect the proper balance between the two microorganisms are time, incubation temperature and the percentage of inoculum. For example, a shorter incubation time results in a product with lower coccus content and a poorer flavour; on the other hand, a longer incubation time would result in a product with bitter flavour [30].
In yogurt made from sheep milk as with those produced with cow milk, homogenisation increases product firmness and reduces product serum separation. Sheep yogurt is characterised by higher values of hardness, adhesiveness and extrusion, such factors are explained [31] by its high solids content.
A research related with the analyses of the microstructure of goat, cow and sheep yogurts observed that in sheep yogurt the protein matrix of milk consists mainly of chains of large individual casein micelles. There were also small and regular voids. As a result, sheep milk produces a stronger gel that is more resistant to deformation [32]. Another study reports that sheep milk has a high viscosity that will influence the firmness of the product and may be caused by an increase in water binding capacity provided by its milk proteins [33]. Moreover, an investigation carried out by [34] shows that sheep milk is used in the production of mixed yogurts—goat milk was also used in the cases depicted—due to the higher amount of protein found in sheep milk that will improve the consistency of goat yogurt. On the other hand, some research [35] found out that goat yogurt has a poorer consistency, hardness and stability when compared, for example, with sheep and cow yogurt. In the case of the protein matrix, casein micelles of small size are bound in thick chains presenting large agglomerates as well as large empty spaces filled with serum or occupied by yogurt bacteria. This yogurt reveals a less compact gel and is therefore more delicate, brittle and less resistant to deformation. These properties affect the results of the instrumental analysis conducted on yogurt texture. This yogurt will then present low texture values and high syneresis values [30]. Several studies have been carried out on the low consistency caused by the presence of goat milk and [36], in a study based on samples of cow and goat milk yogurt and a mixture of the two, found out that as goat milk was added the firmness and consistency of the gel decreased.
The higher porosity of the protein network observed through the analysis of the microstructure and the subsequent lower degree of micellar aggregation also contribute to the mechanics observed, since a gel with low porosity is characterised by a compact matrix, which would contribute to increase the firmness and consistency of the gel. The poor firmness of the gel can still be influenced by the size of the fat globules and their mechanical properties as explained by [37] who reports a positive correlation between poor firmness and the smaller size of the globules.
Goat milk yogurt is less commercially produced, although it has high digestibility and good nutritional and organoleptic properties [6].
The results shown in Table 3 reveal that the moisture value of goat yogurt is higher than the one observed in sheep yogurt, since the addition of milk powder during yogurt production causes a decrease in available water which consequently generates lower water content in the product [18]. On the other hand, sheep milk has higher solids content, and its addition causes a decrease in the moisture value.
Centesimal composition | O100C0 | O80C20 | O60C40 | O50C50 | O40C60 | O20C80 | O0C100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humidity (%) | 73.65 ± 0.19 | 76.20 ± 0.86 | 76.02 ± 0.17 | 76.81 ± 0.97 | 77.89 ± 0.06 | 77.05 ± 0.43 | 79.08 ± 0.06 |
Protein (%) | 9.59 | 8.62 | 8.68 | 8.72 | 8.24 | 7.32 | 7.98 |
Fat (%) | 9.33 ± 0.23 | 8.60 ± 0.20 | 8.27 ± 0.23 | 8.20 ± 0.20 | 8.40 ± 0.20 | 7.87 ± 0.42 | 6.93 ± 0.61 |
Ashes (%) | 1.80 ± 0.05 | 1.68 ± 0.03 | 1.70 0 ± 0.09 | 1.71 ± 0.06 | 1.69 ± 0.14 | 1.68 ± 0.06 | 1.77 ± 0.14 |
Dry extract (%) | 24.95 ± 0.77 | 22.35 ± 0.04 | 24.67 ± 0.65 | 23.03 ± 1.24 | 23.84 ± 2.63 | 21.00 ± 1.72 | 21.17 ± 0.24 |
Nonfat dry extract (%) | 20.29 ± 5.82 | 18.05 ± 6.04 | 20.53 ± 6.50 | 18.93 ± 4.56 | 15.44 ± 2.63 | 13.13 ± 1.72 | 14.24 ± 0.24 |
Acidity (ml/100 g) | 18.90 | 17.90 | 17.30 | 16.80 | 18.33 | 18.13 | 17.37 |
Physical-chemical characteristics.
The composition of the yogurt is identical to the composition of the milk that served as its raw material, although there are some differences arising from the bacterial lactose fermentation and the addition of milk powder usually used to increase milk solids and that consequently generates an increase in protein content [38]. Yogurts with goat milk have lower protein values than those produced using sheep milk. This value decreases as the proportion of goat milk in the product increases. [3, 5, 13] also found out that the protein values for goat milk presented values that are between 2.90 and 3.52% lower than those found for sheep milk whose values range between 5.23 and 6.20%. Evidence also showed that the 9.59% protein content obtained for sheep yogurt was lower than that presented in similar studies carried out by other researchers [39, 40, 41]. Those studies presented values of 5.05, 6.34 and 4.55% of protein content for sheep yogurt, respectively.
The highest percentage of fat content in sheep’s yogurt can reach 80%. Lower percentages of fat content are observed and could be related with several factors such as the animals’ diet, the climate, their breed and their lactation stage. Curiously the goat milk yogurt presents contents of approximately 7% of fat, when the expected values are around 5% [6]. This difference may be explained by the breed of the animals.
As it was the case with the fat and the protein values, the highest value of dry extract is found in sheep milk yogurt (24.95%), while 21.17% is the value found in goat milk yogurt. These findings are in accordance with the content of the raw material, since the dry extract content found in sheep milk can reach 19.06%, while in goat milk dry extract may be up to 12.73%. Besides, the ash content is indicative of the amount of minerals present. The results found for goat and sheep yogurt are higher than the values reported by other authors [34]. The addition of powdered milk may be the source of these particularly high values. The maximum acidity value was found in sheep milk yogurt (18.9 ml/100 g) and tends to decrease as the quantity of goat milk increases. These acidity values are not in accordance with the Portuguese standard NP-694. This standard requires a maximum acidity of 13 cm3/100 g, although this value is reported to cow milk yogurt.
Table 4 shows an increase in the values of mineral contents probably due to the addition of milk powder. The addition of sheep milk caused an increase in phosphorus, calcium and magnesium contents, since this type of milk contains a higher amount of these minerals [5]. These results are in accordance with those obtained by other authors [34].
Minerals | O100C0 | O80C20 | O60C40 | O50C50 | O40C60 | O20C80 | O0C100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium | 295.65 | 316.98 | 322.403 | 332.91 | 180.48 | 179.8 | 160.85 |
Sodium | 65.58 | 144.49 | 154.91 | 131.27 | 56.49 | 58.65 | 60.11 |
Magnesium | 22.16 | 18.19 | 17.65 | 16.83 | 16.85 | 16.32 | 15.54 |
Potassium | 223.21 | 279.09 | 310.27 | 331.44 | 170.78 | 157.63 | 162.45 |
Phosphorous | 268 | 300.29 | 278.75 | 191.37 | 165.85 | 152.43 | 140.12 |
Mineral contents.
Table 5 presents the differences between the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The yogurt produced with sheep milk alone presents the highest content of unsaturated fatty acids (30.64%), while yogurts whose composition contains 50% of goat milk and 50% of sheep milk have the highest saturated fatty acid value (71.67%). These values have to do with differences found in the composition of milks and are in accordance with those of [42] who mentions that the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the sheep milk ranges between 68 and 78% and the unsaturated fatty acids proportion is about 31%. However, total unsaturated fatty acids were usually higher in sheep milk. Therefore, in yogurts the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids may increase with the addition of sheep milk, a fact that is in accordance with another of the studies [22] already conducted.
% Fatty acids | O100C0 | O80C20 | O60C40 | O50C50 | O40C60 | O20C80 | O0C100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unsaturated | 30.64 | 26.56 | 29.06 | 26.75 | 30.94 | 28.32 | 27.55 |
Saturated | 68.46 | 70.11 | 70.93 | 71.67 | 63.94 | 66.8 | 67.57 |
Differences between the contents of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated in the yogurts.
In terms of yogurts’ fatty acid content and of the type of milk used to produce them (Table 6), evidence showed that saturated pentadecanoic fatty acid (C15: 0) that according to [6] is contained in all samples is lower than would be expected for goat and sheep milk with values of 0.71 and 0.99, respectively.
Fatty acids | O100C0 | O80C20 | O60C40 | O50C50 | O40C60 | O20C80 | O0C100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C10: 0 | 7.76 | 8.56 | 8.63 | 10.09 | 9.19 | 9.49 | 9.5 |
C12: 0 | 4.56 | 4.9 | 4.74 | 5.03 | 4.66 | 4.57 | 4.47 |
C14: 0 | 11.75 | 11.69 | 11.43 | 11.36 | 10.95 | 10.77 | 10.61 |
C15: 0 | n.d. | 0.62 | 0.71 | 0.73 | n.d. | 0.51 | 0.6 |
C15: 1 | 0.79 | 1.28 | 1.26 | 1.22 | 1.21 | 1.16 | 1.14 |
C16: 0 | 24.78 | 24.85 | 25.73 | 25.46 | 25.04 | 27.06 | 27.98 |
C16: 1 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 1.85 | 0.86 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
C18: 0 | 13.1 | 12.1 | 12.34 | 11.78 | 11.2 | 11.49 | 11.52 |
C18: 1 oleic | 28.63 | 24.47 | 25.97 | 24.76 | 24.38 | 22.44 | 21.32 |
C18: 2 | 3.06 | 3.23 | 3.32 | 2.73 | 2.11 | 2.5 | 2.68 |
CLA | 1.18 | 1.27 | 1.24 | 1.13 | 2.44 | 1.42 | 1.51 |
Fatty acid contents in the yogurts.
Milk taken from goats and sheep has a higher amount of short- and medium-chain fatty acids that are responsible for their characteristic flavours.
The quantity of caprylic acid (C8: 0) found in sheep and goat milk is 2.6 and 2.7%, respectively; the quantity of capric acid (C10: 0) is 7.8 and 10%, and the lauric acid (C12: 0) found in both those milks is 4 and 5.5%, respectively. It is also worth mentioning that goat milk has a higher amount of these fatty acids than sheep milk [6]. These authors have observed that as the goat milk concentration increases, the percentage of this capric acid (C10: 0) increases as well. This phenomenon was expected since this was the milk’s main component and will play a major role in giving it its distinctive flavour and aroma.
The results obtained show a great quantity of stearic and oleic acids in both milks, and as far as the presence of C18: 0 was concerned, there were no significant differences between the different yogurts. However, sheep milk had a higher amount of C18: 1. As a consequence, the addition of sheep milk as yogurts are being produced will lead to a considerable increase in the percentage of this MUFA.
As far as linoleic acid is concerned, data are not very consistent, although sheep milk generally has a higher proportion of this acid. However, this fact is not supported by the results.
Evidence showed that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, for both samples, was higher than it would be predicted. It should be noted, however, that goat milk contains a lower proportion of conjugated linoleic acid than sheep milk [11].
The AG content in dairy products presents a variable value range resulting from numerous factors, the most important being the animal’s diet and the type of production system [43].
The sensory analysis was performed by panellists and included yogurts containing 100, 80, 60 and 50% of both sheep and goat milk. The score given by the panellists (Table 7) to the sweetness, colour, aroma, taste, texture and their overall appreciation for the different yogurts analysed was not significantly different: most of them were awarded a 7 (pleasant) on a scale of 1 (extremely unpleasant) to 9 (extremely pleasant), as previously mentioned.
Sweetness | Colour | Aroma | Taste | Texture | Overall appreciation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O100C0 | Mean | 3.64 | 7.24 | 5.00 | 4.04 | 6.48 | 4.76 |
Std. dev. | 1.73 | 1.13 | 1.83 | 2.17 | 1.73 | 1.81 | |
Mode | 4 | 7 | 5 | Multiple | 7 | Multiple | |
O80C20 | Mean | 4.28 | 6.96 | 4.84 | 4.24 | 6.12 | 4.76 |
Std. dev. | 1.86 | 1.43 | 1.77 | 1.67 | 1.81 | 1.56 | |
Mode | 5 | 7 | 5 | 3. | 6 | 3 | |
O60C40 | Mean | 4.36 | 6.84 | 5.20 | 5.00 | 5.96 | 4.92 |
Std. dev. | 2.29 | 1.70 | 2.18 | 2.08 | 2.09 | 2.10 | |
Mode | 3 | 7 | Multiple | 6 | 7 | 3 | |
O50C50 | Mean | 4.14 | 7.16 | 5.38 | 4.72 | 6.02 | 5.12 |
Std. dev. | 1.92 | 1.33 | 1.86 | 1.99 | 1.77 | 1.86 | |
Mode | Multiple | 7 | Multiple | 4 | 7 | 3 | |
O40C60 | Mean | 4.28 | 6.76 | 5.36 | 4.40 | 5.76 | 5.04 |
Std. dev. | 1.79 | 1.88 | 1.82 | 1.80 | 1.83 | 1.72 | |
Mode | 6 | 7 | 6 | Multiple | 6 | 6 | |
O20C80 | Mean | 4.52 | 6.96 | 5.48 | 4.84 | 6.20 | 5.64 |
Std. dev | 1.69 | 1.72 | 1.53 | 1.68 | 1.78 | 1.38 | |
Mode | 4 | 7 | 6 | 4 | Multiple | 6 | |
O0C100 | Mean | 4.60 | 6.96 | 5.32 | 4.88 | 5.96 | 5.36 |
Std. dev. | 1.73 | 1.51 | 1.89 | 1.76 | 1.72 | 1.66 | |
Mode | Multiple | 7 | 7 | Multiple | 7 | 6 | |
Cow | Mean | 5.10 | 7.00 | 5.82 | 5.58 | 6.08 | 5.80 |
Std. dev. | 2.01 | 1.46 | 1.89 | 2.09 | 1.84 | 1.81 | |
Mode | Multiple | 7 | Multiple | 5 | 7 | Multiple |
Mean, standard deviation and mode of sweetness, colour, aroma, taste, texture and overall appreciation.
Although there were no significant differences between yogurts, Figure 3 shows that 26.76% of panellists preferred the commercial yogurt (produced with cow milk). Nevertheless, some of the goat and sheep yogurts assessed were well appreciated.
Yogurt preferences identified by the panellists.
In the group of yogurts with a greater presence of sheep milk, 16.90% of the panellists preferred the O60C40 yogurt (60% sheep milk and 40% of goat milk). The O100C0 yogurt (100% milk of sheep) and the O50C50 yogurt (50% of sheep milk and 50% goat milk) were chosen by 14.08% of the tasters. Moreover, 11.27% of the panellists chose the yogurt that contained the highest proportion of goat milk, the O0C100 (100% goat milk).
Yogurt made of goat and sheep milk represents a firmer and creamier product whose features increasingly attract consumers. These characteristics also increase the nutritional value of the product, mainly because they improve its level of fatty acids and minerals.
The increase in the proportion of sheep milk used in the production of yogurts promotes a significant increase in fat but also tends to increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.
It was observed that the majority of the panellists who took part in the study were quite pleased with the yogurts produced with goat and sheep milk. So, being capable of developing strategies that will help increase the use of goat and sheep milk in yogurts and that will in turn have an important role in attracting more consumers to the product is undoubtedly a challenging endeavour.
"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality. Throughout the world, we are seeing progress in attracting, retaining, and promoting women in STEMM. IntechOpen are certainly supporting this work globally by empowering all scientists and ensuring that women are encouraged and enabled to publish and take leading roles within the scientific community." Dr. Catrin Rutland, University of Nottingham, UK
",metaTitle:"Advantages of Publishing with IntechOpen",metaDescription:"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. \n\n ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\\n\\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\\n\\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\\n\\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\\n\\nOur reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 146,150 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\\n\\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\\n\\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\\n\\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\\n\\nInterested? Contact Ana Pantar (book.idea@intechopen.com) for more information.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
\n\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\n\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
\n\nOur expertise – We’ve published more than 4,500 books by more than 118,000 authors and editors.
\n\nOur reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 146,150 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\n\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\n\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\n\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
\n\nInterested? Contact Ana Pantar (book.idea@intechopen.com) for more information.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5820},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5289},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10546},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15932}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119318},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10754",title:"Global Warming and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8994a915a306910a01cbe2027aa2139b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Stuart Arthur Harris",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10754.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12539",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",surname:"Harris",slug:"stuart-harris",fullName:"Stuart Harris"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10756",title:"Urban Agglomeration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"65f2a1fef9c804c29b18ef3ac4a35066",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10756.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10759",title:"Gravitational Field",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c388947e68d72d8b23d5c7018112852",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Khalid S. Essa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10759.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"102766",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalid S.",surname:"Essa",slug:"khalid-s.-essa",fullName:"Khalid S. Essa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10761",title:"Glaciology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd112c839a9b8037f1302ca6c0d55a2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10761.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10762",title:"Cosmology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3a41decca20fde69134f56fe21753e64",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Constantinos Pallis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10762.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"154011",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantinos",surname:"Pallis",slug:"constantinos-pallis",fullName:"Constantinos Pallis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10851",title:"Volcanology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6cfc09f959efecf9ba95654b1bb4b987",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Angelo Paone and Prof. Sung-Hyo Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10851.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182871",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Paone",slug:"angelo-paone",fullName:"Angelo Paone"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10949",title:"Clay and Clay Minerals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44d08b9e490617fcbf7786c381c85fbc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10949.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10951",title:"Mining Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"04396c3eac82ed4aca81cf73bd404138",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Andrew Hammond, Dr. Brendan Donnelly and Dr. Nanjappa Ashwath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10951.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"259487",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Hammond",slug:"andrew-hammond",fullName:"Andrew Hammond"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10952",title:"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3dbedd2099c57a24eaab114be4ba2b48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael Thomas Aide and Dr. Indi Braden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10952.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185895",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Aide",slug:"michael-aide",fullName:"Michael Aide"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10954",title:"Dark Matter - Recent Observations and Theoretical Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b0fbd6ee0096e4c16e9513bf01273ab3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael L. Smith",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10954.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59479",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael L.",surname:"Smith",slug:"michael-l.-smith",fullName:"Michael L. Smith"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:48},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:11},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5327},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"459",title:"Education",slug:"globalization-education",parent:{title:"Globalization",slug:"globalization"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:99,numberOfWosCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitations:54,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"globalization-education",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2922",title:"Globalization",subtitle:"Education and Management Agendas",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"68cb740dac25a7b8096685d2aa71943d",slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",bookSignature:"Hector Cuadra-Montiel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2922.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31673",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadra-Montiel",slug:"hector-cuadra-montiel",fullName:"Hector Cuadra-Montiel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"470",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08e011d059a55b7a904787039b394b29",slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",bookSignature:"Piotr Pachura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/470.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33832",title:"Prof.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Pachura",slug:"piotr-pachura",fullName:"Piotr Pachura"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3590",title:"Globalization",subtitle:"Today, Tomorrow",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63d2eefe753f6b341adc052fbca3d766",slug:"globalization--today--tomorrow",bookSignature:"Kent G. Deng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3590.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"125761",title:"Dr.",name:"Kent",middleName:null,surname:"Deng",slug:"kent-deng",fullName:"Kent Deng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"38271",doi:"10.5772/47800",title:"Human Resource Management and Performance: From Practices Towards Sustainable Competitive Advantage",slug:"human-resource-management-and-performance-from-practices-towards-sustainable-competitive-advantage",totalDownloads:19336,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Asta Savaneviciene and Zivile Stankeviciute",authors:[{id:"146659",title:"Prof.",name:"Asta",middleName:null,surname:"Savaneviciene",slug:"asta-savaneviciene",fullName:"Asta Savaneviciene"},{id:"148268",title:"MSc.",name:"Zivile",middleName:null,surname:"Stankeviciute",slug:"zivile-stankeviciute",fullName:"Zivile Stankeviciute"}]},{id:"38270",doi:"10.5772/48702",title:"Internationalization and Globalization in Higher Education",slug:"internationalization-and-globalization-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:7318,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Douglas E. Mitchell and Selin Yildiz Nielsen",authors:[{id:"148079",title:"Prof.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",slug:"douglas-mitchell",fullName:"Douglas Mitchell"},{id:"148080",title:"Dr.",name:"Selin",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"selin-nielsen",fullName:"Selin Nielsen"}]},{id:"38274",doi:"10.5772/50305",title:'"Red Light" in Chile: Parents Participating as Consumers of Education Under Global Neoliberal Policies',slug:"-red-light-in-chile-parents-participating-as-consumers-of-education-under-global-neoliberal-policies",totalDownloads:1581,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Verónica López, Romina Madrid and Vicente Sisto",authors:[{id:"145167",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez",slug:"veronica-lopez",fullName:"Verónica Lopez"},{id:"148106",title:"Ms.",name:"Romina",middleName:null,surname:"Madrid",slug:"romina-madrid",fullName:"Romina Madrid"},{id:"148107",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Sisto",slug:"vicente-sisto",fullName:"Vicente Sisto"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"73290",title:"Indian Education: Ancient, Medieval and Modern",slug:"indian-education-ancient-medieval-and-modern",totalDownloads:351,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",fullTitle:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology"},signatures:"Mangesh M. Ghonge, Rohit Bag and Aniket Singh",authors:[{id:"326283",title:"Dr.",name:"Mangesh",middleName:null,surname:"Ghonge",slug:"mangesh-ghonge",fullName:"Mangesh Ghonge"},{id:"326411",title:"Mr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Bag",slug:"rohit-bag",fullName:"Rohit Bag"},{id:"326412",title:"Mr.",name:"Aniket",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"aniket-singh",fullName:"Aniket Singh"}]},{id:"17523",title:"The Importance of Globalization in Higher Education",slug:"the-importance-of-globalization-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:9129,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Patricia Fox and Stephen Hundley",authors:[{id:"29989",title:"Prof.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Lynn",surname:"Fox",slug:"patricia-fox",fullName:"Patricia Fox"},{id:"45640",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Hundley",slug:"stephen-hundley",fullName:"Stephen Hundley"}]},{id:"17540",title:"The Impact of Globalization Determinants and the Health of the World’s Population",slug:"the-impact-of-globalization-determinants-and-the-health-of-the-world-s-population",totalDownloads:12105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Mario J. Azevedo and Barbara H. Johnson",authors:[{id:"31127",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",slug:"mario-azevedo",fullName:"Mario Azevedo"},{id:"45668",title:"Dr",name:"Barbara",middleName:"H.",surname:"Johnson",slug:"barbara-johnson",fullName:"Barbara Johnson"}]},{id:"38267",title:"The Impact of Globalization on Cross-Cultural Communication",slug:"the-impact-of-globalization-on-cross-cultural-communication",totalDownloads:24626,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Lowell C. Matthews and Bharat Thakkar",authors:[{id:"148763",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharat",middleName:"S.",surname:"Thakkar",slug:"bharat-thakkar",fullName:"Bharat Thakkar"},{id:"149061",title:"Dr.",name:"Lowell",middleName:"Christopher",surname:"Matthews",slug:"lowell-matthews",fullName:"Lowell Matthews"}]},{id:"17529",title:"Sport in Asia: Globalization, Glocalization, Asianization",slug:"sport-in-asia-globalization-glocalization-asianization",totalDownloads:5360,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Peter Horton",authors:[{id:"42366",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Horton",slug:"peter-horton",fullName:"Peter Horton"}]},{id:"12110",title:"Globalization or Americanization: Implication for Sub-Saharan Africa",slug:"globalization-or-americanization-implication-for-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:5907,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"globalization--today--tomorrow",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Today, Tomorrow"},signatures:"Jones Michael Jaja",authors:null},{id:"38265",title:"The Rise of Transportation and Logistics in Europe 1950 - 2000",slug:"the-rise-of-transportation-and-logistics-in-europe-1950-2000",totalDownloads:1817,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Richard Vahrenkamp",authors:[{id:"149150",title:"Prof.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Vahrenkamp",slug:"richard-vahrenkamp",fullName:"Richard Vahrenkamp"}]},{id:"38270",title:"Internationalization and Globalization in Higher Education",slug:"internationalization-and-globalization-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:7316,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Douglas E. Mitchell and Selin Yildiz Nielsen",authors:[{id:"148079",title:"Prof.",name:"Douglas",middleName:null,surname:"Mitchell",slug:"douglas-mitchell",fullName:"Douglas Mitchell"},{id:"148080",title:"Dr.",name:"Selin",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"selin-nielsen",fullName:"Selin Nielsen"}]},{id:"36547",title:"The Company's Logistic Activity in the Conditions of Current Globalisation",slug:"the-company-s-logistic-activity-in-the-conditions-of-current-globalisation",totalDownloads:1565,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"globalization-education-and-management-agendas",title:"Globalization",fullTitle:"Globalization - Education and Management Agendas"},signatures:"Ioan-Constantin Dima, Mariana Man and Ştefan Vlăduţescu",authors:[{id:"146984",title:"PhD.",name:"Dima",middleName:null,surname:"Ioan Constantin",slug:"dima-ioan-constantin",fullName:"Dima Ioan Constantin"}]},{id:"17543",title:"Globalization and Global Public Goods",slug:"globalization-and-global-public-goods",totalDownloads:2954,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"new-knowledge-in-a-new-era-of-globalization",title:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization",fullTitle:"New Knowledge in a New Era of Globalization"},signatures:"Bernur Açıkgöz Ersoy",authors:[{id:"43498",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernur",middleName:null,surname:"Açıkgöz",slug:"bernur-acikgoz",fullName:"Bernur Açıkgöz"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"globalization-education",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"book.detail",path:"/books/echocardiography-new-techniques",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"echocardiography-new-techniques"},fullPath:"/books/echocardiography-new-techniques",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()