\r\n\tIn sum, the book presents a reflective analysis of the pedagogical hubs for a changing world, considering the most fundamental areas of the current contingencies in education.
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Maria Jose Hernandez Serrano is a tenured lecturer in the Department of Theory and History of Education at the University of Salamanca, where she currently teaches on Teacher Education. She graduated in Social Education (2000) and Psycho-Pedagogy (2003) at the University of Salamanca. 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Then, she obtained her European Ph.D. on Education and Training in Virtual Environments by research with the University of Manchester, UK (2009). She obtained a Visiting Scholar Postdoctoral Grant (of the British Academy, UK) at the Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford (2011) and was granted with a postdoctoral research (in 2021) at London Birbeck University.\n \nShe is author of more than 20 research papers, and more than 35 book chapters (H Index 10). She is interested in the study of the educational process and the analysis of cognitive and affective processes in the context of neuroeducation and neurotechnologies, along with the study of social contingencies affecting the educational institutions and requiring new skills for educators.\n\nHer publications are mainly of the educational process mediated by technologies and digital competences. 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It introduces talking about how small radiation fields came into existence and the importance of accurate small-field dosimetry. In addition, it discusses small and long cavity theories for evaluating accurate dose response. It sheds the spot on pencil beam algorithms for evaluating dose response and uses Monte Carlo (MC) simulation in categorizing primary and scattering components of the radiotherapeutic photon beam. Moreover, it summarizes all commercial dosimeters used in small-field dosimetry. It gives good knowledge about detectors and equipment like ionization chambers for reference dosimetry in small and non-reference fields and different types of solid-state detector. The importance and applications of Monte Carlo techniques in small-field dosimetry and radiotherapeutic treatment methods based on small field are reported. For this purpose, different commonly used Monte Carlo codes are handled like Electron Gamma Shower (EGSnrc), Geant4, PENELOPE, and Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP). A review on the recent studies of using Monte Carlo simulation particularly on the small-field dosimetric studies is also reported. This chapter also discusses the recommendations of the code of practices (COPs) for dosimetry of small radiation fields. It mentions all recommendations provided by TRS-483 for accurate beam data collection and accurate dosimetric measurements. It gives good knowledge to the user for selecting a suitable dosimeter in small-field dosimetry through investigation of different practical methods and Monte Carlo simulations.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/70006",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/70006",signatures:"Hossam Donya, Baljeet Seniwal, Reem Darwesh and Telma C.F. 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