Third-order NLO effects are usually shown by dielectric materials. Adapted from [19].
\r\n\tHomeostasis is brought about by a natural resistance to change when already in the optimal conditions, and equilibrium is maintained by many regulatory mechanisms. All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components for the variable to be regulated: a receptor, a control center, and an effector. The receptor is the sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment, either external or internal. Receptors include thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. Control centers include the respiratory center and the renin-angiotensin system. An effector is a target acted on to bring about the change back to the normal state. At the cellular level, receptors include nuclear receptors that bring about changes in gene expression through up-regulation or down-regulation and act in negative feedback mechanisms. An example of this is in the control of bile acids in the liver.
\r\n\tSome centers, such as the renin-angiotensin system, control more than one variable. When the receptor senses a stimulus, it reacts by sending action potentials to a control center. The control center sets the maintenance range—the acceptable upper and lower limits—for the particular variable, such as temperature. The control center responds to the signal by determining an appropriate response and sending signals to an effector, which can be one or more muscles, an organ, or a gland. When the signal is received and acted on, negative feedback is provided to the receptor that stops the need for further signaling.
\r\n\tThe cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), located at the presynaptic neuron, is a receptor that can stop stressful neurotransmitter release to the postsynaptic neuron; it is activated by endocannabinoids (ECs) such as anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide; AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) via a retrograde signaling process in which these compounds are synthesized by and released from postsynaptic neurons, and travel back to the presynaptic terminal to bind to the CB1 receptor for modulation of neurotransmitter release to obtain homeostasis.
\r\n\tThe polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are lipid derivatives of omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or of omega-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) and are synthesized from membrane phospholipids and used as a precursor for endocannabinoids (ECs) mediate significant effects in the fine-tuning adjustment of body homeostasis.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe aim of this book is to discuss further various aspects of homeostasis, information that we hope to be useful to scientists, clinicians, and the wider public alike.
Mixed Methods Studies—which combine qualitative and quantitative research methods—are now being utilised in many different disciplines [1, 6, 8, 18, 21, 26]. Standardised surveys are used in many cases, and qualitative interviews are then added as preliminary studies or for more in-depth research [40, 41]. The epistemological potential of Mixed Method Studies in which qualitative and quantitative research methods are combined with equal weighting is hardly ever considered or taken into account [25].
\nThis potential for knowledge will be examined in this chapter based on a specific example project. On behalf of the administrative district of Göppingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), a Mixed Methods Study was carried out in 2016/2017 into the life situations of young people from refugee backgrounds aged between 11 and 21 years old [5, 37]. This Mixed Methods Study looked into the views of young people from refugee backgrounds, their social workers from the youth welfare office and the providers of programmes and services in the administrative district. Qualitative interviews were used to survey the young people from refugee backgrounds and their social workers. The providers of programmes and services were surveyed using a standardised questionnaire. The combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods provides a holistic and comprehensive insight into the contextual and framework conditions, as well as the socio-political challenges and individual requirements. This study demonstrated that Mixed Methods Studies in which qualitative and quantitative studies are given equal weighting represent a suitable strategy for researching issues dealing with health promotion, especially with respect to sensitive subjects and difficulty to reach target groups.
\nAn overview of the use and dissemination of Mixed Method Studies in health promotion will firstly be provided. An example study on the life situations of young people from refugee backgrounds will then be used to discuss the potential offered by Mixed Methods Studies for health promotion when the qualitative and quantitative methods are given equal weighting.
\nHealth promotion utilises a very broad range of methods due to its interdisciplinary nature and the different approaches found in the fields of natural sciences, medicine, social sciences and psychology [6, 9, 18, 21]. The various disciplines each apply their own research methods depending on the research topic, the acquisition of epistemic knowledge and the available resources.
\nThe terms qualitative and quantitative research methods are utilised across all disciplines [1, 4]. They are umbrella terms for a conglomerate of research methods, approaches and analyses. Quantitative research methods can be described as numeric, standardised, deductive and hypothesis testing methods that explain structures and processes from an external perspective [4]. Qualitative research methods can be described as inductive, interpretive and hypothesis generating methods that can be understood and reconstructed from an emic, internal perspective [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
\nHowever, the fact that both qualitative and quantitative methods have their strengths yet also characteristic ‘blind spots’ is undisputed. These blind spots include, for example, replicability in the case of qualitative methods and the analysis of rarer or more extreme research groups in the case of quantitative methods. In order to also utilise the relevant strengths of quantitative and qualitative research methods and minimise any possible weaknesses, the use of so-called Mixed Methods Studies has become increasingly established over the last few years [6, 7, 8, 9].
\nMixed Methods Studies are now a standard feature of empirical research [10]. This is demonstrated by various discussions and methodological work in the social sciences and education [11], social work [12] and nursing, rehabilitation and care sciences [1, 4, 13, 14]. In relevant textbooks on these subjects, chapters have been added on Mixed Methods Studies [15, 16] or dedicated textbooks on this subject have been published [17]. Its international relevance is demonstrated by the Journal of Mixed Methods which was published for the first time in 2007, books such as the ‘Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioural research’ [18] or the ‘Handbook of Multimethod and Mixed Methods Research’ [19], as well as the ‘Mixed Methods Research Association’ (MMIRA).
\nIn general, mixed methods mean combining or integrating qualitative and quantitative research.
\n‘Mixed methods research is the type of research in which a researcher or team of researchers combines elements of qualitative and quantitative research approaches […] for the broad purposes of breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration’ [20].
\nAt a methodological level, there are various different research designs that differ according to their chronological order, the weighting of the qualitative and quantitative elements and the sampling strategies [11]. Three basic designs are typically found in current methodological discussions [9, 16, 21, 22] (see Figure 1):
convergent or concurrent design: qualitative and quantitative substudies are carried out, at the same time where relevant, and their results are interpreted in relation to one another. The research is combined at the results level (merging the data).
exploratory sequential design: a qualitative preliminary study is carried out and evaluated in this case. The results are then used to develop a quantitative study. The methods are combined here when applying the methods (building the data).
explanatory sequential design: The central aspect here is the completion and evaluation of a quantitative study, followed by a subsequent qualitative study for the purposes of more in-depth research or to clarify any unexpected findings. The substudies are also combined in this case when applying the methods (explaining the data).
Mixed-methods-basis-designs (based on [
A common argument for the use of mixed methods designs is the ability to use the strengths of one method to compensate for the weaknesses of another. Accordingly, the mixed methods design developed by Udo Kelle has become the established model in Germany. He emphasises that the methodological weaknesses of one method can be compensated for through a combination of two or more methods [11]. In a similar way, other authors postulate, for example, that it is possible to use mixed methods to gain a better understanding of the research issue [13]. Creswell [22] summarises the research potential of combining qualitative and quantitative methods as follows:
obtain two different perspectives;
obtain a more comprehensive view and more data about the problem than a single perspective;
add to instrument data details about the setting and context;
conduct preliminary exploration with individuals to make sure that interventions fit the participants and the site being studied;
add qualitative data to experimental trials by identifying participants to recruit and interventions to use and carrying out follow-up to further explain the outcomes.
However, it is also emphasised that Mixed Methods Studies do not represent a new gold standard but rather ONE alternative from all possible empirical approaches [12]. The role that Mixed Methods Studies play in health promotion is described in the following section.
\nThe potential for knowledge and insight provided by Mixed Methods Studies offers a diverse range of highly promising opportunities for research work in health promotion [6, 9, 18, 21]. Since the Ottawa Charter was adopted by the World Health Organisation in 1986, health promotion has been viewed as a concept that can be applied when analysing the health resources and potential of an individual, as well as at all social levels. It is a complex social and health policy approach that influences an individual person’s life skills and the capacity to take action, empowers people to improve their health and yet also deals with sustainable changes to social, cultural, political and economic relationships.
\nHealth promotion thus stands, on the one hand, for subject-related guidance focussing on, among other things, subjective perceptions, individual behaviour and personal skills, while on the other hand, it deals with social, political or economic relationships that provide the framework for a health-promoting lifestyle and are explicitly explained using the settings-based approach. For a holistic, empirical analysis in the context of health promotion, it is thus important to focus on all levels (micro, meso and macro). Health promotion is also subject to constant change. Changes to ordinances and laws (e.g. the German Prevention Act in 2016), technical innovations (e.g. health apps, prosthetic devices), trends in nutrition and consumption (e.g. vegan diets) or also new target groups (such as, e.g. more than 1 million refugees that came to Germany in 2015 [23]) alter the framework conditions and efficiency levels of health promotion interventions. Gathering knowledge about these causal and sometimes changing conditions is a strength of Mixed Methods Studies [6].
\nMixed Methods Studies have been increasingly utilised in health promotion over the last few years [40, 41]. In the process, experimental designs have often been used [26]. Studies have been carried out using standardised questionnaires, diagnostic tests or instrument-based methods, always acknowledging the primacy of evidence-based practices [24]. In the context of this research, qualitative studies were mainly used in the form of preliminary studies or for more in-depth research into unexpected effects [25, 26]. The potential and possibilities offered by qualitative research methods were often not fully exploited in these Mixed Methods Studies [27].
\nThe following section presents a Mixed Methods Study about the life situations and well-being of young people from refugee backgrounds and the potential offered by Mixed Methods Studies in which the qualitative and quantitative methods are given equal weighting will then be discussed based on this example. Other examples to illustrate this type of research can be found in Kelle and Krones [6] and Kelle et al. [1].
\nGermany experienced an enormous increase in immigration due to asylum seekers in 2015. During this phase that was described as the ‘refugee crisis’, more than 1 million refugees and migrants travelled to Germany [23]. Germany is now faced with the political and social challenge of providing for and integrating these people from refugee backgrounds.
\nA particularly vulnerable target group in this context is young people and minors (in some cases unaccompanied) from refugee backgrounds. More than 300,000 children and young people [28] travelled to Germany from abroad in 2015, of which around 45,000 were unaccompanied [29]. A larger number of the unaccompanied minors who travelled to Germany were male [30]. The majority of the minors were 16 or 17 years old when they entered the country. The main countries of origin were Afghanistan, Syria, Iraq, Eritrea and Somalia. Other countries of origin were Morocco, Iran, Gambia, Guinea, Pakistan and Bangladesh [31].
\nYoung people from refugee backgrounds are an important target group for academic research and society. Research into their life situations, well-being and needs is an important basis for successful and sustainable integration. A comprehensive empirical analysis thus needs to take into account relationships at a meso- and macro-level, as well as the subject-based perspective at a micro-level. In this context, Mixed Methods Studies, where qualitative and quantitative research methods are given equal weighting, offer great potential for multifaceted and in-depth analysis.
\nThis type of Mixed Methods Study was carried out in the administrative district of Göppingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) in 2016/2017 (see Figure 2). The background to this study was a youth welfare planning process for young people from refugee backgrounds between the ages of 11 and 21 years old. The central research questions were as follows:
How do the young people from refugee backgrounds living in the administrative district of Göppingen feel?
What are their current life situations and, above all, what do the everyday lives and leisure time of young people from refugee backgrounds in the administrative district of Göppingen look like?
What do they need in order to feel at home in the administrative district of Göppingen?
Mixed methods study about the life situations of young people from refugee backgrounds [
The central objective of this study was primarily to place the focus on the views of the young people from refugee backgrounds and gather information on their subjective points of view. Yet, this posed a challenge from a methodological perspective. Important reasons were as follows:
These reasons explained the need to use a relatively open survey that promoted as much trust as possible. This is why a qualitative tool was used—a guideline-based, problem-centred interview, which enabled a certain level of comparability between the answers due to the use of key questions but also allowed space for reflexivity and the new and unexpected. It was not possible for the interviews to be conducted by multilingual interviewers in this study because it was not possible to find suitable people with the available resources at the time of the interviews. However, volunteer interpreters in the relevant native languages were available for the interviews. The interviews were conducted by Master’s students in the field of health promotion, who were specifically selected due to their age and specialist background. They received intensive training in advance to develop their interviewing skills and remained in close contact with the research team and each other. The students documented their experiences in a postscriptum after each interview and discussed them within the group of interviewers. This primarily involved reflecting on their own role in the interview and giving their impression of the openness of the young people and their cooperation with the interpreter.
\nNon-linguistic tools were explicitly integrated into the qualitative interviews. The young people brought personal possessions along to the interviews and were asked during them to draw the so-called mind maps comprising important objects or people in their everyday lives. One goal here was to casually ease the interviewee into the conversation. In addition, the objects that were drawn or brought along by the interviewee were used as a contextual anchor for the conversation.
\nA total of 10
In parallel to the interviews of the young people from refugee backgrounds, a
In order to supplement and consolidate the results of both analyses,
The study about young people from refugee backgrounds represented an explorative Mixed Methods Study in which the qualitative and quantitative methods were given equal weighting. The goal of the Mixed Methods Study was to gain a comprehensive, holistic and multiperspective insight for the purposes of analysing the life situations of young refugees. The different substudies were carried out in a coordinated but independent way. The two substudies involving the young people from refugee backgrounds and the providers of programmes and services were carried out in parallel, while the survey of the social workers was completed afterwards. The guidelines for the survey of the social workers were based on the findings of the previous studies. This meant there was a ‘mixing’ process on two levels: in the application methods because the guidelines for the survey of the social workers utilised the previous findings, and also in the analysis of the results in which the findings from the three surveys were considered in relation to one another and with equal weighting. Similarities, additions and differences were then identified with the aid of summary tables, the so-called joint displays (see Figure 1 [37]).
\nThe in-depth results of this study on young people from refugee backgrounds cannot be presented here in detail (further information can be found in [37]). However, it is possible to summarise the key results of all three substudies in five points:
The young people from refugee backgrounds generally feel happy in the administrative district of Göppingen.
They want to remain permanently in the administrative district and build a ‘normal’ life with their own apartments, jobs and later their own families.
In order to guarantee the permanent integration of the young people from refugee backgrounds, it is necessary to make (further) adjustments to the framework conditions. The providers of programmes and services require, among other things, money, rooms, employees with the necessary intercultural skills and volunteer support to offer broad and low-threshold programmes and services.
The young people from refugee backgrounds require ‘peaceful retreats’, meaning places where they can withdraw and feel safe. These opportunities have not been available to them to a sufficient degree up to now.
In addition, they require young and capable counterparts who can support them on their path and who are ideally at a similar phase of life to the refugees themselves.
Overall, the analysis of the current target-specific programmes and interventions identified the structures and processes at the meso-level of the providers of programmes and services. The evaluations of the interviews with the young people from refugee backgrounds and their social workers demonstrated the need for individual analysis on a case-by-case basis at a macro-level. They clearly demonstrated that a typical young refugee does not exist but rather it is necessary to reflect on individual life histories, relevancies and interpretative models. Specific differences in relation to gender and origin were particularly evident. In particular, accompanied young girls are difficult to reach with offers of potential leisure activities because they are already occupied with household and family duties. Young boys from Afghanistan and Syria appear to be comparatively active according to their social workers, while young boys from central African countries are more passive. The young people themselves often spoke in the interviews about anxiety disorders and concentration problems due to worries about their asylum application being rejected.
\nFrom a methodological perspective, the three substudies revealed convergent (=concordant) and complementary (=reciprocal) findings. However, the systematic comparison of the substudies also revealed different areas of tension (see [37]), the resolution of which is not part of the research assignment but rather the responsibility of the administrative district of Göppingen. Three areas of tension are presented here by way of example:
The standardised questionnaire for the providers of programmes and services demonstrated that a series of target group-specific measures have been delivered since the ‘refugee crisis’ and the majority of providers are also planning and implementing further measures. Yet, the young people from refugee backgrounds made it very clear in the interviews that they do not want any ‘round-the-clock’ care. Instead, they are looking for places to retreat that offer them the opportunity for calm and self-reflection.
The interviews with the young people from refugee backgrounds indicated that they visit a doctor relatively frequently. However, the medical reasons and necessities were difficult to comprehend in the interviews. The interviews with the social workers were an additional opportunity for acquiring relevant knowledge in this area. They made it clear that these young people perceive some illnesses, which are considered normal for young people who grow up in Germany, as life-threatening. The reason for this is that they had not been aware of some of these illnesses in the past. This is particularly true of symptoms related to colds and flu, such as sniffles or coughing.
The social workers believe that the young people are better housed in the countryside because the social structures, particularly the leisure activities, are better developed and it is thus easier for the young people to come into contact with the local population. However, the young people would prefer to live in the city where there is something to do, the distances are short, there are places with free Wi-Fi and there tend to be spaces to retreat and learn (such as the city library).
In conclusion, the multiperspective analysis of the everyday lives and leisure activities of young people from refugee backgrounds delivered results that support and supplement one another. The identification of possible areas of tension during the planning and implementation of interventions and programmes/services for young people from refugee backgrounds appears to be particularly important so that they are met with an appropriate level of acceptance and willingness to implement them from all stakeholders involved.
\nMixed Methods Studies in which qualitative and quantitative methods have equal weighting offer great potential for health promotion. The prerequisite is that the choice of qualitative and quantitative research methods is appropriate to the subject matter, case-specific and based on epistemological principles. This does not ‘only’ mean qualitative preliminary studies in the form of standardised questionnaires. Even if the relevance of this design, especially for the development of questionnaires, is not disputed, it does not do justice to the possible insights that could be gained from Mixed Methods Studies in health promotion with a larger weighting toward qualitative studies. This potential exists at the following levels (also see here [5, 6]):
In general, this potential also exists in all areas of health promotion, for both status and need assessments and also for intervention and evaluation studies. This is because the effectiveness of health-promoting interventions is always also dependent on social and cultural aspects. These factors are associated with, for example, questions about the accessibility of the target groups or the lasting effects on attitudes, motivation and behaviour. In addition, purely satisfaction-based surveys using standardised questionnaires often paint a too positive picture because those surveyed tend to give socially desirable answers [1].
\nMixed Methods Studies can generally call on the whole repertoire of qualitative and quantitative methods. Previous experience demonstrates that, in the case of marginalised groups in particular, the integration of qualitative observation methods is sensible because it allows for initial contact between the researcher and the research subjects [1]. In addition, participatory processes such as photovoice or community mapping appear very promising because they enable collective reflection processes in everyday life and the world of work to be studied [38]. Focus groups—an example of a qualitative group process—enable the social environment to be analysed by integrating representatives from the relevant groups [39].
\nMixed Methods Studies in which qualitative and quantitative research methods are combined with equal weighting have proved themselves to be a suitable research strategy especially for subject-oriented, environment-based health promotion but also for specific settings-based questions. In the study about the living situation of young people from refugee background, the qualitative interviews enable the subjective perspective, and the standardised online questionnaire of the providers of programmes and services shows the institutional and structural conditions for a living in Göppingen. Mixed Methods Studies enable a holistic and multifaceted empirical understanding, can be used to explain the causes of certain actions, take into account the environment of those affected and capture the subjective sense behind actions or decisions. Depending on the survey method used, they also enable the participation of the target group and take into account a holistic settings-based approach in which a bottom-up- or top-down-oriented process is possible.
\nMixed Methods Studies with a priori equal weighting of qualitative and quantitative research methods offer great potential not only for status and needs assessments but also for intervention and evaluation studies in health promotion. The associated multiperspective analysis enables the subject-oriented development of interventions that take into account contextual and framework conditions, social and technical innovations, and individual causal attributions. Therefore, the results of the Mixed Methods Study about the living situation of young people from refugee backgrounds can be used to develop and distinguish interventions for health promoting and integration. In addition, these types of studies allow for the participation of difficult to reach or marginalised target groups, such as refugees, people with disabilities and sick people. This makes the implementation of effective and more sustainable interventions more likely.
\nM. Niederberger and M. Keller declare that no conflicts of interest exist. All interviews were completed voluntary, made anonymous and the interviewees were informed about the further use of the data for academic research. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of ethical research.
Photonics, a field that aims at the study of generation, manipulation, and detection of light, has become essential in modern life. Photonic devices as all-optical switches and modulators play a key role in worldwide data optical communications or optical computing. Since the invention of lasers in the 1960s, there has been a huge increase in the use of devices that use photons (light) instead of electrons. In 1985, a research group of the Southampton University showed the potential of silica glass fibers doped with Er3+ ions for applications in long optical transmission systems, at the wavelength region of 1.55 μm, without the need of electronic repeaters [1]. The invention of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) was a key factor in enabling the transmission of long-distance data through silica fiber. The 1.55 μm optical waveband falls in the low-loss transmission window of silica fiber and the amplification band of EDFA’s. Sadly, they are still restricted to amplification in the C and L bands. Therefore, optical fibers using linear near-infrared light transmission are only a small fraction of what can be exploited by extending the operating region to the mid- and far-infrared. In fact, silica optical fibers have a non-negligible attenuation of the emitted signal, so if the range of transparency were extended to longer wavelengths, it would have less attenuation. Hence, transparent glasses in the mid and far-infrared wavelength range are well suited to long-distance communication systems due to the Rayleigh dispersion attenuation coefficient varying with λ−4. Nowadays, almost all data flow, including internet, phone calls, etc., goes through fiber optic transmission lines [2] and the field of communications continues to expand to higher data rates and shorter delays to allow more capacity. The demands of the modern world are looking for high-speed communication and therefore it is expected that an overload of data traffic may occur in the telecommunications window that currently operates in the C and L bands. Therefore, an expansion to a wider bandwidth is required which would facilitate data transmission and new amplification materials are needed beyond EDFA’s to provide amplification over the optical fiber. This requires overcoming the limitation of peak water absorption around 1.4 μm. All wave fiber was the first to be designed for optical transmission across the entire telecommunications window from 1.3 μm to 1.67 μm (Figure 1) [3]. On the other hand, rare-earth (RE) have low solubility in silica glass which limits the interaction length of active devices based on RE doped silica [4]. Besides, silica has high phonon energy which implies that the RE ions transitions will decay non-radiatively; also exhibit a low nonlinear refractive index and so, nonlinear devices based on silica will require high intensities to operate. Finally, silica has a high transmission loss at wavelengths above 2 μm [3].
Loss of standard and all wave silica fibers showing the region of minimum attenuation and the six conventional bands of optical telecommunications [
The necessary increase in the bandwidth excludes the use of EDFA’s, leaving fiber Raman amplifiers as the main devices used for that proposes [5]. In fact, amplifiers based on stimulated Raman scattering and four-wave mixing offer additional advantages over EDFAs [6], operate without the need for doping, and can be used at any spectral region [7]. Moreover, the wavelength of the pump laser can be chosen to give a maximum gain at any wavelength range (S, C, or L-band), and the gain bandwidth is higher than that offered by EDFA’s (> 100 nm versus 35 nm), which can be enlarged by an appropriate choice of the material [6]. On the other hand, fiber Raman lasers are excellent options for high-power fiber lasers, mainly because of their high output power and broad gain bandwidth, especially in the near-infrared region.
Although silica is widely used in the near-infrared, it limits the wavelength operating range. To overcome these limitations new glasses for optical device applications and photonics have been investigated. These include heavy metal oxide, fluoride, and chalcogenide glasses.
Glasses containing chalcogenides are the basis for the manufacture of devices operating in the mid-infrared region. In addition, glasses based on heavy metal oxides, such as Sb, Bi, Pb, W, Ga, Ge, Te, allow applications such as optical switches, due to their characteristics of low linear and nonlinear loss, large Kerr nonlinearity, and ultra-fast response. Fluoride-based glasses are used as optical amplifiers in telecommunication as well as in the manufacture of lasers.
Photonics is also used in medical applications, such as lasers used for LASIK surgery, and biomedical diagnostics exploit optical components for bioimaging. Integrated photonics also enables the advance of computing, information technology, sensing, and communications. The integration on a simply planar substrate of several photonic devices (optical sources, beam splitters, couplers, waveguides, detectors, etc.), as proposed by Miller in 1964 [8], enables the control of light on a significantly reduced scale where components are expected to exhibit a very reduced size and achieving a multiplicity of functions, including splitting, combining, switching, amplifying, and modulating signals. Many of these functions are nonlinear. For example, fiber nonlinearities are the basis of several devices such as amplifiers and switching. These nonlinear effects can be divided into two types. The first type is owing to the Kerr-effect (or intensity dependence of the refractive index of the material), which in turn can display phase modulation and wave mixing, depending upon the type of input signal. The second type is related to the inelastic-scattering phenomenon, which can induce stimulating effects such as stimulated Brillouin-Scattering and stimulated Raman-Scattering [9].
NLO is an important issue of advanced photonics and enables technical development in many fields including optical signal processing and quantum optics. It refers to the study of phenomena that occur due to modifications in the optical properties of a material in the presence of light. However, only laser light has sufficient intensity to promote these changes. Indeed, nonlinear optical phenomena (e.g. multiphoton absorption, harmonic generation, self-focusing, self-phase modulation, optical bistability, stimulated Brillouin scattering, and stimulated Raman scattering) require high electromagnetic field intensities to manifest.
In the linear optical domain, photons interact with the glass structure leading to various optical effects, such as dispersion, refraction, reflection, absorption, diffraction, and scattering. For example, the linear refractive index of a material,
A nonlinear optical behavior is a deviation from the linear interaction between a material’s polarization response and the electric component of an applied electromagnetic field [10]. This phenomenon involves various optical exchanges such as frequency doubling, conversion, data transformation, etc. Because the magnetic component of light can be ignored in a glass (photons and magnetic fields usually do not interact), the electric component (E) becomes the main field that interacts with the medium. The polarization (P) induced by this interaction produces nonlinear responses that can be explained due to the distortion/deflection of the electronic structure of any atom or molecule (deformation of the electron cloud) due to the application of the electric field, thus producing a resulting dipole moment (vector that separates the positive and negative charges).
Once an external E field is applied to the material the positive charges tend to move in the opposite direction of the electrons. This interaction causes a charge separation that gives rise to microscopic dipole moments within the material. Under the influence of an electric field, these dipoles oscillate at the same frequency (ω) of the incident light. The sum of all the microscopic dipoles of the medium oscillating with time gives rise to material polarization. At low light intensities, Hook’s law is valid and the deformation of the electrons cloud is proportional to the applied field strength of the incident light: the light waves and excited electrons oscillate sinusoidally. The induced polarization is also oscillatory and is directly proportional to the incident electric field, as described by:
where ε0 is the vacuum permittivity and
(a) Linear optics, a light wave acts on the material constituents, which vibrates and then emits its own light wave that interferes with the original light wave, (b) nonlinear optics. Adapted from [
where the values of χ(2) and χ(3), are, respectively, the second-order and third-order susceptibilities which appear due to the nonlinear response of charged particles and are determined by the symmetry properties of the medium. Consequently, nonlinear refractive index (
Considering the relations
where the term
Assuming an external electric field of the type E(t) = Eexp(−
being responsible for the generation of a field with twice the frequency of the incident radiation (2ω), taking the designation of the second harmonic generation process. However, in centrosymmetric materials, or isotropic materials like glass, which have macroscopic inversion symmetry, the polarization must reverse when the optical electric field is reversed, which implies that χ(2) must be zero, i.e., all second-order components of the susceptibility tensor are null and GSH does not manifest unless the glass has been poled. It is possible to induce GSH in glasses to break its centrosymmetry, using heat treatments or high energy excitation in the UV [13]. But, without the use of this strategy to eliminate glass’s isotropy, only a χ(3) is ≠0 and may lead to NLO character in glass [10] and the dominant term in (2) is then the third order:
which will give rise to frequency tripled light, called third-harmonic generation (THG). According to (5) this nonlinear polarization contains a component of frequency ω and an additional one at 3ω:
The term P (3ω) shows that the THG of light is produced while the term P (ω) denotes an incremental change of the susceptibility (Δχ) at the frequency ω, given by:
Where
Since n2 = 1+ χ, Δχ is equivalent to an incremental change in the refractive index, Δn is an increase (or decrease) of the total refractive index due to nonlinear effects:
where n2 is the nonlinear refractive. This change of the linear refractive index, n, is proportional to the light intensity, and therefore it becomes a linear function of I:
The intensity-dependent refractive index is generally given as:
where n1 is the Pockel’s coefficient (insignificant for isotropic materials as glasses) and n2 is known as the Kerr coefficient (from the optical Kerr effect) [10]. However, the classical wave theory says that the intensity of the electric field of the light is equal to the square of its amplitude, and thus one can also write n(I) in the form of Eq. (9). The optical Kerr effect is very sensitive to the operating wavelength and polarization dependence and so the prevalent non-linearity occurs at a frequency well below the glass band gap and this effect is called non-resonant [10].
Typical values of the Kerr coefficient (in cm2/W) are 10−16 to 10−14 in transparent crystals and glasses. Silica glass (e.g. silica fibers), has an n2 index of 2.7 × 10−16 cm2/W at the wavelength of 1500 nm, whereas most of the chalcogenide glasses exhibit higher values, about several orders of magnitude larger than silica [14]. Since the values of the nonlinear refractive index in glasses are very small, resulting in a slight change of ∆n = n2I, the effect is measurable only for very intense light beams (lasers) of the order of 1GWcm−2. From Figure 3, it can be noted that n and n2 are usually directly correlated, such that high index (n) glasses, like chalcogenides, have also high n2 [16] and exhibit ultrahigh n2 greater than silica, as plotted in Figure 3.
Nonlinear refractive index, n2, versus refractive index,
For all-optical signal processing and switching devices, glasses with large n (hence a large n2) are very attractive. Figure 4 shows the relationship between the linear refractive index (n), and the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) of various types of glass. High index (n) glasses, like chalcogenide ones, have also high n2, which seem to have the largest non-resonant third-order optical non-linearities related so far. As previously mentioned, χ(3) arises from light-induced changes in the refraction index that result in the Kerr effect or in parametric interactions (mixing of optical beams). In a glass fiber, the third-order susceptibility is related to n2 by Eq. (10) and the magnitude of the corresponding nonlinear effect is given by:
Relationship between linear refractive index and third-order optical susceptibility. Adapted from [
where λ is the free-space wavelength and Aeff is the efficient core area [6]. Since 1999, single-mode silica fibers with γ of 20 W−1 km−1 were fabricated [18] with a core that was only 10.7 μm2, but typical Aeff values in silica fibers can reach 50 μm2 for 1.5 μm wavelengths. The self-phase modulation is a phenomenon arising from the dependence between the refractive index of a nonlinear medium and the strength of the electric field, which induces a phase shift of the propagating light,
where P0 is the input power and LNL is the non-linear length that corresponds to the propagation distance at which the phase modulation becomes relevant, being defined by:
If the input power is only 1 mW at λ =1.55 μm, and the Aeff = 50 μm2, the LNL is ∼500 m [6]. As the refractive index in silica is weakly dependent on power, nonlinearities are introduced into the signal propagation and significantly increase in optical networks over relevant distances.
The various nonlinearities can be expressed in terms of the real and imaginary parts of each of the nonlinear susceptibilities χ(1), χ(2), χ(3), … that appear in (2). The real part is associated with the refractive index and the imaginary part with a time or phase delay in the reply of the material, giving rise to loss or gain. Table 1 exhibits the principal third-order NLO effects usually showed by dielectric materials like most glasses. For example, the nuclear contribution to stimulated Raman scattering (resulting in loss or gain) can be expressed in terms of the imaginary part of a χ(3) susceptibility, while the four-wave mixing, which is only of electronic nature and almost an instantaneous effect, result in frequency conversion and in related to the real part of the χ(3) susceptibility [6]. The imaginary part of χ(3) provides a change in the absorption coefficient, α, as a function of light intensity:
Order | Tensor | Effect | Description |
---|---|---|---|
3 | χ(3)(−ω;ω,-0,0) | Kerr’s effect | Under the action of two electric fields, there is a change of the refractive index in the NLO medium. |
3 | χ(3)(−ω;ω,-ω,ω) | Nonlinear refractive index also called Kerr’s effect, self-phase modulation. | The refractive index of the medium changes with intensity according to the formula: n = n0 + n2I. Self-focusing and self-defocusing of a laser beam are special cases. |
3 | χ(3)(−3ω,ω,ω,ω) | Third harmonic generation. | There is an emission of light with triple frequency under the illumination of the medium. |
3 | χ(3)(−ω4;ω1,ω2,ω3) | Multiwave mixing. | When illuminated with three light sources with different frequencies a generation of light occurs whose frequency equals the sum of the three excitation frequencies. |
Third-order NLO effects are usually shown by dielectric materials. Adapted from [19].
where α is the linear absorption, and β is the non-linear absorption coefficient. As a result, occurs a prevalence of non-linearities at frequencies above the electronic absorption edge is known as resonant. The third-order non-linearity may be analyzed in phase conjugate mirrors, like in Mach-Zehnder interferometer pulse selectors or in Fabry-Perot interferometers filled with a nonlinear medium.
The χ(3) susceptibility is often measured by degenerate four-wave mixing, by the maker fringe method (THG method), or by the Z-scan method. The latter is by far the most used and meticulous method involving the analysis of third-order nonlinear optical properties arising from pulsed laser or CW irradiation at a given wavelength [20].
Glass is defined as a solid material of amorphous (non-crystalline) structure while crystals possess long-range order, the amorphous materials only possess short-range order. Therefore, glasses are typically brittle and optically transparent because they lack internal structure. The silica-based glass was undoubtedly the most studied given its multiple applications. Glasses that do not include silica as a main constituent exhibit other properties that make them useful for various applications, for example in optical fibers that work in different frequency domains than SiO2 fibers. These include fluoride glasses, tellurite glasses, aluminosilicates, phosphate glasses, borate glasses, and chalcogenide glasses. Common glasses are transparent materials in the spectral range of the visible and near-infrared region, although opaque in the far IR and UV region. The visible transparency threshold ends, for high wavelengths (λ), with UV absorption, due to electronic transitions between valence band levels and unfilled conduction band levels. For applications in photonics, there are two main categories of special glasses: chalcogenide glasses (CGs) and heavy metal oxide glasses. Chalcogenide glasses are based on the chalcogen elements S, Se, and Te. These glasses are formed by the addition of other elements such as Ge, As, Sb, Ga, etc. Heavy metal oxide and chalcogenide glasses offer the largest nonlinear response.
Most of the glasses are prepared by the melt of precursors. In solid form, glass is a non-crystalline (or amorphous) material. The deposition from a liquid solution (sol–gel method) is an alternative approach to obtain glass, especially in films form. Some compositions may otherwise be rather difficult to prepare by melt and that’s why in practice this method is limited to a relatively small number of compositions. Therefore, the sol–gel processes allow the synthesis of glasses of extended composition ranges, allowing the fabrication of multiple oxide composition, but also non-oxide glasses, with a high degree of homogeneity, because reagents are mixed at the molecular level at temperatures lower than those required for conventional melting. However, the OH content of the sol–gel glasses is high and OH absorptions usually limit transmission at 1.4 μm.
Optical glasses are optically homogeneous glass that are applied in several optical functionalities. The first optical quality (flint) glasses were created at the end of the 19 century by Otto Schott, who also invented Ba crown glass, allowing the production of adjusted lenses for chromatic aberration [21]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) allows distinguishing a glass from a crystalline material. The pattern of SiO2 glass contains only a few, very broad peaks, which cannot be correlated by the Bragg law with planar distances (as in the case of crystals). SiO2 consists of a matrix of SiO4 tetrahedra (Figure 5) [22].
A schematic representation of the structure of vitreous silica. The tetrahedral SiO4 units in silica are represented by triangular units [
The presence of a glass modifier together with the glass formers (SiO2 or P2O5) breaks up the oxide network M–O–M (M = Si, P) and drives the transformation of the bridging oxygens (BO) into nonbridging oxygens (NBOs). The structural unit of SiO2 has Si-O atomic bonds whose electronic transitions occur in the UV range. For high λ, the transparency threshold ends due to the vibrations of the ions in the network (in resonance with the incident radiation). The amorphous character of the glass explains the absence of grain boundaries in its structure and, therefore, the absence of internal dispersion and reflection phenomena, which are always present in crystalline materials. Glasses are dielectric materials and therefore exhibit a large energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band in accordance with the band theory of solids. Their optical transmission is limited by electronic transitions (Urbach tail) for low wavelength, and multiphonon absorption at high wavelength, in the IR spectrum. The multiphonon absorption process is related to the fundamental vibration frequencies of the glass.
The transmittance spectrum varies from glass to glass, but the main differences are observed outside the transparency range (Figure 6). The glass has an optical transparent window which strongly depends on the compositions. Glasses made for use in the visible region have high transmittance across the entire wavelength range of ∼400 nm–800 nm. However, the structure of silicate glasses limits its transmission in the infrared region to above 3 μm. They have strongly bound electrons but non-bridging oxygens, with their weakly bound electrons, reduce transmission. Chalcogenide glasses, heavy metal fluoride glasses, and heavy metal oxide glasses extend this transmission to higher wavelengths. The telluride glasses have larger atoms and weaker bonds than oxide glasses and so its vibrational resonance occurs at a lower frequency, shifting the fundamental absorption cut-off to longer wavelengths (Figure 6).
Typical transmittance spectra of silica, fluorides, sulfide, selenide, and telluride glasses [
The interest in chalcogenide glasses backs from 1950s when was reported high infrared transparency of the As2S glass, up to 12 μm [24]. The structure of chalcogenide glasses such as Ge-Sb-Se consists of covalently bonded atoms, like amorphous SiO2, with lacking periodicity. They include sulfide, selenide, and telluride-based glasses. As dielectric materials, their optical transparent window is dependent on electronic absorption at low wavelengths and multiphonon absorption at high wavelengths. They have a band gap (Eg) that is dependent on the composition and decreases according to Sulfides < Selenides < Tellurides. A specificity of tellurides that differentiates it from the sulfides and selenides in its crystalline structure and physical properties is the large atomic number of Te. The energy gap may be taken from the glass absorption spectrum α(
The absorption coefficient, α, varies exponentially with the photon energy,
It is interesting to note that
The increase of the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)), and nonlinear refractive index (n2) and decreasing the optical band gap (Eg) can be attributed to the formation of BO bonds and ions of higher polarizability in the glass matrix. It has been recognized the effect of the glass composition on the dependency of χ(3). In most multicomponent oxide glasses, there are both BO and NBO oxygens in the glass network (e.g. for a silicate glass, Si-O+Na−). The NBO bonds possess larger n2 than the BO of the more covalent Si-O-Si bonds [26]. It was also established that third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of the glasses increases with increasing optical basicity and tendency for metallization of the glasses. This fact is associated with the polarizability of the anions (F− < O2− < S2− < Se2−) and the small optical band gap [19], which is related to the increasing metallicity of the oxides [27]. The theory of metallization of the condensed matter says that in the Lorentz–Lorenz equation, the refractive index becomes infinite when metallization of covalent solid materials occurs [27]. SiO2, B2O3, and GeO2 based glasses exhibit low refractive index and have low polarizability, large metallization tendency, and small χ(3). Tellurite and TiO2 based glasses, as well as B2O3 glasses containing a large amount of Sb2O3 and Bi2O3 with high refractive index, show large polarizability, small metallization tendency, and large χ(3) (Figure 7). Consequently, under the point of view of polarizability, high-refractive-index glasses with an increased tendency for metallization are promising materials for application as components of nonlinear optical devices.
Line-up of the Kerr effect among various glass compositions [
Glass materials are excellent non-linear optical materials, being isotropic and transparent in a wide spectral range, combining low cost of fabrication with high optical quality, manufacturable not only as bulk shapes, or fibers, but also as thin films (e.g. nonlinear planar waveguides). Furthermore, when compared to polymers, glass is more stable and has the advantage over crystals since its atomic composition is easily tailored: a nonlinear optical glass can be obtained with any refractive index in a wide range [28]. Its properties can be adjusted through doping and compositional changes to fit the specified requests of each application. Its disordered structure allows light propagation inside that medium like no other material. They also exhibit good compatibility with silica-based systems and waveguide production in which high optical intensities and long interaction lengths can be achieved [28], giving rise to nonlinear structures in integrated optical devices [29].
For the fabrication of all-optical systems in information technology and integrated photonics, the chosen materials should exhibit high nonlinearities. Rather, low nonlinearities are essential for fibers in optical communications to avoid phenomena of self-focusing, self-phase modulation, Raman and Brillouin scatterings. NLO was considered the threshold to the total of information that can be transmitted in a single optical fiber. As laser power levels increase, NLO limits data rates, transmission lengths, and the number of wavelengths that can be transmitted simultaneously. Optical nonlinearities give rise to many “secondary” effects in optical fibers. These effects can be damaging in optical communications, but they find other applications, especially for the integration of all-optical functionalities in optical networks. The optical nonlinearities can give rise to gain or amplification, the conversion between wavelengths, the generation of new wavelengths or frequencies, the control of the temporal and spectral shape of pulses, and switching [6]. Thus, they can be distinguished in two types: that from scattering (stimulated Brillouin and stimulated Raman) and that from optically induced changes in the refractive index, resulting either in phase modulation or in the mixing of several waves and the generation of new frequencies (modulation instability and parametric processes, such as four-wave mixing). So, the nonlinear refractive index, also referred optical Kerr nonlinearity (n2), offers a means to achieve switching and amplifying functions in photonic devices and produces nonlinear effects, namely self-phase modulation, and four-wave mixing. Self-phase modulation implies changes in the phase and rising frequency of a pulse, which can cause spectral broadening. Four-wave mixing is a kind of nonlinear frequency conversion generated by the Kerr nonlinearity which enables, for example, high-speed communications, frequency conversion, sensing, and quantum photonics. The effect of ultrafast response time (10 s−15 s) provides broad bandwidths, that can pull actual GHz electronic computing forward to PHz (1015) rates using all-optical signal processing [30]. In addition, spectral broadening, produced by changes in phase from the nonlinear refractive index, can enable the production of short-pulsed sources [30]. Four-wave mixing, on the other hand, can be used to generate optical frequency combs [30], which can measure precise frequencies of light and span spectral ranges useful for spectroscopic investigations.
Although these applications are of great practical interest, the Kerr effect (n2) is often small for common optical glasses (∼10−20 to 10−19 m2/W) [30], leading to high thresholds for nonlinear effects and requiring special sources of high-power excitation.
Transparent optical glasses exhibiting nonlinearities, e. g. large nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient are good candidates for fiber telecommunication and for nonlinear optical devices such as optical switches, self-focusing, and white-light continuum generation. Glasses that exhibit significant nonlinearity are good candidates as Raman gains media to provide enhanced Raman gain over an extended wavelength range. Chalcogenide (As–Se) glasses and fibers are examples of good candidates as well tellurite fibers because of the high refractive index of TeO2 (2.3–2.4) [6] compared to the SiO2 (1.46). An As2S3 fiber exhibit a Raman coefficient is 300 times greater than that of silica fiber [6]. However, chalcogenide fibers have lesser chemical stability. In spite of that, chalcogenide glass has wide transparency transmission from 0.5 to 25 μm [31], enhancing their potential applications on the mid-IR. As shown in Figure 8, the long-wavelength cut-off edges of chalcogenide glasses depend on the mass of anionic elements and are extended between 12 and 20 μm. Their nonlinearity (Kerr effect) is 200–1000 times larger than that of the silica glass at a wavelength of 1.55 μm [32].
Typical infrared (IR) transmission spectra of S-, Se-, and Te-based chalcogenide (ChG) glass [
The nonlinear optical properties of glasses have been considered of great interest for photonic devices to be used in several technological applications with a broad spectrum of phenomena, such as optical frequency conversion, optical solitons, phase conjugation, and Raman dispersion. Most of the previous investigations were devoted to crystalline materials such as Quartz, LiNbO3, KTiOPO4, and α-BaB2O4 [19]. Nevertheless, recently the development of special glass compositions exhibiting NLO properties have extended the research into practical applications of glass transparent materials for a wide range of effects, such as fast intensity-dependent index, third-harmonic generation (THG), stimulated emission (or stimulated Raman scattering), second harmonic generation (SHG) and the multiphoton absorption [29]. Nonlinear phenomena in glasses, such as nonlinear refractive index, multiphoton absorption, and Raman and Brillouin scattering, depend on the glass itself, its nature (composition and structure), which is responsible for the nonlinearity. On the other hand, in glasses doped with RE ions or semiconductor nanoparticles, in which the glass assumes the role of host, the nonlinearity is produced by interactions between dopant ions, domains, and different phases (such as in glass-ceramics).
The first nonlinear effect in history is often associated with the beginning of the NLO [33], had occurred in 1875, when J. Kerr observed changes in the refractive index of a liquid (CS2) in the presence of an electric field. The Kerr effect or quadratic electro-optic effect is directly related to the third-order nonlinearity, χ(3). Pockels, 20 years later, observed another phenomena, the linear electro-optic effect [34], through the modification of the index of refraction of light in a non-centrosymmetric crystal (Quartz) placed by an electric field. For a long time thereafter, these phenomena were little studied and found of non-practical applications. However, the decisive prerequisite for work out such effects demands high laser pump intensities and suitable phase-matching conditions. Significant effects of NLO (e.g., frequency conversion by taking advantage of second and third harmonic generation) only began to be observed experimentally in the early 60s, after laser invention, due to the fact that such NLO effects require high electromagnetic field intensities to manifest, which was only possible using high-power lasers. P. Franken reported the first observation of the SHG in 1961 after focusing a pulsed ruby laser (λ = 694 nm) into a Quartz crystal; the red incident beam generated an emitted blue light (λ = 347 nm) [35]. THG was soon experimentally reported in 1965 [36]. Since the late of the 80s the interest in NLO properties in glass began to increase [19]. As already mentioned, the nonlinear optical response of glasses is closely related to their anionic polarizability [29, 37] which is described as the deformation of electron clouds (dipoles) when the electromagnetic field is applied. The selection of suitable glass structure and composition can contribute to efficiently optical Kerr effect, self-focusing, intensity-dependent refractive index, and other χ(3) -related effects. In the literature, several reports have shown that the Kerr effect of non-conventional glass compositions is a viable option for self-phase modulation and broadband light generation in the near-infrared [29]. The χ(3) in resonant mode is an additional possibility. Due to the bandwidth requirements for transmitting information for both long-haul and local area networks, Raman amplification is considered a good option to face out the recent developments in the telecommunications fiber industry and diode laser technology. Compared, for instance, with Er3+-doped silica fiber amplifiers, in which the wavelength is fixed at 1550 nm, Raman gain bandwidths are larger, and the operational range only varies with the pump wavelength and the bandwidth of the Raman active medium (the glass nature) [29]. It is well known that the Kerr effect and Raman gain follow the polarity of the glass medium and are deeply impacted by the structure of some specific glasses, such as TeO2 glass, which have large electronic polarizability. Additionality the small length of Te–O bond (2.01 Å) [37, 38] is considered responsible for the large third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of these kinds of glass [38]. It χ(3) value was as high as 1.4 × 10−12 esu about 50 times as large as that of SiO2 glass [38].
The field of nonlinear optics of glasses has been mainly focused on two main groups: resonant and non-resonant [28]. Non-resonant interactions occur when the light excitation falls in the transparent wavelengths range of the glass longer than its electronic absorption edge. As no electronic transitions take place, the process can be seen as lossless and so an ultrafast glass response due to third-order electronic polarization is assured. Examples are, in general, high refractive index and high dispersion glasses like heavy flint optical glasses, or heavy metal oxide glasses, or chalcogenide glasses.
The resonant ones include semiconductor (quantum dots), or metallic nanoparticles doped glasses [10, 28] and the interaction occurs when the optical field’s frequencies are near the electronic absorption edge so that its high resonant nonlinearity can be exploited. However, the isotropic structure glass and its amorphous state have inversion symmetry and do not exhibit second-order nonlinearity, χ(2), or Pockels effect which is necessary for applications such as electro-optic switching and modulation or wavelength conversion in photonic technology. Indeed, glass is a good example of optically isotropic material (as well cubic crystals) that does not exhibit (in principle) any behavior that arises from that condition (e.g. optical birefringence). However, this is not always the case because second-order nonlinearity can be achieved in glass upon appropriate modification. For example, the application of both heat and electric fields (thermal poling) gives rise to SHG. Since χ(2) is not physically possible in a centrosymmetric material, the creation of an axial symmetry under thermal poling has been demonstrated to be effective to introduce second-order nonlinearity properties [29]. Another route to create an optical SHG is by the introduction of optical non-linear nanocrystals within a glass matrix. Although thermal poling is an efficient way to induce SHG in silicate glasses, χ(2) also appeared after glass heat treatments to precipitate crystallites of non-centrosymmetric compounds [39]. This strategy gives rise to transparent crystallized glasses (glass-ceramics). Nevertheless, more research is necessary to clarify some aspects, for instance, whether the thermal poling approach is effectively the best choice for raising SHG.
In the glass transparency region, which is found between the ionic (vibrational) and the electronic excitation interactions and where no permanent electric dipoles are present, the light frequency is too high for the ionic polarizability to follow the E field oscillations and too low to resonate with the electronic excitations [10]. Still, multiphoton processes may occur. For example, the probability of two-photon absorption is proportional to the square of the E field intensity [10].
Intensity-dependent nonlinear optical effects, such as the optical Kerr one, are very significant for all-optical data processing. Glasses with large nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient are suitable materials for fiber telecommunication and nonlinear optical devices such as ultrafast optical switches and several photonic applications. Since silica and silicate glasses exhibit a small third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ(3), the strategy of combining different materials to obtain composite systems, such as glass doped with semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots), allowed to obtain optimized nonlinear optical properties because semiconductors exhibit larger susceptibility. Glasses doped with semiconductors nanocrystals (quantum dots, QDs) such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, PbS, CuCl, etc., are suitable materials for resonant NLO devices with response times on the ps domain. They can be prepared through the dispersion of a nanocrystalline phase in a glass matrix. This approach, through the reduction of bulk size to nanometric scale or quasi-zero-dimensional quantum dots, allow to change the electronic properties of glasses accordingly with enhanced nonlinearity compared with the corresponding bulk semiconductors [40]. Whenever the absorption of a photon of enough energy (hν is greater than the band gap, Eg) excites an electron from the valence band to the conduction band in semiconducting materials, a free electron–hole pair may be formed. The hole and electron are attracted by Coulombic forces to keep them in a stable orbit as a bound electron–hole pair, called exciton [10]. Due to electrons and holes being confined in a small volume of radius, the radius of the exciton (distance between the electron and hole in an exciton), will change the available energy levels and the interaction with the photons. As the size of nanoparticles becomes progressively smaller, the quantum size effects of excitons confined in all three dimensions give rise to a series of discrete energy levels [10], and therefore the energy associated with them will depend on the relationship between the crystal size (R) and the exciton Bohr radius. Quantum confinement effects are quite significant in the range of
The size of semiconductor particles can be calculated by [41]:
where ΔEg is the shift of the band gap energy (due to the confinement), R is the particle size (radius),
Absorption spectra of CuCI-doped quantum dot glasses: 22 Å (solid); 27 Å (dot); 34 Å (dash) [
The changes in absorption also lead to refractive index changes, through the Kramers-Kronig transformation:
where
The method allows to correlate the determined change Δα in the absorption coefficient to the change Δn in the refractive index [43]. The nonlinear refractive index is then obtained by n2 = Δn/I (Eq. (8)). The value of χ(3) will be proportional to the reciprocal of the confinement volume and will increase with decreasing R [10]. Is then expected that larger non-linearities are obtained for glasses containing smaller particles and larger volume fractions of QDs [10].
Metal doped glass possesses linear and nonlinear optical properties. Great interest has driven the study of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility of metal particles embedded in dielectric matrices, like glasses [44], which are influenced not only by the type and size of the metal particles but also by the metal-dielectric constant. The most significant effect of the confinement of metal particles in optical properties of nanocomposite glasses is the appearance of the surface plasmon resonance, which deeply enhances the glass χ(3) responses with picosecond temporal responses. For example, the optical absorption spectrum of Ag-doped silica sol–gel glass shows the presence of an absorption band of surface plasmon resonance due to Ag nanoparticles at ∼420 nm (Figure 10).
Absorption spectra of Ag-SiO2 cermet (at a concentration of 8% Ag) and SiO2 matrix (without Ag).
Plasmons deals with a coherent interaction between the free-electron gas surrounding metal and the incident radiation. The motion of these free electrons can be described by the plasma Drude model, along with a plasma frequency of the bulk metal ωp. In accordance with the Drude free-electron model, the dielectric constant of metal particles is given by [45]:
Where τ is the time between collisions among electrons. The real (ε’) and imaginary (ε”) parts of the complex dielectric constant are expressed as [45]:
From the above equations is possible to infer the existence of an interaction between the free-electron gas and the incident electromagnetic field, which gives rise to an excitation of the electrons at the metal surface, associated with collective oscillations of electrons in the metal nanoparticles, called surface plasmon. The large value of χ(3) of metal-doped glasses arises predominantly from the local electric field enhancement near the surface of the metal nanoparticles (Ag, Cu, Ni, or other metal nanoparticles) due to their surface plasma resonance, leading to a variety of optical effects.
When the diameter (
where τb is the bulk value and vF is the electron velocity at the Fermi energy. Spherical metal nanoparticles embedded in a glass matrix with a real dielectric constant εd exhibit NLO properties. Figure 11 exhibits homogeneous size distribution of spherical Au nanoparticles in a SiO2 thin film on a metal substrate [46]. For the conditions.
Transmission electron microscopy micrographs of Au-SiO2 thin films: a) cross section view of a film with Au volume fraction p = 23%, and b) plan view of a film of Au volume fraction
The equation usually considered to obtain the χ(3) of metal/glass composites, is given by [45]:
Where
So, if one assumes
In the last decades, the development of optics, as the science that deals with light and its applications, has had an enormous growth not only through new or recognized theoretical concepts but also in new optical techniques and new instruments. Several factors contributed to this, namely: 1) the emergence of new light sources, such as lasers, which allowed the advent of new applications associated with light manipulation, such as those based on the nonlinear optical properties of materials; and 2) the development of new glasses or the modification/optimization of others through the addition of dopants (e.g., metallic nanoparticles or QDs), also allowed the creation of new photonic devices (light sources, all-optical switches, modulators, etc.) and new technologies associated with them. These developments also gave rise to the so-called integrated optics, which allowed a reduction in the size of optical systems, while maintaining their high nonlinear optical performance. Many of these technologies are used in the field of communications and other sectors of activity, such as health and information. In terms of materials, NLO glasses have grown as indicated by the numerous scientific publications on the subject. Glasses have great versatility and offer great flexibility to modify their nonlinear responses by manipulating their composition, refractive index, gap, etc. Because of their structural inversion symmetry, glasses do not possess second-order optical nonlinearity. Yet, it is possible to induce this optical response in the glass by thermal electric poling.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Such technology developments as the ones presented here undoubtedly shall be based on interdisciplinary projects involving not only rheology or fluid mechanics but several other disciplines. Three practical applications which use Rayleigh or Marangoni convection in their working principle are presented along with some technical details. This contribution focus mainly on the physical mechanism and the involved hydrodynamics of some lab and industrial applications. Finally, a short discussion on the role play by the convective mechanisms is given in order to provide integration of the exposed ideas.",book:{id:"6702",slug:"polymer-rheology",title:"Polymer Rheology",fullTitle:"Polymer Rheology"},signatures:"Ildebrando Pérez-Reyes, René Osvaldo Vargas-Aguilar, Samuel\nBernardo Pérez-Vega and Alejandro Sebastián Ortiz-Pérez",authors:[{id:"183938",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Vega",slug:"samuel-perez-vega",fullName:"Samuel Perez-Vega"},{id:"186659",title:"Prof.",name:"Ildebrando",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Reyes",slug:"ildebrando-perez-reyes",fullName:"Ildebrando Pérez-Reyes"},{id:"242858",title:"Prof.",name:"Rene Osvaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Vargas-Aguilar",slug:"rene-osvaldo-vargas-aguilar",fullName:"Rene Osvaldo Vargas-Aguilar"},{id:"242859",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Perez",slug:"alejandro-sebastian-ortiz-perez",fullName:"Alejandro Sebastian Ortiz-Perez"}]},{id:"30975",title:"Solution Properties of κ-Carrageenan and Its Interaction with Other Polysaccharides in Aqueous Media",slug:"solution-properties-of-k-carrageenan-and-its-interaction-with-other-polysaccharides-in-aqueous-media",totalDownloads:7625,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"1601",slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Alberto Tecante and María del Carmen Núñez Santiago",authors:[{id:"109087",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Tecante",slug:"alberto-tecante",fullName:"Alberto Tecante"},{id:"109098",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Nunez-Santiago",slug:"maria-del-carmen-nunez-santiago",fullName:"Maria Del Carmen Nunez-Santiago"}]},{id:"30968",title:"Polymer Gel Rheology and Adhesion",slug:"rheology-and-adhesion-of-polymer-gels",totalDownloads:15900,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:74,abstract:null,book:{id:"1601",slug:"rheology",title:"Rheology",fullTitle:"Rheology"},signatures:"Anne M. 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The effect of the combination of maltodextrin 10% [w/v] and native agave fructans in concentrations of 0, 2, and 4% [w/v] on the rheological properties and microstructure, of spray-dried chayote, carrot, mango and pineapple powders was evaluated. The flow behavior was analyzed in a simple shear flow and low-cutting speed in the range of 5–200 s−1. The experimental data of fresh or reconstituted juices were fitted to different flow models such as Newtonian, Bingham, and Ostwald-de-Waele. The flow behavior of all juices can be described by the Bingham model with low plastic viscosities; the addition of fructans and the step of spray drying had no significant influence on the plastic viscosity of juices as compared to fresh juices.",book:{id:"6702",slug:"polymer-rheology",title:"Polymer Rheology",fullTitle:"Polymer Rheology"},signatures:"Darvin Ervey Jimenez-Sánchez, Montserrat Calderón-Santoyo,\nLaetitia Picart-Palmade, Pedro Ulises Bautista Rosales, Julio Cesar\nBarros-Castillo and Juan Arturo Ragazzo-Sánchez",authors:[{id:"234138",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Ragazzo-Sanchez",slug:"juan-ragazzo-sanchez",fullName:"Juan Ragazzo-Sanchez"},{id:"234139",title:"Dr.",name:"Darvin Ervey",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Sánchez",slug:"darvin-ervey-jimenez-sanchez",fullName:"Darvin Ervey Jimenez-Sánchez"},{id:"234140",title:"Prof.",name:"Montserrat",middleName:null,surname:"Calderón-Santoyo",slug:"montserrat-calderon-santoyo",fullName:"Montserrat Calderón-Santoyo"},{id:"234143",title:"Prof.",name:"Laetitia",middleName:null,surname:"Picart-Palmade",slug:"laetitia-picart-palmade",fullName:"Laetitia Picart-Palmade"},{id:"234144",title:"MSc.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Barros-Castillo",slug:"julio-barros-castillo",fullName:"Julio Barros-Castillo"},{id:"257866",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Ulises",middleName:null,surname:"Bautista-Rosales",slug:"pedro-ulises-bautista-rosales",fullName:"Pedro Ulises Bautista-Rosales"}]},{id:"60958",title:"Magnetorheology of Polymer Systems",slug:"magnetorheology-of-polymer-systems",totalDownloads:991,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The results of researches of a magnetic field effect on rheological properties of both paramagnetic, and diamagnetic polymer systems are described. Influence of intensity and the direction of power lines of the magnetic field on the viscosity of magnetic liquids and magnetorheological suspensions is analyzed. Results of theoretical researches of the magnetic field effect on the diamagnetic macromolecule orientation in solutions are discussed. The data on the influence of the magnetic field on rheological parameters of cellulose ether solutions are generalized and analyzed. The rheological parameters are compared with a change of studied system structure under magnetic field. The concentration dependences of viscosity and the sizes of supramolecular particles in solutions are compared. The rheological behavior of systems in a region of phase transitions is considered. 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He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"25",type:"subseries",title:"Evolutionary Computation",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. 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