Physical and chemical properties of 2,4-D and MCPA.
\nThe book is divided into three parts:
\nPart I: Ecological interpretation of land-use act - in this part, ecosystem and land use turn out to be a significant factor in the process of creating an ecological landscape.
\nPart II: Landscape district in applied ecological analysis - this part attempts to illustrate the best possible model of analysis integrated with landscape in practical case studies.
\nPart III: The anthropogenic impacts on landscape creation - this part discusses the human impact on landscape creation.",isbn:"978-953-51-2514-3",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2513-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5442-6",doi:"10.5772/61905",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"landscape-ecology-the-influences-of-land-use-and-anthropogenic-impacts-of-landscape-creation",numberOfPages:140,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"354db0cb765007d8e48728a1356f2b75",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",publishedDate:"July 27th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5289.jpg",numberOfDownloads:14417,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:39,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:77,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:126,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 12th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 3rd 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 22nd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 20th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 20th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110471/images/system/110471.png",biography:"Prof. Amjad Almusaed has a Ph.D. in Architecture (Environmental Design) from Ion Mincu University, Bucharest, Romania. He completed postdoctoral research in 2004 on sustainable and bioclimatic houses at the School of Architecture, Aarhus, Denmark. His research expertise is sustainability in architecture and urban planning and design. He has carried out a great deal of research and technical survey work and has performed several studies in these areas. He has edited many international books and is an active member of many worldwide architectural associations. He has published more than 170 international academic works (papers, research, books, and book chapters) in different languages.",institutionString:"Jönköping University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"10",institution:{name:"Jönköping University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"849",title:"Landscape Ecology",slug:"landscape-ecology"}],chapters:[{id:"51201",title:"Agriculture and Its Impact on Land‐Use, Environment, and Ecosystem Services",doi:"10.5772/63719",slug:"agriculture-and-its-impact-on-land-use-environment-and-ecosystem-services",totalDownloads:8430,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:70,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Human expansion throughout the world caused that agriculture is a dominant form of land management globally. Human influence on the land is accelerating because of rapid population growth and increasing food requirements. To stress the interactions between society and the environment, the driving forces (D), pressures (P), states (S), impacts (I), and response (R) (DPSIR) framework approach was used for analyzing and assessing the influence of agriculture on land use, environment, and ecosystem services. The DPSIR model was used to identify a series of core indicators and to establish the nature of interactions between different driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, and responses. We assessed selected indicators at global, national, and local levels. Driving force indicators describe growing population trend and linking land‐use patterns. The driving forces exert pressure on the environment assessed by indicators describing development in fertilizer and pesticides consumption, by number of livestock, and by intensification joined growing release of ammonia and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture, and water abstraction. The pressure reflects in the state of environment, mainly expressed by soil and water quality indicators. Negative changes in the state then have negative impacts on landscape, e.g., traditional landscape disappearance, biodiversity, climate, and ecosystem services. As a response, technological, economic, policy, or legislation measures are adopted.",signatures:"Radoslava Kanianska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51201",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51201",authors:[{id:"184781",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Radoslava",surname:"Kanianska",slug:"radoslava-kanianska",fullName:"Radoslava Kanianska"}],corrections:null},{id:"50964",title:"Modelling the Contribution of Land Use to Nitrate Yield from a Rural Catchment",doi:"10.5772/63718",slug:"modelling-the-contribution-of-land-use-to-nitrate-yield-from-a-rural-catchment",totalDownloads:1428,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The nutrient flow dynamics in rural landscapes are among the basic characteristics of landscape functioning. In this study, the ecohydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was applied in a small rural catchment in northwest (NW) Spain to evaluate the contribution of land use on nitrate losses and to assess the relative importance of different pathways by which nitrate is delivered to the drainage network. The model was first calibrated and validated at a monthly time step. The SWAT model performance was satisfactory (R2 > 0.5; Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) > 0.5 and percent bias (PBIAS) < 10%) during both the calibration and validation periods, indicating that SWAT predicted the nitrate discharge accurately. Using the calibrated SWAT model, this study showed that agricultural lands, even though they represent only 30% of the catchment, were main contributor to the nitrate losses accounting for about 77% of the total nitrate yield. The model results also indicated that, irrespective of the land use, groundwater flow is the main pathway for nitrate losses (63%); therefore, appropriate management practices aimed at decreasing nitrate leaching will be key factors in reducing nitrate yield in the study catchment.",signatures:"Maria-Luz Rodríguez-Blanco, Ricardo Arias, Maria-Mercedes\nTaboada-Castro, Joao Pedro Nunes, Jan Jacob Keizer and Maria-\nTeresa Taboada-Castro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50964",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50964",authors:[{id:"183458",title:"Dr.",name:"María-Luz",surname:"Rodríguez-Blanco",slug:"maria-luz-rodriguez-blanco",fullName:"María-Luz Rodríguez-Blanco"}],corrections:null},{id:"51225",title:"Multitemporal Analysis in Mediterranean Forestland with Remote Sensing",doi:"10.5772/63721",slug:"multitemporal-analysis-in-mediterranean-forestland-with-remote-sensing",totalDownloads:1210,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study employs a Fourier transform analysis approach to assess the land-cover changes in a mountainous Mediterranean protected area using multi-temporal satellite images. Harmonic analysis was applied to a time series of Landsat satellite images acquired from 1984 to 2008 to extract information about land cover status with a vegetation spectral index, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Ancillary cartographic information depicting land cover classes and the enlargement of the protected area over time (i.e., maps showing the original delineation in 1995 and subsequent enlargement in 2007) were employed as additional factors to understand vegetation-cover changes. Significant differences in the NDVI and harmonic components values were observed with respect to both factors. The application of the Fourier transform was particularly successful to extract subtle information. The harmonic analysis of the NDVI time series revealed valuable information about the evolution of the landscape. The initially protected area (northern sector) seems more affected by human activities than the southern sector (enlarged area in 2007) as revealed by the analysis of the first harmonic component that was closely related with vegetation coverage. Rural abandonment is a major driver of land-cover changes in the study area.",signatures:"Ignacio Melendez-Pastor, Encarni I. Hernández, Jose Navarro-\nPedreño, Ignacio Gómez and Magaly Koch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51225",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51225",authors:[{id:"109913",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Melendez-Pastor",slug:"ignacio-melendez-pastor",fullName:"Ignacio Melendez-Pastor"},{id:"137038",title:"Dr.",name:"Encarni I.",surname:"Hernández",slug:"encarni-i.-hernandez",fullName:"Encarni I. Hernández"},{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño"},{id:"137041",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Gómez Lucas",slug:"ignacio-gomez-lucas",fullName:"Ignacio Gómez Lucas"},{id:"183525",title:"Dr.",name:"Magaly",surname:"Koch",slug:"magaly-koch",fullName:"Magaly Koch"}],corrections:null},{id:"50268",title:"Hydrological Trend Analysis Integrated with Landscape Analysis at the Watershed Scale (Case Study: Langat Basin, Malaysia)",doi:"10.5772/62463",slug:"hydrological-trend-analysis-integrated-with-landscape-analysis-at-the-watershed-scale-case-study-lan",totalDownloads:1002,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this study, the trends of water and sediment data collected from three hydrometer stations over the past 25 years of development in the state of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia, were analyzed using the Mann–Kendall and Pettitt’s tests. Landscape metrics for establishing the relationship between land use changes and trends of hydrological time series were calculated. The hydrologic trends were also studied in terms of rainfall variations and man-made features. Results indicated upward trends in water discharge at the Hulu Langat sub-basin and sediment load at the Semenyih sub-basin. These increasing trends were mainly caused by rapid changes in land use. Upward trends of hydrological series at the Hulu Langat sub-basin matched its rainfall pattern. At the Lui sub-basin, however, trends of hydrological series and variations in rainfall and land use were not statistically significant.",signatures:"Hadi Memarian and Siva K. Balasundram",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50268",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50268",authors:[{id:"182821",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",surname:"Memarian",slug:"hadi-memarian",fullName:"Hadi Memarian"},{id:"184945",title:"Prof.",name:"Siva",surname:"Kumar Balasundram",slug:"siva-kumar-balasundram",fullName:"Siva Kumar Balasundram"}],corrections:null},{id:"51291",title:"The Anthropic Pressure on the Landscapes of the Subcarpathian and Piedmont Basin of Dâmboviţa River (Romania)",doi:"10.5772/63722",slug:"the-anthropic-pressure-on-the-landscapes-of-the-subcarpathian-and-piedmont-basin-of-d-mbovi-a-river-",totalDownloads:1076,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Subcarpathian and Piedmont Basin of Dâmboviţa cover an area of 412 km2 and largely overlap north-western part of Dâmboviţa County, namely the relief units: Gethian Subcarpathians (the Subcarpahians of Argeş), Subcarpathians of Curvature (the Subcarpathians of Ialomiţa) and Getian Plateau (Piedmont of Cândeşti).",signatures:"Mihaela Sencovici and Gica Pehoiu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51291",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51291",authors:[{id:"94647",title:"Dr",name:"Gica",surname:"Pehoiu",slug:"gica-pehoiu",fullName:"Gica Pehoiu"},{id:"186700",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",surname:"Sencovici",slug:"mihaela-sencovici",fullName:"Mihaela Sencovici"}],corrections:null},{id:"50472",title:"Tracking Anthropogenic Influences on the Condition of Plant Communities at Sites and Landscape Scales",doi:"10.5772/62874",slug:"tracking-anthropogenic-influences-on-the-condition-of-plant-communities-at-sites-and-landscape-scale",totalDownloads:1272,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Deriving vegetation condition assessments from land use classifications and mapping only provides rudimentary and very coarse insights; ones that may be misleading for planning and priority setting by regional planners and policy makers. Standardized indicators of past ecological resilience for a particular landscape can assist land managers and ecologists track, evaluate and report the outcomes of land management decisions. Developing a timetable of the varying goals of land management practices and their past effects on vegetation condition including regenerative capacity is suited to on-ground managers.Access to information about how and why landscapes were transformed helps regional planners and policy makers identify and prioritise areas for investment relative to an ideal state. Tracking the responses of previous native plant communities to a range of land management practices helps decision makers gain an understanding of which outcomes can be realistically achieved in particular landscape contexts.",signatures:"Richard Thackway",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50472",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50472",authors:[{id:"171613",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Richard",surname:"Thackway",slug:"richard-thackway",fullName:"Richard Thackway"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6066",title:"Landscape Architecture",subtitle:"The Sense of Places, Models and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd4ff3f5b34fb2ee8089dc8da74a843a",slug:"landscape-architecture-the-sense-of-places-models-and-applications",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5124",title:"Insulation Materials in Context of Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca203e467e6f6fc2ece46fab2da10bbc",slug:"insulation-materials-in-context-of-sustainability",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5124.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7205",title:"Housing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"efb431be41bf8bf41facd7b4a183225e",slug:"housing",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7205.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6378",title:"Sustainable Buildings",subtitle:"Interaction Between a Holistic Conceptual Act and Materials Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1bc977aee58593c6aeecb1941cae1a0e",slug:"sustainable-buildings-interaction-between-a-holistic-conceptual-act-and-materials-properties",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6378.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2005",title:"Effective Thermal Insulation",subtitle:"The Operative Factor of a Passive Building Model",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7c6c5a9dfad00a32efaa72b9f163e71",slug:"effective-thermal-insulation-the-operative-factor-of-a-passive-building-model",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2005.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5889",title:"Grasses",subtitle:"Benefits, Diversities and Functional Roles",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"605047fa783d21860951085f83b84f47",slug:"grasses-benefits-diversities-and-functional-roles",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Sammera Mohamed Salih Al-Samaraee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5889.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6882",title:"Sustainable Cities",subtitle:"Authenticity, Ambition and Dream",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba808740ddb346ea58d759f6570c8c6d",slug:"sustainable-cities-authenticity-ambition-and-dream",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6882.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10986",title:"Sustainable Housing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b05fa99bbd2c8e02d48dc740c0efbf9c",slug:"sustainable-housing",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10986.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"64554",slug:"erratum-treatment-of-resistant-hypertension-an-update-in-device-therapy",title:"Erratum - Treatment of Resistant Hypertension: An Update in Device Therapy",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64554.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64554",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64554",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64554",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64554",chapter:{id:"59188",slug:"treatment-of-resistant-hypertension-an-update-in-device-therapy",signatures:"Ghazal Quinn, Phillip John Gary, Christopher Damiano and Geoffrey\nTeehan",dateSubmitted:"May 10th 2017",dateReviewed:"January 10th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 7th 2018",datePublished:"November 14th 2018",book:{id:"6311",title:"Blood Pressure",subtitle:"From Bench to Bed",fullTitle:"Blood Pressure - From Bench to Bed",slug:"blood-pressure-from-bench-to-bed",publishedDate:"November 14th 2018",bookSignature:"Aise Seda Artis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6311.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99453",title:"Dr.",name:"Aise Seda",middleName:null,surname:"Artis",slug:"aise-seda-artis",fullName:"Aise Seda Artis"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"210880",title:"Dr.",name:"Geoffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Teehan",fullName:"Geoffrey Teehan",slug:"geoffrey-teehan",email:"gteehan@comcast.net",position:null,institution:{name:"Lankenau Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"221168",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghazal",middleName:null,surname:"Quinn",fullName:"Ghazal Quinn",slug:"ghazal-quinn",email:"quinng@mlhs.org",position:null,institution:null},{id:"221169",title:"Dr.",name:"Phillip John",middleName:null,surname:"Gary",fullName:"Phillip John Gary",slug:"phillip-john-gary",email:"garyp@mlhs.org",position:null,institution:null},{id:"221170",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Damiano",fullName:"Christopher Damiano",slug:"christopher-damiano",email:"damianoc@mlhs.org",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"59188",slug:"treatment-of-resistant-hypertension-an-update-in-device-therapy",signatures:"Ghazal Quinn, Phillip John Gary, Christopher Damiano and Geoffrey\nTeehan",dateSubmitted:"May 10th 2017",dateReviewed:"January 10th 2018",datePrePublished:"February 7th 2018",datePublished:"November 14th 2018",book:{id:"6311",title:"Blood Pressure",subtitle:"From Bench to Bed",fullTitle:"Blood Pressure - From Bench to Bed",slug:"blood-pressure-from-bench-to-bed",publishedDate:"November 14th 2018",bookSignature:"Aise Seda Artis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6311.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99453",title:"Dr.",name:"Aise Seda",middleName:null,surname:"Artis",slug:"aise-seda-artis",fullName:"Aise Seda Artis"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"210880",title:"Dr.",name:"Geoffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Teehan",fullName:"Geoffrey Teehan",slug:"geoffrey-teehan",email:"gteehan@comcast.net",position:null,institution:{name:"Lankenau Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"221168",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghazal",middleName:null,surname:"Quinn",fullName:"Ghazal Quinn",slug:"ghazal-quinn",email:"quinng@mlhs.org",position:null,institution:null},{id:"221169",title:"Dr.",name:"Phillip John",middleName:null,surname:"Gary",fullName:"Phillip John Gary",slug:"phillip-john-gary",email:"garyp@mlhs.org",position:null,institution:null},{id:"221170",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",middleName:null,surname:"Damiano",fullName:"Christopher Damiano",slug:"christopher-damiano",email:"damianoc@mlhs.org",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6311",title:"Blood Pressure",subtitle:"From Bench to Bed",fullTitle:"Blood Pressure - From Bench to Bed",slug:"blood-pressure-from-bench-to-bed",publishedDate:"November 14th 2018",bookSignature:"Aise Seda Artis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6311.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99453",title:"Dr.",name:"Aise Seda",middleName:null,surname:"Artis",slug:"aise-seda-artis",fullName:"Aise Seda Artis"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9954",leadTitle:null,title:"Xylanase and its Industrial Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tXylanases are hydrolases depolymerizing the plant cell component xylan, the second most abundant polysaccharide. Xylanases are produced by fungi, bacteria, yeast, marine algae, protozoans, snails, crustaceans, insects, seeds, etc., but the principal commercial source is filamentous fungi. Xylanase belonging to pentosanases, a class of enzyme that breaks down cell wall matrix of plants, breaks down xylan into xylose residues. This property of xylanase makes it a commercially important enzyme.
\r\n\r\n\tThe present book aims to give an insight into the structure, function and applications of xylanase in various industries along with the current trends in xylanase enzyme research.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c4de0862914bd25e192503fdbc8ed7bf",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Girish Goswami and Prof. Rakesh Ranjan Pathak",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9954.jpg",keywords:"Xylan, Xylan Degrading Enzymes, Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Endo-Beta -Xylanases, Xylosidases, Exo-Beta-Xylanases, Xylanolytic Enzyme, Thermo Stable, Kraft Bleaching, Xylanase Activity, Saccharification, Animal feed, Bio-Bleaching",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 11th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 27th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 26th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 14th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 13th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"271828",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Girish",middleName:null,surname:"Goswami",slug:"girish-goswami",fullName:"Girish Goswami",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/271828/images/system/271828.jpg",biography:"Dr. Goswami is an academician and researcher having more than 18 years of work experience in the field of Molecular Biology/Biotechnology. After obtaining a master degree in biotechnology from IIT Roorkee, India, worked at NIMS Medical College, Jaipur followed by JECRC and Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur respectively and the Director, Science Pharmacy and Nursing Campus and Dean of Faculty of Science, C. U. Shah University Wadhwancity, Surendranagar, Gujarat. Dr. Goswami has developed many programs in Microbiology and Biotechnology at B. Tech. (Biotech), B. Sc., M. Sc., M. Phil. and Ph. D. levels. He has 18 international research publications in his credit. Dr. Goswami das submitted 3 patents to the Indian Patent Office, New Delhi. He is a member of many national and international bodies.",institutionString:"C. U. Shah University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"C. U. Shah University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"299025",title:"Prof.",name:"Rakesh Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Pathak",slug:"rakesh-ranjan-pathak",fullName:"Rakesh Ranjan Pathak",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/299025/images/system/299025.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pathak is a Professor of Pharmacology and has done his MBBS from BHU and MD from Saurashtra University. He has 11 original MCI recognized publications along with 11 additional publications. He has received his MBA in health services and Advances training in Biostatistics from Stanford's and John Hopkins.",institutionString:"Zydus Medical College and Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"297737",firstName:"Mateo",lastName:"Pulko",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297737/images/8492_n.png",email:"mateo.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"45316",title:"Superoxide Dismutase and Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",doi:"10.5772/56488",slug:"superoxide-dismutase-and-oxidative-stress-in-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",body:'Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between reactive species such as free radicals and oxidants and the antioxidant defenses. Free radicals are molecules with one or more unpaired electrons, while oxidants are molecules with a high potential for taking electrons from other molecules. The more recognized reactive species are the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include oxygen and its reduction products superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical, and the reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as the free radical nitric oxide and its by-products, including the powerful oxidant peroxynitrite and the sub-product of peroxynitrite decomposition nitrogen dioxide.
As part of the antioxidant defense system, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is an abundant and highly conserved cytosolic enzyme responsible for the disproportionation of superoxide to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide (McCord and Fridovich, 1969). SOD1 is a relatively small protein of 153 amino acids that works as a tight homodimer and requires a high stability for fast catalysis (Perry et al., 2010; Trumbull and Beckman, 2009). The stability is conferred by the quaternary structure of the protein, an eight-strand beta-barrel, as well as the binding of Cu and Zn, two metal ions with catalytic roles positioned in the active site channel (Perry et al., 2010; Trumbull and Beckman, 2009). The disproportionation of superoxide is a two-step oxidation-reduction reaction that involves the cycling of the copper atom in SOD1 from Cu2+ to Cu+ and back to Cu+2.
The zinc does not participate in this reaction but is essential for the structure of the active site. In addition, the formation of an intrasubunit disulfide bridge stabilizes the enzyme and plays an important role in preventing aggregation of metal-deficient SOD (Getzoff et al., 1989).
Mutations in the gene codifying for SOD1 were linked to familial ALS almost 20 years ago. Currently, over 130 point mutations on more than 70 sites on SOD1 have been described, most of these being missense single residue mutations located in critical positions that affect the stability and folding of the enzyme (Beckman et al., 2001; Perry et al., 2010; Roberts et al., 2007). The goal of this chapter is to review recent advances in our understanding of the role of oxidative stress on the gain of a toxic function associated with mutations in the gene of the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase.
The first proposed mechanisms linking mutations of SOD1 with ALS were based on the loss of dismutase activity (Beckman et al., 1993; Deng et al., 1993a). However, the SOD1 mutants G37R and G93A remain fully active and were linked to familial ALS (Borchelt et al., 1994; Yim et al., 1996). In addition, the mouse knockout for SOD1 developed normally and did not show signs of motor neuron deficit, although the motor neurons were more susceptible to cell death upon axonal injury (Reaume et al., 1996). This evidence indicated that a gain-of-function rather than the loss of function was responsible for motor neuron degeneration in ALS, and that the gain-of-function could be related to the redox properties of SOD1.
The discovery that mutations on the gene for an antioxidant enzyme such as SOD1 were associated with a population of familial ALS patients led to speculate on the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of ALS (Beckman et al., 1993; Deng et al., 1993b; Rosen et al., 1993). From this original discovery to the present the interest on oxidative stress in ALS has been a rollercoaster. Several different groups described the presence of a variety of markers for oxidative stress in human samples and animal models of ALS, including elevated protein carbonyl and nitrotyrosine levels as well as lipid and DNA oxidation. Oxidation of proteins, lipids, and DNA was also found in transgenic mice and cell culture models (Barber and Shaw, 2010). On the other hand, other groups failed to find markers of oxidative damage in animal models of ALS, casting doubt on the relevance of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the disease (Barber and Shaw, 2010). Currently, a role for oxidative stress in ALS is generally accepted but whether oxidative stress is responsible for the mutant SOD1 gain-of-function is still controversial.
Mutant SOD1s have a tendency to aggregate when expressed in bacterial systems and transfected cells, and the presence of mutant and wild type SOD1-containing aggregates has been described in animal models of ALS (Bruijn and Cleveland, 1996; Watanabe et al., 2001). The formation of aggregates clogging the proteasome and containing other relevant proteins along with mutant SOD1 is one of the possible explanations for SOD1 toxic gain-of-function. However, in mice expressing the SOD1A4V mutant, the most common mutation linked to familial ALS in humans, the mutant is expressed at high levels and forms protein aggregates but does not cause disease (Gurney et al., 1994). Alternatively, other groups proposed a hypothesis in which the formation of aggregates is a protective mechanism rather than cause of toxicity.
The link between the gain-of-function and the redox activity of soluble mutant SOD1 as a source of oxidative stress is based on the presence of the copper atom in the active site of the enzyme as well as the loss of zinc. The requirement for copper was challenged by genetic experiments in which the chaperone that delivers the copper metal to SOD1 was deleted. The ablation of the chaperone in the G93A, G85R, or G73R-SOD1 mutant mice decreased the activity of the enzyme but had no effect on the progression of the disease (Subramaniam et al., 2002), although it may be possible for SOD1 to acquire copper from an alternative source (Beckman et al., 2002). The transgenic expression of a SOD1 with mutations that eliminate the copper-binding site still produced disease (Prudencio et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2003). In contrast, another study showed that the mutant enzymes A4V, G85R, and G93A had a higher affinity for copper than the wild type protein, and that this aberrant copper binding was mediated by cysteine 111 (Watanabe et al., 2007), implying that the enzyme binds copper in an alternate site (Figure 1A).
Some SOD1 mutants bind copper and zinc and are fully active (Borchelt et al., 1994; Marklund et al., 1997) but many mutations affect the binding of zinc while copper remains tightly bound, thus favoring the formation of Zn-deficient SOD. In the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, the dietary depletion of zinc accelerates the progression of the disease while moderate supplement of zinc provides protection (Ermilova et al., 2005). Indeed, a peak corresponding to one-metal SOD1 was detected
ALS-linked mutant SOD1s have 5-50 fold less affinity for zinc than the wild type protein (Crow et al., 1997a; Lyons et al., 1996). The loss of zinc disorganizes the structure of the active site leaving the copper metal more expose and accessible to substrates other than superoxide, decreasing the normal activity of the enzyme. When replete with zinc, SOD1 mutants can generally fulfill the antioxidant activity of wild type SOD (Crow et al., 1997a). Early studies showed that mutant SOD1 has an aberrant chemistry and is reduced abnormally fast which allows the reaction with oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite (Crow et al., 1997a; Crow et al., 1997b; Lyons et al., 1996; Wiedau-Pazos et al., 1996), thus turning the antioxidant enzyme into a catalyst for oxidation. The conversion of SOD1 from antioxidant to pro-oxidant due to the loss of zinc is a simple explanation for the gain-of-function attributed to the ALS-linked SOD mutants, but is still highly controversial.
In normal conditions SOD1 catalyzes the disproportionation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, but due to changes in mutant SOD1 conformation, the mutant enzyme can catalyze the production of hydroxyl radical from hydrogen peroxide
The aberrant chemistry of mutant SOD1 was shown to inactivate the glutamate transporter EAAT2 by oxidative reactions catalyzed by the A4V and I113T-SOD1 mutants and triggered by hydrogen peroxide (Trotti et al., 1999; Trotti et al., 1996). The function of this transporter is down regulated in human patients and animal models of ALS and its inactivation results in neuronal degeneration (Rothstein et al., 2005; Tanaka et al., 1997). Moreover, the aberrant SOD1 chemistry increases the vulnerability of a variety of cells in culture to hydrogen peroxide, with an increased susceptibility to inhibition by copper chelators. The G37R, G41D, and G85R-SOD1 mutants induce activation of caspase 1 and promoted apoptosis in N2a cells and tissue expressing mutant SOD1 when exposed to hydrogen peroxide. In NSC34 cells, a motor neuron model, mutant SOD1 induces cell death upon exposure of the cells to hydrogen peroxide (Pasinelli et al., 1998; Wiedau-Pazos et al., 1996). These findings suggest that the ALS phenotype may require both, the genetic background and an additional oxidative challenge.
Nitric oxide alone is not toxic to normal motor neurons (Estévez et al., 1999), but when superoxide is also produced it can react with nitric oxide to form the powerful oxidant peroxynitrite, responsible for the induction of cell death. Overexpression of mutant SOD1 makes motor neurons vulnerable to exogenous and endogenous production of nitric oxide. The increased vulnerability is linked to the activation of the Fas death pathways (Raoul et al., 2002). More recently it was shown that motor neurons from mutant SOD1 transgenic animals have lower levels of a calcium-binding ER chaperone calreticulin. A decrease in the expression of this protein is necessary and sufficient to activate the Fas/NO pathways in motor neurons. Further evidence
Cu,Zn-SOD1 is not only responsible for the production of peroxynitrite but it can also catalyze tyrosine nitration
Several lines of evidence support the role of oxidative stress in mutant SOD1 toxicity, but some evidence suggest that interactions other than the redox properties of the enzyme stimulate oxidative stress by different mechanisms. Mutant SOD1 can induce oxidative stress by disruption of the redox-sensitive regulation of NADPH oxidase (Nox) in microglial cells. Noxs are transmembrane proteins that catalyze the reduction of oxygen to superoxide using NADPH as an electron donor (Brown and Griendling, 2009). Superoxide is then converted to hydrogen peroxide by SOD1. Under reducing conditions, SOD1 regulates Nox2 activation by binding and stabilizing Rac1. The oxidation of Rac1 by hydrogen peroxide disrupts the complex with SOD1 and inactivates Nox2. Upon expression of certain ALS SOD1 mutants, the dissociation of Rac1 from SOD1 is impaired and Nox2 remains active (Figure 1C). In addition, the expression of Nox2 is upregulated in the SOD1G93A mouse model and in ALS patients. In fact, gene deletion of Nox1 or Nox2 provides the larger protection to date in animal models of ALS (Harraz et al., 2008; Marden et al., 2007).
Mitochondria are one of the major sources of cellular ROS formed as by-products of oxidative phosphorylation. Abnormalities in the mitochondrial structure, localization and number as well as altered activity of the electron transport chain have been described in both, sporadic and familial ALS (Manfredi and Xu, 2005). The mitochondrial electron transport chain and ATP synthesis are severely impaired at disease onset in spinal cord and brain of SOD1G93A transgenic mice (Lin and Beal, 2006). Both, wild type and mutant SOD localize in mitochondria in the central nervous system (Higgins et al., 2002). Mutant human SOD1 was found in the mitochondrial outer membrane, intermembrane space and matrix in transgenic mice, while inactive mutant SOD1 accumulates and forms aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix in the brain (Vijayvergiya et al., 2005). Aggregates of the mutant enzyme are also selectively found in the mitochondrial outer membrane in spinal cord from mouse models of ALS (Liu et al., 2004). Interestingly, the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 binds to mutant SOD1 and aggregates in spinal cord mitochondria from patients and a mouse model of ALS, suggesting that mutant SOD1 may be toxic by depleting motor neurons of this anti-apoptotic protein (Pasinelli et al., 2004). Mutant SOD1 targeted to the mitochondrial intermembrane space in NSC34 cells induces cell death upon exposure of the cells to hydrogen peroxide (Magrane et al., 2009). In addition, the increase in carbonylated proteins and lipid hydroperoxides in mitochondria, as well as the abnormally high rates of production of hydrogen peroxide in SOD1G93A transgenic mice (Mattiazzi et al., 2002; Panov et al., 2011) support the mutant SOD1 aberrant catalytic gain-of-function. Indeed, it was shown that metal-deficient SOD1s are prone to mitochondrial translocation and are found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (Okado-Matsumoto and Fridovich, 2002). The mitochondria contain the majority of the cellular copper because is required by the oxygen-consuming proteins. The insertion of copper into the translocated metal-deficient SOD would result in the formation of Zn-deficient SOD inside the mitochondria (Figure 1A). This could explain why the mitochondria are affected early in the onset of the disease (Beckman et al., 2002). The ROS-linked toxic gain-of-function of mutant SOD1 would produce hydroxyl radical from H2O2 as well as peroxynitrite in the mitochondria. The mutant enzyme could then catalyze the nitration of mitochondrial proteins such as cyclophilin D and the adenine nucleotide translocator (Martin, 2010). Due to these toxic effects of mutant SOD1 on mitochondria, it has been proposed that the abnormal activity of the mitochondria in ALS may account for the initiation and progression of the disease. However, whether the mitochondrial localization of mutant SOD1 is cause or a consequence of pathology needs to be established.
A new mechanism integrating the autonomous and non-autonomous induction of motor neuron death in ALS is emerging. In this scenario, the role of motor neurons and surrounding cells in the onset and progression of ALS is temporally determined. Several studies were conducted where mutant SOD1 was selectively expressed
ALS is a motor neuron disease characterized by the gradual and selective loss of both, upper and lower motor neurons. Expression of mutant SOD1 in spinal motor neurons and interneurons of chimeric mice is enough to induce neuronal degeneration (Boillee et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2008). The mice do not develop clinical ALS but the motor neurons expressing mutant SOD1 exhibit pathological and immunohistochemical abnormalities, while motor neurons negative for mutant SOD1 expression do not. These observations indicate that in the chimeric mice the degeneration of motor neurons can be cell-autonomous. The fact that only some of the motor neurons express mutant SOD1 in this model may explain why the animals do not develop the disease (Wang et al., 2008). Indeed, normal motor neurons can prevent or delay the degeneration of mutant SOD1-expressing motor neurons (Clement et al., 2003). In addition, decreased expression of mutant SOD1 in motor neurons has a modest effect on the duration of the disease but significantly delay the onset and early phase of the disease progression (Wang et al., 2008). Similar results were observed in culture, where primary spinal motor neurons as well as embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons expressing mutant SOD1 showed changes characteristic of neurodegeneration (Di Giorgio et al., 2007; Raoul et al., 2002). Primary embryonic motor neurons from SOD1G93A and SOD1G85R transgenic animals exposed to endogenously produced or exogenously added nitric oxide show an increased susceptibility to cell death in culture (Raoul et al., 2002). Thus, motor neurons expressing mutant SOD1 are susceptible to cell death stimulated by oxidative stress.
Neighboring cells also seem to play a role in mutant SOD1 toxicity. Normal motor neurons in the context of a mutant SOD1-expressing chimera show signs of neurodegeneration, while non-neuronal cells negative for mutant SOD1 expression delay neuronal degeneration and significantly extend survival of mutant-expressing motor neurons (Clement et al., 2003). In the last few years, a role for microglia and astrocytes in the induction of motor neuron death has become evident.
Activated microglia is found in the spinal cord of SOD1G93A transgenic mice, suggesting that it may play a role in the neurodegeneration of neighboring motor neurons (Beers et al., 2006). Reducing the expression of mutant SOD1 in microglia and peripheral macrophages in chimeric mice leads to a delay in the late progression of ALS but has little effect on the onset and early disease progression (Boillee et al., 2006). Likewise, in the PU.1(-/-)/SOD1G93A mice unable to synthesize myeloid cells, the replacement of microglia, monocyte, and macrophage lineages with genotypically identical wild type cells slows disease progression and extends overall survival (Beers et al., 2006), suggesting that non cell-autonomous effects contribute to ALS progression independently of disease onset. Comparable findings were observed in co-culture studies where glial cells expressing mutant-SOD1 had a direct adverse effect on motor neuron survival (Di Giorgio et al., 2007). Microglia expressing G93A-SOD1 is toxic to primary motor neurons
Astrocytes are the most abundant non-neuronal cells in the nervous system. The co-culture of normal primary embryonic or stem cell-derived motor neurons with astrocytes expressing mutant SOD1 result in motor neuron death. The death pathway is triggered by a toxic factor released by the astrocytes (Aebischer et al., 2011; Nagai et al., 2007). A population of phenotypically aberrant astrocytes was recently described in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS (Diaz-Amarilla et al., 2011). These astrocytes, referred to as “AbA cells”, have an increased proliferative capacity and secrete soluble factors that are 10 times more potent than neonatal SOD1G93A astrocytes for the induction of motor neuron death. AbA cells are present in degenerating spinal cord of SODG93A rats surrounding affected motor neurons, and their number increases dramatically after disease onset, highlighting the importance of this finding. Interestingly, the levels of interferon-γ (IFNγ) are significantly increased in mutant SOD1-expressing astrocytes, and IFNγ induces motor neuron death (Aebischer et al., 2011), suggesting that this cytokine may be one of the toxic factors mediating induction of cell death (Figure 2). The role of astrocytes in the induction of motor neuron death was recently confirmed in astrocytes generated from post-mortem tissue of familial and sporadic ALS patients, additionally providing an
In summary, the mechanism of mutant SOD1 toxicity is unknown and highly controversial but there is strong evidence suggesting that the mutant SOD1 toxic gain-of-function is related to an alteration of its redox properties and the induction of oxidative stress. In this scenario, the aberrant chemistry of mutant SOD1 turns the enzyme from antioxidant to pro-oxidant. Zn-deficient SOD1 reacts with hydrogen peroxide, produces superoxide and peroxynitrite, and is able to catalyze tyrosine nitration, altering the cellular redox balance. In addition, although not related to the redox properties of the enzyme, the interaction of mutant SOD1 with mitochondria and Nox, the two major sources of cellular ROS, further support the involvement of oxidative stress in the toxic gain-of-function. The cell type affected by mutant SOD1 is also controversial. A picture in which several cell types are affected and play a role at different stages of the disease seems to be emerging. In this context, during onset and early stages of the disease SOD1-expressing motor neurons undergo neurodegeneration and cell death by cell-autonomous processes. The activation of microglia and astrocytes may work as an amplification mechanism in the induction of motor neuron death in the late progression of the disease (Figure 2).
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) are the most commonly used phenoxy acid herbicides in agriculture, and 2,4-D is now the fifth most extensively used active ingredient (a.i.) in the US agricultural and home/garden market sector [1]. In addition, in 2016, 6.5 mln kg of herbicides based on phenoxy-phytohormones (2,4-D and MCPA) were sold in in the EU, including ~2 mln kg sold in Poland [2].
Phenoxy herbicides are typically used to protect wheat, one of the most extensively cultivated crops, because they selectively control the growth of dicotyledonous weeds [3]. They are applied as post emergence agents and taken up by broad-leaved plants. 2,4-D has also been extensively used as an anti-stalling agent for the postharvest fresh fruit industry [4].
These herbicides are based on ring-like structures and have at least one chlorine atom attached to the ring at different positions [5]. Their action is similar to that of phytohormones (auxins) insofar that they can redirect the regulation of plant growth/physiological processes, resulting in nutrition deficiency and subsequent plant death [6].
They are typically released to the environment in the form of commercial products containing phenoxy acids salts or esters; however, they immediately hydrolyze to their corresponding anionic or neutral form [7]. The dosage of phenoxy herbicides lies in the range of 0.8–1.8 kg of a.i. per ha. Their transport through the environment is governed by soil and climate factors (e.g., distribution of soil particles, soil permeability, soil depth, soil pH, soil organic matter content, land slope) [8], and their retention and translocation in the soil profile also depend on their chemical and physical properties, which are described by several parameters (Table 1), particularly pKa (acid dissociation constant), logP (octanol-water partition coefficient), and Koc (organic carbon distribution coefficient). The degree of adsorption and desorption depends on time and the physicochemical properties of soil; however, 2,4-D and MCPA are rather poorly adsorbed on the soil particles in comparison to their derivatives, which have different sorption characteristics [7].
Physical and chemical properties of 2,4-D and MCPA.
Although phenoxy herbicides are described as nonpersistent and weakly adsorbed (Koc < 50) in soil, they can be transported with runoff and in soil profile and reach terrestrial and water ecosystems (surface and groundwater). Figure 1 summarizes the transport and transfer processes of phenoxy herbicides in the environment. After they are applied to land, they are spread through several processes, including sorption/desorption, leaching, runoff, and plant uptake [8]. Phenoxy herbicide molecules are negatively charged and are therefore highly mobile at neutral pH. In groundwater, they are nonvolatile and persistent to hydrolysis, but they can be degraded biologically under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These herbicides demonstrate significantly greater persistence in temperate climates characterized by low winter temperatures and, in many regions, by depleted soil organic carbon content and acidic pH [7].
Transport and transfer processes of phenoxy herbicides in the environment.
Extensive use of phenoxy herbicides can threaten surface and groundwater ecosystems by promoting the contamination of soil matrices. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies phenoxy acids as “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” Gupta et al. [11] report that 0.5 kg/ha is the optimal concentration of 2,4-D which avoids contamination of environmental matrices, with the effect of higher concentrations of 2,4-D on the environment being dependent on irrigation treatment. Hence, little is known of the distribution of phenoxy herbicides in the environment. Data from several sources have identified increased levels of 2,4-D and MCPA in the soil, ground-, surface, and drinking water (Table 2); for example, Ignatowicz and Struk-Sokołowska [12] note that the concentration of phenoxy herbicides in the Narew River (Poland) fluctuated seasonally from 0 to even 150 μg/L. The concentration of MCPA in the Parramatta River (Sydney Estuary, Australia) was 0.061 μg/L; however, its presence in river water was caused by increased runoff of storm water [13]. MCPA concentration has been found to be as high as 42.40 μg/L in the Rhone River (France) [14] and to be as little as 0.58 μg/L in Brejo of Cagarrão Stream (Portugal) [15]. The 2,4-D concentration has been found to vary from 1.678 μg/L in the water of McGregor Creek (Canada) [16] to 329.42 μg/L in water from a rice field [17]. By contrast, the maximum permissible concentration of pesticide residues in drinking water is 0.50 μg/L (Directive E98/83/EC). The data presented in Table 2 and described above indicate that phenoxy herbicides should be considered as emerging contaminant especially in water resources.
Compound | Concentration | Environmental matrices | Source |
---|---|---|---|
2,4-D | 1.678 μg/L | Water from McGregor Creek (Canada) | [16] |
2,4-D | 103.99–329.42 μg/L | Water from rice field (Malaysia) | [14] |
2,4-D | 0.0052 mg/kg | Soil from cereal plantations (Poland) | [15] |
2,4-D | 0.513 μg/L | Lebo drain | [16] |
MCPA, MCPP, 2,4-D | 0–150 μg/L | Water from Narew River (Poland) | [12] |
MCPA | 0.0046 mg/kg | Soil from cereal plantations (Poland) | [15] |
MCPA | 0.08–42.40 μg/L | Water from Rhône River Delta (France) | [18] |
MCPA | 0.58 μg/L | Water from Brejo of Cagarrão Stream (Portugal) | [17] |
MCPA | 0.061 μg/L | Water from Parramatta River—Sydney Estuary (Australia) | [13] |
MCPA | 82.75–354.28 μg/L | Water from rice field (Malaysia) | [14] |
MCPA | 0.002–0.010 mg/kg | Soil from potato plantation (Poland) | [19] |
Concentration of phenoxy acids observed in various environments.
Despite the diversified levels of phenoxy herbicides noted in worldwide environments (Table 2), it has to be underlined that these compounds can exert serious toxic effects on the sustainability of ecosystems, even at lower concentrations (e.g., 0.275 μg/L) (Table 3). According to recent research, predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for aquatic organisms is 500 μg/L for 2,4-D and 0.022 μg/L for MCPA [20]; however, PNEC has not yet been determined for terrestrial organisms.
Dose of phenoxy herbicide | Exposure time | Test organism | Effect on organism | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
220.04 μg/L 2,4-D | 2 days | Inhibition of root and hypocotyl elongation | [22] | |
5.06 mg/L 2,4-D | 72 hours | Severe disturbances in mesophyll cell structure and proliferation of vascular tissue in young leaves | [23] | |
10, 100, 500, 1000 μg/L MCPA | 7 days | Disturbance of growth, anatomy, and physiology | [36] | |
IC50 1353.80 mg/L 2,4-D | 96 hours | External morphological alterations | [24] | |
IC50 71.20 mg/L 2,4-D | 96 hours | Stimulation of the production of cyanotoxins | ||
LC50 66 mg/L 2,4-D | 96 hours | Behavioral changes | [26] | |
LC50 9.06 and 7.76 mg/L 2,4-D | 96 and 168 hours | Reduced body size, delayed development, microcephaly, agenesis of gills, abnormal cellular proliferation processes | [27] | |
10–500 mg/L 2,4-D | 1 hour | Human erythrocytes | Hemolysis | [29] |
0.275, 2.75, and 27.5 μg/L 2,4-D and MCPA | 30 minutes | Hepatic cells of | Damage of cellular metabolism and homeostasis; increased oxidative stress | [21] |
The results of toxicological tests and effects of 2,4-D and MCPA on selected organisms.
Because the mode of action of phenoxy herbicides mimics that of plant growth hormones, their application causes disturbances among a range of physiological processes [21]. 2,4-D inhibits root/hypocotyl elongation in
Among animals, phenoxy herbicide application results in the inhibition of crucial enzymes in cell metabolism, including mitochondrial enzymes and those associated with DNA synthesis (Table 3). 2,4-D has also been found to induce erythrocyte lysis under laboratory conditions [29]. It is interesting to note that the intermediates formed during the degradation processes of 2,4-D, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 3,5-dichlorocatechol (3,5-DCC), exhibit a strong ecotoxic effect on various organisms, including
Several studies have revealed that MCPA also can have a negative impact on the environment: MCPA application caused up to a 56% reduction in dehydrogenase, urease, and phosphatase activities and ergosterol content in soil [32]. In addition, this application leads to increased soil phytotoxicity to
These studies emphasize the important role played by ecotoxicological approaches in evaluating the effect of chemical stressors observed in the ecosystem communities. Despite the relatively short half-life (Table 1) of 2,4-D and MCPA, their remnants can be transported and deposited extensively in the environment, and this can present a potential threat to the soil and water ecosystems as well as to human health. Therefore, there is a need to identify nature-based solutions such as bio-, phyto-, and rhizoremediation that can enhance the process of phenoxy herbicide elimination from the environment.
One approach to removing phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D and MCPA) from soil is via degradation by the soil microbiota (biodegradation). This is achieved most effectively by bacteria harboring the appropriate functional genes, which are involved in the phenoxy herbicide degradation pathways (Figure 2). Alternatively, plants can be used to decontaminate sites, a process known as phytoremediation (Figure 2). Another promising approach, rhizoremediation, enhances the removal of such recalcitrant xenobiotics from the environment by exploiting the interactions between selected plants (able to grow under the presence of given xenobiotics such as phenoxy herbicides), root exudates (including plant secondary metabolites, PSMs), and microorganisms (Figure 2). The purpose of this section is to review the literature on established and potential biological methods of phenoxy herbicide removal from environmental matrices.
The biological processes of phenoxy herbicide biodegradation mediated by soil, rhizospheric, and endophytic bacteria.
Bioremediation is a method that uses microbiological processes to degrade or transform contaminants to less toxic or nontoxic forms. Biodegradation of organic contaminants occurs very slowly in bulk soil; therefore biostimulation and bioaugmentation methods are used to enhance the biologically driven removal of toxic compounds from environmental matrices. The effectiveness of biodegradation is dependent on several factors, among them the characteristics of the soil, the bioavailability of the contaminants, and their chemical properties.
An important way of phenoxy herbicide removal from soil is by the use of indigenous soil bacteria harboring desirable catabolic genes. The first step in the phenoxy herbicide biodegradation pathway is initiated by α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, an enzyme encoded by
In recent decades, increasingly rapid advances in the application of molecular analysis in environmental studies have helped identify the bacterial communities involved in phenoxy herbicide biodegradation (Table 4). The bacteria able to metabolize phenoxy herbicides have been classified into three groups as follows: according to their physiology, employed degrading enzymes, and evolutionary origin [39, 40, 41] (Table 4).
The first group consists of fast-growing copiotrophic bacteria belonging to β- and γ-proteobacteria harboring the
The second group consists of slow-growing oligotrophic bacteria belonging to α-proteobacteria, phylogenetically closely related to
The third group consists of bacteria belonging to the α-proteobacteria harboring the
Class | Strain | Origin | Studied compounds | Identified functional genes | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-Proteobacteria | Soil from Michigan (USA) | 2,4-D | — | [44] | |
Soil from Fukuoka Prefecture (Japan) | 2,4-D, MCPA | [45] | |||
Root nodules; pristine environments (Hawaii, central California, USA; southwestern Australia, southwestern Africa; central Chile; northern Saskatchewan, Canada; northwestern Russia); volcanic soil (National Park (Kipuka Keana Bihopa, Hawaii, USA) | 2,4-D | [38, 39, 41] | |||
Sediment from an aquifer in Fladerne Creek (Denmark) | MCPA | [46, 47] | |||
β-Proteobacteria | Herbicide-contaminated building rubble (Germany) | 2,4-D and MCPA | [48] | ||
Soil from the Dijon INRA experimental station (France) | 2,4-D | [49] | |||
Polluted river in Buenos Aires (Argentina) | 2,4-D | — | [50] | ||
2,4-D-enriched soils from wheat fields in Beijing exposed for 2,4-D for at least 10 years (China) | 2,4-D | Class I | [51] | ||
Soil in a disused pesticide factory in Suzhou (China) | 2,4-D and MCPA | [52] | |||
Alkali Lake site in Oregon (USA) contaminated with 2,4-D production wastes | 2,4-D | [53] | |||
γ-Proteobacteria | Agricultural soil from Michigan (USA) | 2,4-D | — | [54] | |
Wheat rhizosphere (laboratory experiment) | 2,4-D | — | [55] |
Bacteria degrading phenoxy herbicides isolated from pristine and contaminated environments.
Much of the current literature on phenoxy herbicide metabolic pathways pays particular attention to the degradation pathway of 2,4-D. One of the most extensively studied 2,4-D degraders is
Far too little attention has been paid to the metabolism of MCPA. MCPA degradation takes place by the cleavage of an ether linkage, resulting in the formation of the major metabolite, 4-chloro-2-methylphenol (MCP), and acetic acid [47]. This process is preceded by the expression of the
The bacteria carrying
The microbial degradation metabolic pathway of phenoxy herbicides has been elaborated in recent years (Figure 3). The first step of this catabolic pathway is initiated by either the
Pathways of microbial degradation of 2,4-D and MCPA proposed by Pieper et al. [
Until recently, there has been little interest in the stereospecific Fe-(II) α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases which are encoded by
In addition to the soil bacteria, soil microfauna can also profoundly affect the biodegradation of organic contaminants. An important example of this relationship is the activity of earthworms, which move through the soil, causing better aeration and increasing soil moisture. Hence, insofar as their activity can influence the profile of the microorganism communities in the soil, they can indirectly enhance the process of phenoxy herbicide aerobic bacterial degradation [61].
A steadily developing strategy for the in situ treatment of contaminated soils is phytoremediation. It is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy that uses plants to transform or mineralize xenobiotics to less toxic or environmentally neutral compounds [62]. Plants play a crucial role in the development of soil structure and stabilization of fundamental soil ecosystem functions such as water flow [63]. They produce also an array of catabolic enzymes, which operate to protect the host organisms and detoxify xenobiotic compounds [64]. Therefore, phytoremediation not only contributes to the detoxification of the environmental matrices but also has a positive influence on the functioning of the entire ecosystem.
The process of contaminant absorption by plants depends on several factors, including regional climate, soil type, and the nature of the pollutant [65]. The selection of an appropriate plant species and cultivar is critical for effective removal of a given contaminant from soil [66, 67]. This choice of phytoremediation candidate should particularly take into account plant growth rate, high biomass production, capacity for pollutant accumulation, and tolerance to higher xenobiotic concentrations [67].
In terms of phenoxy herbicide removal, there has been little investigation of the plant-mediated removal of 2,4-D and/or MCPA. For example, Ramborger et al. [68] evaluated the phytoremediation potential of
As mentioned above, plants play a key role in soil ecosystems by stabilizing the soil structure and by serving as primary sources of organic matter and energy which stimulate soil microbial activity [63]. Despite this, they are not the only contributors in the efficient phytoremediation of organic contaminants. Due to existing interactions between plant roots, root exudates, soil, and microorganisms, it has been proposed that the most effective method for the remediation of contaminated soil may be microbe-assisted phytoremediation (rhizoremediation).
Rhizoremediation is a naturally occurring process within the plant root zone (rhizosphere), where the growth of microorganisms and their degradative activity are stimulated by root exudates enriched by plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). Plant-derived compounds can [1] serve as primary substrates in cometabolism and provide energy for microbial growth [2], act as inducers of degradative enzymes due to their structural similarities to xenobiotics, and [3] enhance the degree of contamination removal by increasing pollutant bioavailability in soil [71].
The effectiveness of rhizospheral biodegradation depends also on the potential of the microorganisms inhabiting the rhizosphere to adapt to pollutant concentrations [72]. For effective degradation of contaminants to take place, a wide range of plants and bacterial traits is needed, involving the orchestrated interaction of a multitude of genes and enzymes. Rhizoremediation can therefore be optimized by selecting suitable plant-microbe sets, which can be achieved by combining plant and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) [73] and/or microbes capable of contaminant degradation [74]. PGPR can improve phytoremediation efficiency by enhancing plant tolerance to various environmental stresses, promoting root growth and improving plant growth and health. In turn, some rhizospheral microorganisms can directly use their own degradative capabilities to metabolize organic pollutants [74, 75]. A study of rhizosphere-enhanced biodegradation of 2,4-D by Boyle et al. [76] found a significant difference in the mineralization of 2,4-D between monocot rhizosphere soils, dicot rhizosphere soils, and non-rhizosphere soils, with greater microbial activity being observed in monocot rhizosphere soil than in dicot rhizosphere soil or bulk soil. Therefore, both the soil and plant species determine the mineralization of tested contaminant. According to Shaw and Burns [77], the amendment of soil with 2,4-D increased the number of rhizospheric bacteria degrading 2,4-D in
Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that PSMs may have a profound impact on the biodegradation of xenobiotics by providing the energy for microorganisms to carry out cometabolism; in this case, the xenobiotic is degraded as a secondary substrate [45, 71, 72, 73]. PSMs can be used as a primary source of carbon for bacterial communities to support their growth and stimulate the expression of desirable genes involved in the catabolic pathway of given xenobiotic. This is evident in the case of biphenyl, naringin, coumarin, myricetin, and l-carvone, which stimulate the activity of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-degrading bacteria such as
In addition, it has been hypothesized that PSMs may also induce the detoxification mechanisms taking place in bacterial cells [85, 86]. The expression of functional genes in bacteria is essential for the successful bioremediation of xenobiotics and can be stimulated by PSMs in different ways. However, very little information is given in the literature regarding the influence of PSMs on the induction of genes involved in catabolic pathways. Siciliano et al. [87] report greater induction of catabolic genes (
In addition, it has been hypothesized that the structural similarity between selected xenobiotics and PSMs may have a profound impact on the biodegradation of given, structurally related xenobiotic [71, 85]. For example, Urbaniak et al. [35] demonstrated the effect of a PSM, syringic acid, on the enhanced removal of structurally similar herbicide, MCPA, by indigenous soil bacteria, with greater MCPA depletion being achieved in samples enriched with PSM. The molecular analysis revealed ubiquitous enrichment of the samples with
Taking into account the abovementioned aspects, rhizoremediation can serve as a potential tool for phenoxy herbicide removal from soil ecosystems. However, to date, most studies have focused solely on the phyto- or biodegradation properties of plants or bacteria [71]. Consequently only limited data is available in terms of the impact of rhizoremediation on phenoxy herbicide removal from soil.
Endophytic bacteria that reside inside plant tissues are also known to play a crucial role in the remediation of organic compounds. Plant-associated bacteria can enhance plant growth and degrade organic contaminants such as trichloroethylene and hydrocarbons [90]. The activity of endophytic bacteria can mitigate and improve plant conditions in stressful environments (such as contaminated soils). Field studies by Eevers et al. [91] showed that zucchini (
It has also been found that application of 2,4-D (1.42, 2.84, and 5.68 mg a.i./g soil) had a negative effect on the physio-morphological parameters of aerobic rice (
Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phytoremediation was also studied by Germaine et al. [78] on the example of
Table 5 compares the presented biological methods of remediation of soils contaminated with phenoxy herbicides. It illustrates the differences of the removal of phenoxy herbicides from soil. It is apparent from this table that the most efficient method of contaminant removal is endophyte-assisted phytoremediation; however, more research on this topic needs to be undertaken before the association between role of symbiotic microorganisms and plants in removal of contaminants from environmental matrices is more clearly understood.
Method | Compound | Initial concentration of compound used in an experiment | Duration of an experiment (days) | Removal of phenoxyacetic acid (%) | Comments | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bioremediation | 2,4-D and MCPA | 0.09 mmol/kg of soil | 118 | 60 | Activity of bulk soil microbial population from various soil samples | [93] |
2,4-D | 1.8 kg/ha | 10 | 45–48 | Activity of bulk soil microbial population from clay and loamy soil samples | [94] | |
Phytoremediation and rhizoremediation | 2,4-D | 11.42 kg/ha | 20 | 49 | Use of | [76] |
2,4-D 2,4-DCP | 1.22 10−3 μm 1.19 10−3 μmol | 66 | ~60 | Activity of rhizospheric soil bacteria derived from monocots | [68] | |
Endophyte-enhanced phytoremediation | 2,4-D | 47–360 mg/kg of soil | 53 | 93–100 | The inoculation of |
Biological remediation methods and % average removal of phenoxy herbicides from soil matrices.
Uncontrolled use of phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D and MCPA) in the agricultural and gardening sector can result in their dispersal in soil and water ecosystems, which can significantly disturb the sustainability of the environment and increase its ecotoxicity level. Although their persistence in soil is limited due to their chemical characteristics, they can be transported and accumulated in water ecosystems through runoff and leaching. According to recent reports, phenoxy herbicides are especially toxic for plants, freshwater crustaceans, and amphibians; hence there is a growing need to limit the release of phenoxy acids in natural environments.
Taking into account the abovementioned aspects, the integration of bio-, phyto-, and rhizoremediation can serve as a potential tool for phenoxy herbicide removal from soil ecosystems. The ability of bacteria to metabolize phenoxy herbicides has been extensively studied over the last decades. However, to date, only limited data is available in terms of the impact of phyto- and rhizoremediation on phenoxy herbicide removal from soil. What is not yet clear is the impact of PSMs on the degradation of phenoxy herbicides. The similarity of the chemical structure of chosen PSMs and xenobiotics can be reflected in the xenobiotic degradation rates, e.g., the presence and induction of degradative genes and production of degradative enzymes, and the composition of microbial populations. To date, little evidence has been found associating the removal of phenoxy herbicides using both plants and microorganisms. However, the abovementioned research serves as a base for future studies on their application for the improvement of soil quality.
Considering the above, the chapter describes an interdisciplinary approach to tackling the problem of environmental phenoxy acid herbicide contamination through integrating available literature data on the physicochemical properties of 2,4-D and MCPA, as well as their levels in the environment and toxicity to the organisms from different trophic levels. It also outlines possible methods for their removal using nature-based techniques such as bio-, phyto-, and rhizoremediation.
This work was supported by the European Structural and Investment Funds, OP RDE-funded project “CHEMFELLS4UCTP” (No. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/17_050/0008485).
There is no conflict of interest.
Book - collection of Works distributed in a book format, whose selection, coordination, preparation, and arrangement has been performed and published by IntechOpen, and in which the Work is included in its entirety in an unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent sections, but together assembled into a collective whole.
",metaTitle:"Attribution Policy",metaDescription:"DEFINITION OF TERMS",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/attribution-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\\n\\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\\n\\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\\n\\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\\n\\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\\n\\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\\n\\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\n\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\n\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\n\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\n\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\n\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\n\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\n\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{regionId:"4",sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6630},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5913},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2404},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12563},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1009},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17574}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12563},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"7"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11774",title:"International Law",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9e629251ba38b83f6bf406dd93511c61",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11774.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11775",title:"Global Peace and Security",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"90d8b5fdb1297222c88ab85dd900297a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11775.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12133",title:"Agricultural Value Chain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"19892b77680b500f259ea7a506365cdc",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12133.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12134",title:"Sustainable Tourism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bb510c876f827a1df7960a523a4b5db3",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12134.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12138",title:"Online Advertising",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d1a7aaa841aba83e7199b564c4991cf1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12138.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12141",title:"Leadership",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"337caa367d849d1c55b16264bc6d71c5",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12141.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11439",title:"Crisis Management - Principles, Roles and Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"89fd49a084aea68bc39838042bdfce66",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Carine J. Yi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11439.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"200332",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Carine",surname:"Yi",slug:"carine-yi",fullName:"Carine Yi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12239",title:"Topics on Globalization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"43443244d8385c57f1424d5d37c91788",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Elsadig Musa Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12239.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"268621",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsadig",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"elsadig-ahmed",fullName:"Elsadig Ahmed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian Sloboda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Habtamu Alem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:128},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:11},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4387},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:"coding-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Sudev Naduvath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11348",title:"Mutagenesis and Mitochondrial-Associated Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001972b3c5b49367314b13025a449232",slug:"mutagenesis-and-mitochondrial-associated-pathologies",bookSignature:"Michael Fasullo and Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1c5447cf3b9d6c7688276ac30e80de6",slug:"epoxy-based-composites",bookSignature:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Ramesh Arthanari and M.R.Meera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10940",title:"Plant Hormones",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aae8a345f8047ed528914ff3491f643",slug:"plant-hormones-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1090",title:"Radiation Oncology",slug:"radiation-oncology",parent:{id:"190",title:"Oncology",slug:"medicine-oncology"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:164,numberOfWosCitations:65,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfDimensionsCitations:71,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1090",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:"Current Status and Future Directions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51790b2eab420c0c09da3bf9d923e79c",slug:"proton-therapy-current-status-and-future-directions",bookSignature:"Thomas J. FitzGerald and Maryann Bishop-Jodoin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"241806",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas J.",middleName:null,surname:"FitzGerald",slug:"thomas-j.-fitzgerald",fullName:"Thomas J. FitzGerald"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2693",title:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5761829d7f0e5eb06b7337751b38b23c",slug:"frontiers-in-radiation-oncology",bookSignature:"Tejinder Kataria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2693.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141684",title:"Dr.",name:"Tejinder",middleName:null,surname:"Kataria",slug:"tejinder-kataria",fullName:"Tejinder Kataria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1561",title:"Brachytherapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c7f5404e634a5e233e051cdace59aa5",slug:"brachytherapy",bookSignature:"Kazushi Kishi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1561.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100002",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kishi",slug:"kazushi-kishi",fullName:"Kazushi Kishi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1553",title:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7bffcd98f458c5b6cd80615834f2b34",slug:"modern-practices-in-radiation-therapy",bookSignature:"Gopishankar Natanasabapathi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1553.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97379",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopishankar",middleName:null,surname:"Natanasabapathi",slug:"gopishankar-natanasabapathi",fullName:"Gopishankar Natanasabapathi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"34246",doi:"10.5772/34314",title:"Intra-Operative Radiotherapy with Electron Beam",slug:"intra-operative-radiotherapy-with-electron-beam",totalDownloads:4314,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"1553",slug:"modern-practices-in-radiation-therapy",title:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy",fullTitle:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy"},signatures:"Ernesto Lamanna, Alessandro Gallo, Filippo Russo, Rosa Brancaccio, Antonella Soriani and Lidia Strigari",authors:[{id:"99609",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Lamanna",slug:"ernesto-lamanna",fullName:"Ernesto Lamanna"},{id:"104872",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa",middleName:null,surname:"Brancaccio",slug:"rosa-brancaccio",fullName:"Rosa Brancaccio"},{id:"104881",title:"PhD.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Gallo",slug:"alessandro-gallo",fullName:"Alessandro Gallo"},{id:"104899",title:"Dr.",name:"Filippo",middleName:null,surname:"Russo",slug:"filippo-russo",fullName:"Filippo Russo"},{id:"104910",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Soriani",slug:"antonella-soriani",fullName:"Antonella Soriani"},{id:"104912",title:"Dr.",name:"Lidia",middleName:null,surname:"Strigari",slug:"lidia-strigari",fullName:"Lidia Strigari"}]},{id:"35967",doi:"10.5772/34172",title:"Progress in Californium-252 Neutron Brachytherapy",slug:"progress-in-cf-252-based-neutron-brachytherapy",totalDownloads:2309,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"1561",slug:"brachytherapy",title:"Brachytherapy",fullTitle:"Brachytherapy"},signatures:"C.-K. Chris Wang",authors:[{id:"99025",title:"Prof.",name:"C-K",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"c-k-wang",fullName:"C-K Wang"}]},{id:"34244",doi:"10.5772/34974",title:"The Stopping Power of Matter for Positive Ions",slug:"the-stopping-power-of-matter-for-positive-ions-",totalDownloads:6292,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"1553",slug:"modern-practices-in-radiation-therapy",title:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy",fullTitle:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy"},signatures:"Helmut Paul",authors:[{id:"102453",title:"Dr.",name:"Helmut",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"helmut-paul",fullName:"Helmut Paul"}]},{id:"34249",doi:"10.5772/35843",title:"Radiation Therapy and Skin Cancer",slug:"radiation-therapeutic-options-for-skin-cancer",totalDownloads:3035,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1553",slug:"modern-practices-in-radiation-therapy",title:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy",fullTitle:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy"},signatures:"Jonathan D. Tward, Christopher J. Anker, David K. Gaffney and Glen M. Bowen",authors:[{id:"106067",title:"Dr.",name:"Glen",middleName:null,surname:"Bowen",slug:"glen-bowen",fullName:"Glen Bowen"},{id:"147578",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan D.",middleName:null,surname:"Tward",slug:"jonathan-d.-tward",fullName:"Jonathan D. Tward"},{id:"147579",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher J.",middleName:null,surname:"Anker",slug:"christopher-j.-anker",fullName:"Christopher J. Anker"},{id:"147580",title:"Dr.",name:"David K.",middleName:null,surname:"Gaffney",slug:"david-k.-gaffney",fullName:"David K. Gaffney"}]},{id:"34252",doi:"10.5772/35047",title:"Abscopal Effect of Radiation Therapy: Current Concepts and Future Applications",slug:"abscopal-effect-of-radiation-therapy-current-concepts-and-future-applications",totalDownloads:2899,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1553",slug:"modern-practices-in-radiation-therapy",title:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy",fullTitle:"Modern Practices in Radiation Therapy"},signatures:"Kenshiro Shiraishi",authors:[{id:"102756",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenshiro",middleName:null,surname:"Shiraishi",slug:"kenshiro-shiraishi",fullName:"Kenshiro Shiraishi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"45390",title:"Effects of Radiotherapy on Pharyngeal Reconstruction After Pharyngo-Laryngectomy",slug:"effects-of-radiotherapy-on-pharyngeal-reconstruction-after-pharyngo-laryngectomy",totalDownloads:2382,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2693",slug:"frontiers-in-radiation-oncology",title:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology"},signatures:"Jimmy Yu-Wai Chan and Gregory Ian Siu Kee Lau",authors:[{id:"145457",title:"Prof.",name:"Jimmy Yu Wai",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",slug:"jimmy-yu-wai-chan",fullName:"Jimmy Yu Wai Chan"}]},{id:"74959",title:"History and Overview of Proton Therapy",slug:"history-and-overview-of-proton-therapy",totalDownloads:255,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The use of proton therapy in oncology is not a new idea. The unique physical properties of protons and potential advantages in radiation therapy were initially recognized in the 1940s. Since the first patients were treated in the 1950s, technology and clinical applications have evolved as evidenced by the increasing number of proton therapy centers and patients being treated throughout the world. This chapter will review the history of proton therapy providing a detailed overview of the cyclotron and synchrotron techniques used and how they have advanced with time.",book:{id:"10231",slug:"proton-therapy-current-status-and-future-directions",title:"Proton Therapy",fullTitle:"Proton Therapy - Current Status and Future Directions"},signatures:"Ameer L. Elaimy, Linda Ding, Carla Bradford, Yansong Geng, Harry Bushe, I-Lin Kuo, Yankhua Fan, Fenhong Liu, Abdulnasser Khalifeh, Suhong Yu, Jonathan Saleeby, James Shen, Kevin O’Connor and Kenneth Ulin",authors:[{id:"303607",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:"L.",surname:"Elaimy",slug:"ameer-elaimy",fullName:"Ameer Elaimy"},{id:"303608",title:"Mr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",slug:"james-shen",fullName:"James Shen"},{id:"337281",title:"Ms.",name:"Linda",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",slug:"linda-ding",fullName:"Linda Ding"},{id:"337285",title:"Ms.",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Bradford",slug:"carla-bradford",fullName:"Carla Bradford"},{id:"337286",title:"Ms.",name:"Fenghong",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"fenghong-liu",fullName:"Fenghong Liu"},{id:"337287",title:"Mr.",name:"Abdulnasser",middleName:null,surname:"Khalifeh",slug:"abdulnasser-khalifeh",fullName:"Abdulnasser Khalifeh"},{id:"337288",title:"Ms.",name:"Suhong",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",slug:"suhong-yu",fullName:"Suhong Yu"},{id:"337289",title:"Mr.",name:"Harry",middleName:null,surname:"Bushe",slug:"harry-bushe",fullName:"Harry Bushe"},{id:"337291",title:"Mr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Saleeby",slug:"jonathan-saleeby",fullName:"Jonathan Saleeby"},{id:"337292",title:"Mr.",name:"Kenneth",middleName:null,surname:"Ulin",slug:"kenneth-ulin",fullName:"Kenneth Ulin"},{id:"337293",title:"Mr.",name:"I-Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",slug:"i-lin-kuo",fullName:"I-Lin Kuo"},{id:"344772",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"O'Connor",slug:"kevin-o'connor",fullName:"Kevin O'Connor"},{id:"346825",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Yansong",middleName:null,surname:"Geng",slug:"yansong-geng",fullName:"Yansong Geng"},{id:"346826",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yankhua",middleName:null,surname:"Fan",slug:"yankhua-fan",fullName:"Yankhua Fan"}]},{id:"45395",title:"Curative Radiotherapy in Metastatic Disease: How to Develop the Role of Radiotherapy from Local to Metastases",slug:"curative-radiotherapy-in-metastatic-disease-how-to-develop-the-role-of-radiotherapy-from-local-to-me",totalDownloads:2098,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"2693",slug:"frontiers-in-radiation-oncology",title:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology"},signatures:"Chul-Seung Kay and Young-Nam Kang",authors:[{id:"140934",title:"Dr.",name:"Chul Seung",middleName:null,surname:"Kay",slug:"chul-seung-kay",fullName:"Chul Seung Kay"}]},{id:"45387",title:"3D Dosimetric Tools in Radiotherapy for Photon Beams",slug:"3d-dosimetric-tools-in-radiotherapy-for-photon-beams",totalDownloads:3087,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"2693",slug:"frontiers-in-radiation-oncology",title:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Radiation Oncology"},signatures:"Mirko Salomón Alva-Sánchez and Thatiane Alves Pianoschi",authors:[{id:"145569",title:"PhD.",name:"Mirko",middleName:null,surname:"Alva-Sánchez",slug:"mirko-alva-sanchez",fullName:"Mirko Alva-Sánchez"},{id:"146070",title:"MSc.",name:"Thatiane",middleName:null,surname:"Pianoschi",slug:"thatiane-pianoschi",fullName:"Thatiane Pianoschi"}]},{id:"35968",title:"Theoretical, Manufacturing and Clinical Application Aspects of a Prostate Brachytherapy I-125 Source in Brazil",slug:"theoretical-manufacturing-and-clinical-application-aspects-of-a-prostate-brachytherapy-i-125-source",totalDownloads:5369,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1561",slug:"brachytherapy",title:"Brachytherapy",fullTitle:"Brachytherapy"},signatures:"Carlos A. Zeituni, Carla D. Souza, Eduardo S. Moura, Roberto Kenji Sakuraba, Maria Elisa C.M. Rostelato, Anselmo Feher, João A. Moura, Samir Somessari and Osvaldo L. Costa",authors:[{id:"105031",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Daruich De Souza",slug:"carla-daruich-de-souza",fullName:"Carla Daruich De Souza"},{id:"109988",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Rostelato",slug:"maria-elisa-rostelato",fullName:"Maria Elisa Rostelato"},{id:"109991",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Zeituni",slug:"carlos-a.-zeituni",fullName:"Carlos A. Zeituni"},{id:"110002",title:"MSc.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Moura",slug:"eduardo-santana-de-moura",fullName:"Eduardo Santana De Moura"},{id:"110005",title:"BSc.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Kenji Sakuraba",slug:"roberto-kenji-sakuraba",fullName:"Roberto Kenji Sakuraba"},{id:"137965",title:"MSc.",name:"Anselmo",middleName:null,surname:"Feher",slug:"anselmo-feher",fullName:"Anselmo Feher"},{id:"137966",title:"MSc.",name:"João Augusto",middleName:null,surname:"Moura",slug:"joao-augusto-moura",fullName:"João Augusto Moura"},{id:"137967",title:"MSc.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Somessari",slug:"samir-somessari",fullName:"Samir Somessari"},{id:"137968",title:"MSc.",name:"Osvaldo L. Da",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"osvaldo-l.-da-costa",fullName:"Osvaldo L. Da Costa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1090",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11449",title:"Telehealth / Telemedicine – The Far-Reaching Medicine for Everyone and Everywhere",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11449.jpg",hash:"71545975025beddf27aa2931e0af5408",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"201262",title:"Dr.",name:"Tang-Chuan",surname:"Wang",slug:"tang-chuan-wang",fullName:"Tang-Chuan Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11451",title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",hash:"8c918a1973786c7059752b28601f1329",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 16th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11983",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11983.jpg",hash:"81ebecb28b5cad564075e6f5b2dc7355",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 23rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"80937",title:"Assessing Heterogeneity of Two-Part Model via Bayesian Model-Based Clustering with Its Application to Cocaine Use Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103089",signatures:"Ye-Mao Xia, Qi-Hang Zhu and Jian-Wei Gou",slug:"assessing-heterogeneity-of-two-part-model-via-bayesian-model-based-clustering-with-its-application-t",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78846",title:"Clustering Algorithms: An Exploratory Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100376",signatures:"R.S.M. Lakshmi Patibandla and Veeranjaneyulu N",slug:"clustering-algorithms-an-exploratory-review",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78463",title:"Clustering by Similarity of Brazilian Legal Documents Using Natural Language Processing Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99875",signatures:"Raphael Souza de Oliveira and Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"clustering-by-similarity-of-brazilian-legal-documents-using-natural-language-processing-approaches",totalDownloads:145,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Emeje",slug:"martins-emeje",fullName:"Martins Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.jpg",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Artificial Intelligence",id:"14"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",annualVolume:11966,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"