Models for predicting pressure drop and permeability of flow in porous media.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8240",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Geotechnical Engineering - Advances in Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering",title:"Geotechnical Engineering",subtitle:"Advances in Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book discusses contemporary issues related to soil mechanics and foundation engineering in earthworks, which are critical components in construction projects and often require detailed management techniques and unique solutions to address failures and implement remedial measures. The geotechnical engineering community continues to improve the classical testing techniques for measuring critical properties of soils and rocks, including stress wave-based non-destructive testing methods as well as methods used to improve shallow and deep foundation design. To minimize failure during construction, contemporary issues and related data may reveal useful lessons to improve project management and minimize economic losses. This book focuses on these aspects using appropriate methods in a rather simple manner. It also touches upon many interesting topics in soil mechanics and modern geotechnical engineering practice such as geotechnical earthquake engineering, principals in foundation design, slope stability analysis, modeling in geomechanics, offshore geotechnics, and geotechnical engineering perspective in the preservation of historical buildings and archeological sites. A total of seven chapters are included in the book.",isbn:"978-1-78984-290-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-289-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-302-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78196",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"geotechnical-engineering-advances-in-soil-mechanics-and-foundation-engineering",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"2a3c20b826fa5a5cf4693e418eb1c909",bookSignature:"Sayed Hemeda and Mehmet Barış Can Ülker",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8240.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6042,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 9th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 30th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 29th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 18th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"258282",title:"Prof.",name:"Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Hemeda",slug:"sayed-hemeda",fullName:"Sayed Hemeda",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258282/images/system/258282.jpg",biography:"Sayed Hemeda received a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Currently, he is the manager of heritage science programs at the Liberal Arts and Culture Center (LACC) and a professor at the Basic and Applied Science Institute (BAS), Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST). He is the first professor of Heritage Science and Architectural Preservation of Architectural Heritage, Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Egypt. He is also the former manager of historic buildings, Conservation Center of Archeology, Cairo University.\nDr. Hemeda is the recipient of many awards from Cairo University including prizes for scientific excellence (2017), the Scientific Encouragement Prize (2014), and the best Ph.D. thesis (2009–2010). He was also awarded the General Union of Arab Archaeologists prize for academic excellence (2019). \nHe has published 85 articles and 29 international books and has been cited 330 times. He has given more than 58 invited lectures in 16 countries. His primary interests are geotechnical engineering for architectural heritage preservation and engineering data analysis including pattern recognition as applied to primarily analytical data from various sources such as objects of cultural significance. \nHe is editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Research. He is an editorial board member for many organizations and publications, including the Open Journal of Geology, Progress of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Geoscience Journal. He is also a scientific and organization committee member for many international conferences",institutionString:"Cairo University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"237005",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet Barış Can",middleName:"Barış Can",surname:"Ülker",slug:"mehmet-baris-can-ulker",fullName:"Mehmet Barış Can Ülker",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/237005/images/system/237005.jpg",biography:"Dr. M.B.C. Ülker graduated from the North Carolina State University Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental\nEngineering with a PhD degree in Civil Engineering in 2009. His\ndoctoral research topic was on the dynamic analysis of saturated\nand nearly saturated porous media with applications to wave-induced seabed response. Following his PhD study, Dr. Ulker\nworked as an instructor at the Missouri University of Science and\nTechnology Department of Civil Engineering in 2010. He then joined the Istanbul\nTechnical University (ITU) Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Management\nInstitute in 2012 and has been a professor at ITU since then. Dr. Ulker’s research\ninterests focus mainly on analytical and computational geomechanics with applications to geotechnical earthquake engineering, coastal and offshore geotechnical\nengineering and unsaturated soil mechanics. He is currently running an externally\nfunded research group at ITU undertaking analytical, numerical, and experimental\nstudies in these fields.",institutionString:"Istanbul Technical University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Istanbul Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"708",title:"Geotechnical Engineering",slug:"engineering-civil-engineering-geotechnical-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"70981",title:"Introductory Chapter: Geotechnical Engineering in a Broad Perspective - New Advances in Emerging Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91032",slug:"introductory-chapter-geotechnical-engineering-in-a-broad-perspective-new-advances-in-emerging-fields",totalDownloads:627,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mehmet Barış Can Ülker",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70981",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70981",authors:[{id:"237005",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet Barış Can",surname:"Ülker",slug:"mehmet-baris-can-ulker",fullName:"Mehmet Barış Can Ülker"}],corrections:null},{id:"72312",title:"Uniaxial and Triaxial Creep Performance of Calcarenitic and Sandy Oolitic Limestone Formations for Stability Analysis of Roman Rock-Cut Tombs in Alexandria, Egypt",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91720",slug:"uniaxial-and-triaxial-creep-performance-of-calcarenitic-and-sandy-oolitic-limestone-formations-for-s",totalDownloads:701,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Greek-Roman rock-cut tombs at Alexandria, Egypt, were excavated mainly in the calcarenitic limestone formations and show varying degrees of damage of rock pillars and ceilings. In order to understand the long-term rock mass behaviour in selected tombs and its impact on past failures and current stability, uniaxial and triaxial Creep tests and rock mass quality assessments had been carried out. Creep behavior of rock plays an important role in underground works, especially for archeological structures subjected to large initial stresses. These conditions yield nonreversible deviatoric creep strains that develop during time at constant stress. In order to describe the time-dependent deformation, various approaches have been established based on analytical, empirical, and numerical methods. Our analyses show that the Roman tombs at Alexandria have been cut into poor quality rock masses. Rock failures of ceilings and pillars were frequently facilitated by local, unfavourably oriented persistent discontinuities, such as tension cracks and joints. Other failures were related to the disintegration of calcarenitic and oolitic limestones. Our data suggest that, in Roman age monumental tomb construction, low-strength rock masses resulted in modifications of the planned tomb design in order to minimise the risk of rock falls and to prevent collapses.",signatures:"Sayed Hemeda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72312",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72312",authors:[{id:"258282",title:"Prof.",name:"Sayed",surname:"Hemeda",slug:"sayed-hemeda",fullName:"Sayed Hemeda"}],corrections:null},{id:"66629",title:"Geotechnical Response Models for Steel Compliant Riser in Deepwater Clays",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85549",slug:"geotechnical-response-models-for-steel-compliant-riser-in-deepwater-clays",totalDownloads:777,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The touchdown zone (TDZ) often proves to be a spot where cyclic bending stresses are the largest and is therefore a critical location for fatigue. Catenary steel compliant pipelines or risers (SCRs) are subject of much ongoing research, particularly with respect to their fatigue life, which is strongly influenced by seabed soil conditions in the TDZ. This chapter reviews the recent publications that might have an impact on the SCR-seabed interaction. The review starts by looking at the SCR general arrangement. Thereafter, the focus moves to the review of the recent research that studied the interactions between deepwater SCRs and the seabed. In addition, the review went over the analysis techniques of the SCR, including the modelling philosophy and models for geotechnical response. The research gap and the need for future research are identified.",signatures:"Hany Elosta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66629",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66629",authors:[{id:"202555",title:"Dr.",name:"Hany",surname:"Elosta",slug:"hany-elosta",fullName:"Hany Elosta"}],corrections:null},{id:"68664",title:"Local Scour around a Monopile Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines and Scour Effects on Structural Responses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88591",slug:"local-scour-around-a-monopile-foundation-for-offshore-wind-turbines-and-scour-effects-on-structural-",totalDownloads:1174,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Monopile is the most commonly used foundation type for offshore wind turbines. The local scour at a monopile foundation generated by the incoming shear flow has significant influence on both quasi-static lateral responses and dynamic responses of the monopile. This chapter focuses particularly on characterizing the local scour in both spatial and temporal scales and revealing the scour mechanisms associated with the flow field around a monopile. The predicting methods for the equilibrium scour depth and the time scale of scour are detailed under various representative flow conditions in the marine environment. The scale effect while extrapolating the results of model tests to prototype conditions is highlighted. The local scour imposes significant influence not only on the deformation and stiffness of the monopile foundation, but also on the natural frequency and fatigue life of the structure system. Monopiles with diameters up to 10 m have become a feasible option as the industry is currently advancing into deeper waters. More meticulous considerations for monopile design associated with the scour depth prediction and evaluation of scour effects are still in need to efficiently minimize the cost while remaining safety simultaneously.",signatures:"Wen-Gang Qi and Fu-Ping Gao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68664",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68664",authors:[{id:"297014",title:"Prof.",name:"Fuping",surname:"Gao",slug:"fuping-gao",fullName:"Fuping Gao"},{id:"297015",title:"Dr.",name:"Wengang",surname:"Qi",slug:"wengang-qi",fullName:"Wengang Qi"}],corrections:null},{id:"66637",title:"Frost Heave Deformation Analysis Model for Microheave Filler",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82575",slug:"frost-heave-deformation-analysis-model-for-microheave-filler",totalDownloads:779,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the rapid development of high-speed railway, high-speed railways pose new requirements on subgrade frost heave deformation control. Microheave in conventional non-frost-heave filler cannot meet the requirements of high-speed railways for high levels of smoothness and stability and threaten high-speed train operation safety. To solve problems of seasonal permafrost region subgrade filler microheave in China, combined laboratory test and theoretical analysis, this research analyzed the physical properties of frost heave influencing factors for microheave filler. The influence of skeleton grain during frost heave formation is revealed. The microheave filler frost heave development mechanism is investigated. On this basis, based on the principle of minimum energy, a frost heave calculation formula for microheave filler is deduced, and a frost heave deformation analysis model for microheave filler is created. In addition, the effectiveness of the model is demonstrated in an indoor test. This study provides a theoretical reference for controlling the frost heaving deformation of railway subgrade.",signatures:"Ye Yangsheng, Du Xiaoyan, Zhang Qianli and Chai Jinfei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66637",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66637",authors:[{id:"280605",title:"Dr.",name:"Jinfei",surname:"Chai",slug:"jinfei-chai",fullName:"Jinfei Chai"},{id:"280609",title:"Prof.",name:"Yangsheng",surname:"Ye",slug:"yangsheng-ye",fullName:"Yangsheng Ye"},{id:"280815",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoyan",surname:"Du",slug:"xiaoyan-du",fullName:"Xiaoyan Du"},{id:"280816",title:"Prof.",name:"Qianli",surname:"Zhang",slug:"qianli-zhang",fullName:"Qianli Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"68777",title:"Estimation of Excess Pore Pressure Generation and Nonlinear Site Response of Liquefied Areas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88682",slug:"estimation-of-excess-pore-pressure-generation-and-nonlinear-site-response-of-liquefied-areas",totalDownloads:903,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recent studies about liquefaction initiation are widely encountered in the literature in terms of utilizing the dynamic triaxial tests under harmonic loading and site response of liquefied zones. Sandy-like or clayey-like behavior is important for estimating the liquefaction susceptibility but there are other factors related to cyclic loading characteristics such as frequency content and stress level. Besides, 1-D ground response analyses are employed to understand the behavioral transmission through the soil column in liquefiable areas. The study here focuses on two main aspects of the liquefaction. The first part consists of the estimating of the pore pressure generation under irregular excitations, whereas the second part aims to assess the efficiency of the building codes predicting the nonlinear site response in liquefied prone areas. The laboratory results show that the frequency content has big influence on the liquefaction at varying stress levels. Moreover, literature models have discrepancies to estimate the pore pressure generation under different types of loading. Regarding the site response, it was indicated that equivalent linear approach is incapable of predicting the seismic behavior of soil column; therefore, nonlinear ground response must be run instead, and the IBC is the most effective one to match the nonlinear analysis results.",signatures:"Kamil Bekir Afacan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68777",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68777",authors:[{id:"304485",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kamil",surname:"Afacan",slug:"kamil-afacan",fullName:"Kamil Afacan"}],corrections:null},{id:"67270",title:"Weathered Granite Soils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86430",slug:"weathered-granite-soils",totalDownloads:1084,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A great deal of weathered granite soils are distributed in mountainous areas around the world. With further improvements to the civil engineering, more and more construction infrastructures (roads, railways, dams, etc.) in mountainous areas will be built. Making full use of weathered granite soils, a type of special geomaterial, can alleviate the shortage of building materials in mountainous areas. Weathered granite soil has its own unique physical and mechanical properties, e.g., disintegrative, easy weathering, and particle breakage. In this chapter, a large number of field investigations and laboratory tests (including X-ray diffraction, sieving, heavy compaction, and large-scale triaxial) have been carried out. The process of weathering, the influence factors on particle breakage, and the mechanical properties of compacted weathered granite have been discussed. The results show that particle gradation, mineral content, blows per layer, and stress level have a significant effect on the particle breakage characteristics of weathered granite soils. The experimental results show that the product of the stress ratio at shear failure M\nf and the stress ratio at characteristic state point M\nc is not a constant but a power function of an average main stress p due to particle breakage. Hereby, the constitutive model of weathered granite soils was proposed.",signatures:"Xirong Niu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67270",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67270",authors:[{id:"280271",title:"Dr.",name:"Xirong",surname:"Niu",slug:"xirong-niu",fullName:"Xirong Niu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8412",title:"Sustainable Construction and Building Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dec13857a884f2b52b887e8751e4c37f",slug:"sustainable-construction-and-building-materials",bookSignature:"Sayed Hemeda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8412.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258282",title:"Prof.",name:"Sayed",surname:"Hemeda",slug:"sayed-hemeda",fullName:"Sayed Hemeda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3717",title:"Geoscience and Remote Sensing",subtitle:"New Achievements",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"geoscience-and-remote-sensing-new-achievements",bookSignature:"Pasquale Imperatore and Daniele Riccio",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3717.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4222",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",surname:"Imperatore",slug:"pasquale-imperatore",fullName:"Pasquale Imperatore"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6532",title:"Drilling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3bb91a4e4eb17b4395091940cf1c36fe",slug:"drilling",bookSignature:"Ariffin Samsuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6532.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120519",title:"Prof.",name:"Ariffin",surname:"Samsuri",slug:"ariffin-samsuri",fullName:"Ariffin Samsuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8909",title:"Slope Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9be2d5801074590ab1d79845ee5c47e9",slug:"slope-engineering",bookSignature:"Ali Ismet Kanlı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8909.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"243975",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Ismet",surname:"Kanlı",slug:"ali-ismet-kanli",fullName:"Ali Ismet Kanlı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltat",title:"Corrigendum to: Spatial Analysis of the Erosive Hazard of Soils and Natural Risks of Reservoir Siltation",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/70783.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70783",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70783",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/70783",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/70783",chapter:{id:"69983",slug:"spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltation",signatures:"Rabii El Gaatib and Abdelkader Larabi",dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 16th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 8th 2019",datePublished:"December 18th 2019",book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"249619",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabii",middleName:null,surname:"El Gaatib",fullName:"Rabii El Gaatib",slug:"rabii-el-gaatib",email:"rabii_elgaatib@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"69983",slug:"spatial-analysis-of-the-erosive-hazard-of-soils-and-natural-risks-of-reservoir-siltation",signatures:"Rabii El Gaatib and Abdelkader Larabi",dateSubmitted:"March 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 16th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 8th 2019",datePublished:"December 18th 2019",book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"249619",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabii",middleName:null,surname:"El Gaatib",fullName:"Rabii El Gaatib",slug:"rabii-el-gaatib",email:"rabii_elgaatib@yahoo.fr",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7300",title:"Soil Erosion",subtitle:"Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",fullTitle:"Soil Erosion - Rainfall Erosivity and Risk Assessment",slug:"soil-erosion-rainfall-erosivity-and-risk-assessment",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Vlassios Hrissanthou and Konstantinos Kaffas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7300.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37707",title:"Prof.",name:"Vlassios",middleName:null,surname:"Hrissanthou",slug:"vlassios-hrissanthou",fullName:"Vlassios Hrissanthou"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12144",leadTitle:null,title:"Mycorrhiza - New Insights",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThis book will cover the processes of the fungi that attach themselves to plant roots forming mycorrhizae, the mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi are symbiotrophic mutualists, meaning that they grow and feed on living plant tissues without harming the host tissues. Arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, and ectoendomycorrhizae will be discussed in more detail. We will cover the taxonomic classification of spore germination and biotrophism. The establishment of mycorrhizae results in a series of events coordinated by the fungus and the plant and their interactions. Therefore we will have the possibility to further explore the molecular and biochemical signals of mycorrhization, its intra and extra root signals, and their occurrence. Furthermore, we want to address the availability of nutrients in the soil according to its characteristics and those of the host plants. Finally, we will address the characteristics, use, and management of the soil for a better symbiotic association between the fungi and the roots. Thus, a better response to the growth of the host plants will be observed in this book.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-090-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-089-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-091-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"dddc237ff52d11c9acbfbd488686336b",bookSignature:"Dr. Rodrigo De Sousa",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12144.jpg",keywords:"Fungi, Glomeromycota, Arbuscular Mycorrhizae, Ectomycorrhiza, Ectoendomycorrhizae, Obligatory Biotrophs, Quiescence, Symbiosis, Occurrence of Mycorrhiza, Stimulation of Plant Growth, Nutrient Use Efficiency, Mycorrhizal Dependence",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 19th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 6th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 4th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"23 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. de Sousa is a researcher on alternative sources of fertilizers in Brazil. He obtained a Ph.D. in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition from the University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil. Dr. de Sousa completed an internship at the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, USA.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"297508",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"De Sousa",slug:"rodrigo-de-sousa",fullName:"Rodrigo De Sousa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297508/images/system/297508.jpg",biography:"Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa obtained an undergraduate degree in Agronomic Engineering and a master’s in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition from the Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil, in 2016 and 2018, respectively. He obtained a Ph.D. in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition from the University of São Paulo (USP). From 2014 to 2015, he studied at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, USA. He also completed an internship at the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, USA, in 2015, for which he studied the management of nitrogen fertilization in corn crops. During his doctorate program, he studied the feasibility of alternative sources of phosphate fertilizers in tropical soils.",institutionString:"University of Sao Paulo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"58840",title:"Convective Transport Characteristics of Nanofluids in Light- Weight Metal Foams with High Porosity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72291",slug:"convective-transport-characteristics-of-nanofluids-in-light-weight-metal-foams-with-high-porosity",body:'\nMetal foam owns the advantages of light weight, high specific surface area, high thermal conductivity and relatively high permeability. Owing to recent advances in manufacturing technologies, metal foam becomes commercially available. The metal foam can be well used as an ideal material for manufacturing efficient heat transfer devices: heat exchangers, heat sinks, solar collectors and catalyst reformers. The practical structure of metal foam (copper) is shown in Figure 1 and the schematic diagram of convective heat transfer through metal foam is shown in Figure 2. From Figures 1 and 2, the high specific surface area of metal foam, and lots of pores can be found in metal foams. When fluid flowing through metal foam, the high specific surface area can provide a large surface area to the heat transfer. So the metal foam is a very good extended surface of heat transfer. Nanofluid is a special kind of engineered colloids made of a base fluid and nanoparticles (1–100 nm). Nanofluid owns the higher thermal conductivity and single-phase heat transfer coefficient than the base fluid does, so it can be used as an efficient heat transfer medium. The micrograph of the nanofluid is shown in Figures 3 and 4 shows the schematic diagram of nanoparticles. Nanoparticle is very small and microscopic effects are very obvious. With the addition of nanoparticles, the physical properties of the nanofluid are changed, which made the nanofluid beneficial to heat transfer and attracts widespread attention of scholars. A tremendous number of investigations on the nanofluid can be found in literatures. Furthermore, a lot of experimental researches were conducted on the convective heat transfer of nanofluids, most of which showed that the nanofluid is able to enhance the convective heat transfer. The advantage of the nanofluid and that of the porous foam can be combined as one to further enhance the heat transfer of thermal equipment. For nanofluids flowing through metal foams, some studies have been reported.
\nThe structure of convective heat transfer through metal foams.
The schematic of convective heat transfer through metal foams.
Nanofluid.
Nanoparticles.
In this chapter, flow and thermal transport of nanofluids in metal foams are presented. The recent advances for metal foams, nanofluids, and the combination of nanofluids and metal foams are reviewed. The performance of forced convection, natural convection, and phase change heat transfer of nanofluids in metal foams are analyzed. The contents and the brief introduction for this chapter are shown in the following. Although there is great application potential of nanofluids in thermal science, little attention has been paid to the effect of non-uniform nanoparticle concentration on convective heat transfer of nanofluid in metal foam based on local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model. Hence, laminar convective heat transfer of nanofluid in metal foam with fully developed hydraulic and thermal fields is discussed. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids to this case are discussed as well.
\nOver the last several decades, flow and heat transfer in metal foam have been studied experimentally, theoretically or numerically by many scholars. In this section, the properties and characteristics of metallic porous media are firstly presented and the recent research progress on thermal transport in porous media is reviewed.
\nThe Darcy model is the first model to describe the percolation theory of porous media. In 1856, Darcy proposed a linear relationship between seepage velocity and pressure drop. Although the theory is simple and easy to understand, but it is very limited. Forchheimer modified the Darcy model by adding the inertia terms associated with the velocity square the equation, but still cannot be applied to the turbulent region. Brinkman considered the effective viscous dissipation term and modified the Darcy model, and found that the results are closer to the molecular diffusion at large porosity [1, 2]. In 1952, Ergun [3] proposed the empirical formula for permeability of porous medium:
\nIn 1998, Calmidi and Mahajan [4] proposed the empirical formula of the metal foam permeability based on the experiment:
\nBhattacharya and Mahajan [5] and Plessis et al. [6] proposed an empirical formula of the permeability coefficient and the inertia coefficient by using a foam sample with a pore size of 45–100 PPI and a porosity of 0.973–0.978, and employed water and glycerol as the liquid phase. Many scholars studied the pressure drop and the permeability of the flow in porous media, and the formulas were given in Table 1.
\nTime | \nResearcher | \nEmpirical formula | \nEquation numbers | \n
---|---|---|---|
1994 | \nPlessis et al. [6] | \n\n\n | \n(3) | \n
2000 | \nPaek et al. [7] | \n\n\n | \n(4) | \n
2006 | \nLiu et al. [8] | \n\n\n | \n(5) | \n
2002 | \nFourie and Plessis [9] | \n\n\n | \n(6) | \n
Models for predicting pressure drop and permeability of flow in porous media.
The effective thermal conductivity is of great significance for the study of heat transfer mechanism in porous media. Maxwell [10] firstly studied the effective thermal conductivity of porous media immersion heat transfer. After that, many scholars studied the effective thermal conductivity of porous media. Most studies of effective thermal conductivity are mainly focused on the volume fraction of each component:
\nThe above model is mainly concentrated on sand, cylindrical, spherical packing bed and fiber insulation blanket, but the estimation of the effective thermal conductivity of metal foam has a large deviation from the experimental result [11]. Calmidi and Mahajan [4] respectively measured the effective thermal conductivity of ERG aluminum foam at the low temperature (ignoring radiation heat transfer) by using air and water as the flow phase. Boomsma and Poulikakos [12] proposed an efficient thermal conductivity model for predicting the three-dimensional ideal cellular structure of metal foam, which is in good agreement with the experimental data of Calmidi and Mahajan [4]. Bhattacharya and Mahajan [5] used the circular cylinder model to modify the Calmidi’s correlation. Hadim and North [13] generalized the correlation coefficient of the thermal conductivity model proposed by Wakao et al. [14], and make it applicable to calculate the effective thermal diffusivity and the stagnation thermal conductivity of sintered porous media. The formulas were given in Table 2.
\nTime | \nResearcher | \nEmpirical formula | \nEquation numbers | \n
---|---|---|---|
1992 | \nCalmidi and Mahajan [4] | \n\n\n | \n(8) | \n
\n\n | \n(9) | \n||
\n\n | \n(10) | \n||
\n\n | \n(11) | \n||
2001 | \nBoomsma and Poulikakos [12] | \n\n\n \n\n | \n(12) | \n
2002 | \nBhattacharya and Mahajan [5] | \n\n\n | \n(13) | \n
\n\n | \n(14) | \n||
1982 | \nWakao [14] | \n\n\n | \n(15) | \n
\n\n | \n(16) | \n
Models for predicting effective thermal conductivity of porous media.
Lu et al. [15, 16] studied the forced convection characteristics of shell-and-tube heat exchangers filled with high porosity metal foams. Qu et al. [17] experimentally studied the natural convection of air in a open-call copper foam, and found that there is a turning point in the Grashof number for small porosity (ε = 0.9). Guo [18] numerically simulated the laminar forced-convection heat transfer in a porous medium flat plate channel with constant heat flux and analyzed the flow and heat transfer performance. Fand et al. [19] immersed the porous medium in water or silicone oil with the porous medium randomly stacked by glass spheres. Many researchers studied convective heat transfer of flow in porous media, the formulas for predicting Nusselt number were given at Table 3.
\nTime | \nResearcher | \nEmpirical formula | \nEquation numbers | \n
---|---|---|---|
1982 | \nFand et al. [19] | \n\n\n | \n(17) | \n
\n\n | \n(18) | \n||
2003 | \nBoomsma et al. [20] | \n\n\n | \n(19) | \n
2007 | \nArisetty et al. [21] | \n\n\n | \n(20) | \n
2000 | \nCalmidi and Mahajan [22] | \n\n\n | \n(21) | \n
2005 | \nBrito and Rodríguez [23] | \n\n\n | \n(22) | \n
\n\n | \n(23) | \n
Models for predicting Nusselt number of heat transfer in porous media.
Because of the difference between the thermal conductivity of the fluid and that of the metal foam, the heat is diffused at a different rate between the two phases. So some researchers hold that the solid and fluid phases have different temperatures, namely LTNE model. Convective heat transfer performance in metal foams was numerically investigated based on the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) model and the LTNE model and the velocity and temperature fields was obtained.
\nThe steady forced convective heat transfer in a tube fully filled with metal foam is numerically considered under the boundary condition of a uniform temperature. Effects of porosity on mean Nusselt number with LTE/LTNE models are shown in Figure 5. The LTE and LTNE Nusselt numbers are both decreased with an increase in foam porosity. The relative deviation is reduced by increasing porosity, due to the greatly decreased solid effective thermal resistance. When porosity is greater than 95%, the relative deviation between LTE/LTNE Nusselt numbers is lower than 20%. For ε >95%, the LTE model can be treated as a rapid estimation tool for thermal performance of metal foams.
\nEffect of porosity on mean Nusselt number.
Difference between solid and fluid thermal conductivities is the most significant quantity for metal foam LTNE effect. Figure 6 presents the effects of thermal conductivity ratio on mean Nusselt numbers with LTE/LTNE models. The Nu difference for LTE/LTNE models is reduced when thermal conductivity ratio is increased, which is attributed to that
Effect of thermal conductivity ratio on mean Nusselt number with LTE/LTNE models.
The concept of nanofluid, by adding nanoparticles into a base fluid, is firstly proposed in 1995 [24]. Since then, lots of work has been done on the transport phenomena of nanofluid. In this work, the basic features of nanofluid are comprehensively presented. Nanofluid is a new type heat exchange medium which is made by mixing highly conductive nanoparticles and the traditional heat transfer fluid. Due to the addition of nanoparticles, the density, the thermal conductivity and the viscosity of nanofluid are obviously different from those of traditional media, and can be used as a more efficient heat exchange medium.
\nLee et al. [25] have measured the thermal conductivity of four nanofluids: copper oxide and water, copper oxide and ethylene glycol, alumina and water, alumina and ethylene glycol. Li and Xuan [26] analyzed the mechanisms of nanofluids to improve the thermal conductivity. Xie et al. [27] measured the thermal conductivity of the alumina nanoparticle suspension. The influence of pH value of suspension, specific surface area of the dispersed system, crystallization of solid phase and thermal conductivity of the base fluid on the nanofluid thermal conductivity was studied. Eastman et al. [28] measured the thermal conductivity of the copper nanofluid and found that the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles is increased obviously. Guo [29] used KD-2 thermal analyzer to measure the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. Using the temperature oscillation technique, Das et al. [30] prove that the thermal conductivity of copper oxide/water and alumina/water increases with an increase in the temperature and a decrease in the particle size. Patel et al. [31] have also obtained similar conclusions through experiments. Ebrahimnia-Bajestan et al. [32] applied nanofluids to the solar system, and studied the laminar convection heat transfer of the TiO2/water nanofluid in a tube by experimental and numerical methods. Many researchers proposed models of nanofluids thermal conductivity base on experimental study [33–47], and the formulas were given in Table 4.
\nTime | \nResearcher | \nEmpirical formula | \nEquation numbers | \n
---|---|---|---|
1873 | \nMaxwell [33] | \n\n\n | \n(25) | \n
1999 | \nLee et al. [25] | \n\n\n | \n(26) | \n
2011 | \nLee et al. [35] | \n\n\n | \n(27) | \n
2003 | \nWang et al. [37] | \n\n\n | \n(28) | \n
2004 | \nYu et al. [38] | \n\n\n | \n(29) | \n
2013 | \nHadadian [39] | \n\n\n | \n(30) | \n
2005 | \nXue and Xu [40] | \n\n\n | \n(31) | \n
2002 | \nKeblinski et al. [42] | \n\n\n | \n(32) | \n
2005 | \nXue [44] | \n\n\n | \n(33) | \n
2016 | \nEsfe et al. [45] | \n\n\n | \n(34) | \n
2005 | \nChon et al. [46] | \n\n\n | \n(35) | \n
2011 | \nKhanafer and Vafai [47] | \n\n\n | \n(36) | \n
Models for predicting nanofluid thermal conductivity.
At present, there is no suitable theory to predict the viscosity of nanofluids accurately. Einstein [48] proved that the relative viscosity of the suspension is a simple function of the volume fraction of suspended particles. Scholars revised the formula in different aspects, and put forward their correction models respectively [39, 49]. With a least-square curve fitting, Maïga et al. [50] proposed a correlation based on some experimental data available in the open literature. Shafahi et al. [51] indicated that the nanofluid viscosity is a function of the temperature and proposed the correlations. Scholars proposed correlations of different nanoparticle types. The formulas of nanofluids viscosity were given in Table 5.
\nTime | \nResearcher | \nEmpirical formula | \nEquation numbers | \n
---|---|---|---|
1906 | \nEinstein [48] | \n\n\n | \n(37) | \n
2005 | \nMaïga et al. [50] | \n\n\n | \n(38) | \n
2010 | \nShafahi et al. [51] | \n\n\n \n\n | \n(39) | \n
2013 | \nYang et al. [52] | \n\n\n \n\n | \n(40) | \n
Models for predicting nanofluid viscocity.
Xuan et al. [34, 53] found that the friction factor of nanofluids is almost the same as that of water at the same velocity, and is independent of the volume fraction of nanoparticles. Therefore, the friction factor of nanofluids is calculated with a single-phase model:
\nAs a new type heat exchanging medium, the nanofluid has a very pronounced enhancement effect on the convective heat transfer. Scholars have carried out a series of studies on the convective heat transfer of nanofluids. Xuan et al. [34, 53] established an experimental system to measure the convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid and the laminar flow and turbulent flow friction factors in the channel. In nanofluid, the nanoparticles undergo thermophoretic motion with in the temperature gradient field. Researchers have taken more and more attention to the thermophoretic motion of nanoparticles [54, 55]. For the heating of the side wall in a rectangular channel, Berkovski-Polevikov’s coefficients have good agreement with the experimental data with length-width ratio between 1 and 10, and MacGregor-Emery’s coefficient has good agreement with the experimental data with length-width ratio greater than 10 [56]. Maïga et al. [50] considered the influence of the nanoparticle volume fraction and the Reynolds number on the average convective heat transfer coefficient of water-based nanofluid. Sakai et al. [57] improved the Buongiorno model for the convective heat transfer of nanofluids, so that it can be applied to continuity equations, momentum equations and energy equations without the effect of nanoparticle volume fraction distribution. Jia and Wang [58] improved the Eubank-Proctor model and fitted out a coefficient of mixture flow considering natural convection. Yang et al. [59] made two kinds nanofluids using graphite nanoparticles, and measured the laminar-flow convective heat transfer coefficient in a horizontal tube heat exchanger. Formulas for Nusselt number of nanofluids convection were given in Table 6.
\nTime | \nResearcher | \nEmpirical formula | \nEquation numbers | \n
---|---|---|---|
2000 | \nXuan and Roetzel [53] | \n\n\n \n\n | \n(41) | \n
2011 | \nCorcione [56] | \n\n\n \n\n | \n(42) | \n
2005 | \nMaïga et al. [50] | \n\n\n \n\n | \n(43) | \n
2015 | \nJia and Wang [58] | \n\n\n | \n(44) | \n
2005 | \nYang et al. [59] | \n\n\n \n\n | \n(45) | \n
Models for predicting Nusselt number of nanofluid convective heat transfer.
Buongiorno [60] proposed a mathematical model on the non-uniform volume traction of nanoparticles. He assumed incompressible flow, no chemical reactions, negligible external forces, dilute mixture, negligible viscous dissipation, negligible radiative heat transfer, and LTE between nanoparticles and the base fluid [52, 60].
\nThe forced convective heat transfer of the nanofluid in a plain tube at the full development section was studied by the numerical method. Figure 7 is the effect of nanoparticle volume fraction on the Nusselt number and
Effect of nanoparticle volume fraction on mean Nusselt number.
Figure 8 is the relationship between the Nusselt number and NBT. NBT is a dimensionless parameter related to the Brown motion and the thermophoretic motion. It can be found that the nanofluid is unbenefited for heat transfer with low NBT (<0.2). There is a maximum Nusselt number when NBT is from about 0.4 to 0.5. Then the Nusselt number decreases with an increase in NBT. When the NBT is close to 10 or greater, the Nusselt number tends to be constant. The enhancement via the Brown diffusion motion causes nanoparticle to disturb the flow more effectively, causing local turbulence to enhance the heat transfer between nanoparticles and the base liquid. Nanoparticles will move to the cold region (wall) by thermophoresis diffusion. For large nanoparticle aggregating, nanoparticle of other areas is too small, so it has little heat transfer enhancement with too large NBT.
\nEffect of NBT on mean Nusselt number.
Even though metal foams own excellent thermal performance, poor heat conduction ability of most heat transfer fluids restricts further heat transfer improvement in metal foams, for which the combination of the metal foam and the nanofluid with highly conductive nanoparticles is a promising solution. In this chapter, the transport characteristics of nanofluids flowing through metal foams. In this chapter, the recent advances on the forced convection and natural convection of nanofluids in porous foams will be firstly reviewed and the latest research concerns from the perspective of fundamental research will be put forward.
\nCheng [61] tested the heat transfer performance of the heat pipe with different nanofluid volume fractions and liquid filling rates, and also tested the heat transfer performance of the screen suction core heat pipe. Hajipour et al. [62] studied the mixed convection of alumina/water nanofluid in a vertical square channel partially filled with open metal foams under the constant wall heat flux using the experimental and numerical method. Goodarzi et al. [63] studied the laminar and turbulent mixing flow and heat transfer of Cu/water nanofluids in a shallow rectangular cavity using a two-phase mixture model. Mao [64] studied the generation, fusion and detachment of boiling bubbles on the smooth plate and foam metal surface. Nazari et al. [65] studied the influence of the interaction between nanofluid and porous medium of extended surface on the heat exchanger thermal performance, and the forced convection of alumina/water nanofluids in a circular tube filled with metal foams was studied experimentally with isothermal boundary conditions.
\nMatin and Pop [66] studied the force convection heat transfer of nanofluids in a horizontal porous medium channel at fully developed section with constant heat flux. Xu et al. [67] investigated the dual heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids flowing in a metal foam channel by numerical method based on the local non thermal equilibrium model. Mahdi et al. [68] summarized the influence of the porosity, permeability, inertial coefficient and effective heat exchange coefficient of porous media, and also studied the effect of thermodynamic parameters of nanofluids. Sivasankaran and Narrein [69] proposed a numerical simulation of laminar pulsating heat transfer and hydraulic characteristics of alumina/water nanofluid in a three-dimensional spiral microchannel radiator, using the modified viscosity equation and the two-phase mixing model.
\nIn Xu et al. [70], velocity and temperature fields are numerically obtained. The effects of some key parameters on flow and heat transfer of nanofluid in porous media are analyzed. For the nanofluid flowing through metal foams, the nanoparticle volume fraction is a most important parameter, the effect of which on pressure drop is shown in Figure 9. As can be seen, with the increase in volume fraction, the pressure drop per unit length gradually increases and the increasing amplitude for pressure drop also increases. This is attributed to that the dynamic viscosity and the density of nanofluid are increased sharply with the increase in volume fraction. Figure 10 shows the effect of nanoparticle volume fraction on heat transfer for two different nanoparticles (Al2O3 and TiO3). As the nanoparticle volume fraction increases, Nusselt number gradually increases but the increasing amplitude is reduced. This is attributed to that the thermal conductivity increasing amplitude is decreased with an increase in nanoparticle volume fraction. Due to thermal conductivity of Al2O3 is higher than that of TiO3, Nusselt number of Al2O3 is higher than that of TiO3 as shown in Figure 10. From Figure 10, the maximum heat transfer augmentation of nanofluid is about 3.8% for Al2O3 and 3.0% for TiO3, which is very useful for further improving thermal performance of metal foam heat exchangers and heat sinks, especially for high heat-flux applications.
\nEffects of nanoparticle volume fraction on the overall pressure drop.
Effects of nanoparticle volume fraction on heat transfer.
Sun and Pop [71] studied the steady natural convection of the water-based nanofluid in a right triangle shell filled a porous medium using the numerical method. It is found that the average Nusselt number can be increased by increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction under a low Rayleigh number, but the average Nusselt number decreases with an increase in the nanoparticle volume fraction under a high Rayleigh number. Sherement [72] established a Buongiorno mathematical model for the three-dimensional natural convection of nanofluids in porous media, and considered that the heterogeneous models of nanoparticles are more suitable. Bhadauria and Agarwal [73] proposed a detailed model of the nanofluid saturated porous layer.
\nA lattice Boltzmann (LB) model for the nanofluid natural convection in a porous medium was established by using the volume-averaging method. Figures 11 and 12 show the velocity and temperature distributions for
The distributions of the flow and the temperature for
The distributions of the flow and the temperature for
Figure 13 shows the effect of the Rayleigh number on the average Nusselt number with
Effect of the Rayleigh number on the heat transfer.
Effect of the Darcy number on the heat transfer.
Figure 15 shows the effect of the nanoparticle volume traction on
Effect of the nanoparticle concentration on the heat transfer.
Phase change heat transfer of nanofluid in porous foams is a relatively new theme. In this chapter, the basic scientific problems for this topic will be firstly presented and then the recent research advances will be reviewed. The future research points will also be discussed.
\nBoiling heat transfer is used in a variety of industrial processes and applications, such as refrigeration, power generation, heat exchangers, cooling of high-power electronics components and cooling of nuclear reactors [74]. The use of nanofluids for boiling heat transfer enhancement is a promising solution that is currently being explored by many researchers for pool boiling applications.
\nLee and Mudawar [75] have undertaken an experimental study to explore the benefits of using alumina/water nanofluid for microchannel cooling applications. They revealed the enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient for single-phase laminar flow. However, in the two-phase regime, the nanofluids caused the surface deposition in micro-channels, and large agglomerates of nanoparticles were formed. Kim et al. [76] investigated the subcooled flow boiling using dilute alumina, zinc oxide and diamond water-based nanofluids. Kim et al. [77] studied the pool boiling by experiment with water-based nanofluids containing Al2O3, ZrO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles. An irregular porous structure was formed at the surface. You et al. [78] measured the CHF in pool boiling using a flat, square copper heater submerged into nanofluids at a sub-atmospheric pressure of 2.89 psia. Nanoparticle deposition was observed by Bang and Chang [79], who also measured a CHF enhancement of 50% with alumina-water nanofluids on a stainless steel plate. Zhu et al. [80] developed a boiling heat transfer coefficient correlation of the refrigerant/lubricating oil mixture on the surface of the metal foam surface.
\nSeveral researchers have noticed the nano-deposition at the heater surface, which can alter the surface area, the surface wettability and the bubble nucleation. The nucleation site density, the bubble departure diameter and the bubble frequency are all affected by the nanofluid boiling. It was found by several researchers [77, 78] that bubble diameters increase during boiling with nanofluids, but the nucleation site density decreases with the addition of nanoparticles into the base fluid.
\nLiquid-solid phase change in porous media is frequently encountered in lots of natural and engineering systems. Over the past several decades, this problem has been extensively investigated analytically, experimentally and numerically [81]. Thermal management systems based on latent heat storage of phase change materials (PCMs) can be widely used. Many researches are focused on demonstrating the performance improvement over pure PCM-based thermal management systems and the free and forced-convection heat transfer phenomena inside the porous media [82, 83].
\nHong and Herling [84] experimentally studied the effect of surface area density on the performance of paraffin-infiltrated aluminum foams with pore sizes from 500 to 2 mm. Lafdi et al. [85] also conducted an experimental study with paraffin-infiltrated aluminum foams and found that both pore size and porosity affected the performance of the system. Tian and Zhao [86] performed similar experiments with copper foams. With the advancement of fabrication techniques for microcellular metal foams [87], the effect of pore size and porosity becomes more interesting due to the extremely large surface area enabled by metal foams with small pore size. Numerical models were also developed to predict the temperature profile of PCM metal foam systems. These models had an origin in Boomsma and Poulikakos [12], where the effective thermal conductivity (
A new sort of nanofluid phase change material (PCM) is developed by suspending a small amount of nanoparticles in melting paraffin by Wu et al. [90]. Zheng et al. [91] found that Ag/1-Tetradecanol showed remarkably high thermal conductivity and reasonably high phase change enthalpy. Khodadadi et al. [92] numerically simulated the solidification of Cu/H2O nanofluids in a vertical square enclosure. Guo [93] numerically obtained that room with alumina/paraffin as PCM ceiling is a good way of saving the required cool energy in summer. Wu et al. [94] investigated the effects of Cu nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity and the phase change heat transfer of Cu/paraffin PCM by the Hot Disk thermal constants analyzer and infrared monitoring methods respectively. The results show that adding nanoparticles is an efficient way to enhance the phase change heat transfer of PCM.
\nMetal foams and nanofluids are greatly potential for the application of practical thermal applications since they are beneficial for heat transfer enhancement. A review of previous study for different convective flow and heat transfer regimes about the metal foam and the nanofluid is presented in this article. The effects of several parameters in metal foam and nanofluid properties, thermal boundary conditions, and flow and heat transfer characteristics were analyzed. Previous studies have shown that nanofluid and metal foam can enhance heat transfer. Some suggestions for future works should be paid attention to, as turbulent flow of nanofluids flow in metal foams, new models for the heat transfer of nanofluids in metal foams, the micro effect of nanofluid, the non-Newtonian effect of nanofluids, and the slip effect of nanofluid in metal foams.
\nThis work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51406238), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 17CX02047), the Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientist in Shandong Province (No. BS2014NJ009), and the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (No. 2015 M570363).
\nGlobal prevalence estimates suggest that approximately 196 million people lived with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 2020. Of these, 10.4 million people were living with moderate to severe vision impairment. In 2030, AMD is estimated to affect 243 million people due to aging [1]. The pathogenesis of AMD results from complex multifactorial interactions, including metabolic, genetic, and environmental [2]. AMD has been classified into two major subtypes: non-exudative or dry AMD and exudative or wet AMD. Although dry AMD represents 90% of patients, exudative AMD causes more severe loss of vision, being the target of most investigations [3]. These patients require very regular clinic visits, and the chronicity of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy can substantially impact the quality of life of the patient and the caregivers [4, 5]. This decrease can compromise anti-VEGF therapy compliance and explain the undertreatment of patients observed in real-world studies and the waiver of patients involved in clinical trials [6, 7]. New trials are focusing on improving the therapeutic options, particularly on the decrease of the associated burden. This chapter describes the current research on therapeutical approaches to treat the dry and exudative forms of AMD. Figure 1 summarizes the drugs and stages of development.
Summary of new drugs in the pipeline for the management of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
The information was gathered from a medical literature review and ongoing clinical trials and their results in the area of AMD treatment using PubMed database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed). The words or medical head subjects used were: AMD and clinical trials. All relevant articles were imported into Zotero (Version 5.0, Center for History and New Media at Universidade George Mason, USA), and duplicate articles were deleted. We selected the promising therapies according to action mechanisms and excluded all therapies that had failed in clinical trials. Comments, editorials, and articles not written in English were not analyzed.
Although lampalizumab (anti-factor D Fab) and eculizumab (inhibitor of the activation of terminal complement) failed to slow geographic atrophy progression, the complement system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of geographic atrophy, and so, research on how to inhibit the complement system did not stop [8, 9].
Pegcetacoplan (APL-2; Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) is a synthetic molecule that selectively inhibits C3, effectively downregulating all three complement pathways. Phase 2 of the FILLY clinical trial compared patients receiving intravitreal injection (monthly and bi-monthly) with a control group. The results showed a 29% reduction in the rate of geographic atrophy and a better outcome in the monthly injection group. Moreover, it was observed that the risk of neovascular AMD was higher (18%) in the group subjected to monthly injections when comparing with the group subjected to bi-monthly injections (8%) and with the control group (1%) [10]. A phase 3 trial is currently in the recruitment phase (NCT03525600) [11].
Avacincaptad pegol (Zimura; Iveric Bio, New York, New York, USA) is a C5 inhibitor. Phase 2/3 GATHER1 clinical trial showed a significant reduction of geographic atrophy growth over 12 months, probably due to C3 activity preservation. A second confirmatory trial (GATHER2) is underway [12].
Retinal neuroprotection strategies have been studied for dry AMD, including apoptosis and necrosis prevention, and oxidative injury reduction [13].
Elamipretide (Stealth Biotherapeutics) is a mitochondria-targeted drug thought to reduce mitochondrial dysfunction. Phase 1 of the ReCLAIM clinical trial showed that elamipretide was safe, well-tolerated and that this drug may improve vision in patients with intermediate AMD, manifested as high-risk drusen [14]. Phase 2 ReCLAIM-2 clinical trial is underway [15].
Brimonidine tartrate (Allergan) is best known in glaucoma as the intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering agent. Phase 2A of the BEACON clinical trial assessed the intravitreally delivery of brimonidine through a delayed delivery system. Results showed a lower rate of geographic atrophy progression, although not statistically significant [16]. Phase 2B of the BEACON clinical trial demonstrated a reduction in geographic atrophy progression using higher doses of brimonidine [17]. Phase 3 of IMAGINE and ENVISION clinical trials are being designed [16].
One of the earliest changes in the retina that precede AMD symptoms is the formation of toxic vitamin A dimers.
ALK-001 (Alkeus Pharmaceuticals) is a chemically modified form of vitamin A that replaces the vitamin A in the body to prevent toxic vitamin A dimers. Studies demonstrated functional preservation of visual function in animal models [18]. Phase 3 of the SAGA clinical trial will measure the extent to which treatment with the oral capsule of ALK-001 slows geographic atrophy progression [19].
Cell therapy is an alternative strategy when the naturally existing cells are already too damaged to be preserved using neuroprotective agents. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) comprise human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). There are two subtypes of cell-based treatments: stem cell therapies that involve delivering new retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to the subretinal space, and non-stem cell therapies based on cell implantation, which generates protective factors [20].
MA09-hRPE (Astellas Pharma) is hESC-derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium (hESC-RPE). The phases 1/2 clinical trial results confirmed that hESC-derived cells could serve as a potentially safe new source for regenerative medicine [21, 22, 23].
CPCB-RPE1 (The California Project to Cure Blindness-Retinal Pigment Epithelium1) is a polarized monolayer of hESC-RPE ultrathin, synthetic parylene substrate designed to mimic Bruch’s membrane. This therapy involves a subretinal implant. It was demonstrated the feasibility and safety of CPCB-RPE1 subretinal implantation in a comparable animal model [24]. Phase 1/2A of the clinical trial suggests that CPCB-RPE1 may improve visual function [25, 26].
Inflammation has been implicated in AMD pathogenesis and progression, even though it is no classical inflammatory disease like uveitis [27].
Doxycycline (Oracea; Galderma Laboratories, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) is an antibiotic that belongs to the tetracycline class of antibiotics and plays a role in immunomodulation, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and the regulation of inflammation. Phase 3 of the TOGA clinical trial includes patients with geographic atrophy randomized in groups treated with Oracea® or placebo. The results are pending [28].
FHTR2163 (Genentech/Roche) is a new antibody delivered by intravitreal injection that inhibits the HTRA1 gene associated with geographic atrophy. Phase 2 of the GALLEGO clinical trial will evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of intravitreal injections of RG6147, administered every four or every eight weeks for a total of approximately 76 weeks, in participants with geographic atrophy secondary to AMD (when compared with the sham control) [29].
Potentially more durable anti-VEGF agents may reduce the burden of intravitreal injections, help stabilize the disease and improve compliance with treatment.
Brolucizumab (Beovu; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) is the most recent intravitreal anti-VEGF agent to receive FDA approval. It is a humanized single-chain antibody fragment with a molecular weight of 26 kDa. Phase 3 of the HAWK and HARRIER clinical trials showed that brolucizumab was non-inferior to aflibercept regarding visual function as at week 48, more than 50% of the eyes treated with 6 mg of brolucizumab were maintained on q12w dosing intervals. Moreover, anatomic outcomes favored brolucizumab over aflibercept, and the overall safety results were similar between the two drugs [30].
Abicipar pegol (Allergan) is a novel class of molecules referred to as designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPin) that bind VEGF-A. DARPin is smaller and has a high affinity to VEGF, leading to greater stability and a longer-acting effect. The results of phase 3 of the SEQUOIA and CEDAR clinical trials showed that the eight and 12-week abicipar regimens were non-inferior to the ranibizumab’s monthly regimen, but patients had a much higher risk of developing intraocular inflammation (15% and 15.4% vs. 0%) [31, 32, 33]. The company modified the manufacturing process after finding impurities in the formulation, and subsequently, the MAPLE study showed a decrease in the incidence of intraocular inflammation to 8.9% [34]. A license for abicipar pegol was already submitted to the
Conbercept (Chengdu Kanghong Biotech Co., Ltd.) is an antibody that targets VEGF-A, VEGFB, VEGF-C, and placental growth factors. It was approved to treat exudative AMD in China in 2013. Phase 2 of the AURORA and phase 3 of the PHOENIX clinical trials showed the safety and efficacy of conbercept with three initial monthly treatments followed by quarterly treatments compared with the sham group [35, 36]. Phase 3 of the PANDA-1 and PANDA-2 global clinical trials compare maintenance doses of conbercept every 8 or 12 weeks with doses of aflibercept every eight weeks; results are expected in 2022 [37, 38].
OPT-302 (Opthea Limited) is a soluble form of the human VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), expressed as an Fc-fusion protein molecule design to inhibit VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Results from phases 1 and 2 of the ShORe and COAST clinical trials showed that this molecule was safer and had better visual outcomes than ranibizumab alone [39, 40]. Phase 3 of the ShORe and COAST clinical trials will be double-masked and sham-controlled. Treatment-naïve patients will be enrolled to assess the efficacy and safety of 2.0 mg OPT-302 combined with anti-VEGF-A therapy by comparison with anti-VEGF-A monotherapy (standard of care). Opthea expects to initiate patient recruitment in the first half of 2021 [41].
Faricimab (Roche, Genentech) is a novel bispecific antibody that targets both angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and VEGF-A. Phase 2 of the STAIRWAY clinical trial suggests that faricimab can be an effective maintenance therapy for exudative AMD with a dosing interval of 16 weeks [42, 43]. Phase 3 of the TANAYA and LUCERNE clinical trials will compare faricimab given every 16 weeks with aflibercept given every eight weeks [44, 45]. FDA requests for faricimab are expected to occur in 2021 for diabetic macular edema and in 2022 for exudative AMD.
KSI-301 (Kodiak Sciences) is a novel intravitreal, anti-VEGF antibody biopolymer conjugate designed to block all VEGF-A isoforms. Phase 1 of the DAZZLE clinical trial showed excellent safety, strong efficacy, and considerable durability in most patients for three or more months [46]. Phase 2 of the DAZZLE clinical trial is a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of KSI-301 [47].
ONS-5010 (Outlook Therapeutics, Inc) is an ophthalmic formulation of bevacizumab. Phase 3 clinical trials compare monthly doses of ONS-5010 with a ranibizumab regimen of 3 monthly doses followed by quarterly doses [48]. FDA approval is expected in 2021 or 2022, and 12 years of exclusivity, protecting against bevacizumab biosimilars, are expected.
FYB201 (Formycon and Bioeq), SB11 (Samsung Bioepis), and Xlucane (Xbrane Biopharma) are biosimilars for ranibizumab under development that are expected to reach the market in less than one year when the patent for ranibizumab expires [49, 50, 51].
Aflibercept biosimilars are in phase 3 of clinical trials and are expected to reach the market between two and three years when the patent for aflibercept expires.
Although regorafenib, pazopanib, and LHA510 failed, other therapies showed promising results [52, 53, 54]. These formulations have the great advantage of being less invasive, but they can decrease the possibility of monitoring treatment compliance, as it happens with glaucoma patients medicated with lowering ocular hypertension drops.
PAN-90806 (PanOptica) is a topical formulation of a small molecule, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), to treat wet AMD. In phase 1/2 of a dose-ranging clinical trial, more than half of patients receiving PAN-90806 once a day for 12 weeks completed the study without needing anti-VEGF rescue therapy. Fourteen of the 51 patients in the study, 88% experienced clinical improvement of their condition or their disease’s stability [55].
Squalamine lactate (Genaera Corporation) is an amino sterol derived from the dogfish shark’s cartilage that blocks VEGF, PDGF basic fibroblast growth binding calmodulin and its chaperones. A phase 2 clinical trial showed improved vision when squalamine lactate was used in combination with anti-VEGF treatments [56, 57].
The extended-release options may also reduce the burden of intravitreal injections.
The port delivery system (PDS; Hoffmann-La Roche) is a permanent, refillable implant, which is surgically placed at the pars plana through an incision in the sclera. PDS continuously releases concentrated ranibizumab by passive diffusion into the vitreous cavity.
Phase 2 of the LADDER clinical trial showed similar functional and anatomical outcomes after nine months of treatment with ranibizumab delivered through PDS or monthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab [58, 59]. The mean time for the first PDS refill was 15 months, with 80% of patients not requiring a PDS refill for six or more months. Phase 3 of the ARCHWAY clinical trial is ongoing [60].
GB-102 (Graybug Vision) is a depot formulation of sunitinib malate that might need only 2 or 3 treatments per year [61]. Phase 2 of the ALTISSIMO clinical trial evaluated the safety and effect duration of GB-102 intravitreal injections administered every six months compared to aflibercept intravitreal injections administered every two months [62]. The results are currently pending.
NT-503 (Neurotech Pharmaceuticals) is a biological sustained drug delivery device that can provide anti-VEGF therapy’s continuous delivery. Preliminary studies show that the device can be implanted safely in humans [63]. The results of phases 1 and 2 of clinical trials are pending [64].
Aflibercept Hydrogel Depot (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Ocular Therapeutix™) is a delivery system based on a PolyActive hydrogel copolymer’s microparticles. In studies with animals intravitreally injected with aflibercept hydrogel depot a, sustained and controlled release of aflibercept was achieved. No adverse effects in the eyes of healthy rhesus macaques were observed for up to 6 months [65].
pSivida Durasert Technology (EyePoint Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) can be used to deliver different drugs for extended periods (months or even years) with a single application. Delivery of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in animals provided promising results [66].
Gene therapy is based on the insertion of an anti-VEGF coding sequence into retinal cells’ DNA through a viral vector.
ADVM-022 (Adverum) produces an anti-VEGF-A fusion protein delivered through intravitreal injection via the AAV.7 m8 viral vector. Phase 1 of the OPTIC clinical trial showed that treatment with a single injection prevented additional anti-VEGF treatment over six months [67, 68].
RGX-314 (RegenexBio) (Rockville, MA, USA) produces an anti-VEGF A fab delivered through a subretinal treatment via an AAV8 viral vector. Phases 1/2a of the AAVIATE clinical trial showed a decrease in injection burden without significant inflammation or adverse effects [69]. Phase 2b of the AAVIATE clinical trial will explore a suprachoroidal injection [70].
Retinostat (Oxford BioMedica) is a lentiviral vector expressing endostatin and angiostatin to inhibit angiogenesis potentially. Phase 1 clinical trial showed that the LentiVector® gene therapy platform safely and efficiently delivered genes to the retina resulting in stable, long-term expression [71].
AAV2-sFLT01 (Genzyme, a Sanofi Company) is a vector that expresses a modified soluble Flt1 receptor designed to neutralize the proangiogenic activities of VEGF via an intravitreal injection. Phase 1 clinical trial showed that AAV2-sFLT01 was safe and that there was good tolerance to this vector [72]. After three years of follow-up, AAV2-sFLT01 appears to be generally safe, well-tolerated and does not appear to raise any new safety concerns [73].
AAVCAGsCD59 (Hemera Biosciences) is a molecule that targets the terminal step of complement activation that leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex. Two-phase 1 clinical trials for both exudative and dry AMD showed that subretinal injection of AAV-CD59 attenuated the formation of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization by around 60% in mice, even when the site of delivery was distal to the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization site [74].
An alternative for genetic interference is small interfering RNA (siRNA) that inhibits the protein-coding genes and prevent protein synthesis. Delivery can be by the topical installation or intravitreal injection. Bevasiranib (Opko) was the first siRNA used, but it did not show efficacy in phase 3 of the COBALT clinical trial [75]. AGN211745 (Alergan) was designed to reduce pathologic angiogenesis mediated by both VEGF
PF-655 (Pfizer) is a siRNA that inhibits expression of the hypoxia-inducible gene RTP801, which inhibits the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and reduces VEGF-A production. Results from phase 2 of the MONET clinical trial showed that the combination of PF-655 with ranibizumab led to an average gain in visual acuity superior to the one observed for patients under ranibizumab monotherapy [77].
There are many potential therapeutic options for AMD. New treatment options for dry AMD that slow disease progression or re-establish retinal cells are becoming a reality. For wet AMD, new drugs that could lead to a longer half-life in the vitreous, lower costs, and more potent anti-angiogenesis activity, should be approved soon. With the increase of population longevity, AMD incidence and prevalence will most probably increase, and these therapies may reduce both the societal and individual treatment burden. Although they are in the earlier clinical trial phases, the authors consider that the cell-based therapies for dry AMD and gene therapy for wet AMD are the more promising therapies for the future because they tend to correct the source’s problem. The new COVID vaccines also represent a significant step in this area, and these novel technologies may be future treatments for many other diseases.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
In our mission to support the dissemination of knowledge, we travel throughout the world to present our publications and support our Authors and Academic Editors. We attend international symposia, conferences, workshops and book fairs as well as business meetings with science, academic and publishing professionals. Take a look at the current events.
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen events",metaDescription:"In our mission to support the dissemination of knowledge, we travel worldwide to present our publications, authors and editors at international symposia, conferences, and workshops, as well as attend business meetings with science, academia and publishing professionals. We are always happy to host our scientists in our office to discuss further collaborations. Take a look at where we’ve been, who we’ve met and where we’re going.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/events",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"May 18, 2022 | 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM CEST
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n
03 - 12 June 2022
\\n\\nPutra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
\\n\\nIntechOpen Represented by BOOKS INTERNATIONAL (M) SDN BHD
\\n\\n\\n\\n
24 - 27 August 2022, Beijing, China
\\n\\nIntechOpen Represented by China Publishers Services (CPS)
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n
19 - 23 October 2022, Frankfurt, Germany
\\n\\n\\n\\n
Guadalajara International Book Fair
\\n\\n26 November - 04 December 2022, Guadalajara, Mexico
\\n\\nIntechOpen Represented by LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones SA de CV
\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
May 18, 2022 | 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM CEST
\n\n\n\n\n\n
03 - 12 June 2022
\n\nPutra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
\n\nIntechOpen Represented by BOOKS INTERNATIONAL (M) SDN BHD
\n\n\n\n
24 - 27 August 2022, Beijing, China
\n\nIntechOpen Represented by China Publishers Services (CPS)
\n\n\n\n\n\n
19 - 23 October 2022, Frankfurt, Germany
\n\n\n\n
Guadalajara International Book Fair
\n\n26 November - 04 December 2022, Guadalajara, Mexico
\n\nIntechOpen Represented by LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones SA de CV
\n\n\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5,6,12,13,18"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11793",title:"Production, Nutritional and Industrial Perspectives of Barley",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"996125d4599193b3b6b749f5d8aa3cb2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Farhan Saeed and Dr. Muhammad Afzaal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11793.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"192244",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhan",surname:"Saeed",slug:"farhan-saeed",fullName:"Farhan Saeed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11810",title:"Animal Behavior - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"db1dacc9284b2fc73f38fa985a586e15",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Volkan Gelen and Dr. Abdulsamed Kükürt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11810.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12157",title:"Rice Crops - Productivity, Quality and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2a38bb2448f4516740db05ce746f08e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Min Huang, Dr. Jiana Chen, Dr. Xiaowu Pan and Dr. Haiming Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12157.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11788",title:"Plant Stress Responses and Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fd76ac80924e5a4d530ad0a1b54ca1f4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saddam Hussain, Dr. Tahir Hussain Awan, Dr. Ejaz Waraich and Dr. Masood Iqbal Awan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11788.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247858",title:"Dr.",name:"Saddam",surname:"Hussain",slug:"saddam-hussain",fullName:"Saddam Hussain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11643",title:"Genetic Diversity - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11637",title:"Neuropsychology of Dementia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d40f707b9ef020bb202be89404f77a1e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Devendra Kumar, Prof. Sushil Kumar Singh and Dr. Ankit Ganeshpurkar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11637.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"454030",title:"Dr.",name:"Devendra",surname:"Kumar",slug:"devendra-kumar",fullName:"Devendra Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11624",title:"Agricultural Waste - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f86a9f720cc3ac0f1c385d0367ea89b9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Fiaz Ahmad and Prof. Muhammad Sultan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11624.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"338219",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiaz",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"fiaz-ahmad",fullName:"Fiaz Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11784",title:"Bryophytes - The State of Knowledge in a World Under Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80743b2add35e11b09c10e6895a45831",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jair Putzke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11784.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"324930",title:"Prof.",name:"Jair",surname:"Putzke",slug:"jair-putzke",fullName:"Jair Putzke"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12332",title:"Resveratrol - Recent Advances, Application, and Therapeutic Potential",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6c796885b34b6727cb8fb36badef827f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ali Imran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12332.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235082",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Imran",slug:"ali-imran",fullName:"Ali Imran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11642",title:"Food Preservation and Packaging - Recent Process and Technological Advancements",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"00f636e3012dc12ebb8713cb51d75a1f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jaya Shankar Tumuluru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11642.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"95803",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya Shankar",surname:"Tumuluru",slug:"jaya-shankar-tumuluru",fullName:"Jaya Shankar Tumuluru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:50},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4798},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"670",title:"Ecohydrology",slug:"ecohydrology",parent:{id:"108",title:"Soil Science",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences-soil-science"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:24,numberOfWosCitations:41,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitations:48,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"670",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6992",title:"Soil Moisture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96068b066217b70064cb49d6df0ab3f3",slug:"soil-moisture",bookSignature:"Gabriela Civeira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6992.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222313",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Civeira",slug:"gabriela-civeira",fullName:"Gabriela Civeira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"123",title:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"developments-in-hydraulic-conductivity-research",bookSignature:"Oagile Dikinya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21601",title:"Prof.",name:"Oagile",middleName:null,surname:"Dikinya",slug:"oagile-dikinya",fullName:"Oagile Dikinya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"13963",doi:"10.5772/16079",title:"Hydraulic Conductivity and Landfill Construction",slug:"hydraulic-conductivity-and-landfill-construction",totalDownloads:7652,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"123",slug:"developments-in-hydraulic-conductivity-research",title:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research",fullTitle:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research"},signatures:"Witold Stępniewski, Marcin K. Widomski and Rainer Horn",authors:[{id:"23075",title:"Prof.",name:"Witold",middleName:null,surname:"Stepniewski",slug:"witold-stepniewski",fullName:"Witold Stepniewski"},{id:"23150",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Widomski",slug:"marcin-widomski",fullName:"Marcin Widomski"},{id:"23151",title:"Prof.",name:"Rainer",middleName:null,surname:"Horn",slug:"rainer-horn",fullName:"Rainer Horn"}]},{id:"13957",doi:"10.5772/15669",title:"Rock Mass Hydraulic Conductivity Estimated by Two Empirical Models",slug:"rock-mass-hydraulic-conductivity-estimated-by-two-empirical-models",totalDownloads:7274,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"123",slug:"developments-in-hydraulic-conductivity-research",title:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research",fullTitle:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research"},signatures:"Shih-Meng Hsu, Hung-Chieh Lo, Shue-Yeong Chi and Cheng-Yu Ku",authors:[{id:"21558",title:"Dr.",name:"Shih-Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Hsu",slug:"shih-meng-hsu",fullName:"Shih-Meng Hsu"}]},{id:"13960",doi:"10.5772/15866",title:"Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity of Undisturbed Soil Column: a Measurement Accomplished with the Gamma Ray Transmission Technique",slug:"determination-of-hydraulic-conductivity-of-undisturbed-soil-column-a-measurement-accomplished-with-t",totalDownloads:2869,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"123",slug:"developments-in-hydraulic-conductivity-research",title:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research",fullTitle:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research"},signatures:"Anderson Camargo Moreira, Otávio Portezan Filho, Fábio Henrique de Moraes Cavalcante and Carlos Roberto Appoloni",authors:[{id:"22262",title:"MSc.",name:"Anderson",middleName:null,surname:"Camargo Moreira",slug:"anderson-camargo-moreira",fullName:"Anderson Camargo Moreira"},{id:"23164",title:"Dr.",name:"Otávio",middleName:null,surname:"Portezan Filho",slug:"otavio-portezan-filho",fullName:"Otávio Portezan Filho"},{id:"23165",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio Henrique De Moraes",middleName:null,surname:"Cavalcante",slug:"fabio-henrique-de-moraes-cavalcante",fullName:"Fabio Henrique De Moraes Cavalcante"},{id:"23166",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Appoloni",slug:"carlos-roberto-appoloni",fullName:"Carlos Roberto Appoloni"}]},{id:"13962",doi:"10.5772/15749",title:"Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Land Use Change, New Insights to the Payments for Ecosystem Services Programs: a Case Study from a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Watershed in Eastern Central Mexico",slug:"saturated-hydraulic-conductivity-and-land-use-change-new-insights-to-the-payments-for-ecosystem-serv",totalDownloads:2693,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"123",slug:"developments-in-hydraulic-conductivity-research",title:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research",fullTitle:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research"},signatures:"Alberto Gómez-Tagle (Jr.) Ch., Daniel Geissert, Octavio M. Perez-Maqueo, Beatriz E. Marin-Castro and M. Beatriz Rendon-Lopez",authors:[{id:"21831",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Tagle, Jr.",slug:"alberto-gomez-tagle-jr.",fullName:"Alberto Gomez-Tagle, Jr."},{id:"21842",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Geissert",slug:"daniel-geissert",fullName:"Daniel Geissert"},{id:"21843",title:"Dr.",name:"Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Maqueo",slug:"octavio-perez-maqueo",fullName:"Octavio Perez-Maqueo"},{id:"21844",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatriz E.",middleName:null,surname:"Marin-Castro",slug:"beatriz-e.-marin-castro",fullName:"Beatriz E. Marin-Castro"},{id:"62761",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha Beatríz",middleName:null,surname:"Rendón López",slug:"martha-beatriz-rendon-lopez",fullName:"Martha Beatríz Rendón López"}]},{id:"64391",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81477",title:"Correlation between TDR and FDR Soil Moisture Measurements at Different Scales to Establish Water Availability at the South of the Yucatan Peninsula",slug:"correlation-between-tdr-and-fdr-soil-moisture-measurements-at-different-scales-to-establish-water-av",totalDownloads:1347,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The advantages that offer new techniques such as remote sensing to estimate soil moisture require local accurate measurements of this variable since these values are key to validate the estimated ones. The chapter analyses the performance to measure soil moisture using different sensors that correspond to different scales at the field. Sensors used were based on reflectometry, time and frequency, which were calibrated with gravimetric measurements. Additionally to have accurate soil moisture values, the idea is to have an operational system in a very complex ecosystem in order to see its influence to maintain the aguadas (small natural lagoons) at the south of the Yucatan Peninsula. These aguadas represent an important source of water in the region because the area presents shortage associated not only with the climate variation but also with high influence due to the type of soils (karst). Results demonstrated that the sensors tested were accurate particularly in the rainy season with some differences in the dry period, and also, the sensitivity of each device was determinant. Results will cover different areas from point to small regions (<4 km), since soil moisture data obtained could be extrapolated to different scales based on the climate, vegetation and type of soil, to compute the real water availability for the communities in the zone.",book:{id:"6992",slug:"soil-moisture",title:"Soil Moisture",fullTitle:"Soil Moisture"},signatures:"Judith Guadalupe Ramos Hernández, Jesus Gracia-Sánchez, Tania\nPatricia Rodríguez-Martínez and José Adalberto Zuñiga-Morales",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"13963",title:"Hydraulic Conductivity and Landfill Construction",slug:"hydraulic-conductivity-and-landfill-construction",totalDownloads:7656,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"123",slug:"developments-in-hydraulic-conductivity-research",title:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research",fullTitle:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research"},signatures:"Witold Stępniewski, Marcin K. Widomski and Rainer Horn",authors:[{id:"23075",title:"Prof.",name:"Witold",middleName:null,surname:"Stepniewski",slug:"witold-stepniewski",fullName:"Witold Stepniewski"},{id:"23150",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Widomski",slug:"marcin-widomski",fullName:"Marcin Widomski"},{id:"23151",title:"Prof.",name:"Rainer",middleName:null,surname:"Horn",slug:"rainer-horn",fullName:"Rainer Horn"}]},{id:"64191",title:"Water Replenishment in Agricultural Soils: Dissemination of the IrrigaPot Technology",slug:"water-replenishment-in-agricultural-soils-dissemination-of-the-irrigapot-technology",totalDownloads:943,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The challenge confronted by farmers during prolonged periods of soil water stress is to guarantee the restoration of water and maintain the productivity of agricultural crops. Even in regions such as Amazon, the variability in the precipitation regime should be considered in agricultural planning. There are regions in which 80% of annual rainfall is concentrated between December and June. It is exactly during this period of low rainfall that small-scale family-based farmers need technological assistance to guarantee that their crops remain irrigated in order to maintain their income in this rural environment. The IrrigaPot arises as an alternative that is able to access rainfall that has been stored since the rainy season and provide it to plants when the soil is dry. The pots are maintained full with 20 liters of water, and through capillary action the soil maintains them constantly humid. This technology does not require specific knowledge with respect to irrigation regimes and is necessary for the farmer to dedicate his time to replacing water. The technology is totally automated through a simple system using a float, tubes, and connectors that connect a rubber hose to the lids of the pots buried in the soil.",book:{id:"6992",slug:"soil-moisture",title:"Soil Moisture",fullTitle:"Soil Moisture"},signatures:"Lucieta G. Martorano, Araya A. Berhe, José Reinaldo da Silva Cabral\nde Moraes, Ayllan Rayanne da Silva Lima, Douglas Cavalcante\nCosta, Aline Michelle da Silva Barbosa and Marcelo Coelho Marques",authors:null},{id:"64391",title:"Correlation between TDR and FDR Soil Moisture Measurements at Different Scales to Establish Water Availability at the South of the Yucatan Peninsula",slug:"correlation-between-tdr-and-fdr-soil-moisture-measurements-at-different-scales-to-establish-water-av",totalDownloads:1352,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The advantages that offer new techniques such as remote sensing to estimate soil moisture require local accurate measurements of this variable since these values are key to validate the estimated ones. The chapter analyses the performance to measure soil moisture using different sensors that correspond to different scales at the field. Sensors used were based on reflectometry, time and frequency, which were calibrated with gravimetric measurements. Additionally to have accurate soil moisture values, the idea is to have an operational system in a very complex ecosystem in order to see its influence to maintain the aguadas (small natural lagoons) at the south of the Yucatan Peninsula. These aguadas represent an important source of water in the region because the area presents shortage associated not only with the climate variation but also with high influence due to the type of soils (karst). Results demonstrated that the sensors tested were accurate particularly in the rainy season with some differences in the dry period, and also, the sensitivity of each device was determinant. Results will cover different areas from point to small regions (<4 km), since soil moisture data obtained could be extrapolated to different scales based on the climate, vegetation and type of soil, to compute the real water availability for the communities in the zone.",book:{id:"6992",slug:"soil-moisture",title:"Soil Moisture",fullTitle:"Soil Moisture"},signatures:"Judith Guadalupe Ramos Hernández, Jesus Gracia-Sánchez, Tania\nPatricia Rodríguez-Martínez and José Adalberto Zuñiga-Morales",authors:null},{id:"64534",title:"Soil Moisture Retrieval from Microwave Remote Sensing Observations",slug:"soil-moisture-retrieval-from-microwave-remote-sensing-observations",totalDownloads:1189,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter mainly describes the vegetated soil moisture retrieval approaches based on microwave remote sensing data. It will be comprised of three topics: (1) SAR polarimetric decomposition is to model the full coherency matrix as a summation of the surface, dihedral, and volume scattering mechanisms. After removing the volume scattering component, the soil moisture is estimated from the surface and dihedral scattering components. Particularly, various dynamic volume scattering models will be critically reviewed, allowing the readers to select the appropriate one to capture the complex variations of the volume scattering mechanism with crop phenological growth. (2) Radiative transfer model is to express the radar backscattering coefficient as the incoherent summation of different scattering components. Hereby, we will review the water cloud model and its several extensions for enhanced soil moisture retrieval. (3) Compared to the active radar, the passive radiometer possesses high temporal resolution but coarse spatial resolution. The third topic is dedicated to review the microwave emission models and the active-passive combined approaches, in the context of Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) missions.",book:{id:"6992",slug:"soil-moisture",title:"Soil Moisture",fullTitle:"Soil Moisture"},signatures:"Hongquan Wang",authors:null},{id:"13954",title:"Stress/Strain-Dependent Properties of Hydraulic Conductivity for Fractured Rocks",slug:"stress-strain-dependent-properties-of-hydraulic-conductivity-for-fractured-rocks",totalDownloads:3846,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"123",slug:"developments-in-hydraulic-conductivity-research",title:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research",fullTitle:"Developments in Hydraulic Conductivity Research"},signatures:"Yifeng Chen and Chuangbing Zhou",authors:[{id:"22875",title:"Prof.",name:"Yifeng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"yifeng-chen",fullName:"Yifeng Chen"},{id:"23017",title:"Prof.",name:"Chuangbing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"chuangbing-zhou",fullName:"Chuangbing Zhou"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"670",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"3",type:"subseries",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"