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1. Introduction
The effect of freezing/thawing is one of the most common physical deteriorations of concrete in cold environments, which causes serious damages and induces cracks in concrete structures. This effect is clear in such European countries where the temperature drops below 0°C and ice start to form. The freezing of water inside the capillary pore structure causes an increase in the volume of approximately 9%, thus causing severe cracking and disruption of the concrete, especially if the pores in the concrete are close to saturation [1, 2]. Using high-quality and adequate amount of supplementary cementitious materials can enhance the concrete resistance to such issues. Thus, sustainable solutions can be useful not only for environmental aspects, but also for enhancing the concrete resistance to freeze/thaw cycles. Fly ash, silica fume, blast furnace slag, and Metakaolin are good examples for waste materials that enhance concrete’s resistance to freeze/thaw cycles if used in appropriate amount.
2. Theoretical explanations of freeze/thaw attack
It was originally thought that the small, entrained air voids (deliberately introduced concrete to provide frost resistance) worked by providing sinks for the water displaced by the volume change associated with the transformation of water into ice, but it was subsequently realized that the voids serve as nucleation sites where ice crystals can grow without constraint. During the freezing process ice crystals in the air voids suck liquid from the small pores of the paste, this suction creates negative pressure in the pore liquid which puts the entire solid matrix into compression; thereby inducing compressive stress into the concrete, Figure 1. The shown figures have been presented at the concrete & cast stone conference in Boston, USA (2008) as well fib bulletin 53 [3].
Figure 1.
Left (original concept): Air voids prevent excessive pore pressure by providing sinks for displaced water. Right (revised concept): Air voids provide a site for nucleation and growth of ice crystals drawing in liquid from pores [3].
Pore system characteristics plays an essential role in the transport properties of concrete as well as the behavior of concrete when it exposes to frost action. Capillary forces determine the absorbed water in concrete and by ice expanding hydraulic pressure increases and damage occurs. The process is directly proportional to the rate of temperature decrease, in addition, forming crystals of ice could interact with the walls of the capillary pores [4, 5, 6].
3. Types of freeze/thaw deteriorations
The cement paste combines several types of voids which directly affect its properties. The typical scales of both the voids and the solid phases in the hydrated cement paste are shown in Figure 2. While the hydration reaction progresses, the spaces that are initially filled with water, are replaced by the hydration product this residual space is called capillary pore [8]. According to Table 1, capillary pores are divided into three groups: small, medium, and large capillary pores.
Figure 2.
Typical dimensions of different phases in the hardened cement paste [7].
Table 1.
Classification of pores in hydrated cement paste [9, 10].
Since the pores which are smaller than 10 μm in diameter have less influence on permeability, capillary pores are defined as medium and large capillaries, with diameters from 10 nm to 10 μm. The pores in this range would mostly affect the permeability and diffusivity of the cement paste. The hydrated product occupies more volume than the cement particles, and with the development of the hydration reaction, in the gel form continues to expand into the capillary system. Physical deterioration and damage-inducing processes causing cracking and other effects in concrete structures can arise from various causes including freeze/thaw effects. Concrete structures are periodically exposed to the deteriorating effect of freezing/thawing damage and that comes in two types [7, 11, 12]: internal frost damage and surface scaling. The former is caused by the freezing water inside the concrete body, as a result of internal frost damage; weight change and compressive strength loss can occur. When the concrete surface comes into contact with weak saline solutions, surface scaling occurs and causes small flakes or chips of concrete on the surface.
The two types of freezing/thawing damages are visualized in Figure 3. The adoption of air-entraining admixtures is one of the best solutions for enhancing the freeze/thaw resistance of concrete [11]; the addition of a specific amount of appropriately sized air voids allows for the accommodation of any increase in water volume in case of freezing. As shown in Figure 4, air-entraining agent enhances the concrete’s resistance to freeze/thaw cycles, as sample A (with air-entraining) experience less deterioration after 300 freeze/thaw cycles than sample B (without air-entraining) [14].
Figure 3.
The two main types of internal frost damage [13].
Figure 4.
Specimens A and B after 300 freeze/thaw cycles, where B without air-entraining agent but A with an appropriate air-entraining agent (0.2) [14].
However, the result of such treatment is not always satisfactory, and the debate is ongoing. Thus, standards have recommended limitations regarding air void parameters, such as the spacing factor between voids and minimum air content of the fresh mixture [15, 16]. The recommended level of air-entraining is about 5%, which already causes a reduction in mechanical properties. It is necessary to compensate for this loss by technological steps to retain the required class of concrete.
4. Factors that affected the freeze/thaw resistance
Susceptibility to freeze/thaw damage is affected by the concrete’s composition, permeability, porosity, type, moisture content, age, air-entraining admixtures, workability, exposure environment, and aggregate type. Where it observed that the key factors relevant to freeze/thaw durability are the air void characteristics especially in the case of using admixtures, they should compatible, in concrete and high quality of aggregate. As well as mix design limitations according to BS EN 206:2013 + A1:2016 [17] are to be considered necessary [18].
Yet not sufficient conditions for achieving high frost resistance of concrete, especially when exposed to severe frost, wet conditions, and high levels of de-icing agents. Thus, following the principles transpiring from the literature’s observations during the design of freeze/thaw resistance concrete can be highly beneficial. Some of these observations have been concluded as [11]:
High-quality aggregate should be used featuring appropriate frost resistance tested in NaCl solution and water, high resistance to fragmentation, continuous grading, and minimal water requirement.
When specifying admixtures like Supplementary cementing materials, to concrete it is necessary to check their compatibility by valuating the air void characteristics in hardened concrete, and this concerns in particular air-entraining and water-reducing admixtures.
The severity of freezing (minimum temperature); rate of fall of air temperature (rate of freezing); change of air temperature during periods of freezing; the number of freeze/thaw cycles and the presence of de-icing salts is the major environmental aspects and critical factors that are participated in the developing of freeze/thaw damage.
5. Evaluation of the freeze/thaw deterioration
There are many test methods by which the internal damage and surface scaling of concrete can be evaluated. ASTM C 666 [19] and ASTM C 672 [20] are the typical tests by which the internal damage of the concrete specimen and the scaling of the specimen surface in the presence of de-icer salts can be assessed prospectively. However, numerous national freeze/thaw tests resemble the previous direct tests performed by using actual freezing and thawing loads. In the following two sections the used procedure for testing the internal frost damage and surface scaling test is explained.
5.1 Internal frost damage
The following procedure is usually used to apply the internal frost damage test:
Submerging concrete cubes in water until full saturation.
Lifting reference concrete cubes in water and placing the rest in a laboratory freezer until a specific number of freeze/thaw cycles.
According to CEN/TR 15177 [21] each freeze/thaw cycle includes (two hours of cooling, two hours of freezing at − 20°C, two hours of thawing, and 2 hours at + 20°C). Concrete cubes are surrounded by air in the freezing phase, while surrounded by water in thawing phase.
Lifting the concrete cubes in water for three days after specified number of freeze/thaw cycles, which are determined based on the purpose of the study. This is to prevent any residual freezing from occurring inside the concrete cubes.
Finally, testing the residual compressive strength and/or determining the weight change.
Figure 5 shows the time–temperature curve in the centre of the concrete sample, where: 1 / freeze/thaw cycle; 2 / temperature range in the reference; Y / temperature in °C; and X / time in h.
Figure 5.
The time–temperature curve in the Centre of the concrete sample [21].
5.2 Surface scaling
In accordance with CEN/TS 12390–9 [22] (slab test) surface scaling is evaluated. The main idea the test is to determine the scaled materials amount after exposing the concrete surface to 56 freeze/thaw cycles, where the tested concrete surface should be in contact with a 3% NaCl solution. The testing procedure begins by cutting concrete cubes in half and using the sawn surface to come into contact with 3% NaCl solution, while the other surfaces must be isolated. For each specimen (half concrete cube), 5 mm thickness of 3% NaCl solution should be placed in contact with the sawn surface sand placed in freezer to start the freeze/thaw cycles. Each freeze/thaw cycle includes (six hours of cooling, six hours of freezing at −20°C, six hours of thawing, and six hours at +20°C). After a specified number of freeze/thaw cycles, up to 56 cycles, the scaled material is collected from the tested surface and weighed, the higher the weight, the higher the scaling.
Figure 6 shows the time–temperature curve in the freezing medium at the centre of the test surface, where: 1 / temperature range at the centre of the test surface, whereby the time of temperature > 0°C is 7 to 9 h; Y / temperature in °C; and X / time in h.
Figure 6.
Time–temperature curve in the freezing medium at the Centre of the test surface [22].
6. Internal frost damage mechanisms
The durability of concrete refers to its ability to withstand deterioration due to harsh environmental conditions. These conditions can act alone or together and include heating and cooling, freezing and thawing, wetting and drying, chemical attacks, and abrasion. Deterioration due to freezing/thawing causes D-cracking to occur [23]. Under harsh service conditions, the durability of reinforced concrete structures is related to concrete frost resistance. Frost resistance tests are accompanied by the accumulation of residual dilation deformations affected by temperature-humidity stresses, ice formation and other factors. It is affected directly by the porosity, which is an integral part of the concrete structure which is formed as a result of cement hydration [24]. If the porous material is so wet that the theory of hydraulic over-pressure governs the freezing phenomenon, pore water is squeezed into the larger air-filled pores and the external environment surrounding the sample and causes there an abrupt increase of relative humidity. However, if the pore system is not filled with pore water to the extent that hydraulic pressures are induced into the material then after the first freezing of the pore water an under-pressure is formed in the pore system and the sample contracts [25], Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Water transfer mechanisms in the freezing theories of wet porous materials [25].
D-cracking is a type of freeze/thaw damage in concrete pavements, it occurs due to the poor-quality coarse aggregates. By increasing the wet level of coarse aggregate reaching saturation, it becomes more susceptible to damage during freezing/thawing cycles. Pressure builds up inside of the coarse aggregate as a result of water freezing inside its pores. If the pressure due to the expansion of the water within the pores of the coarse aggregate is higher than its internal strength, the coarse aggregate will crack. Then the deterioration process accelerated due to the increased potential water availability, where the interfacial transition zone between the coarse aggregate and cement matrix is supposed to be slightly thicker. Its porosity can be 100% and that increases and accelerates the freeze/thaw deterioration [23, 26, 27].
Sicat et al. [28], investigated experimentally the real-time deformational behavior of the interfacial transition zone in concrete during freeze/thaw cycles. They observed that due to its high porosity and weak strength of the interfacial transition zone, its deformation is higher than that of cement matrix and aggregate. The deformation has been experimentally proven by taking a closer look at the unbroken sections of the interfacial transition zone of the specimens by electron microscope after the freeze/thaw cycles in Figure 8. This deformation is clearer in the case of wet specimens as well as much significant in higher water to cement ratios.
Figure 8.
Interfacial transition zone after freeze/thaw cycles (from left to right 30%, 50%, and 70% w/c); (a) dry conditions, (b) saturated conditions [28].
It is observed that the deterioration due to freeze/thaw cycles increases by increasing the number of cycles, and sometimes a certain number of freeze/thaw cycles is required before the deterioration occurs, and that could be the effect of fatigue. As each freeze/thaw cycle is added to cumulative internal deterioration this is similar to the normal mechanical fatigue with constant load cycles. However, it considers as low-cycle fatigue, where normally the freeze/thaw cycles are less than 300.
The reason behind the fatigue hypothesis is that one often notices a development of damage of the type shown in Figure 9 when the material is tested in so-called “open” freeze/thaw, i.e. in a test where the specimen has access to water, during freezing and/or during thawing. In some cases -curves D, P, C in Figure 9 damage increases progressively with the number of freeze/thaw cycles already from the first cycle, in other cases, all other curves a certain number of freeze/thaw cycles are needed to initiate.
Figure 9.
Reduction in E-modulus of cement mortar specimens repeatedly frozen in the air to −15°C and thawed at water +5°C, 2 cycles per day [29].
The residual compressive strength of concrete after the effect of the freeze/thaw cycle is tested by Lu et al. [30] as shown in Figure 10, Left. It shows the changing of compressive strength after 0, 25, 50, and 75, freeze/thaw cycles respectively when the strain rate remained constant. They observed that the compressive strength decreased linearly with an increasing number of freeze/thaw cycles, where after repeated freeze/thaw cycles, the cracks in the concrete will pass through each other, and their strength will gradually decrease, and finally even completely lost. However, the compressive strength increases with strain rate in a nearly linear progression as shown in Figure 10, Right. Under freeze/thaw cycles, crack propagation becomes faster with a higher stress rate, however, enhancement of concrete strength could happen due to the coarse aggregate that stops the crack extension.
Figure 10.
Left: Compressive strength versus freeze/thaw cycles. Right: Compressive strength versus strain rates [30].
They find a decrease in the residual compressive strength of concrete if the concrete was subjected to a fatigue compression loading prior to freeze/thaw cycling and this reduction was increased by increasing the fatigue cycles. Fatigue cycles cause microcracks and that increase in the irreversible tensile strain due to freeze/thaw cycles afterwards. Han and Tian [31], presented the stress–strain relationships after different freeze/thaw cycles as plotted in Figure 11. They concluded that the concrete deformation experienced four deformation stages: compaction, elastic deformation, plastic deformation, and finally fracture. The peak load decreases as the freeze/thaw cycling increase where microcracks occurs as a result of freeze/thaw cycling, its number affects the microcrack number and width.
Figure 11.
Typical stress–strain curves for concrete at strain rate 1.0 × 10–2/s under different freeze/ thaw cycles [31].
7. Mechanism of action of the air-entraining admixtures
For adequate resistance of concrete to the freezing/thawing cycles; air voids should not have a spacing factor (the maximum distance between two air voids in concrete) larger than 0.2 mm or 0.008 in. For a given air content, the size of the air voids cannot be too large if the proper spacing factor is to be achieved. The specific surface should be greater than 24 mm2/mm3 [32], where the air void system consists mainly of three parameters: the void’s size, the space factor, and the void size distribution [33, 34]. As previously mentioned, to produce freeze/thaw resistant concrete; a proper air-void system is required in the concrete to accommodate the volume extension of water when it freezes without causing damages.
Artificially, the use of effective air-entraining admixtures can ensure the stabilization of the air-void system and produce air-entrained concrete which is one of the greatest advancements in concrete technology [35]. The term “air-entrainment” refers to the air deliberately introduced into concrete by adding air-entraining admixture. In the case of using air-entraining admixtures, the entrained air voids reduce the hydraulic pressure by behaving as expansion chambers despite the volume increment when water turns into ice [36, 37]. The schematic mechanism of the performance of concrete (with and without air-entraining admixture) exposed to freezing is shown in Figure 12. Šelih [39] and Wang et al. [40], investigated the freeze/thaw resistance of concrete with air-entraining admixture and low water content and they experienced a better performance of 10 times lower mass loss comparing to the normal one.
Figure 12.
Performance of normal and air-entrained concrete exposed to freezing a) cumulative hydraulic pressure over-saturated voids b) mitigating hydraulic overpressure condition by the distribution of air bubbles [38].
Air-entraining admixture is either surfactant that reduces the surface tension of water, or substances that produces a water-repellent precipitate which is required to produce the air voids dispersed throughout the concrete and that ultimately provides durability in freezing/thawing situations. Surfactant air-entraining admixture secured the best overall air void characteristics, followed by salt-type air-entraining admixture containing tall oil, and then, salt type air-entraining admixture containing Vinsol resin and wood rosin. However, some types of air-entraining admixtures, including vinsol resin, sodium adipate, sodium oleate, do not reduce the surface tension of water [16, 41]. The fresh state of concrete seriously affected its freeze/thaw resistance like the flowability and setting time of concrete. Air voids have a lifetime and should not be unstable, where they could be collapsed due to different fundamental physical mechanisms. Such as the diffusion of air from a void to a larger one, the void coalescence due to capillary flow, or the rapid hydrodynamic drainage of liquid between voids [33].
Other types of chemical admixtures are usually used to control the flowability and viscosity of concrete such as superplasticizers and viscosity modifying admixtures, which also affect the hardened properties of concrete and generally they affected the dosage rate of air-entraining admixtures. Viscosity modifying admixture increases the mix viscosity and its mode of action depends on the type and concentration of the polymer in use, while the superplasticizer causes a reduction in total air void surface areas and increases in air void spacing factors [31, 42]. Meanwhile, polycarboxylate superplasticizers usually have an air-entraining effect, wherewith the use of polycarboxylate superplasticizers; the air voids characterize with smaller diameters than voids formed as a result of lingosulphonicor naphthalene superplasticizers [41, 43].
The usage of admixtures such as viscosity modifying admixtures and superplasticizers can reduce the ability of an air-entraining admixture to create a proper air void system. Where the air content seems to be decreased with the increase of viscosity modifying admixture content and that will probably necessitate greater additions of air-entraining admixture to secure a given air volume [44, 45]. However, and generally; because of the complexity of modern air-entraining admixtures and other chemical admixtures, it is impossible to generalize the effects of their interactions with surfactants on the air entrainment.
8. Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on freeze/thaw resistance
Recently, the use of supplementary cementitious materials has dramatically increased due to an increase in environmental awareness. Incorporation of various mineral admixtures, supplementary cementitious materials, into concrete as one of the cement-based composites is a generally well known and frequently used approach. Supplementary cementitious materials are usually employed for partial replacement of cement in the production of concrete, where their use brings significant ecological and economic benefits [12].
Fly Ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume and metakaolin are commonly used supplementary cementitious materials for the purpose of enhancing the performance of concrete from a different point of view, such as enhancing the concrete’s properties, value, and cost. They have a clear effect on the fresh, mechanical and durability performance of concrete, and thus on its Freeze/thaw resistance. Several studies conducted on the effect of supplementary cementitious materials on concrete performance have been reviewed [46, 47, 48]. Most of these studies have indicated that adding supplementary cementitious materials helps in resisting deleterious effects, such as alkali-silica reactivity, freeze/thaw deterioration, random cracking, and permeability. Supplementary cementitious materials enhance the frost resistance through reducing the macro capillary porosity of cement matrix and form stable gel-like hydration products [24].
8.1 Cement type
Concrete is rich in alkali and therefore it reacts actively with acidic gasses and liquids, freeze/thaw resistance of hardened cement paste plays an important role in the resistance of concrete to the freeze/thaw cycles. Especially in the case of using high-quality coarse aggregate with low porosity. The freeze/thaw resistance of cement paste depends on its porosity, the size of pores, capillaries, and their distribution [49]. Skripkiūnas et al. [50], tested the freeze/thaw resistance of concrete made with different types of cement, the effect of four types of cement on the freeze/thaw resistance of concrete has been investigated by them: CEM I type Portland cement, CEM II/A-S 42.5 N and CEM II/A-LL 42.5 R contained 6–20% of blast furnace and limestone, and CEM III/B 32.5 N-LH contained 66–80% of slag. They concluded that concrete containing slag cement CEM III/B 32.5 N-LH has the highest freeze/thaw and de-icing salt scaling resistance. While concrete containing Portland cement CEM I 42.5 R has the lowest freeze/thaw and de-icing salt scaling resistance.
The ductility of concrete made of cementitious composites decreased remarkably and the cement containing slag is freeze/thaw resistant [51]. Deja [52] observed a high salt scaling resistance of concrete containing cement rich in granulated blast furnace slag and by using air-entraining admixture even at relatively high values of w/c ratio. Skripkiūnas et al. [53] investigated hardened cement paste made of CEM I 42.5 R cement modified with synthetic zeolite admixture, the mass loss and deformations freezing/thawing cycles were much lower in concrete modified with synthetic zeolite which modifies the morphology of hardened cement paste. However, in other research for Skripkiūnas et al. [54], they investigated the freeze/thaw resistance of concrete made of CEM I 42.5 R cement modified with sodium silicate solution and found that the destruction after 56 freeze–thaw cycles and exposure do de-icing salt solutions is smaller in hardened cement paste modified with sodium silicate solution. It may be used to improve the durability of hardened cement paste and concrete used in road building.
8.2 Fly ash
Fly ash is one of the most popular mineral additives that used in the concrete industry, it helps in improving the consistency of fresh concrete and reducing the hydration heat. The use of fly ash has been investigated extensively in the literature and it is found that it is beneficial for the durability of concrete, and it enhances the permeability properties. Replacement cement by over 40% of fly ash causes a serious reduction in the service life. Fly ash has a low carbon content and very variable properties, thus its effect on freeze/thaw resistance is not clear. Despite of the complexity of defining the influence of fly ash on freeze/thaw resistance, it is favorable due to its positive effect on the long-term durability of concrete [47, 48, 55].
8.3 Blast furnace slag
Blast furnace slag is a by-product formed during pig iron production. The incorporation of ground blast furnace slag into concrete is very beneficial because of its positive effect on the durability properties [56]. Blast furnace slag has a positive effect on many engineering properties, such as bleeding, consistency of the fresh mixture, the heat of hydration and permeability. The relatively high bulk density of a cement matrix modified by slag frequently leads to a decrease in the frost resistance, however, the results of experimental studies are inconsistent [57]. This could be partly a result of the different experimental procedures and also because of the use of modifying agents such as plasticizers, which significantly affect the character of the porous system.
8.4 Silica fume
Using silica fume as a substitution of cement usually does not exceed 5–10%. Therefore, its effect on the frost resistance seems to be marginal, provided the air content is maintained on a level, that is high enough. Besides, the long-term tests indicate, that a negative effect occurs only when the amount of silica fume exceeds 10% [13], Figure 13.
Figure 13.
Result of exposure tests on the long-term behavior of air-entrained concrete containing fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume [13].
8.5 Metakaolin
Metakaolin has been generally used as a filler or supplementary cementitious material in concrete, and it was proved to be able to enhance its performance. The introduction of metakaolin into concrete as a supplementary cementitious material can improve its freeze/thaw resistance significantly. Where metakaolin decreases the total porosity and improves the pore structure of concrete which is directly related to the mechanical properties [58]. It was found that the freeze/thaw resistance corresponds to the content of insoluble hydrates in the cement paste. However, the used binder system also significantly affects the character of the concrete capillary system. In general, modern concrete mixtures with reduced water to cement ratio exhibit increased frost resistance; nevertheless, this approach tends to increase the autogenous shrinkage, which could cause propagation of surface cracks during hardening in the case of a poor curing regime, resulting in the reduction of the durability and especially the frost resistance [51, 55].
9. Conclusions
This chapter discusses theoretically the freeze/thaw attack of concrete in terms of its mechanism affected factors. Two types of freeze/thaw attack were discussed, Internal frost damage and Surface scaling. Either type of freeze/thaw attack, increasing the number of freeze/thaw cycles leads to deteriorating the properties of concrete, owning that to the weakened bond between aggregates and paste caused by the development of internal cracks in the cement paste with repeated cycles. Using high-quality aggregate and/or supplementary cementitious materials can enhance the concrete resistance to such issues. However, checking the compatibility of the used materials in terms of evaluating the air void characteristics is mandatory in particularly when the air-entraining agent is used. Fly Ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, and metakaolin are commonly used SCMs for the purpose of enhancing the performance of concrete. It is concluded that adding supplementary cementitious materials helps in resisting deleterious effects, such as alkali-silica reactivity, freeze/thaw deterioration, random cracking, and permeability.
Acknowledgments
Authors acknowledge the support by the Hungarian Research Grant NVKP_16-1-2016-0019 “Development of concrete products with improved resistance to chemical corrosion, fire or freeze-thaw”.
Conflict of interest
No conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"freeze/thaw cycles, supplementary cementitious materials, internal frost damage, surface scaling",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78598.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78598.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78598",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78598",totalDownloads:154,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 15th 2021",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 15th 2021",datePublished:"May 4th 2022",dateFinished:"September 15th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This Chapter provides a detailed better understanding of the freeze/thaw effect on concrete, it is discussing the attack mechanism for both types of freeze/thaw deterioration: Internal frost damage and Surface scaling. Freeze/thaw attack is a serious problem for concrete but the most common physical deterioration type that shortening the life of concrete in cold environments. An Air-entraining agent is one of the solutions for reducing the effect of freeze/thaw cycles on concrete. Meanwhile Using supplementary cementitious materials in the production of concrete has different effects on the behavior of concrete exposed to freeze/thaw cycles. This chapter is discussing five of the common supplementary cementitious materials and their effect on concrete resistance to freeze/thaw cycles.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78598",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78598",signatures:"Mohammed A. Abed and György L. Balázs",book:{id:"10668",type:"book",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-957-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-956-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-958-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"423053",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Abed",fullName:"Mohammed A. Abed",slug:"mohammed-a.-abed",email:"abed.mohammed@epito.bme.hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"429652",title:"Dr.",name:"György L.",middleName:null,surname:"Balázs",fullName:"György L. Balázs",slug:"gyorgy-l.-balazs",email:"balazs.gyorgy@emk.bme.hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Theoretical explanations of freeze/thaw attack",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Types of freeze/thaw deteriorations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Factors that affected the freeze/thaw resistance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Evaluation of the freeze/thaw deterioration",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"5.1 Internal frost damage",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"5.2 Surface scaling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"6. Internal frost damage mechanisms",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"7. Mechanism of action of the air-entraining admixtures",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"8. Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on freeze/thaw resistance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"8.1 Cement type",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"8.2 Fly ash",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"8.3 Blast furnace slag",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"8.4 Silica fume",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"8.5 Metakaolin",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16",title:"9. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Coussy, O. & Monteiro, P. J. M. 2009. Errata to “Poroelastic model for concrete exposed to freezing temperatures” [Cement and Concrete Research 38 (2008) 40-48. Cement and Concrete Research, 39, 371-372'},{id:"B2",body:'Zeng, Q., Fen-Chong, T., Dangla, P. & Li, K. 2011. A study of freezing behavior of cementitious materials by poromechanical approach. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 48, 3267-3273'},{id:"B3",body:'fib 2009. 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Durability of concrete containing fly ash and silica fume against combined freezing-thawing and sulfate attack. Construction and Building Materials, 147, 398-406'},{id:"B48",body:'Yazıcı, H. 2008. The effect of silica fume and high-volume Class C fly ash on mechanical properties, chloride penetration and freeze–thaw resistance of self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 22, 456-462'},{id:"B49",body:'Kumar, R. & Bhattacharjee, B. 2003. Porosity, pore size distribution and in situ strength of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 33, 155-164'},{id:"B50",body:'Skripkiūnas, G., Nagrockienė, D., Girskas, G., Vaičienė, M. & Baranauskaitė, E. 2013. The Cement Type Effect on Freeze – Thaw and Deicing Salt Resistance of Concrete. Procedia Engineering 57, 1045-1051'},{id:"B51",body:'Özbay, E., Karahan, O., Lachemi, M., Hossain, K. M. A. & Atis, C. D. 2013. Dual effectiveness of freezing–thawing and sulfate attack on high-volume slag-incorporated ECC. Composites Part B: Engineering, 45, 1384-1390'},{id:"B52",body:'Deja, J. 2003. Freezing and de-icing salt resistance of blast furnace slag concretes. Cement and Concrete Composites 25, 357-361'},{id:"B53",body:'Skripkiūnas, G., Nagrockienė, D., Girskas, G. & Janavičius, E. 2012. Resistance of modified hardened cement paste to frost and de-icing salts, The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 7(4), pp. 269-276'},{id:"B54",body:'Skripkiūnas, G., Girskas, G. & Nagrockienė, D. 2012. Freeze-thaw and de-icing salt resistance of the hardened cement paste modified with synthetic zeolite, Proc. of the International Congress on Durability of Concrete (ICDC 2012), 18-21 June, 2012, Trondheim, Norway, pp. 1-13'},{id:"B55",body:'Reiterman, P., Holčapek, O., Zobal, O. & Keppert, M. 2019. Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Cement Screed with Various Supplementary Cementitious Materials. REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE'},{id:"B56",body:'Özbay, E., Erdemir, M. & Durmuş, H. İ. 2016. Utilization and efficiency of ground granulated blast furnace slag on concrete properties – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 105, 423-434'},{id:"B57",body:'Giergiczny, Z., Glinicki, M. A., Sokołowski, M. & Zielinski, M. 2009. Air void system and frost-salt scaling of concrete containing slag-blended cement. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 2451-2456'},{id:"B58",body:'Gyurkó, Z., Szijártó, A. & Nemes, R. 2019. Cellular concrete waste as an economical alternative to traditional supplementary cementitious materials. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 138, 947-961'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Mohammed A. Abed",address:"mohammed.abed@rutgers.edu",affiliation:'
Rutgers University, United States of America
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"György L. Balázs",address:null,affiliation:'
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In this expository article, we review all previous works done in the field of identifying potential spreaders in a network.",book:{id:"5842",slug:"graph-theory-advanced-algorithms-and-applications",title:"Graph Theory",fullTitle:"Graph Theory - Advanced Algorithms and Applications"},signatures:"Reji Kumar Karunakaran, Shibu Manuel and Edamana Narayanan\nSatheesh",authors:[{id:"200190",title:"Dr.",name:"Reji Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Karunakaran",slug:"reji-kumar-karunakaran",fullName:"Reji Kumar Karunakaran"},{id:"200193",title:"Mr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Shibu",slug:"manuel-shibu",fullName:"Manuel Shibu"},{id:"200194",title:"Dr.",name:"E N",middleName:null,surname:"Satheesh",slug:"e-n-satheesh",fullName:"E N Satheesh"}]},{id:"57940",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72145",title:"Graph-Based Decision Making in Industry",slug:"graph-based-decision-making-in-industry",totalDownloads:1721,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Decision-making in industry can be focused on different types of problems. Classification and prediction of decision problems can be solved with the use of a decision tree, which is a graph-based method of machine learning. In the presented approach, attribute-value system and quality function deployment (QFD) were used for decision problem analysis and training dataset preparation. A decision tree was applied for generating decision rules.",book:{id:"5842",slug:"graph-theory-advanced-algorithms-and-applications",title:"Graph Theory",fullTitle:"Graph Theory - Advanced Algorithms and Applications"},signatures:"Izabela Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz",authors:[{id:"218951",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz",slug:"izabela-kutschenreiter-praszkiewicz",fullName:"Izabela Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz"}]},{id:"57771",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71774",title:"Governance Modeling: Dimensionality and Conjugacy",slug:"governance-modeling-dimensionality-and-conjugacy",totalDownloads:1337,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The Q-analysis governance approach and the use of simplicial complexes—type of hypergraph—allow to introduce the formal concepts of dimension and conjugacy between the network of entities involved in governance (typically organizations) and the networks of those attributes taken into account (e.g. their competences), which offer a specific angle of analysis. The different sources of existing data (e.g. textual corpora) to feed the analysis of governance—environmental in particular—are mentioned, their reliability is briefly discussed and the required pre-processing steps are identified in the perspective of evidence-based analyses. Various indices are constructed and evaluated to characterize the context of governance as a whole, at mesoscale, or locally, i.e. at the level of each of the entities and each of the attributes considered. The analysis of ideal-type stylizing boundary cases provides useful references to the analysis of concrete systems of governance and to the interpretation of their empirically observed properties. The use of this governance modeling approach is illustrated by the analysis of a health-environment governance system in Southeast Asia, in the context of a One Health approach.",book:{id:"5842",slug:"graph-theory-advanced-algorithms-and-applications",title:"Graph Theory",fullTitle:"Graph Theory - Advanced Algorithms and Applications"},signatures:"Pierre Mazzega, Claire Lajaunie and Etienne Fieux",authors:[{id:"220099",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Mazzega",slug:"pierre-mazzega",fullName:"Pierre Mazzega"},{id:"220102",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",middleName:null,surname:"Lajaunie",slug:"claire-lajaunie",fullName:"Claire Lajaunie"},{id:"220103",title:"Prof.",name:"Etienne",middleName:null,surname:"Fieux",slug:"etienne-fieux",fullName:"Etienne Fieux"}]},{id:"72140",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91972",title:"Comparative Study of Algorithms Metaheuristics Based Applied to the Solution of the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem",slug:"comparative-study-of-algorithms-metaheuristics-based-applied-to-the-solution-of-the-capacitated-vehi",totalDownloads:678,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter presents the best-known heuristics and metaheuristics that are applied to solve the capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP), which is the generalization of the TSP, in which the nodes are visited by more than one route. To find out which algorithm obtains better results, there are 30 test instances used, which are grouped into 3 sets of problems according to the position of the nodes. The study begins with an economic impact analysis of the transportation sector in companies, which represents up to 20% of the final cost of the product. This case study focuses on the CVRP for its acronym capacitated vehicle routing problem, analyzing the best-known heuristics such as Clarke & Wright and sweep, and the algorithms GRASP and simulated annealing metaheuristics based.",book:{id:"8241",slug:"novel-trends-in-the-traveling-salesman-problem",title:"Novel Trends in the Traveling Salesman Problem",fullTitle:"Novel Trends in the Traveling Salesman Problem"},signatures:"Fernando Francisco Sandoya Sánchez, Carmen Andrea Letamendi Lazo and Fanny Yamel Sanabria Quiñónez",authors:[{id:"155426",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Francisco",surname:"Sandoya",slug:"fernando-sandoya",fullName:"Fernando Sandoya"},{id:"313162",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Letamendi",slug:"carmen-letamendi",fullName:"Carmen Letamendi"},{id:"319376",title:"Dr.",name:"Fanny",middleName:null,surname:"Sanabria",slug:"fanny-sanabria",fullName:"Fanny Sanabria"}]},{id:"55541",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68703",title:"Modeling Rooted in‐Trees by Finite p‐Groups",slug:"modeling-rooted-in-trees-by-finite-p-groups",totalDownloads:1144,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Graph theoretic foundations for a kind of infinite rooted in-trees T(R)=(V,E) with root R, weighted vertices v ∈ V, and weighted directed edges e∈E⊂V×V are described. Vertex degrees deg(v) are always finite but the trees contain infinite paths (vi)i≥0. A concrete group theoretic model of the rooted in-trees T(R) is introduced by representing vertices by isomorphism classes of finite p-groups G, for a fixed prime p, and directed edges by epimorphisms π: G → πG of finite p-groups with characteristic kernels ker(π). The weight of a vertex G is realized by its nuclear rank n(G) and the weight of a directed edge π is realized by its step size s(π)=logp(#ker(π)). These invariants are essential for understanding the phenomenon of multifurcation. Pattern recognition methods are used for finding finite subgraphs which repeat indefinitely. Several periodicities admit the reduction of the complete infinite graph to finite patterns. The proof is based on infinite limit groups and successive group extensions. It is underpinned by several explicit algorithms. As a final application, it is shown that fork topologies, arising from repeated multifurcations, provide a convenient description of complex navigation paths through the trees, which are of the greatest importance for recent progress in determining p-class field towers of algebraic number fields.",book:{id:"5842",slug:"graph-theory-advanced-algorithms-and-applications",title:"Graph Theory",fullTitle:"Graph Theory - Advanced Algorithms and Applications"},signatures:"Daniel C. Mayer",authors:[{id:"198580",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel C.",middleName:null,surname:"Mayer",slug:"daniel-c.-mayer",fullName:"Daniel C. Mayer"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71899",title:"Moments of Catalan Triangle Numbers",slug:"moments-of-catalan-triangle-numbers",totalDownloads:556,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we consider the Catalan numbers, \n\n\nC\nn\n\n=\n\n1\n\nn\n+\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\nn\n\n\n\n\nn\n\n\n\n\n\n, and two of their generalizations, Catalan triangle numbers, \n\n\nB\n\nn\n,\nk\n\n\n\n and \n\n\nA\n\nn\n,\nk\n\n\n\n, for \n\nn\n,\nk\n∈\nN\n\n. They are combinatorial numbers and present interesting properties as recursive formulae, generating functions and combinatorial interpretations. We treat the moments of these Catalan triangle numbers, i.e., with the following sums: \n\n\n∑\n\nk\n=\n1\n\nn\n\n\nk\nm\n\n\nB\n\nn\n,\nk\n\nj\n\n,\n\n∑\n\nk\n=\n1\n\n\nn\n+\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n2\nk\n−\n1\n\n\nm\n\n\nA\n\nn\n,\nk\n\nj\n\n,\n\n for \n\nj\n,\nn\n∈\nN\n\n and \n\nm\n∈\nN\n∪\n\n0\n\n\n. We present their closed expressions for some values of \n\nm\n\n and \n\nj\n\n. Alternating sums are also considered for particular powers. Other famous integer sequences are studied in Section 3, and its connection with Catalan triangle numbers are given in Section 4. Finally we conjecture some properties of divisibility of moments and alternating sums of powers in the last section.",book:{id:"8142",slug:"number-theory-and-its-applications",title:"Number Theory and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Number Theory and Its Applications"},signatures:"Pedro J. Miana and Natalia Romero",authors:null},{id:"55642",title:"Monophonic Distance in Graphs",slug:"monophonic-distance-in-graphs",totalDownloads:1543,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"For any two vertices u and v in a connected graph G, a u − v path is a monophonic path if it contains no chords, and the monophonic distance dm(u, v) is the length of a longest u − v monophonic path in G. For any vertex v in G, the monophonic eccentricity of v is em(v) = max {dm(u, v) : u ∈ V}. The subgraph induced by the vertices of G having minimum monophonic eccentricity is the monophonic center of G, and it is proved that every graph is the monophonic center of some graph. Also it is proved that the monophonic center of every connected graph G lies in some block of G. With regard to convexity, this monophonic distance is the basis of some detour monophonic parameters such as detour monophonic number, upper detour monophonic number, forcing detour monophonic number, etc. The concept of detour monophonic sets and detour monophonic numbers by fixing a vertex of a graph would be introduced and discussed. Various interesting results based on these parameters are also discussed in this chapter.",book:{id:"5842",slug:"graph-theory-advanced-algorithms-and-applications",title:"Graph Theory",fullTitle:"Graph Theory - Advanced Algorithms and Applications"},signatures:"P. Titus and A.P. Santhakumaran",authors:[{id:"198301",title:"Dr.",name:"P.",middleName:null,surname:"Titus",slug:"p.-titus",fullName:"P. Titus"},{id:"199035",title:"Prof.",name:"A. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Santhakumaran",slug:"a.-p.-santhakumaran",fullName:"A. P. Santhakumaran"}]},{id:"71501",title:"Accelerating DNA Computing via PLP-qPCR Answer Read out to Solve Traveling Salesman Problems",slug:"accelerating-dna-computing-via-plp-qpcr-answer-read-out-to-solve-traveling-salesman-problems",totalDownloads:818,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"An asymmetric, fully-connected 8-city traveling salesman problem (TSP) was solved by DNA computing using the ordered node pair abundance (ONPA) approach through the use of pair ligation probe quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PLP-qPCR). The validity of using ONPA to derive the optimal answer was confirmed by in silico computing using a reverse-engineering method to reconstruct the complete tours in the feasible answer set from the measured ONPA. The high specificity of the sequence-tagged hybridization, and ligation that results from the use of PLPs significantly increased the accuracy of answer determination in DNA computing. When combined with the high throughput efficiency of qPCR, the time required to identify the optimal answer to the TSP was reduced from days to 25 min.",book:{id:"8241",slug:"novel-trends-in-the-traveling-salesman-problem",title:"Novel Trends in the Traveling Salesman Problem",fullTitle:"Novel Trends in the Traveling Salesman Problem"},signatures:"Fusheng Xiong, Michael Kuby and Wayne D. Frasch",authors:[{id:"14757",title:"Prof.",name:"Wayne",middleName:null,surname:"Frasch",slug:"wayne-frasch",fullName:"Wayne Frasch"},{id:"317054",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Kuby",slug:"michael-kuby",fullName:"Michael Kuby"},{id:"317055",title:"Dr.",name:"Fusheng",middleName:null,surname:"Xiong",slug:"fusheng-xiong",fullName:"Fusheng Xiong"}]},{id:"72027",title:"Identification of Eigen-Frequencies and Mode-Shapes of Beams with Continuous Distribution of Mass and Elasticity and for Various Conditions at Supports",slug:"identification-of-eigen-frequencies-and-mode-shapes-of-beams-with-continuous-distribution-of-mass-an",totalDownloads:935,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In the present article, an equivalent three degrees of freedom (DoF) system of two different cases of inverted pendulums is presented for each separated case. The first case of inverted pendulum refers to an amphi-hinge pendulum that possesses distributed mass and stiffness along its height, while the second case of inverted pendulum refers to an inverted pendulum with distributed mass and stiffness along its height. These vertical pendulums have infinity number of degree of freedoms. Based on the free vibration of the above-mentioned pendulums according to partial differential equation, a mathematically equivalent three-degree of freedom system is given for each case, where its equivalent mass matrix is analytically formulated with reference on specific mass locations along the pendulum height. Using the three DoF model, the first three fundamental frequencies of the real pendulum can be identified with very good accuracy. Furthermore, taking account the 3 × 3 mass matrix, it is possible to estimate the possible pendulum damages using a known technique of identification mode-shapes via records of response accelerations. Moreover, the way of instrumentation with a local network by three accelerometers is given via the above-mentioned three degrees of freedom.",book:{id:"8142",slug:"number-theory-and-its-applications",title:"Number Theory and Its Applications",fullTitle:"Number Theory and Its Applications"},signatures:"Triantafyllos K. Makarios",authors:[{id:"69418",title:"Prof.",name:"Triantafyllos",middleName:"Konstantinos",surname:"Makarios",slug:"triantafyllos-makarios",fullName:"Triantafyllos Makarios"}]},{id:"57940",title:"Graph-Based Decision Making in Industry",slug:"graph-based-decision-making-in-industry",totalDownloads:1721,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Decision-making in industry can be focused on different types of problems. Classification and prediction of decision problems can be solved with the use of a decision tree, which is a graph-based method of machine learning. In the presented approach, attribute-value system and quality function deployment (QFD) were used for decision problem analysis and training dataset preparation. A decision tree was applied for generating decision rules.",book:{id:"5842",slug:"graph-theory-advanced-algorithms-and-applications",title:"Graph Theory",fullTitle:"Graph Theory - Advanced Algorithms and Applications"},signatures:"Izabela Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz",authors:[{id:"218951",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Izabela",middleName:null,surname:"Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz",slug:"izabela-kutschenreiter-praszkiewicz",fullName:"Izabela Kutschenreiter-Praszkiewicz"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1399",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. 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Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. 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Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. 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In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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