The number of Islamic banks in Indonesia according to classification.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10551",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Beyond Human Resources - Research Paths Towards a New Understanding of Workforce Management Within Organizations",title:"Beyond Human Resources",subtitle:"Research Paths Towards a New Understanding of Workforce Management Within Organizations",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Beyond Human Resources - Research Paths Towards a New Understanding of Workforce Management Within Organizations is a concise and pragmatic book about new trends and future lines in human resource management (HRM). It provides an overview of those crucial topics defining today’s HR function. It includes nine chapters offering a framework about urgent HR challenges and lines of actions to understand how HR adapts and innovates to face new organizational realities. This volume is a useful resource for graduate students in the HR discipline.",isbn:"978-1-83969-273-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-272-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-274-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92925",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"beyond-human-resources-research-paths-towards-a-new-understanding-of-workforce-management-within-organizations",numberOfPages:208,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4a34551c1324fb084e902ad7f56e584d",bookSignature:"Gonzalo Sánchez-Gardey, Fernando Martín-Alcázar and Natalia García-Carbonell",publishedDate:"December 15th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10551.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2755,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 4th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 4th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 22nd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"332101",title:"Prof.",name:"Gonzalo",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez",slug:"gonzalo-sanchez",fullName:"Gonzalo Sánchez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332101/images/system/332101.jpg",biography:"Gonzalo Sánchez-Gardey is a full professor in the Business Management Department, Cádiz University, Spain. His research has been focused on two main lines: workforce diversity and strategic HRM and intellectual capital in academic research teams. He is co-author of several papers in top journals such as British Journal of Management, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Group Decision and Negotiation, and Journal of Intellectual Capital. He has coordinated several funding research projects and has been also a promotor of several dissertations. At the international level, he has been involved in organizing research events, resulting in diverse research stays at prestigious universities such as Oxford University and Cornell University.",institutionString:"University of Cádiz",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Cádiz",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"336929",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Martín-Alcázar",slug:"fernando-martin-alcazar",fullName:"Fernando Martín-Alcázar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336929/images/system/336929.png",biography:"Prof. Fernando Martín-Alcázar is a full professor in the Business Management Department, Cádiz University, Spain. He has more than thirty years of experience in human resource management (HRM) research affiliated with Cádiz University. Since the early 2000s, he has led the Spanish research group SEJ-449 ‘HRM: Social and intellectual capital’. He has published research papers in top journals such as Journal of Intellectual Capital, International Journal of Human Resource Management, British Journal of Management, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Business Research Quarterly, and European Management Journal. He has also coordinated relevant research projects under which several dissertations were developed. From an international perspective, he has been continuously involved in diverse research networks, doing research stays in Canada and Europe and organizing the International Workshop on HRM since 1997.",institutionString:"University of Cádiz",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Cádiz",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"336931",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"García-Carbonell",slug:"natalia-garcia-carbonell",fullName:"Natalia García-Carbonell",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336931/images/system/336931.png",biography:"Natalia García-Carbonell is an associate professor in the Business Management Department, Cádiz University, Spain. Her research interests focus on the influence of top management teams’ human capital in HRM strategy and academic research. She is co-author of different research articles published in top international journals such as Journal of Intellectual Capital, European Management Journal, and International Review of Administrative Sciences. She has also been involved in different funding research projects as both a researcher and principal investigator. In addition, she has actively participated in different research events as part of the organizing and scientific committees. She completed a research stay at Kingston University, London, in 2010.",institutionString:"University of Cádiz",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Cádiz",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1409",title:"Human Resource Management",slug:"human-resource-management"}],chapters:[{id:"75587",title:"The Future of HR",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96672",slug:"the-future-of-hr",totalDownloads:342,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The HR function is currently dealing with a range of questions: How can HR prepare for the future? Which HR competencies will be needed? Which aspects should be focused upon? The way forward may start with capacitating HR managers to obtain the necessary competencies and be enlightened about which aspects should get specific attention in order to prepare for the future world of work. In order to progress towards a new understanding of workforce management within organisations, it is essential to shed light on HR competencies, future workspace, engagement, employment relations and resilience. Although engagement and employment relations are dated, it will still be relevant in the future, especially due to the man–machine connection, remote working and other future world of work challenges. The rebalancing of priorities and rethinking HR, so that resilience become just as important to strategic thinking as cost and efficiency, are important. It is essential that HR must go beyond the here and now in order to properly prepare for the future world of work.",signatures:"Cecile M. Schultz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75587",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75587",authors:[{id:"340009",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cecile M.",surname:"Schultz",slug:"cecile-m.-schultz",fullName:"Cecile M. Schultz"}],corrections:null},{id:"76658",title:"Transitioning HRM to HSM - Human Self-Management Goes beyond Traditional HR",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96981",slug:"transitioning-hrm-to-hsm-human-self-management-goes-beyond-traditional-hr",totalDownloads:297,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Traditional HRM consists of people and profit management. In the recent decades, HRM has transitioned into human capital management (HCM), focusing on people, planet and profit management. HCM views employees as assets who should be talent managed and supported to innovatively produce and perform through talent opportunities. HCM and talent management strategies promote multiple intelligences and enable multitalented potential to meet individual, organisational, economic and societal needs. Since 21st century humans seek meaningful employment that purposefully contribute to all sectors of society, businesses need to go beyond HR, innovatively exploring how all employees can be developed, thus transforming their high potential into entrepreneurship ventures. Can organisations transition HRM to HCM providing talent creation opportunities, while strategically aiming towards transforming employees into self-managing talent entrepreneurs? The proposed HRM-HSM Transitioning Model with five key steps and roles for HR, line managers and employees may hold the answer to this question, as explored in this conceptual chapter.",signatures:"Cookie M. Govender",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76658",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76658",authors:[{id:"341570",title:"Dr.",name:"Cookie M.",surname:"Govender",slug:"cookie-m.-govender",fullName:"Cookie M. Govender"}],corrections:null},{id:"75507",title:"Strategic Human Resource Management: 37 Years in Academia, How Many in Practice? A Focus on Large Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96677",slug:"strategic-human-resource-management-37-years-in-academia-how-many-in-practice-a-focus-on-large-compa",totalDownloads:209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In the fast-changing global workplace of today, maintaining competitive advantage has become imperative to survival. Employees matter today more than ever since they become non-imitable sources of firm uniqueness that can deliver value to every stakeholder. Based on this, the field of Strategic HRM has gained a special interest among researchers and practitioners since it employs a strategic approach to the role of employees within the organisations. However, looking at the business world results, it looks like there is a divorce between academia and practitioners and that they are operating in a parallel way. With the aim of evidencing this gap and echoing this issue, this chapter is structured as follows. It starts with a summary of the research conducted under the SHRM field in the last two decades. It follows with a section that evidences the gap between research and practice showing the results of global companies’ surveys related to people management. In the third section a special focus on big companies is done due to their importance when legitimizing managerial trends. The chapter finishes with some conclusions and thoughts for future managers.",signatures:"Alaine Garmendia, Unai Elorza and Urtzi Uribetxebarria",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75507",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75507",authors:[{id:"339882",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaine",surname:"Garmendia",slug:"alaine-garmendia",fullName:"Alaine Garmendia"},{id:"346792",title:"Dr.",name:"Unai",surname:"Elorza",slug:"unai-elorza",fullName:"Unai Elorza"},{id:"346793",title:"Mr.",name:"Urtzi",surname:"Uribetxebarria",slug:"urtzi-uribetxebarria",fullName:"Urtzi Uribetxebarria"}],corrections:null},{id:"75594",title:"Corporate Governance Ideology, Human Resource Practices and Senior Staff Salaries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96741",slug:"corporate-governance-ideology-human-resource-practices-and-senior-staff-salaries",totalDownloads:239,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter examines the link between corporate governance ideology and HR (human resource) practices involved in the important and ongoing issue of senior staff salaries. In the spirit of financialization and hyper-individuals, the mainstream corporate governance ideology promotes beliefs about competitive pay and managerial power. These beliefs shape the design and implementation of HR practices by legitimizing the ‘common-sense’ assumption that senior staff members should, primarily, be rewarded for meeting corporate goals. However, our discussion critiques the use of this corporate governance ideology for encouraging myopia and silence amongst remuneration committee members in response to growing inequality. This is exemplified by an inductive analysis of remuneration committee minutes taken from British universities (n = 67). Interestingly, this example also highlighted a marginalized belief about sacrificial leadership that countered this growth under alternative ideology in the spirit of altruism. The chapter recommends the radical proposal that remuneration committees should expand their remit beyond only considering senior staff salaries and promote HR practices that will embed altruism and equality.",signatures:"Nicholas Black and Peter Stokes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75594",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75594",authors:[{id:"341401",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",surname:"Black",slug:"nicholas-black",fullName:"Nicholas Black"},{id:"342029",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Stokes",slug:"peter-stokes",fullName:"Peter Stokes"}],corrections:null},{id:"75366",title:"The Emergence of Risk and Return on Human Capital Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96363",slug:"the-emergence-of-risk-and-return-on-human-capital-development",totalDownloads:282,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Performance improvement has been the focus of both public and private sector organisations for decades, but the extent to which human capital and human capital resources play a central role, has come into sharp focus only in recent years. Human capital, whether it is enhanced through local or foreign direct investment, can be turned into a dynamic capability, optimising and continually transforming collective human skills, competencies and expertise to improve performance and competitive capability. However, to understand the true contribution of human capital to dynamic capabilities, managers and team leaders require the ability to measure and manage the results of human capital improvement or training. Yet, they hardly do, for various reasons. In this chapter, the risk and return on human capital is highlighted, as well as the successes and improved relations organisations and countries may enjoy from understanding, managing and reporting on this important building block to human capital development.",signatures:"Cashandra C. Mara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75366",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75366",authors:[{id:"339919",title:"Dr.",name:"Cashandra C.",surname:"Mara",slug:"cashandra-c.-mara",fullName:"Cashandra C. Mara"}],corrections:null},{id:"76209",title:"Muddy Realities of Organizational Existence: Should HRD Dive in or Take an Ostrich Defense from the Sidelines? Review of Literature, Framework Development and Future",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97122",slug:"muddy-realities-of-organizational-existence-should-hrd-dive-in-or-take-an-ostrich-defense-from-the-s",totalDownloads:200,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Workforce management goes beyond the management of people and the management of human resources processes and projects, to deciphering organizational climate of operation, activities and behaviors that could hinder organizational progress thereby negating good strategy implementation plans. This chapter intentionally selected several challenges that usually entangle organizations, throwing them into muddy pools where entangling meshes of corruption, workplace incivility, stigmatization, crises and management failure among others envelope and bring some of these organization to their perilous ending. The chapter asserts that the field of Human Resources Development (HRD) could play a meaningful role in the identification of organizational challenges and the initialization of the designing and implementation of interventions that could address systems blockages. By getting inside the challenging muddy pools, HRD would assume a strategic position in redefining its purpose of existence by decoding organizational bottlenecks and introducing interventions that could create new paths and new avenues for organizational effectiveness and sustainability even during environmental turbulences. Through a detailed discussion of negative issues bedeviling organizations, including the crisis brought by the corona virus pandemic that has not spared organizations either, this chapter asserts that HRD cannot take an ostrich defense of burying its head in the sand while chanting the ‘I see no evil, I hear no evil’ slogan pretending that challenges bedeviling organizations are not HRD’s concern. The chapter asserts that through new research pathways and the provision of appropriate interventions, HRD has great potentialities of removing systems blockages and supporting both leadership and the workforce to be flexible and adaptable to environmental turbulences of organizational operations.",signatures:"Kebafentse Tshiamo Modisane",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76209",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76209",authors:[{id:"230208",title:"Dr.",name:"Kebafentse",surname:"Tshiamo Modisane",slug:"kebafentse-tshiamo-modisane",fullName:"Kebafentse Tshiamo Modisane"}],corrections:null},{id:"76531",title:"Impacts of Mobbing and Bossing in Human Resource Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97539",slug:"impacts-of-mobbing-and-bossing-in-human-resource-management",totalDownloads:121,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, every organisation is looking for new approaches and ways that lead to the optimal usage of workforce and potential of workers which in turn leads to improved status of the business subject within the competitive environment. A still unappreciated element in business management is the level of relationship between the managers and employees and among the employees themselves. Good social relationships, open in-house climate and quality communication significantly influence the behaviour of employees and their performance, contribute to participation of employees in fulfilling the organisation’s goals and by that increasing the performance of the workers and the organisation as a whole. This sphere of social relationships, in-house climate and quality of communication is a stabilizing or unstabilizing element in businesses. In and unsatisfactory and stressful environment, undesirable fluctuations in the employees’ performance occur. Harmful practices (bullying), which prevent the optimal usage of the workforce, lead to the creation of an unfriendly and disfunctional Environment, breakup of teams, they lower the creativity of the employees and encourage bad attendance and fluctuations. A decline in morale of the whole company occurs and the performance, quality of work and productivity of workers also decreases. In spite of the aforementioned reasons why we should fight against these harmful practices which show signs of bullying, more than 40% of Czech employees between 2007 and 2011 have experienced some form of bullying.",signatures:"Darja Holátová and Monika Březinová",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76531",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76531",authors:[{id:"208227",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Monika",surname:"Březinová",slug:"monika-brezinova",fullName:"Monika Březinová"}],corrections:null},{id:"75201",title:"Riders, Rights and Collective Action",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96178",slug:"riders-rights-and-collective-action",totalDownloads:313,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this chapter is to develop a conceptual framework for analysing the collective actions and organisational practices of delivery and transportation gig-workers, building on Rosa Luxemburg’s colonisation concept and on the power resources theory employed in current trade union analysis. The empirical bases are recent surveys and studies on platform work, the analysis of websites and social media communities for the collective action of platform workers and conversations with platform activists in several European countries. The specific characteristics of platform workers’ collective actions and organisational practices are examined with a view to identifying their potential and the opportunities they afford in the light of different trade union power resources.",signatures:"Holm-Detlev Köhler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75201",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75201",authors:[{id:"339811",title:"Prof.",name:"Holm-Detlev",surname:"Köhler",slug:"holm-detlev-kohler",fullName:"Holm-Detlev Köhler"}],corrections:null},{id:"77136",title:"Beyond HRM’s Performance Management: Towards Strategic Workforce Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96703",slug:"beyond-hrm-s-performance-management-towards-strategic-workforce-resilience",totalDownloads:191,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"HRM professionals’ reliance on using teamwork, organisational planning and managerially- controlled appraisal measures within the framework of High Performance Organisation (HPO) and High Performance Work Systems (HPWS) has outlived its useful applicability and sustainability in today’s SME crisis-ridden environment. This chapter highlights the gap between the HRM discipline, whose measures to resolve the organisational performance problem have instead resulted in a deepening of the performance crisis in resource-constrained SMEs and an urgent need to address such a fundamental problem through the creation, development and sustenance of more innovative measures. A critique of HPO and HPWS’s structural and systemic approach to solve the effective organisational performance implementation gap led to an additional discovery, which is how to solve the performance problem competently and sustainably such that SMEs have a more strategically viable future. The study’s interpretivism paradigm backed up by a survey of 85 management and staff respondents in a longitudinal study spanning 7 years in the UK highlighted 6 important themes. These were combined to develop a new ‘Strategic Workforce Resilience Management Model’ as a way to solve the SME performance quagmire. This fills the performance implementation and strategic sustainability gaps and introduces resilience characteristics into the way HRM professionals should be managing the performance problem. The limitations, the implications and future research areas are discussed.",signatures:"John Mendy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77136",authors:[{id:"340622",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Mendy",slug:"john-mendy",fullName:"John Mendy"}],corrections:null},{id:"79249",title:"AI-Powered HCM: The Analytics and Augmentations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100475",slug:"ai-powered-hcm-the-analytics-and-augmentations",totalDownloads:143,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Artificial intelligence (AI) is seemingly everywhere, red-hot right now, livewire and livelihood for everyone contributing $15 trillion to the World Economy and amplifying Society (Humans 2.O), auguring Service (Cyborg Concierge) and augmenting Management (C-Suite). The waning of ‘Enterprise Technologies’ (R/3 Legacy Systems) and waxing of ‘Dynamic Technologies’ viz., Artificial Intelligence (AI), Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML) reshaped, redefined and rewrite the concept of ‘Human Capital Management (HCM)’. The ‘Human Capital’ has always been a top challenge and ‘Human Talents’ are ever scarce resources even today. The Human Capital Management (HCM) and Human Capital Intelligence (HCI) emerged as ‘Natural Intelligence Science’ for Chief Human Resources Officer (CHRO). The HCM Functions have been augmenting, ‘app’ified (an application form) a nerve in a large, diagnosing and detecting problems, proposing the promising solutions. AI-powered HCM embedded into the workplace and transformed the workforce from doing digital to being digital, from centre driven to human-centric, from compliance and control to trust and empowerment. In dictum, AI and ML will be ‘Bright and Shiny Objects’ in the future reinventing Employee Workforce Analytics and redefining Employee Interface (EI) and refining Employee Experience (EX).",signatures:"Kovvali Bhanu Prakash, Appidi Adi Sesha Reddy and Ravi Kiran K. Yasaswi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79249",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79249",authors:[{id:"339102",title:"Prof.",name:"Kovvali Bhanu",surname:"Prakash",slug:"kovvali-bhanu-prakash",fullName:"Kovvali Bhanu Prakash"},{id:"356969",title:"Prof.",name:"Appidi Adi Sesha",surname:"Reddy",slug:"appidi-adi-sesha-reddy",fullName:"Appidi Adi Sesha Reddy"},{id:"428387",title:"Mr.",name:"Ravi Kiran K.",surname:"Yasaswi",slug:"ravi-kiran-k.-yasaswi",fullName:"Ravi Kiran K. Yasaswi"}],corrections:null},{id:"75937",title:"The Emerging New Order: Exploring New Ways to Build an Internal Gig Employment System for IT/ITES Organizations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96731",slug:"the-emerging-new-order-exploring-new-ways-to-build-an-internal-gig-employment-system-for-it-ites-org",totalDownloads:216,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The IT/ITeS industry has had an impressive growth trajectory over the past two decades. However, it continues to be plagued with talent shortages, managing employee satisfaction, and growth aspirations while trying to reduce employee attrition. COVID-19 has presented an unprecedented opportunity for IT Service organizations to transform the established paradigm of working. The industry has been exploring non-linear growth models that address the talent demand–supply gap. With skilled talent shortage continuing to limit the industry growth, non-linear initiatives of growth are urgently required. Based on the self-determination theory and the dynamic capabilities framework, we propose a model of “Internal Gig” worker (I-GIG) for the IT Services industry. The new I-GIG workforce would be providing non-linear outcomes without increasing costs significantly. We also argue that this model would be motivational for employees who opt for it, with commensurate reward motivations to engage them. Additionally, this model would enable the work-anywhere, anytime, and leverage talent availability on a global scale. We adopt a qualitative research approach to understand the mechanisms to institutionalize internal gig working, the potential issues such a system may face, and then suggest an internal and external enabling framework that organizations need to adapt to support internal gig work.",signatures:"Debolina Dutta, Prem Mirchandani and Anasha Kannan Poyil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75937",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75937",authors:[{id:"243903",title:"Dr.",name:"Debolina",surname:"Dutta",slug:"debolina-dutta",fullName:"Debolina Dutta"},{id:"346674",title:"Ms.",name:"Anasha Kannan",surname:"Poyil",slug:"anasha-kannan-poyil",fullName:"Anasha Kannan Poyil"},{id:"346675",title:"Mr.",name:"Prem",surname:"Mirchandani",slug:"prem-mirchandani",fullName:"Prem Mirchandani"}],corrections:null},{id:"75817",title:"Exploring Critical Factors for Innovative Capacities: A Life-History Research",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96980",slug:"exploring-critical-factors-for-innovative-capacities-a-life-history-research",totalDownloads:202,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A large volume of literature within human resource management studies and related disciplines suggests that innovation and learning are key factors for economic growth in the knowledge economy. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the key actors in this process – the inventive actors – and the factors that influence their innovative capacities. Information about individual inventors is difficult to obtain and therefore previous research has refrained from performing systematic empirical studies on this topic. Existing studies are often based on quantitative analyses of patent data, and empirics often focus on specific industries or technologies. Such studies provide great knowledge of the importance of specific patent takers for innovation and the knowledge economy; however, patent data do not provide information on influential factors on the innovative capacity of inventors and therefore do not provide any explanation concerning what it is that creates successful inventors. In other words, what we have is knowledge of patent takers in specific industries or technologies, but we lack an understanding of the socio-cultural factors and environments that shape individuals’ innovative capacities. Analysing the life-histories of three inventors allocated into three distinct ideal types, this chapter aims at understanding the links between socio-cultural factors and innovation. 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Mehanathan",slug:"pabitha-devi-b.-mehanathan",email:"pabitha73@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"418230",title:"Dr.",name:"Subash",middleName:null,surname:"Mehta",fullName:"Subash Mehta",slug:"subash-mehta",email:"subashmetha@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Tirunelveli Medical College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418231",title:"Dr.",name:"Athisayamani",middleName:null,surname:"Giftson",fullName:"Athisayamani Giftson",slug:"athisayamani-giftson",email:"giftsonmani@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Tirunelveli Medical College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418234",title:"Dr.",name:"Reesha",middleName:null,surname:"Pa",fullName:"Reesha Pa",slug:"reesha-pa",email:"reesha.eve@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Tirunelveli Medical College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"77320",slug:"blunt-abdominal-injury",signatures:"Pabithadevi B. 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Therefore, this book is intended to serve as a source of information for problems related to bridge engineering including sustainable bridge development, traditional approaches and recent advances in highway bridge traffic loading, aesthetic analysis issues in designing a new bridge, applications of various methods for the dissipation of seismic energy for bridges, new technologies of bridge design as well as structural identification of bridges using non-destructive experimental measurement tests.",isbn:"978-953-51-2689-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2688-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6684-9",doi:"10.5772/61683",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"structural-bridge-engineering",numberOfPages:198,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"8a6b781d7ca98b6008887c99915a62ec",bookSignature:"Shahiron Shahidan, Shahrul Niza Mokhatar, Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim, Norwati Jamaluddin, Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini and Noorwirdawati Ali",publishedDate:"October 12th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5248.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:14942,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfTotalCitations:20,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 3rd 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 24th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 20th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 21st 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 27th 2016",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"7 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"145588",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahiron",middleName:null,surname:"Shahidan",slug:"shahiron-shahidan",fullName:"Shahiron Shahidan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/145588/images/system/145588.jpg",biography:"Ts. Dr. Shahiron Shahidan CEng MIET, was born in Perlis, Malaysia, in 1983. He received his early education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Kampong Salang, Perlis. He continued his secondary education at Al Madrasah Al Alawiyah Ad Diniah, Arau Perlis, and Sekolah Menengah Teknik Butterworth, Penang. He furthered his studies and graduated in 2007 with a B. Eng. (Civil) (Hons) from the University Industry Selangor. After graduation, Dr. Shahidan was employed as a Bridge Engineer at a consulting engineering firm (HSS Integrated, Bandar Sri Permaisuri, Kuala Lumpur) for almost a year before making an academic career switch at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). In 2008, Dr. Shahidan furthered his studies at a master’s degree level and graduated with a Master in Structural Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). In 2014 he completed his PhD. in Structural Engineering at the University of Science, Malaysia (USM). Currently, he is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Structural and Material Engineering at the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Malaysia. Dr. Shahidan has experience teaching undergraduate and graduate courses such as Bridge Design, Railway Engineering, Prestressed Concrete Design, Reinforced Concrete Design and Structural Analysis. Throughout his studies and career, he was involved in a number of professional international and national societies . He is a Chartered Engineer (CEng) from Engineering UK, Member of The Institution Engineering Technology (MIET), Profesional Tecnologist (P.Tech),Member of the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM); Member of the American Concrete Institute (ACI), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Member of the Concrete Society of Malaysia (CSM); and Grad. Engr. of the Institution of Engineers Malaysia. Dr. Shahidan has also been actively publishing his work in high-impact journals, Thomson Reuters and Scopus indexed, he wrote several book chapters while also being active as a conference attender and oftenly a keynote speaker.",institutionString:"Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"202629",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohid Haziman",middleName:null,surname:"Wan Ibrahim",slug:"mohid-haziman-wan-ibrahim",fullName:"Mohid Haziman Wan Ibrahim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202629/images/system/202629.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim is an Associate Professor at the Department of Structure and Material Engineering at the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysiat. He graduated in Civil Engineering from the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Malaysia, in 2004 and in 2011 he has been awarded Ph.D. in philosophy from the same university. \nHe is involved in different projects in the field of concrete technology and masonry engineering. He has authored more than 60 publications.",institutionString:"Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"202630",title:"Dr.",name:"Norwatie",middleName:null,surname:"Jamaluddin",slug:"norwatie-jamaluddin",fullName:"Norwatie Jamaluddin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202630/images/5021_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Norwati Jamaluddin is lecturer at the Department of Structure and Material Engineering at the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysiat since 2003.\nShe graduated in Structural Engineering from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2003 and in 2011 she has been awarded Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Leeds. \nHer major research interests are in steel structural, composite steel-concrete structural, finite element modeling. \nDr. Jamaluddin is a member of the International Association Protective Structures (IAPS)\n, of the Malaysian Steel Structural Association (MSSA)\n and she is a member of the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM). She has authored several articles in international journals and attended local and international conferences.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"202631",title:"Dr.",name:"Noorwirdawati",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"noorwirdawati-ali",fullName:"Noorwirdawati Ali",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202631/images/5020_n.png",biography:"Dr. Noorwirdawati Ali is Senior Lecturer at the Department of Structure and Material Engineering at the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysiat. She has been awarded Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia, in 2014. \nShe has authored several articles and attended local and international conferences. Dr. Ali is a member of the Board of Engineers Malaysia.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorFour:{id:"202632",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharulniza",middleName:null,surname:"Mokhatar",slug:"sharulniza-mokhatar",fullName:"Sharulniza Mokhatar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202632/images/5022_n.png",biography:"Dr. Shahrul Niza Bin Mokhatar is a senior lecturer at the Department of Structure and Material Engineering at the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysiat .\nHe has been awarded Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from Kyushu University in 2013. Dr. Mokhatar\\'s major research interests are structural engineering, computational modeling of reinforced concrete (nonlinear finite element analysis, smoothed particle hydrodynamics method) and impact engineering.\nHe is a member of the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM)\n, of The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM)\n, of the International Association of Protective Structures (IAPS)\n and a nembe of the Japan Concrete Institute (JCI).\nHe has authored more than ten articles in international journals and nine conference/proceeding publications.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorFive:{id:"202633",title:"Dr.",name:"Zainorizuan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Jaini",slug:"zainorizuan-mohd-jaini",fullName:"Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202633/images/5023_n.png",biography:"Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini is a senior lecturer and researcher at the Department of Structure and Material Engineering at the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysiat.\nHe has been awarded Ph.D. in Civil and Computational Engineering) from Swansea University, UK. \nDr. Mohd Jaini research interests are structural damage and dynamic responses under high loading rates, finite/discrete element method\n, computational multi-scale modeling, vibration and progressive collapse\n, innovative structures. \nHe is a member of the Institution of Structural Engineers (ISE), the Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM), Association for Computational Mechanics in Engineering (ACME), International Association of Protective Structures (IAPS), International Association for Computational Mechanics (IACM), European Association for Structural Dynamics (EASD), Concrete Society of Malaysia (CSM). \nHe has authored more than twenty publications between journal articles and conference 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This chapter discusses Islamic banking and Islamic accounting development and implementation in Indonesia. The first part of this chapter elaborates on the emergence and development of Islamic banks (IBs) in Indonesia. Then, the next part discusses the history and role of Islamic accounting in Indonesia. The chapter intended to develop understanding related to Indonesia Islamic banking and accounting as a unique case of Islamic finance state of the art.
As the most Muslim populous country in the world, the development of Islamic banking in Indonesia is not without challenges. The emergence of Islamic banks in Indonesia was triggered by internal and external factors. The growth of demand in permissible (
Upon the establishment, the development of Islamic banks became more steady and apparent over time. In 2020 itself, the growth of Islamic banking (yoy) had double-digit increment for 13.11 percent (yoy). Even though the Islamic banking industry growth is increasing, the inferior competitive advantage only contributes to less than 10 percent of national banking assets [4]. Hence, in 2021, the ministry of state-owned enterprise combined three state-owned Islamic banks (PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri, PT. Bank Negara Indonesia Syariah, and PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah) into PT. Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) through merger. This merger resulted in the improvement of the competitive advantage of BSI to its conventional counterparts [4]. This momentum marked the commitment of the government and stakeholders to boost the development of Islamic banking in Indonesia.
Accountability is important to ensure the relevance and reliability of information in Islamic banks. It can be said that the development of Islamic accounting in Indonesia is driven by the growth of Islamic banking and finance [5]. There is a demand to accommodate accounting standards for Islamic transactions; hence, reliable information can be used by users for making a sound decision.
Until today, the Islamic or Sharia accounting in Indonesia has developed to myriad activities and transactions performed by Islamic banks (i.e.
The history of Islamic banks in Indonesia cannot be detached from the Islamic banking as a global phenomenon. The early concept of Islamic financial institutions was established by the idea of a bank with a profit-sharing system [1, 2]. In the 1940s, a Pakistan bank specifically set up to manage Hajj (pilgrimage) funds was founded but failed to prevail. The establishment of Mit Ghamr Local Saving Bank in Egypt marked as a breakthrough of modern Islamic banking in 1963. By 1967, the National Bank of Egypt and the Central Bank of Egypt took over Mit Ghamr operation due to declining performance during political turmoil. With this acquisition, Mit Ghamr’s interest-free principle has been abandoned, and banks are once again functioning on an interest basis. In 1971, the concept of interest-free was finally reinvented during the Sadat administration with the establishment of the Nacelle Social Bank. The purpose of the bank is to continue its business according to the concepts practiced by Mit Ghamr. The growth of economy also drove more Muslim countries to facilitate Islamic principle-based banks. Dubai Islamic Bank in 1971, the first bank initiated by private institutions, indicated growing interest in the Islamic financial facilities. In 1975, Faysal Islamic Bank started to operate in Sudan and Egypt, and at the same time, the Kuwait government established Kuwait Finance House. Finally, the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) was formed in October 1975, which consisted of 22 founding Islamic countries. IsDB provides financial assistance for the development of its member countries, helping them to establish Islamic banks in their respective countries and playing an important role in research in Islamic economics, banking, and finance. Now, IsDB, based in Jeddah-Saudi Arabia, continues to operate with more than 56 member countries. Subsequently, the efforts to establish Islamic banks began to spread in many countries. Some countries such as Pakistan, Iran, and Sudan decided to change their financial system by adopting an interest-free system. In other Islamic and Muslim majority countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia, interest-free banks operate side by side with conventional banks.
Despite the grassroot Islamic microfinance in Indonesia already prevailing, the contemporary Islamic banking development was marked in the 1980s. Expecting efficiency and economic strengthening, the Indonesian government implemented deregulation allowing banks to set interest rates in 1983 [3, 4]. “Pakto 88,” a monetary policy package as part of deregulation, was promulgated to support liberalization of Indonesia banking system encouraging the emergence of banks. Along with, grassroot developing Islamic financial institutions, named BMT Salman ITB in Bandung and Koperasi Ridho Gusti in Jakarta, paved a way to be a pilot model for Islamic banks in Indonesia. In 1990, the Indonesia Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia a.k.a. MUI) formed a task force to establish the first Islamic bank in Indonesia, PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI). Initially, the bank received less recognition from the public due to lack of legal foundation to operate. The legal basis for banking under the Sharia system was only in one of the paragraphs of “banks with a profit-sharing system” in Law no. 7 of 1992, without details on the basis of Sharia law and the types of businesses that are allowed. In 1998, Law No. 7/1992 became Law No. 10 of 1998, clearly stating that there are two banking systems (dual-banking system) in the country, the conventional banking system and the Islamic banking system. This law encouraged the establishment of several other Islamic banks or Islamic windows, namely Bank IFI, Bank Syariah Mandiri, Bank Niaga, Bank BTN, Bank Mega, Bank BRI, Bank Bukopin, BPD Jabar, and BPD Aceh.
The dual-banking system in Indonesia allows conventional banks and Islamic banks to operate. The operationalization of both banking in parallel is called the dual-banking system. According to Indonesian Law No. 21 of 2008 about Islamic banking (or Sharia Banking) [5],
In addition, the law also mandates Islamic banks to perform social functions by facilitating collection of Islamic alms and charities and distributing it through Islamic charitable institutions. There are three categories of Islamic bank entities operating in Indonesia: Islamic commercial banks, Islamic-windowed banks, and Islamic rural banks. Islamic commercial banks are full-fledged Islamic banks that offer only Islamic financial products and operate under Islamic principles. Islamic-windowed banks, however, are business units or divisions of a conventional commercial bank (CCB). This business unit offers Islamic financial products. Meanwhile, Islamic rural banks are banks that operate in certain regions and only offer a more limited type of product compared with Islamic commercial and Islamic-windowed banks. Usually, the size of Islamic rural banks is significantly smaller than Islamic commercial banks. All these banks must comply with Islamic banking regulation.
Substantially, Islamic banks must nurture their identity as value-based institutions. Islamic bank’s ethical identity explains how Islamic value is followed by the institution to stakeholders as a distinguishing characteristic from conventional banking practices [1, 2, 3]. There are five main traits of Islamic banks identity, namely: underlying philosophy and values; provision of interest-free products and services; restriction to Islamically acceptable deals; focus on developmental and social goals; and subjection to additional reviews by the Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) [6]. The traits are broken down into several indices such as commitment to Sharia, existence of SSB, contribution to alms and charity (zakat and shadaqah), commitment to employees, and so on. While Belal et al. [7] conducted a longitudinal study to Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL), a panel study of Islamic Identity Index measurement that was conducted by Zaki et al. [8] compares communicated and ideal ethical identities similar to those in Haniffa and Hudaib [9] but targeted Islamic banks in Asia. The result shows that three out of seven banks show value above the average, while the remaining have wide disparity. It indicates that not all Islamic banks in Asia have shared identity as Islamic banks. From the research, it is interesting that Indonesia Islamic bank’s ethical identity index outperforms other Islamic banks in Asia even compared with Middle Eastern banks. It suggests that there is more consideration in the institutionalization of Islamic banks in Indonesia so that it can represent the Islamic norms and values in the banking industry.
The implementation of the regulatory and supervisory functions of Islamic banking from the aspect of implementing prudential principles and good governance is carried out by the Financial Services Authority (Indonesian: Otoritas Jasa Keuangan a.k.a. OJK) as is the case with conventional banking, but with a regulation and supervision system that is adjusted to the peculiarities of the Islamic banking operational system. The problem of fulfilling Sharia principles is unique for Islamic banks, because essentially Islamic banks are banks that offer products that comply with Islamic principles.
As prudential institutions, banks bear responsibility to manage its risk accordingly. As the distinction between conventional and Islamic banks, all stakeholders demand Islamic compliance as the foundational value of Islamic banks. The uniqueness of Islamic Banks (IB) entails consequence on risk exposing the bank [4]. Salem [5] argues that credit risk in IBs is higher than that in Conventional Banks (CBs) due to potential moral hazard triggered by asymmetric information embedded in Profit-Loss Sharing (PLS) contracts. However, deliberate negligence or misconduct committed by the
Systems to ensure sharia compliance are important in Islamic banking. Therefore, the existence of Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) in Indonesia Islamic Banking is mandatory. According to Law No. 21 of 2008 about Sharia Banking, the National Sharia Board of Indonesian Ulema Council (Indonesian: Dewan Standar Nasional Majelis Ulama Indonesia a.k.a. DSN MUI) issues Islamic legal guidance (fatwa) on lawfulness of Islamic bank’s products and then SSBs guard its implementation in IBs. Additionally, OJK stipulates that all Islamic banking products may only be offered to the public after the bank has received a fatwa from the DSN-MUI and obtained permission from the OJK. At the operational level, each Islamic bank is also required to have a Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB), which has two functions, the first is the sharia supervisory function and the second is an advisory function when banks are faced with questions about whether an activity is sharia-compliant or not, as well as in the process of developing a product that will be submitted to DSN to obtain a fatwa. In addition to these functions, Sharia Banking is also directed to have an internal audit function that focuses on monitoring sharia compliance to assist DPS, and in carrying out external audits used by sharia banks are auditors who have qualifications and competencies in Islamic law subjects.
OJK categorizes institutions in Islamic financial industry into three subsectors, namely Islamic banks, Islamic non-banking financial institutions (Islamic NBFI), and Islamic capital market with a total capitalization of assets for IDR 1801.40 trillion or USD 127,71 billion (excluding Islamic stocks) in 2020 [17]. Islamic capital market contributes the largest proportion for IDR 1076.22, then Islamic banking for IDR 608.90, and the least, Islamic financial non-banking institutions for IDR 116.28 trillion (USD 1 = IDR 14,050). Since its establishment, the growth of Islamic financial industry in Indonesia has been growing. Regardless of its contribution to national market share that only counts for 9.95 percent in 2020, the growth of Islamic financial assets recorded 22.71 percent (yoy) consisting of the growth of Islamic capital market, Islamic banks, and Islamic NBFI for 30.58, 13.11, and 10.15, in sequence. From the banking industry, Sharia commercial banks dominate the growth proportion followed by Sharia business units and Sharia rural banks (Figures 1 and 2).
The growth of Islamic finance and banking assets in Indonesia from 2016 to 2020. Source: Financial service authority (OJK), 2021.
Islamic banks’ main indicators and performance in 2020. Source: Financial service authority (OJK), 2021.
The future of Islamic banking in Indonesia is promising if stakeholders, especially the government, commit to the development of the industry. The dual-banking system put Islamic banking in a competition with conventional banking. As a “new-comer” in the financial industry, Islamic banking market capitalization is far below conventional banking. The size of Islamic banks is significantly low compared with its counterparts, leading to the low capacity of lending. Nationally, the market share of the banking industry in terms of assets shows the dominance of several banks in BUKU 41, while most banks still have a small business scale and market share, including Islamic banks. Structurally, both conventional commercial banks (CCBs) and Sharia commercial banks (SCBs), the majority of banks are in BUKU 2 with 58 BUK (
Classification of commercial banks based on business activity in Indonesia in 2020. Source: Financial service authority (OJK), 2020.
Bank’s rank based on assets in Indonesian, 2020. Sources: Financial service authority (OJK), 2020.
The Financial Services Authority (OJK) encourages banking consolidation policies and strengthens bank capital in Indonesia as stated in POJK No. 12/POJK.03/2020 concerning Commercial Bank Consolidation. In 2021, the Ministry of State-Owned Company of Indonesia finalized the merger of three state-owned Islamic banks. PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri, PT. Bank Negara Indonesia Syariah, and PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah were merged into PT. Bank Syariah Indonesia. By the end of 2021, there are 12 operating Sharia commercial banks in Indonesia from [16] the prior of the merger (Table 1) [12]. This merger has brought three largest Sharia commercial banks, which were previously excluded from the top 10 of the biggest operating commercial banks nationally, up the ranks to the seventh position with 2.7 percent of the national market share of the banking industry. The Islamic bank merger is an important consolidation momentum for Islamic banking to be able to present Islamic Banks that are strong in capital and able to compete in the national banking industry. In addition, the “new” bank, Bank Syariah Indonesia, has the opportunity to join BUKU 4 by increasing the scale of the economy so that it can contribute significantly to the national economy. This merger manifested as the commitment of the Indonesian government to support Islamic bank’s development.
Year | Sharia commercial banks | Sharia business units | Sharia rural banks |
---|---|---|---|
2014 | 12 | 22 | 163 |
2015 | 12 | 22 | 163 |
2016 | 13 | 21 | 166 |
2017 | 13 | 21 | 167 |
2018 | 14 | 20 | 167 |
2019 | 14 | 20 | 164 |
2020 | 14 | 20 | 164 |
Oct-21 | 12 | 20 | 163 |
The number of Islamic banks in Indonesia according to classification.
Sources: Financial service authority (OJK), 2020.
The growth of Islamic banking in Indonesia is promising. During the 2020 pandemic, Islamic banks still maintained their growth and robustness through the crisis. The bank should keep innovating to capture larger market share. If Indonesian Islamic banks fail to capture the potential benefit from Muslim demography, the industry might not develop [1]. Islamic banks must maintain their identity by balancing the social function and communicating its value to the users. Reputational risks remain the vital issue in Islamic banks. Muslim community is diverse, many interpret Islamic law differently according to schools or teachings. Sharia governance may offer solutions for a systematic Sharia compliance guarantor that bridge different opinions among Sharia scholars and build public trust to the permissibility
A recent opportunity to be captured by Islamic banks is the digitalization of banking services. Young adults in their productive age dominate Indonesia populations. This generation has high literature in digital technology, especially the internet. Financial technology has emerged as the institution offers digital-based financial services. The easy, timeless, and reliable platform has captured the young generation to use financial services from start-up companies. Albeit becoming a new competitor for conventional banking, this institution may not replace the role of conventional banking later in the future due to the fundamental role and robustness of banking institutions that are supported by other supporting prudential institutions. The Islamic banks must capture the momentum to invest in technology. First, branding is important to capture the new market by making Islamic financial transactions user-friendly and easy to access. This branding also involves the strategy to increase awareness and literacy on Islamic banking that has been lacking in the society. Second, the bank should maintain its security as the number of cyberattacks increases, ranging from identity theft, skimming, to phishing, and banks must mitigate this risk appropriately to protect the customers.
As previously mentioned, the development of Islamic accounting in Indonesia cannot be separated from the establishment of the first Islamic Bank in Indonesia, namely Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI) in 1991 and the existence of Law No. 7 of 1992 concerning banking, which is further detailed in Government Regulation 72 of 1992, Law no. 10 of 1998 and Law no. 23 of 1999. After BMI was established, there was a problem because BMI was an Islamic Bank but the financial statements made were not based on Sharia accounting. In addition, the existence of this Islamic bank also requires supervision and auditing of Islamic bank products. These factors encourage the importance of developing Islamic accounting.
In 2002, IAI through the Financial Accounting Standards Board (DSAK) ratified PSAK No. 59, Islamic Banking Accounting, which became effective in January 2003. Another thing that contributed to the development of Islamic accounting was the emergence of the IAI Sharia Accounting Committee in 2005. In 2010, IAI decided to transform the institution by establishing a Sharia Financial Accounting Standards Board (DSAS), which is authorized to formulate Islamic Financial Accounting Standards (IFAS). Islamic accounting, in Indonesia is often called as Sharia accounting, is accounting based on an Islamic (teachings) paradigm. It is an instrument or subsystem to implement Islamic teachings, especially in business. Therefore, the objectives of Islamic accounting must be consistent with the objectives of Islamic teachings (
To achieve the above objectives, Islamic accounting relies on various principles: (1) brotherhood (
In general, the model or approach to develope Islamic accounting can look like Figure 5. From Figure 5, there are two approaches in developing Islamic accounting [19]. The first approach is often called the “ideal” approach. In this approach, the development of Islamic accounting begins with the search for sharia sources and then is derived into Sharia accounting standards. The second approach is often referred to as the “pragmatic” approach. This approach starts from conventional accounting, then the purification process is carried out. Conventional accounting that is not in accordance with sharia is abandoned and which is not contrary to sharia remains. Islamic Financial Accounting Standard Board (
Approaches in Islamic accounting development. Source: Sholihin [
In developing Islamic Financial Accounting Standards (IFAS), DSAS IAI is very careful and follows a very strict due process. The due process adopted in the preparation of Islamic financial accounting standards are: (1) identifying the issues (and consulting with the Consultative Board of IAI if necessary), (2) conducting research related to the issues that have been identified, (3) discussing the material, (4) ratifying and publishing the exposure draft, (5) conducting public hearings and if necessary conducting limited hearings, (6) discussing public input, and (7) ratifying standards. In the discussion, the first thing to discuss is the aspect of transaction clarity from a sharia perspective. Even though during the discussion, there were already members of DSAS IAI from DSN MUI who became members, institutionally DSAS IAI again proposed the standards that had been ratified to DSN MUI to be checked/reviewed again for compliance with Sharia. So, Sharia accounting standards in Indonesia are developed by starting from the clarity of sharia aspects and ending with checking again the conformity of the standards with sharia. This procedure is intended to achieve the blessing of the ratified Islamic accounting standards and not to conflict with sharia.
To date (December 2021), several Statements of Islamic Financial Accounting Standards (SIFAS) have been published by DSAS. In addition to PSAK 59 (Islamic Banking Accounting), DSAS have published SIFAS 101 (Sharia Financial Statement Presentation), SIFAS 102 (Accounting for
Until now, DSAS continues to work to develop various accounting standards to support the development of Islamic economics and finance. DSAS IAI in developing standards uses a transaction-based approach, not an accounting approach for certain institutions, even though the first Islamic accounting standard that appears is Islamic Banking Accounting (PSAK 59).
From the SIFAS above, it can be seen that the DSAS IAI does not only focus on accounting standards for commercial activities. However, DSAS IAI also pays great attention to the aspects of social finance (Social Islamic Finance), namely the issuance of SIFAS 109 and SIFAS 112. SIFAS 109 is currently being reviewed due to the development of various programs and social activities in the distribution of zakat, infaq, and alms for community empowerment.
The mapping of transactions used by Islamic banking and how the match between those transactions and the IFAS can be seen in Figure 6 [20].
Mapping between transactions in Islamic Bank (in blue) and the accounting standard (in gray). Source: Hendarsyah [
This chapter discusses the development of IBs in Indonesia and explains the development of Islamic financial accounting standards including how the standards are developed (the due processes). This chapter also describes whether Islamic financial accounting standards developed in Indonesia have sufficiently fulfilled the accounting standards needed by Islamic banks in Indonesia.
Islamic banks (IBs) have distinctive characteristics compared to the conventional ones. IBs only perform permissible (
Upon the establishment, the development of Islamic banks became more steady and apparent over time. Hence, in 2021, the ministry of state-owned enterprise combined three state-owned Islamic banks (PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri, PT. Bank Negara Indonesia Syariah, and PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Syariah) into PT. Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) through merger. This merger resulted in the improvement of the competitive advantage of BSI to its conventional counterparts. This momentum marked the commitment of the government and stakeholders to boost the development of Islamic banking in Indonesia.
Accountability is important to ensure the relevance and reliability of information in Islamic banks. Consequently, there is a demand to accommodate accounting standards for Islamic transactions to provide reliable information for users for making a sound decision.
Until December 2021, several Statements of Islamic Financial Accounting Standards (SIFAS) have been published by DSAS IAI. In addition to PSAK 59 (Islamic Banking Accounting), DSAS have published SIFAS 101 (Sharia Financial Statement Presentation), SIFAS 102 (Accounting for
Superalloy Alloy 718 (NiCr19NbMo, EN 2.4668) is a Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo alloy for service conditions up to 650°C, where hardening is achieved by additions of Nb, Ti, and Al resulting in controlled precipitation of mainly γ” (Ni3Nb) and to a small extent γ’ (Ni3(Al, Ti) [1]. Due to this, this alloy is widely used for static and rotating components in stationary gas turbines, rocket drives and spacecraft, motor vehicle turbo chargers, high-strength screws, springs and mounting elements, and for heat-resistant tools in forgeries, extruders, and separating shearers [2].
Ni-alloys have a high cost and are difficult to machine, with main reasons being their high temperature resistance, high initial work hardening rate, and presence of carbides in the microstructure [3]. Therefore, additive manufacturing (AM) techniques could result in cost, weight, and machining savings for a wide range of applications using Alloy 718 [4]. The AM with wire-based arc processes (WAAM®) offers the possibility of producing small and large-volume components of low and medium complexity at high deposition rates. A disadvantage is the poorer surface quality and accuracy and thus the need for mechanical finishing of functional surfaces [5, 6, 7]. A typical process for WAAM® is the energy-reduced Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) process, a variant of GMAW, which is widely used industrially for cladding with Ni-base solid wires [8, 9, 10, 11]. This is due to the very low dilution with substrate, high deposition rate, very low heat input, less spatter, and low susceptibility to hot cracking [12], factors that are also advantageous for AM.
Recently, the number of publications on AM of Alloy 718 with the GMAW is increasing [13] published a study as early as 2007 on the use of the MIG process for AM of an internal flange of combustor outer casing of Alloy 718. The present study has highlighted the presence of deleterious Laves- and δ phases in the weld deposition structures encouraged by extended time at high temperature during either deposition or subsequent post-deposition heat treatment. In addition, associated discontinuities in the form of hot cracks and shrinkage porosity have been identified [14, 15] evaluated the effect of oxide, wire source, and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of additive plasma arc welding with cold wire feed of Alloy 718 with oscillating torch in inert shielding gas atmosphere. Results showed that oxides formed during deposition had no effect on the mechanical properties. Wires from different suppliers resulted in around 50 MPa difference in UTS. Standard heat treatment improved the strength from 824 MPa to 1110 MPa, but the average strength was lower than the wrought alloy and laser powder-based AM IN718. The microstructure of the WAAM material showed large columnar grains and numerous Laves phase [16] identified an aging effect in deposits of Alloy 718, which produced with CMT-WAAM® process. Deposits consisting of 10 layers were manufactured, where interpass time (0, 30 s, and 60 s) was the only process parameter varied. An aging effect was observed, which caused precipitation of the γ″ and γ′ strengthening phases and the δ phase. The highest hardness value was measured in the middle section of each deposit due to precipitation of the strengthening phases [4] investigates the effects of processing parameters and heat treatments employed on CMT-WAAM® of Alloy 718. The process stability was analyzed by electrical transients and melt pool imaging, showing an opposite trend to the measured heat inputs. Laves length and carbide diameter decreased with travel speed, while the as-deposited hardness increased. These observations permitted a linear wall to be fabricated with a minimal heat input per layer of 181 J–185 J/mm. Compared with powder-based AM, the CMT welds exhibit a larger melt pool size and lower as-deposited hardness, but has been found to show satisfactory aging response and similar Laves phase area fraction.
In the present work, the influence of different heat inputs and shielding gases in CMT-WAAM with S Ni 7718 on the macrostructure, seam defects, chemical composition, mechanical properties, and hardness was investigated. The investigations were carried out with two different wire batches on two component geometries (wall and block). These different geometries generate different welding situations (single- or multi-bead welding) and stress conditions.
For WAAM®, two welding equipment were used: a three-axis gantry machine with programmable logic controller (PLC) and a two-axis welding portal FCB 900–500/ML100 (Figure 1). To achieve a low heat input (E), the welds were made using the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) process of the company Fronius. For logistical reasons, two power sources (PS) were used with the RCU 5000 control unit: CMT TPS 4000, first generation (PS 1) and CMT Advanced 4000, second generation (PS 2). However, the welds were made with the same synergy line (NIBAS 625/1.2mmM12 Ar + 2,5% CO2). Accompanying the welds, the electrical welding parameters, the shielding gas flow, and the wire feed speed were recorded and monitored with external measuring system WeldAnalyst-S2 (HKS Prozesstechnik GmbH). During the welding process, infrared pyrometers were used to measure the temperature of the welded parts. Two batches of solid wire S Ni 7718 from different manufacturers with diameter 1.2 mm were used. One of them is a standard batch, while the other is made specifically for AM.
Experimental setup for additively GMAW (a) three-axis gantry machine with CMT advanced 4000 and (b) two-axis welding portal with CMT TPS 4000.
Since in additive welding, the parts geometry influences the cooling rate and thus the microstructure and mechanical properties, in a first step, two different part geometries (thin wall and multi-pass block) were initially investigated (Figure 2).
Deposition strategy of (a) wall (b) block (above: side view, below: top view).
Depending on the geometry, different substrate sheets were used. These sheets were welded to a 40 mm thick carbon steel plate to counteract distortion and produce high thermomechanical reactions. For welding of both geometries, a stick-out of 15 mm and 30% He, 2% H2, 0.05% CO2, bal. Ar as shielding gas with a flow rate of 18 l/min were used. This gas is recommended for welding Ni alloys, as it ensures good flow and wetting behavior of the highly viscous melt. During the welding, the direction was changed after each layer. Between the beads or layers, there was no brushing. For all welds, the maximum interpass temperature (IT) was 150°C. To influence the deposition rate and heat input at welding the walls, the wire feed speed (WFS) was varied between 6.0 and 9.0 m/min and the travel speed (TS) between 0.6 and 1.0 m/min. To achieve a high deposition rate when manufacturing multi-pass block with stringer bead technique, a high wire feed speed (WFS: 9.0 resp. 9.5 m/min) and a low welding speed (TS: 0.6 m/min) were selected.
In second step, the influence of different shielding gases on the seam quality was investigated. Ni-alloys are normally welded with inert shielding gas. Additions of active gases (CO2, O2) in the ppm range and of He or H2 improve the flow and wetting behavior of the melt. However, the presence of CO2 or O2 can also lead to a slight seam oxidation. This effect can increase the possibility of lack of fusion on multi-pass deposition. On the other hand, hydrogen has a reducing effect and can ensure an oxide-free seam appearance. The following shielding gases were used:
bal. Ar/30% He/2% H2/0,055%CO2 (ArHeHC)
bal. Ar/30% He/1% H2 (ArHeH)
bal. Ar/2% H2 (ArH)
bal. Ar/30% He/0,03% O2 (ArHeO)
These investigations were also performed on walls and blocks with constant setting values (WFS: 9.0 resp. 9.5 m/min and TS: 0.6 m/min). The nominal dimensions were for walls 200 mm long and 60 mm high and for blocks 200 mm long and circa 25 mm–30 mm high and 30 mm–35 mm wide. In contrast to the previous blocks, the welding direction was changed after each stringer bead. The remaining welding conditions (stick-out, IT, etc.) corresponded to the previously tests.
In multi-pass deposition, maintaining the correct center distance d between stringer beads is of elementary importance. If this distance is too big, there is no connection to the neighboring bead and lack of fusion can occur. If it is too small, the beads overlap too much and no even seam surface is created. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the overlap areas and valleys are of equal size. In [17] it is proposed to calculate the ideal center distance depending on the ratio of WFS/TS. If WFS/TS > 12.5, the equations shown in Figure 3 should be used.
Illustration of overlapping beads and equations for calculating the ideal center distance [
First the exact characterization of the wire electrodes took place. To determine the chemical composition, the wires were melted into buttons with the Arc Melter MAM-1 (Edmund Bühler GmbH) in pure argon atmosphere (99.996%) using a TIG arc. The methodology is described in [18]. The chemical composition of buttons was analyzed with the atom emission spectrometry (AES). In addition, the contents of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur were measured by means of carrier gas melt extraction (CGME) with combustion analysis (CA) directly on the solid wire in the delivery condition. Afterward, measurements of the wire diameter, the surface roughness (axial) with the tactile cut method [19], and tensile tests were carried out.
The welded components have been subjected to a visual and dye penetration test. In the first step, the metallographic cross sections (Y-Z plane) are taken. For the automatic preparation, it was necessary to cut the cross sections in the middle. All samples were processed with standard metallographic techniques with a final polish of 0.5 μm O.P.S (SiO2). Subsequently, the central part of the walls and blocks were mechanically machined to allow high-quality X-ray inspection. While the image quality indicator according to [20] on the walls was 16 or 17, only an indicator of 10 was achieved on the blocks due to their higher thickness. For this reason, no radiographic testing was performed on the blocks. On walls and blocks, chemical analyses, tensile tests, and hardness measurements were performed. Standard tensile tests were performed to BS EN ISO 6892-1 [21] at room temperature. The tensile specimens with form E 5 x10 × 40 [22] were taken in welding direction. Vickers hardness testing was performed in compliance with BSEN ISO 6507-1 [23], using a load of 0.2 or 10 kg. Measurements were made at varying distances from the substrate. Only on the blocks the determination of the impact energy on Charpy V samples at room and low temperatures (−196°C) was carried out. The microstructure was investigated by light optical microscope (inverse incident light microscope Leica MeF4A, Leica), scanning electron microscope (XL30 FEG/ESEM, company FEI/Philips), and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDAX Si (Li) detector).
The chemical compositions of S Ni 7718 wire batched are listed in Table 1. The AM batch has lower contents of Cu and Co. Furthermore, it has slightly higher contents of C, Nb, and Fe than the standard variant. These elements influence the precipitation of the Laves phase, MC-type carbides, and TN in the weld metal [24, 25, 26]. Furthermore, the solidification cracking of austenitic materials is strongly dependent on the solidification temperature range (STR) and especially the solidification at the grain boundaries and interdendritic regions. The Nb/C ratio affects the amount and distribution of the γ + NbC eutectic and γ + Laves eutectic, which influence the STR. Addition of Nb at higher C levels promoted γ/NbC eutectic type constituent and at higher Si and Fe levels promoted γ/laves [27]. When Nb/C ratio was increasing, the solidification temperature range (STR) was reduced [28].
Element | C | Si | S | Cr | Mo | Fe | Nb | Al | Ti | Cu | Co | Ni | Nb/C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.001 | 19.1 | 2.6 | 17.9 | 5.67 | 0.53 | 1.12 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 52.6 | 149 |
AM | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.001 | 18.0 | 2.7 | 20.2 | 5.99 | 0.52 | 1.16 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 5.12 | 89 |
Chemical composition of different wire batches of S Ni 7718 (wt%).
A basic requirement of a stable gas-metal arc welding process is a permanently constant feed of the wire electrode, even with cable assembly of different lengths. The main factors influencing this are the surface condition of the wire electrode, mechanical properties, and also technological characteristics. Basically, the wire electrode for GMAW should have a high tensile strength (UTS) with sufficient elongation at rupture (A) to ensure high stiffness even in long cable assemblies [29]. Both wire variants guarantee these requirements (Table 2). For the sliding behavior in long hose assemblies, the basic rule is that with lower roughness (Rz) and greater pre-bending, the sliding ability of wire electrodes in the hose assembly increases [30]. The AM variant has a lower average roughness values, which also correlate with the appearance of the wire surface. Despite the different properties and characteristics, no significant influence on the wire feeding and thus on the process behavior was found under the selected test conditions.
Parameter | Ø [mm] | Surface | Rz [μm] | UTS [MPa] | A50mm [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard | 1.19 | matt | 1.38 ± 0.05 | 1407 ± 22 | 4.6 ± 0.4 |
AM | 1.18 | glossy | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 1326 ± 30 | 9.8 ± 0.3 |
Mechanical properties at RT and roughness of solid wire electrodes.
An arithmetic mean value for all weld beads of the wall or block was formed from the mean value of the respective stringer bead read off the power sources. The tolerance given is the average of the positive and negative error indicators. The heat input (E) is the quotient of arc power (Parc = I x U) and travel speed (TS). The deposition rate (DR) is the amount of wire melted per unit time. Despite the same synergic line and setting parameters, differences in the measured values for current (I) and voltage (U) occurred for both current sources and consequently in the heat input (E) and deposition rate (DR) when producing the walls (Table 3). The large blocks were welded only with a high wire feed speed and a low welding speed to generate a high deposition rate (Table 4).
Wire batch | Setting values | Mean values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WFS [m/min] | TS [m/min] | I [A] | U [V] | WFS [m/min] | E [J/mm] | DR [kg/h] | |
Standard/PS1 | 6.0 | 0.6 | 133 ± 2.0 | 15.3 ± 0.2 | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 203 ± 5.7 | 3.53 |
1.0 | 144 ± 3.0 | 17.0 ± 1.4 | 6.8 ± 0.8 | 147 ± 9.1 | 3.83 | ||
9.0 | 0.6 | 208 ± 3.0 | 19.9 ± 0.6 | 9.7 ± 1.2 | 414 ± 9.4 | 5.44 | |
1.0 | 204 ± 3.0 | 19.7 ± 1.0 | 9.8 ± 1.0 | 241 ± 11.1 | 5.50 | ||
AM/PS2 | 6.0 | 0.6 | 123 ± 2.3 | 15.6 ± 1.1 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 192 ± 13.7 | 2.74 |
1.0 | 120± 4.5 | 16.1 ± 0.6 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 115 ± 6.1 | 2.78 | ||
9.0 | 0.6 | 178 ± 2.5 | 21.8 ± 0.6 | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 388 ± 8.9 | 4.16 | |
1.0 | 167 ± 3.5 | 19.9 ± 0.5 | 8.2 ± 1.6 | 200 ± 6.0 | 4.58 |
Welding parameters for CMT-WAAM® of walls, welded with ArHeHC.
Wire batch | Setting values | Mean values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WFS [m/min] | TS [m/min] | I [A] | U [V] | WFS [m/min] | E [J/mm] | DR [kg/h] | |
Standard/PS2 | 9.0 | 0.6 | 159 ± 18.5 | 22.2 ± 7.6 | 8.6 ± 2.0 | 352 ± 49 | 4.82 |
Am/PS2 | 9.5 | 0.6 | 174 ± 22.0 | 22.0 ± 7.5 | 8.7 ± 1.1 | 382 ± 56 | 4.88 |
Welding parameters for CMT-WAAM® of blocks, welded with ArHeHC.
Moreover, this combination represents the critical case, since the heat input is comparatively high. Fourteen layers of nine stringer beads per layer each were made. Due to the long production time of 10.5 hours resulting from the interpass temperature, only one block was welded at a time. The welding time was only 70 minutes.
Tables 5 and 6 show the weld parameters of walls and blocks welds with the varied shielding gases. It can be seen that the shielding gas has a slight influence on these parameters. The lowest heat input is generated when ArHeO is used, while ArHeHC results in the highest values.
Shielding gas | Wall | Block | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I [A] | U [V] | WFS [m/min] | E [J/mm] | I [A] | U [V] | WFS [m/min] | E [J/mm | |
ArHeHC | 218 ± 4.4 | 21.1 ± 0.6 | 10.3 ± 0.4 | 461 ± 20 | 216 ± 9.7 | 20.9 ± 1.6 | 10.1 ± 0.7 | 451 ± 34 |
AeHeH | 217 ± 3.6 | 20,5 ± 0.6 | 10.2 ± 0.3 | 445 ± 18 | 216 ± 5.0 | 19.8 ± 1.6 | 10.0 ± 0.5 | 429 ± 34 |
ArH | 216 ± 1.7 | 19.6 ± 0.3 | 10.2 ± 0.2 | 423 ± 7 | 212 ± 6.2 | 19.3 ± 1.9 | 9.8 ± 0.8 | 409 ± 40 |
AeHeO | 214 ± 3.4 | 19.2 ± 0.2 | 9.9 ± 0.2 | 416 ± 11 | 212 ± 7.2 | 19.2 ± 1.2 | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 407 ± 26 |
Mean values for CMT-WAAM® welds (standard batch, PS1, WFS: 9.0 m/min, TS: 0.6 m/min).
Shielding gas | wall | block | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I [A | U [V | WFS [m/min] | E [J/mm] | I [A] | U [V] | WFS [m/min | E [J/mm] | |
ArHeHC | 217 ± 3.8 | 20.3 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 10.5 | 439 ± 15 | 215 ± 6.6 | 19.6 ± 1.7 | 10.1 ± 1.0 | 422 ± 34 |
AeHeH | 217 ± 4.0 | 19.8 ± 0.5 | 10.5 ± 0.8 | 430 ± 16 | 214 ± 7.4 | 18.9 ± 1.4 | 9.8 ± 0.6 | 405 ± 35 |
ArH | 215 ± 4.1 | 18.8 ± 0.9 | 9.8 ± 0.7 | 404 ± 24 | 209 ± 6.8 | 18.0 ± 1.9 | 9.4 ± 0.8 | 375 ± 48 |
AeHeO | 214 ± 3.8 | 18.3 ± 1.2 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 392 ± 29 | 215 ± 7.1 | 17.8 ± 0.8 | 9.6 ± 0.4 | 383 ± 40 |
Mean values for CMT-WAAM® welds (AM batch, PS1, WFS: 9.5 m/min, TS: 0.6 m/min).
Cross sections of stringer beads as a function of shielding gas show the lowest wetting angles θ when ArHeHC is used (Figure 4). This gas caused the highest heat input. The wetting angle increases with all other shielding gases. A low wetting angle has a positive effect on reducing lack of fusion in multi-pass welds.
Cross sections of stringer beads depending on shielding gas: (a) standard batch (b) AM batch.
Infrared (IR) pyrometers were used to measure the temperatures directly on the seam surface for every second layer at the wall structures. Since there is no specific temperature interval for the cooling time for Ni-based materials, this was calculated for cooling from 1000–600°C. Figure 5 shows the cooling times t10/6 depending on heat input and layer for both batches when welding the walls. In the first layers, shorter cooling times occur due to the still possible heat conduction into the substrate. From about the 10th layer, the 3D changes to a 2D-heat conduction, which is why the cooling time remains almost constant. As expected, the cooling times increase with increasing heat input when welding the walls. At the highest heat energy of 414 J/mm, the cooling time is about 21 s. And at the lowest heat input of 105 J/mm, the cooling time is about 7 s.
t10/6 cooling times of S Ni 7718 walls: (a) standard batch (b) AM batch depending on number of layers and heat input (shielding gas: ArHeHC).
The blocks cool significantly faster at comparable setting values and similar heat input due to the 2D-heat conduction. This is shown as an example in Figure 6a for the S Ni 7718 AM. The average t10/6 times are approximately between 4 s and 5 s. The further layers then cool down somewhat more slowly. In addition, it can be observed that the outer beads of each layer in the upper layers also usually cool down somewhat slower than the inner beads (Figure 6b).
Mean t10/6 cooling times of S Ni 7718 AM blocks depending on (a) layer and (b) bead (shielding gas: ArHeHC).
The shielding gas exerts only a minor influence on the cooling time, since the amounts for the heat input do not differ significantly (Figures 7 and 8).
t10/6 cooling times in walls of S Ni 7718: (a) standard batch and (b) AM batch depending on number of layers and shielding gas.
Mean t10/6 cooling times in blocks of S Ni 7718 depending on shielding gas: (a) standard batch (b) AM batch.
As a result of the visual inspection, no external defects such as cracks, lack of fusion or pores were observed. Only some welds of the standard charge of S Ni 7718 with shielding gases containing active gas components (CO2 and O2) showed dark particles on the weld surfaces (Figure 9).
Surfaces of S Ni 7718 blocks depending on shielding gas: (a) standard batch (b) AM batch.
It is assumed that metallurgical reactions with the oxygen-affine elements Al or Cr occur due to the size of the molten pool and slow cooling. On the stringer beads’ surfaces of welded walls fabricated with higher heat input, these particles also occurred, but in both wire batches. However, no deterioration of the CMT process stability was observed.
The penetration tests on walls and blocks resulted in some red indications independent of wire and welding speed (Figure 10).
Example of penetration test of last layer surface with red indications.
On the cross sections of walls, it was determined that these defects always occur in the last welded layer of walls and in some cases extend to the surface (Figure 11). Due to their structure and dimensions, these phenomena are not classified as solidification cracks or pores but as micro blowholes. Since the components are subsequently machined, these defects are not significant.
Cross sections (Y-Z plane) with examples for micro blowholes: (a) 100x magnification (b) and (c) 1000fach.
The X-ray examinations showed no or very small porosity of less than 0.001%. The porosity is the quotient of the sum of the areas of all pores and the X-rayed weld metal area. Figure 12 shows an X-ray image of a wall with one pore. No radiographic tests were performed on the blocks due to the low image quality number, as they did not provide sufficient information.
X-ray test on the example of S N 7718 AM wall welded with ArH.
Since a shielding gas with low active and reducing shielding gas components was used and no brushing between the individual layers took place, the chemical composition of welds was determined. Table 7 shows the values of the additive welded wall as a function of the different shielding gases in comparison with the element contents of wire batch.
Element | C | Si | S | Cr | Mo | Fe | Nb | Al | Ti | Cu | Co | Ni | Nb/C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ArHeHC | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.001 | 19.0 | 2.6 | 17.5 | 5.65 | 0.56 | 1.14 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 53.2 | 145 |
ArHeH | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.001 | 18.9 | 2.5 | 17.7 | 5.65 | 0.56 | 1.14 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 53.2 | 149 |
ArH | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.001 | 18.9 | 2.5 | 17.7 | 5.63 | 0.56 | 1.14 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 53.2 | 148 |
ArHeO | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.001 | 18.9 | 2.5 | 17.7 | 5.60 | 0.55 | 1.14 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 53.4 | 147 |
ArHeHC | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 17.8 | 2.9 | 20.2 | 5.80 | 0.54 | 1.08 | <0.01 | <0.001 | 51.5 | 85 |
ArHeH | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 17.9 | 2.9 | 20.2 | 5.86 | 0.53 | 1.08 | <0.01 | <0.001 | 51.3 | 83 |
ArH | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 18.0 | 2.9 | 20.2 | 5.80 | 0.53 | 1.08 | <0.01 | <0.001 | 51.2 | 83 |
ArHeO | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 18.0 | 2.9 | 20.2 | 5.83 | 0.53 | 1.08 | <0.01 | <0.001 | 51.3 | 84 |
Chemical composition of wire batches of S Ni 7718 blocks depending on shielding gas (wt%).
An influence of shielding gas or component geometry and heat input on the chemical compositions cannot be proven. If deviations occur, they are more likely to be due to measurement inaccuracies resulting from calibration tolerances. Thus, the weld metals also show the same tendency with respect to the Nb/C ratio.
The O- and N-contents of part geometries of both batches welded with ArHeHC show a slight increase compared with the wire batches (Figure 13). A similar behavior is shown for the blocks produced with the different shielding gases (Figure 14).
ON-contents of S Ni 7718 walls and blocks depending on wire batch (shielding gas: ArHeHC).
ON contents of S Ni 7718 blocks depending on shielding gas.
However, the weld metal of the standard batch dissolves slightly more oxygen and nitrogen compared with the AM batch. In addition, the reducing effect is observed for the shielding gas with the highest H content (Ar with 2% H2). The low O2 and CO2 contents do not cause oxygen pickup by the weld metal.
Figure 15 shows the macro cross sections (Y-Z plane) of the walls of different wire batches. At constant wall height, the weld width increases with rising deposition rate and the number of layers reduces. As a result of the lower deposition rate when welding with the AM batch, more plies had to be welded to achieve equal weld heights. In addition, comparatively large thickness reductions are recorded in the lower wall structure area when welding with 6.0 m/min wire feed and 1.0 m/min travel speed. To avoid this effect, it would be necessary to adjust the wire feed speed or, if necessary, to preheat the substrate sheet, but this was not the focus of these investigations. In order to obtain an evaluation of the lateral surface waviness, the end contour proximity (ECP) was determined according to Eq. 3.
Cross sections (Y-Z plane) of S Ni 7718 walls: (a) standard (b) AM welded with ArHeNC.
Since the sections have been split, the lower value of the nominal wall width and the higher value of the actual wall width are relevant. During the evaluation, the upper rounded and the lower, partially constricted areas of the samples were not considered. All wall structures except one wall achieved an ECP of ≥75%, which is according to [31] a good value. Since the image quality indicator of the X-ray inspection is not sufficient to detect micro hot cracks, the cross sections of the walls and blocks were inspected for internal seam defect. With one exception, there were no hot cracks in the walls. Only in one cross section of the AM batch of S Ni 7718 hot cracks were separated and visible in the second and third layers (Figure 16).
Hot cracks in the lower layers of S Ni 7718 AM wall (WFS:9.0 m/min, TS: 1.0 m/min, ArHeHC).
For the blocks, the higher welding feed speed in a wider block with the same number of layers and beads (Figure 17) can also be seen. The machining allowances are comparable to those of the walls. However, the ECP is very high due to the large width of the block. When the blocks are welded, lateral tracking of the beads can be observed on each side in each position. Due to this, the process is more unstable and a lot of weld spatter occurs. In principle, the wire feed speed would have to be adjusted for these weld beads, but this has not been done.
Cross sections (Y-Z plane) of S Ni 7718 blocks: (a) standard, (b) AM welded with ArHeHC.
Due to the significantly larger number of weld beads in large blocks, the thermal-mechanical reactions were higher than for the walls, so that hot cracks occurred in both blocks despite faster cooling. In addition to the hot cracks, also few lacks of fusion were also found. A quantitative evaluation of the number of cracks and the weld metal area-related crack length (Eq. 4) shows a significantly higher hot crack sensitivity of the AM batch of S Ni 7718 (Table 8). This confirms the investigation results of [27, 28] that a higher Nb/C ratio results in greater susceptibility to hot cracking.
Defect | Hot crack | Lack of fusion | |
---|---|---|---|
Number | CL, μm/mm2 | Number | |
Standard | 17 | 2.3 | 2 |
AM | 83 | 33.3 | 1 |
Defects in S Ni 7718 blocks, welded with ArHeHC.
Figure 18 shows the blocks produced with different shielding gases. Eq. 1 and Eq. 2 (Figure 3) were used here to determine the center distance d between the beads. At the side block edges, there is always a lateral flow of the melt, which leads to an uneven deposit. While the calculated center distance was set for the blocks of the AM batch, a fixed spacing of 5.5 mm was set for welding with the standard batch. This, together with the higher wire feed speed of 9.5 m/min, resulted in wider blocks with lower heights for the same number of beads per layer in the AM batch.
Cross sections (Y-Z plane) of the block structures of S Ni 7718 batches: (a) standard (b) AM.
The evaluation of the macro sections showed for the blocks from the AM batch not only many hot cracks but also a large number of lacks of fusion (Figure 19, Table 9). But these defects also occurred in the blocks of the standard batch. No internal defects were visible on the walls of S Ni 7718.
Example of unacceptable defects in S Ni 7718 blocks of AM batch, welded with ArHeHC.
Standard | AM | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ArHeHC | AeHeH | ArH | ArHeO | ArHeHC | ArHeH | ArH | ArHeO | |
No. hot crack | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 20 | 11 | 7 | 13 |
CL, μm/mm2 | 2,5 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 5,8 | 3,8 | 2,3 | 5,1 |
No. lack of fusion | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 8 |
Defects in S Ni 7718 blocks, welded with different shielding gases.
Tables 10 and 11 show the mechanical properties at room temperature of S Ni 7718 walls and blocks welded with ArHeHC.
Standard | AM | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E | [J/mm] | 147 ± 9.1 | 203 ± 5.7 | 414 ± 9.4 | 241 ± 11.1 | 115 ± 6.1 | 192 ± 13.7 | 200 ± 6.0 | 388 ± 8.9 |
UTS | [MPa] | 767 ± 10 | 765 ± 10 | 762 ± 6 | 754 ± 1 | 759 ± 11 | 775 ± 8 | 771 ± 4 | 785 ± 1 |
YS0.2 | [MPa] | 470 ± 10 | 488 ± 10 | 454 ± 4 | 464 ± 9 | 409 ± 16 | 499 ± 13 | 440 ± 15 | 439 ± 10 |
A | [%] | 42,0 ± 1.9 | 39,7 ± 6.0 | 38,9 ± 1.8 | 42,1 ± 5.7 | 39,7 ± 0.3 | 40,1 ± 0.7 | 35,5 ± 4.6 | 34,3 ± 0.2 |
HV10 | [−] | 237 ± 24 | 244 ± 17 | 245 ± 22 | 237 ± 21 | 242 ± 24 | 249 ± 17 | 247 ± 16 | 242 ± 19 |
Summary of tensile properties and hardness measurements of S Ni 7718 walls (shielding gas: ArHeHC).
UTS [MPa] | YS0.2 [MPa] | A [%] | HV10 | KV, 20°C [J] | KV, −196°C [J] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard | 792 ± 2 | 487 ± 7 | 36.1 ± 3.9 | 271 ± 19 | 88.5 ± 3.5 | 77.5 ± 2.5 |
AM | 792 ± 33 | 528 ± 14 | 23.6 ± 3.9 | 275 ± 34 | 65.0 ± 5.0 | 49.0 ± 1.5 |
Results of tensile and charpy tests as well as hardness measurements of S Ni 7718 blocks (shielding gas: ArHeHC).
If the influence of wire batch is considered independently of the geometry, the AM batch leads to a lower elongation at rupture (A) compared with the standard batch (Figure 20). The values for the 0.2% yield strength, on the other hand, behave divergently, while no significant difference occurs for the tensile strength. Considering the influence of the geometry, the blocks show a slightly higher tensile strength, 0.2% yield strength and hardness, while the elongation at rupture is significantly lower. The reasons for the higher strengths of the blocks compared with the walls are probably due to the faster cooling.
Mean values of tensile properties of S Ni 7718 walls (a) and blocks (b), welded with ArHeHC.
An influence of the shielding gases on the strength is not detectable (Table 12). The impact energy values determined scatter slightly, but a correlation with the shielding gases cannot be demonstrated (Table 13).
Standard | AM | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ArHeHC | ArHeH | ArH | ArHeO | ArHeHC | ArHeH | ArH | ArHeO | ||
UTS | [MPa] | 729 ± 5 | 731 ± 5 | 738 ± 4 | 729 ± 4 | 765 ± 6 | 753 ± 7 | 756 ± 5 | 758 ± 16 |
0.2 YS | [MPa] | 440 ± 2 | 434 ± 14 | 438 ± 9 | 410 ± 22 | 452 ± 20 | 453 ± 3 | 452 ± 20 | 445 ± 17 |
A | [%] | 39.9 ± 2.7 | 39,2 ± 2.3 | 38.2 ± 1.6 | 41.0 ± 1.4 | 39.3 ± 0.9 | 36.2 ± 1.6 | 39.4 ± 2.3 | 39.3 ± 2.3 |
HV10 | [−] | 245 ± 23 | 243 ± 17 | 248 ± 25 | 258 ± 14 | 244 ± 22 | 242 ± 17 | 247 ± 16 | 247 ± 16 |
Summary of tensile properties and hardness measurements of S Ni 7718 walls depending on shielding gas.
Standard | AM | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ArHeHC | ArHeH | ArH | ArHeO | ArHeHC | ArHeH | ArH | ArHeO | ||
HV10 | [−] | 275 ± 24 | 278 ± 25 | 282 ± 13 | 279 ± 15 | 264 ± 22 | 263 ± 26 | 266 ± 26 | 274 ± 36 |
KV, 20°C | [J] | 77.5 ± 0.5 | 80.0 ± 2.0 | 84.0 ± 0 | 81.0 ± 1.0 | 75.0 ± 0 | 68.5 ± 1.5 | 80.0 ± 2.0 | 77.0 ± 1.0 |
KV, −196°C | [J] | 63.5 ± 1.5 | 67.5 ± 1.0 | 66.0 ± 1.5 | 61.0 ± 1.0 | 62.0 ± 2.0 | 63.5 ± 0.5 | 61.5 ± 1.5 | 65.5 ± 2.5 |
Results of Charpy V tests and hardness measurements of S Ni 7718 blocks dependent on shielding gas.
For the identification of an aging effect on the deposit hardness, local hardness maps (HV0.2) were performed over 2–3 layers in the center of the walls and blocks welded with the highest heat input (Figure 21). The results of the walls show no significant changes in hardness, indicating an age hardening effect.
Hardness maps an (a) walls and (b) blocks of different wire batches of S Ni 7718.
Already on the polished cross sections of walls and blocks, a large number of irregularly distributed cubic particles are visible, which are either TiN or NbC (Figure 22). The nitrides containing a certain amount of Ti are already formed in the melt at a later stage of solidification [24].
Light microscopic images of polished walls of S Ni 7718: (a) standard (b) AM.
The Laves phase is already clearly visible in the etched sections at the light microscope at sufficiently high magnification (Figure 23).
Light microscopic images of etched walls of S Ni 7718: (a) standard (b) AM (etchant: NaOH).
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images demonstrate the precipitated phases in the microstructure of samples, such as Laves Phase and complexe NbC, Ti N-particles (Figure 24).
SEM of etched walls of S Ni 7718: (a) standard (b) AM batch.
The precipitation of these phases appeared for all walls and blocks. The brittle Laves phase is generally considered to be the major microstructural segregation constituent of welded alloy 718. Nb and Mo are enriched in the Laves phase, whereas Al, Fe, Cr, and Ni are depleted (Table 14).
Elements | Nb | Mo | Ti | Cr | Fe | Ni | Phase |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard | 21.84 ± 1.01 | 5.23 ± 0.42 | 1.63 ± 0.09 | 13.06 ± 0.42 | 12.10 ± 0.28 | 43.14 ± 1.38 | Laves |
4,42 ± 0.98 | 3,42 ± 0.34 | 1,04 ± 0.17 | 18,32 ± 0.36 | 18,0.4 ± 0.62 | 53,97 ± 0.50 | Matrix | |
AM | 22,27 ± 1.79 | 5.63 ± 0.34 | 1.62 ± 0.15 | 12.64 ± 0.17 | 13.29 ± 0.29 | 44.55 ± 0.82 | Laves |
3.93 ± 0.84 | 3.40 ± 0.24 | 0.97 ± 0.14 | 17.75 ± 0.21 | 20.60 ± 0.53 | 52.57 ± 0.66 | Matrix |
SEM with secondary electron detector on walls of S Ni 7718: (a) standard (b) AM (wt%).
The chapter shows that the part geometry and the wire composition of Alloy 718 significantly affect the hot cracking tendency in CMT-WAAM weld metal. The influence of geometry is greater in this case.
In multilayer WAAM welds using the energy-reduced CMT process, the risk of occurrence of unacceptable lack of fusion is very high despite useful calculation tools due to the narrow beads, large wetting angles, and uneven deposition in the edge areas of components.
Mechanical properties of the WAAM weld metal of both batches differ only slightly. The AM batch generates slightly higher tensile strength and yield strength, but lower elongation at rupture and notched bar impact work.
The composition of the shielding gas mixture in CMT-WAAM welding is rather redundant in terms of improved wetting behavior of molten metal. An influence on the mechanical properties is not visible.
The hardness of blocks is about 30 HV 10 higher than that of walls, probably caused by increased precipitation of the brittle and hard phases (Laves, NbC, TiN). In the solution-annealed condition, the hardness is only 200 HV10.
The precipitation of the γ″ and γ′ strengthening phases in as-welded condition was not observed. But precipitates, such as Laves, NbC, TiN, which are often described in the literature, appear in the weld metal.
The present contribution is a part of the AiF project IGF-No. 20.616 B/DVS-No. 01.3145 of the German Research Association on Welding and Allied Processes (DVS). It was kindly supported by the AiF (German Federation of Industrial Research Associations) within the program for promoting the Industrial Collective Research (IGF) of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), based on a decision by the German Bundestag.
Manuela Zinke, Stefan Burger, and Sven Juettner declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Conventional heat-transfer fluids (HTFs) such as water, ethylene glycol, oils and other fluids are typically low-efficiency heat dissipation fluids. Thermal management is a key factor in diverse applications where these fluids can be used, such as in automotive, microelectronics, energy storage, medical, and nuclear cooling among others. Furthermore, the miniaturization and high efficiency of devices in these fields demand successful heat management and energy-efficient materials. The advent of nanofluids could successfully address the low thermal efficiency of HTFs since nanofluids have shown many interesting properties, and the distinctive features offering extraordinary potential for many applications. Nanofluids are engineered by homogeneously suspending nanostructures with average sizes below 100 nm within conventional fluids. This chapter aims to focus on a detail description of the thermal transport behavior, challenges and implications that involve the development and use of HTFs under the influence of atomistic-scale structures and industrial applications. Multifunctional characteristics of these nanofluids, nanostructures variables and features are discussed in this chapter; the mechanisms that promote these effects on the improvement of nanofluids thermal transport performance and the broad range of current and future applications will be included.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"José Jaime Taha-Tijerina",authors:[{id:"182402",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Jaime",surname:"Taha-Tijerina",slug:"jose-taha-tijerina",fullName:"Jose Taha-Tijerina"}]},{id:"57228",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71002",title:"Thresholding Algorithm Optimization for Change Detection to Satellite Imagery",slug:"thresholding-algorithm-optimization-for-change-detection-to-satellite-imagery",totalDownloads:1654,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"To detect changes in satellite imagery, a supervised change detection technique was applied to Landsat images from an area in the south of México. At first, the linear regression (LR) method using the first principal component (1-PC) data, the Chi-square transformation (CST) method using first three principal component (PC-3), and tasseled cap (TC) images were applied to obtain the continuous images of change. Then, the threshold was defined by statistical parameters, and histogram secant techniques to categorize as change or unchanged the pixels. A threshold optimization iterative algorithm is proposed, based on the ground truth data and assessing the accuracy of a range of threshold values through the corresponding Kappa coefficient of concordance. Finally, to evaluate the change detection accuracy of conventional methods and the threshold optimization algorithm, 90 polygons (15,543 pixels) were sampled, categorized as real change/unchanged zones, and defined as ground truth, from the interpretation of color aerial photo slides aided by the land cover maps to obtain the omission/commission errors and the Kappa coefficient of agreement. The results show that the threshold optimization is a suitable approach that can be applied for change detection analysis.",book:{id:"6126",slug:"colorimetry-and-image-processing",title:"Colorimetry and Image Processing",fullTitle:"Colorimetry and Image Processing"},signatures:"René Vázquez-Jiménez, Rocío N. Ramos-Bernal, Raúl Romero-\nCalcerrada, Patricia Arrogante-Funes, Sulpicio Sanchez Tizapa and\nCarlos J. Novillo",authors:[{id:"213505",title:"Dr.",name:"René",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez-Jiménez",slug:"rene-vazquez-jimenez",fullName:"René Vázquez-Jiménez"},{id:"213527",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Calcerrada",slug:"raul-romero-calcerrada",fullName:"Raúl Romero-Calcerrada"},{id:"213529",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocío N.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos-Bernal",slug:"rocio-n.-ramos-bernal",fullName:"Rocío N. Ramos-Bernal"},{id:"213530",title:"MSc.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Arrogante-Funes",slug:"patricia-arrogante-funes",fullName:"Patricia Arrogante-Funes"},{id:"213531",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos J.",middleName:null,surname:"Novillo",slug:"carlos-j.-novillo",fullName:"Carlos J. Novillo"},{id:"221412",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulpicio",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Tizapa",slug:"sulpicio-sanchez-tizapa",fullName:"Sulpicio Sánchez-Tizapa"}]},{id:"61556",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74426",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics: Science, Fabrication Technology (From Cleanrooms to 3D Printing) and Their Application to Chemical Analysis by Battery-Operated Microplasmas-On-Chips",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics-science-fabrication-technology-from-cleanrooms-to-3d-printing-and-the",totalDownloads:1851,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The science and phenomena that become important when fluid-flow is confined in microfluidic channels are initially discussed. Then, technologies for channel fabrication (ranging from photolithography and chemical etching, to imprinting, and to 3D-printing) are reviewed. The reference list is extensive and (within each topic) it is arranged chronologically. Examples (with emphasis on those from the authors’ laboratory) are highlighted. Among them, they involve plasma miniaturization via microplasma formation inside micro-fluidic (and in some cases millifluidic) channels fabricated on 2D and 3D-chips. Questions addressed include: How small plasmas can be made? What defines their fundamental size-limit? How small analytical plasmas should be made? And what is their ignition voltage? The discussion then continues with the science, technology and applications of nanofluidics. The conclusions include predictions on potential future development of portable instruments employing either micro or nanofluidic channels. Such portable (or mobile) instruments are expected to be controlled by a smartphone; to have (some) energy autonomy; to employ Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning, and to have wireless connectivity for their inclusion in the Internet-of-Things (IoT). In essence, those that can be used for chemical analysis in the field for “bringing part of the lab to the sample” types of applications.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"Vassili Karanassios",authors:[{id:"60925",title:"Prof.",name:"Vassili",middleName:null,surname:"Karanassios",slug:"vassili-karanassios",fullName:"Vassili Karanassios"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53106",title:"Dynamical Particle Motions in Vortex Flows",slug:"dynamical-particle-motions-in-vortex-flows",totalDownloads:2264,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Circular vortex flows generate interesting self-organizing phenomena of particle motions, that is, particle clustering and classification phenomena. These phenomena result from interaction between vortex dynamics and relaxation of particle velocity due to drag. This chapter introduces particle clustering in stirred vessels and particle classification in Taylor vortex flow based on our previous research works. The first part of this chapter demonstrates and explains a third category of solid-liquid separation physics whereby particles spontaneously localize or cluster into small regions of fluids by taking the clustering phenomena in stirred vessels as an example. The second part of this chapter discusses particle classification phenomena due to shear-induced migration. Finally, this chapter discusses about process intensification utilizing these self-organizing phenomena of particle motions in vortex flows.",book:{id:"5370",slug:"vortex-dynamics-and-optical-vortices",title:"Vortex Dynamics and Optical Vortices",fullTitle:"Vortex Dynamics and Optical Vortices"},signatures:"Steven Wang and Naoto Ohmura",authors:[{id:"186403",title:"Prof.",name:"Naoto",middleName:null,surname:"Ohmura",slug:"naoto-ohmura",fullName:"Naoto Ohmura"},{id:"187311",title:"Dr.",name:"Steven",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"steven-wang",fullName:"Steven Wang"}]},{id:"67203",title:"Introductory Chapter: Swirling Flows and Flames",slug:"introductory-chapter-swirling-flows-and-flames",totalDownloads:1643,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"7409",slug:"swirling-flows-and-flames",title:"Swirling Flows and Flames",fullTitle:"Swirling Flows and Flames"},signatures:"Toufik Boushaki",authors:[{id:"101545",title:"Dr.",name:"Toufik",middleName:null,surname:"Boushaki",slug:"toufik-boushaki",fullName:"Toufik Boushaki"}]},{id:"53651",title:"Vortex Spinning System and Vortex Yarn Structure",slug:"vortex-spinning-system-and-vortex-yarn-structure",totalDownloads:5014,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Studying the yarn formation with the swirling air concept arouse of interest of the researchers for a long time because it appears to be easy to understand as a spinning principle. These kinds of systems are known as the vortex yarn spinning systems. The air-jet spinning methods have been developed since it is possible to eliminate the movable elements as the spindle and the traveler in ring spinning or the centrifuge in rotor spinning. The success of Murata vortex spinning (MVS) system which is the newest system after all studies of air-jet systems has been much acceptable especially for the spinning ability of 100% cotton in high speeds (500 m/min) and the yarn structure resembling ring yarn structure rather than rotor yarns. This study summarizes the historical background of vortex spinning, the spinning principle and the structure of the yarn spun on this system, as well as the factors influencing the yarn quality and finally the developments in vortex spinning technology.",book:{id:"6028",slug:"vortex-structures-in-fluid-dynamic-problems",title:"Vortex Structures in Fluid Dynamic Problems",fullTitle:"Vortex Structures in Fluid Dynamic Problems"},signatures:"Gizem Karakan Günaydin and Ali Serkan Soydan",authors:[{id:"186277",title:"Dr.",name:"Gizem",middleName:null,surname:"Karakan Günaydin",slug:"gizem-karakan-gunaydin",fullName:"Gizem Karakan Günaydin"},{id:"186607",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Serkan Soydan",slug:"ali-serkan-soydan",fullName:"Ali Serkan Soydan"}]},{id:"59009",title:"Thermal Transport and Challenges on Nanofluids Performance",slug:"thermal-transport-and-challenges-on-nanofluids-performance",totalDownloads:1724,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Progress in technology and industrial developments demands the efficient and successful energy utilization and its management in a greater extent. Conventional heat-transfer fluids (HTFs) such as water, ethylene glycol, oils and other fluids are typically low-efficiency heat dissipation fluids. Thermal management is a key factor in diverse applications where these fluids can be used, such as in automotive, microelectronics, energy storage, medical, and nuclear cooling among others. Furthermore, the miniaturization and high efficiency of devices in these fields demand successful heat management and energy-efficient materials. The advent of nanofluids could successfully address the low thermal efficiency of HTFs since nanofluids have shown many interesting properties, and the distinctive features offering extraordinary potential for many applications. Nanofluids are engineered by homogeneously suspending nanostructures with average sizes below 100 nm within conventional fluids. This chapter aims to focus on a detail description of the thermal transport behavior, challenges and implications that involve the development and use of HTFs under the influence of atomistic-scale structures and industrial applications. Multifunctional characteristics of these nanofluids, nanostructures variables and features are discussed in this chapter; the mechanisms that promote these effects on the improvement of nanofluids thermal transport performance and the broad range of current and future applications will be included.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"José Jaime Taha-Tijerina",authors:[{id:"182402",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Jaime",surname:"Taha-Tijerina",slug:"jose-taha-tijerina",fullName:"Jose Taha-Tijerina"}]},{id:"61556",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics: Science, Fabrication Technology (From Cleanrooms to 3D Printing) and Their Application to Chemical Analysis by Battery-Operated Microplasmas-On-Chips",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics-science-fabrication-technology-from-cleanrooms-to-3d-printing-and-the",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The science and phenomena that become important when fluid-flow is confined in microfluidic channels are initially discussed. Then, technologies for channel fabrication (ranging from photolithography and chemical etching, to imprinting, and to 3D-printing) are reviewed. The reference list is extensive and (within each topic) it is arranged chronologically. Examples (with emphasis on those from the authors’ laboratory) are highlighted. Among them, they involve plasma miniaturization via microplasma formation inside micro-fluidic (and in some cases millifluidic) channels fabricated on 2D and 3D-chips. Questions addressed include: How small plasmas can be made? What defines their fundamental size-limit? How small analytical plasmas should be made? And what is their ignition voltage? The discussion then continues with the science, technology and applications of nanofluidics. The conclusions include predictions on potential future development of portable instruments employing either micro or nanofluidic channels. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. 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Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"10",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Physiology",keywords:"Physiology, Comparative, Evolution, Biomolecules, Organ, Homeostasis, Anatomy, Pathology, Medical, Cell Division, Cell Signaling, Cell Growth, Cell Metabolism, Endocrine, Neuroscience, Cardiovascular, Development, Aging, Development",scope:"Physiology, the scientific study of functions and mechanisms of living systems, is an essential area of research in its own right, but also in relation to medicine and health sciences. 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Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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