Main simulation parameter set.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7668",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation",title:"Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides readers with comprehensive details on the management and measures to protect health against risks to people and environments generated by the use of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. This book is divided into three sections, namely, Radiation Protection and Measurement; Radiation Therapy; and Radioactivity. The first section covers ionizing radiation protection; population exposure to non-ionizing density; and the system of dosimetry quantities for use in emergency preparedness and response to nuclear or radiological accidents. The second section covers various planning techniques for spinal stereotactic body radiotherapy and the application of radiation technology in the development of a malaria vaccine. The third section discusses environmental radioactivity monitoring using efficient measurements and the assessment of radiation exposure to humans. Also in this section is the evaluation of the effects of chronic radiation exposure on the testes of mice after a nuclear power plant accident.",isbn:"978-1-78984-142-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-141-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-440-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77474",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"ionizing-and-non-ionizing-radiation",numberOfPages:204,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c8569365b35dd693c9979360bb34550c",bookSignature:"Otolorin Adelaja Osibote",publishedDate:"January 15th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7668.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9571,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 13th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 15th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 14th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 4th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 3rd 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"245068",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Adelaja",middleName:null,surname:"Osibote",slug:"adelaja-osibote",fullName:"Adelaja Osibote",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245068/images/system/245068.jpeg",biography:"Adelaja Osibote is a Senior Lecturer of Medical and Health Physics at the Department of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa where she teaches subjects in Physics. She graduated with a second class upper in Physics (Hons), M.Sc. in Engineering Physics (Medical & Health Physics option) and received D.Sc. in Public Health (Medical Physics) from Escola Nacional de Saude Publica, FIOCRUZ, Brazil. She authored about 50 papers in international journals and international conference proceedings. She has been involved in a number of research projects funded by her institution. She is a reviewer for several international scientific journals. Her research interest includes irradiation and radioactivity contents of some foodstuffs, dosimetry studies in diagnostic radiology, radiation protection and safety and assessment of metal contents in environmental samples.",institutionString:"Cape Peninsula University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Cape Peninsula University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1213",title:"Radiobiology",slug:"radiobiology"}],chapters:[{id:"68898",title:"Introductory Chapter: Radiation Exposure, Dose and Protection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89041",slug:"introductory-chapter-radiation-exposure-dose-and-protection",totalDownloads:695,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Otolorin Adelaja Osibote",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68898",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68898",authors:[{id:"245068",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Adelaja",surname:"Osibote",slug:"adelaja-osibote",fullName:"Adelaja Osibote"}],corrections:null},{id:"69519",title:"The Effect of Repeated Electromagnetic Fields Stimulation in Biological Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89668",slug:"the-effect-of-repeated-electromagnetic-fields-stimulation-in-biological-systems",totalDownloads:982,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The effects of electromagnetic fields on living organs have been explored with the use of both biological experimentation and computer simulations. In this paper we will examine the effects of the repeated electromagnetic field stimulation (REMFS) on cell cultures, mouse models, and computer simulations for diagnostic purposes. In our biological experiments we used 50 MHz and 64 MHz since this is approved in MRI systems. REMFS upregulated pathways that control the aging process such as proteostasis. REMFS delayed and reversed cellular senescence in mouse and human cell cultures. More recently we determined that REMFS decreases toxic protein beta amyloid levels, which is the cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), in human neuronal cultures. The mechanism of these effects is the reactivation of the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). HSF1 activation is a quantum effect of the EMF-oscillations on the water that surrounds a long non-coding RNA, allowing it to then bind and activate the HSF1. We also performed electromagnetic (EM) computer simulations of virtual prototypes of bone cancer, femur fracture, and diabetic foot ulcers utilizing different frequencies and power applications to build an accurate differential diagnosis. These applications indicate the feasibility of subsequent practical models for diagnosing and treating human diseases.",signatures:"Felipe P. Perez, James Rizkalla, Matthew Jeffers, Paul Salama, Cristina N. Perez Chumbiauca and Maher Rizkalla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69519",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69519",authors:[{id:"305863",title:"Prof.",name:"Maher",surname:"Rizkalla",slug:"maher-rizkalla",fullName:"Maher Rizkalla"},{id:"305895",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe",surname:"Perez",slug:"felipe-perez",fullName:"Felipe Perez"},{id:"305896",title:"Dr.",name:"James",surname:"Rizkalla",slug:"james-rizkalla",fullName:"James Rizkalla"},{id:"305897",title:"Mr.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Jeffers",slug:"matthew-jeffers",fullName:"Matthew Jeffers"},{id:"306009",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Salama",slug:"paul-salama",fullName:"Paul Salama"},{id:"309602",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Perez Chumbiauca",slug:"cristina-perez-chumbiauca",fullName:"Cristina Perez Chumbiauca"}],corrections:null},{id:"67590",title:"Study of Non-predictive Patterns of Non-Ionizing Radiation in the City of Salta in Argentine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84717",slug:"study-of-non-predictive-patterns-of-non-ionizing-radiation-in-the-city-of-salta-in-argentine",totalDownloads:832,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Non-ionizing radiation (NIR) is a subject of continuous debate despite having been regulated internationally and at the level of organizations in all countries. This debate is focused on the level of population exposure to non-ionizing radiation density, since there is no certain evidence of the level of safety of the values adopted ranging from 0.2 mW/cm2 to 0.2 uW/cm2 according to the regulations of each state. The radiation precisions are made with models that evolve to take into account most of the factors that can attenuate the radiation emitted from an antenna from free space to models that take reflection and diffraction as attenuation factors. However, our work deepens in a phenomenon that is verified in measurement campaigns that is one of the values that do not fit with predictive models and that, on the contrary instead of showing attenuation, have higher values than expected. This work shows the results of observation campaigns of these points and their relationship with environmental conditions, which present diverse probabilities to explain their condition.",signatures:"Mario Marcelo Figueroa de la Cruz and Roberto Daniel Breslin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67590",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67590",authors:[{id:"283207",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario Marcelo",surname:"Figueroa De La Cruz",slug:"mario-marcelo-figueroa-de-la-cruz",fullName:"Mario Marcelo Figueroa De La Cruz"},{id:"283209",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Breslin",slug:"roberto-breslin",fullName:"Roberto Breslin"}],corrections:null},{id:"67996",title:"Application of Radiation Technology: A Novel Vaccine Approach to Induce Protective Immunity against Malaria Infection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85491",slug:"application-of-radiation-technology-a-novel-vaccine-approach-to-induce-protective-immunity-against-m",totalDownloads:717,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Among the numerous infectious diseases, malaria remains a major health challenge. Despite the various approaches adopted for the vector control and availability of antimalarial drugs, the success of malaria eradication is dampened by the spread of drug and insecticide resistance, unavailability of proper diagnostic treatment and successful vaccine. Among the various approaches, vaccination with the aim of developing protective immunity is the most suited, safe and reliable approach for the entire mankind. Numerous approaches are in use for vaccine development; however, they suffer from the drawbacks that immunity developed is short lived and are both species- and stage-specific. Of late, radiation sterilization has drawn the attention in the vaccine development due to its advantages over the conventional methods, and successful clinical trials of irradiated vaccines against the pathogens and tumor. Recently, a novel approach of genetically attenuated sporozoites (PfRAS, PfSPZ, PFSPZ-GA1 sporozoites vaccines) has shown promising results by generating protective immunity against the homologous and heterogenous infection in the clinical trials. Radiation techniques have also been beneficial in controlling the insects by sterility technique. In this chapter, we have recapitulated the role of radiation biology in the malaria vaccine development with its current status and future challenges associated with the development of radiation attenuated parasite vaccine.",signatures:"Nikunj Tandel, Devang Trivedi, Aditi Mohan Krishnan and Sarat Kumar Dalai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67996",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67996",authors:[{id:"229716",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarat K.",surname:"Dalai",slug:"sarat-k.-dalai",fullName:"Sarat K. Dalai"},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel"},{id:"284233",title:"Mr.",name:"Devang",surname:"Trivedi",slug:"devang-trivedi",fullName:"Devang Trivedi"},{id:"412968",title:"Dr.",name:"Aditi Mohan",surname:"Krishnan",slug:"aditi-mohan-krishnan",fullName:"Aditi Mohan Krishnan"}],corrections:null},{id:"65022",title:"Diagnostic Imaging Safety and Protection: A Collective Interaction and Decision-Making Processes and Procedures toward an Effective Health Outcome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82844",slug:"diagnostic-imaging-safety-and-protection-a-collective-interaction-and-decision-making-processes-and-",totalDownloads:807,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter will focus on the safety and protection in utilization of radiation and nonradiation imaging modalities within a medical encounter in health institutional context. The challenges of ease of access on the one hand regarding a referral versus accessing of these imaging services. The roles and responsibilities of the diverse range of professionals in the medical encounter are in ensuring that an effective decision-making is made at each point in time. The importance of communication, coordination, collaboration, and alignment is in ensuring that the care and safety of the patient is not compromised. Thus, the chore essence of provider is patient-centered care, that is, from the point of the initiation of the referral to the outcomes of an effective medical treatment and management plan. The role of the imaging investigation and its value is outweighing the risks versus harm through these chains of events and beyond.",signatures:"Chandra R. Makanjee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65022",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65022",authors:[{id:"276683",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandra",surname:"Makanjee",slug:"chandra-makanjee",fullName:"Chandra Makanjee"}],corrections:null},{id:"65261",title:"Dosimetry for Use in Preparedness and Response to Radiological and Nuclear Emergency",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83370",slug:"dosimetry-for-use-in-preparedness-and-response-to-radiological-and-nuclear-emergency",totalDownloads:861,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lessons learned from responses to past radiological and nuclear emergencies have shown that more guidance is needed for assessing doses to those who were affected in emergency exposure situation. The chapter introduces system of dosimetric quantities for use in emergency preparedness and response to nuclear or radiological emergency, which includes RBE-weighted absorbed dose in tissue or organ for evaluation of the risk of severe deterministic effects, equivalent dose in tissue or organ for evaluation of the risk of stochastic effects, and effective dose for evaluation of the detriment due to undetectable stochastic effects. The chapter also provides internationally proved criteria for protection of individual in emergency exposure situation and framework of dose and risk assessment in an emergency. The special attention has been put on evaluation of available sources of dosimetric data needed for dose and risk assessment in an emergency.",signatures:"Vladimir Kutkov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65261",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65261",authors:[{id:"277686",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Kutkov",slug:"vladimir-kutkov",fullName:"Vladimir Kutkov"}],corrections:null},{id:"65118",title:"Spinal Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) Planning Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83515",slug:"spinal-stereotactic-body-radiotherapy-sbrt-planning-techniques",totalDownloads:1412,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) delivers a highly conformal and hypofractionated radiation dose to a small target with minimal radiation applied to the surrounding areas. The spine is an ideal site for SBRT owing to its relative immobility, the potential clinical benefits of high-dose delivery to this area, and the presence of adjacent critical structures such as the spinal cord, esophagus, and bowel. However, with the potential for radiation myelopathy if the dose is delivered inaccurately or if the spinal cord dose limit is set too high, proper treatment planning techniques for SBRT are important. Intensity modulation techniques are useful for spinal SBRT because of a rapid dose falloff and spinal cord avoidance. In this chapter, various planning techniques will be discussed and reviewed.",signatures:"Jina Kim, Yunji Seol, Hong Seok Jang and Young-Nam Kang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65118",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65118",authors:[{id:"281218",title:"Prof.",name:"Young-Nam",surname:"Kang",slug:"young-nam-kang",fullName:"Young-Nam Kang"},{id:"281221",title:"Prof.",name:"Hong Seok",surname:"Jang",slug:"hong-seok-jang",fullName:"Hong Seok Jang"},{id:"281222",title:"Prof.",name:"Jina",surname:"Kim",slug:"jina-kim",fullName:"Jina Kim"},{id:"281640",title:"MSc.",name:"Yunji",surname:"Seol",slug:"yunji-seol",fullName:"Yunji Seol"}],corrections:null},{id:"70114",title:"Monitoring of Natural Radioactivity in Drinking Water and Food with Emphasis on Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90166",slug:"monitoring-of-natural-radioactivity-in-drinking-water-and-food-with-emphasis-on-alpha-emitting-radio",totalDownloads:926,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Alpha spectrometry is an indispensable technique in the radiology lab for the analysis of natural radionuclides. While the powerful ICP/MS is used more and more for the analysis of uranium and thorium, other radionuclides, such as 226Ra, are difficult to analyze with this technique due to their very high specific activities. The following chapter is introduced by a description of the problems, which may occur when working in the ultra-trace level. A description of the commonly used extraction and enrichment techniques for alpha nuclides and a short survey of the commonly applied detection techniques are given. The main application of alpha spectrometry in our laboratory is the monitoring of tap and mineral waters. Besides water, some specific food categories, such as fish, seafood, spices or healing earths, are monitored for their content of natural radionuclides.",signatures:"Markus Zehringer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70114",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70114",authors:[{id:"311750",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus R.",surname:"Zehringer",slug:"markus-r.-zehringer",fullName:"Markus R. Zehringer"}],corrections:null},{id:"66906",title:"Analysis of Radioactive Elements in Testes of Large Japanese Field Mice Using an Electron Probe Micro-Analyser after the Fukushima Accident",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84634",slug:"analysis-of-radioactive-elements-in-testes-of-large-japanese-field-mice-using-an-electron-probe-micr",totalDownloads:933,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) accident drew global attention to the health risks of radiation exposure. The large Japanese field mice (Apodemus speciosus) are rodents endemic to, and distributed throughout, Japan. This wild rodent live in and around the ex-evacuation zone on the ground surface and/or underground. In this study, we evaluated the effect of chronic radiation exposure associated with FDNPP accident on the testes of large Japanese field mice. Morphological analysis and electron-prove X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) was undertaken on the testes. Morphological analysis of testes based on H&E staining showed that the spermatogenesis was observed normally in the breeding season of wild mice in the heavily contaminated area. However, caesium (Cs) was not detected in all testes of wild mice from FDNPP ex-evacuation zone. In conclusion, even if the testes and the process of spermatogenesis are hypersensitive to radiation, we could not detect radiation effects on the spermatogenesis and Cs in the examined large Japanese field mice testes following chronic radiation exposure associated with the FDNPP accident.",signatures:"Takuya Ohdaira, Kanna Meguro, Kazuki Komatsu, Rina Syoji, Yohei Fujishima, Valerie Swee Ting Goh, Kosuke Kasai, Kentaro Ariyoshi, Akifumi Nakata, Yusuke Urushihara, Kazuma Koarai, Yasushi Kino, Tsutomu Sekine, Masatoshi Suzuki, Atsushi Takahasi, Yoshinaka Shimizu, Hisashi Shinoda, Mitsuaki A. Yoshida, Manabu Fukumoto, Hideaki Yamashiro and Tomisato Miura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66906",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66906",authors:[{id:"280170",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideaki",surname:"Yamashiro",slug:"hideaki-yamashiro",fullName:"Hideaki Yamashiro"}],corrections:null},{id:"66165",title:"Environmental Radiation: Natural Radioactivity Monitoring",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85115",slug:"environmental-radiation-natural-radioactivity-monitoring",totalDownloads:1406,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"People are continuously exposed to ionizing radiation from many sources, including natural radioactive substances that are produced in the atmosphere and on Earth, in addition to radionuclides manufactured for various applications. Exposures vary among different places depending on many parameters. There are regions with considerably high natural background radiation while most places classified as low to medium levels. This noticeable interest pronounced worldwide is radioactivity monitoring and wide surveys by many countries. This is useful for the assessment of public as well as creating baseline if changes in the levels due to activities and practices take place. Good management of protecting the environment is to establish baseline data of high quality with efficient measurements. Natural radioactivity monitoring in view of radiation and environmental protection is presented in this chapter. It will shed the light on rapid methods describing the measurement of radionuclides and assessment of exposure to human. It presents a summary of methods of radiation dose calculations that individual may be exposed with some numerical examples. The chapter also presents methods for predicting the spatial distribution of radiological quantities using geographical information system. Environmental measurements may be costly and time-consuming practices; hence, thoughts to reduce time force itself in this chapter.",signatures:"Isam Salih Mohamed Musa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66165",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66165",authors:[{id:"284133",title:"Prof.",name:"Isam",surname:"Salih",slug:"isam-salih",fullName:"Isam Salih"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1562",title:"Current Topics in Ionizing Radiation Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b1443bb4589a4088326076be6ff30f13",slug:"current-topics-in-ionizing-radiation-research",bookSignature:"Mitsuru Nenoi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1562.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35416",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsuru",surname:"Nenoi",slug:"mitsuru-nenoi",fullName:"Mitsuru Nenoi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4604",title:"Evolution of Ionizing Radiation Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eba92f773b60df7b8d34361670fad600",slug:"evolution-of-ionizing-radiation-research",bookSignature:"Mitsuru Nenoi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4604.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35416",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitsuru",surname:"Nenoi",slug:"mitsuru-nenoi",fullName:"Mitsuru Nenoi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7373",title:"Nuclear Medicine Physics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4aaee2e9fd29a290d04e9041b003462b",slug:"nuclear-medicine-physics",bookSignature:"Aamir Shahzad and Sajid Bashir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tIn March 2022, another book on human migration seems important when the events or tragedies unfolding in Eastern Europe are considered. People have always migrated and have moved, but, specifically looking at the last three hundred years, involuntary migration is on the rise. Involuntary migration does not only affect Europe; Asia, Africa, and North as well as South America, have had their fair share of natural catastrophes, invasions, and wars.
\r\n\tThis book will intend to look at different migrant patterns, voluntary and involuntary migration, over the last three centuries. What influenced people to leave their home countries, family, and friends and settle somewhere else? The book may include histories of the 19th century, consider tragedies and movements activated by political events in the 20th century, and/or look at recent events of the 21st century. Push and pull factors are important points. While most of us may be influenced in a negative way by the current happenings in Eastern Europe, the Russian invasion and resulting tragedies also demonstrate some very positive human traits – the preparedness of Ukraine’s surrounding countries to help those in need and to provide a safe place for the present.
\r\n\tWhether one looks at voluntary or involuntary migration into any country, after a period of adjustment, migrants do play a positive role. The research found that migrants contribute to the economy (food, shelter, employment, tax) and enrich a country’s cultural norms. Prerequisites for successful settlements are that the host society adopts a tolerant approach and that the migrants recognize the law and the language of the host country. Nothing is ever easy or without controversy, but I am a migrant (German Australian), and life in Australia has been relatively harmonious. Issues that could be considered in the book are multicultural societies (do monocultural societies still exist?) and theories of acculturation versus integration (settlement processes).
\r\n\tTwo further issues are very important in relation to human migration. There is climate change, global warming, and the environment, which clearly affect people’s movement. Small island populations are very concerned about rising sea levels. 2021 has also seen floods costing human lives: Turkey (August 2021), Brazil (December 2021), Chile (January 2021), and South India (November 2021), to name but a few. In Australia (March 2022), farms and whole townships in New South Wales and Queensland have been flooded for the second time in five years, and plans to resettle these towns are considered. Official and social media provide ample coverage of the events, which leads me to the next issue. There is today’s very important role of the media, of the official and social media. We are constantly bombarded with images of human war tragedies and flood victims. People in industrialized, western countries must be the best-informed populace. How far do the images and up-to-date TV news influence us, make us change our behavior, and perhaps even consider us more generous than we have been?
\r\n\tClimate change and the media are relatively new to the human migration debate, but both issues play important parts, and some interesting discussions are appreciated.
\r\n\t
Since the start of wireless communications, concerning to the network node physical layer, there are two main types of antenna which can be used as a way to make a certain behavior on transmission/reception: omnidirectional antennas which radiates and receives equally in all directions, and directional antennas which have the capability to radiate in a specific direction. Omnidirectional approaches can be straight and detrimentally impact on spectral efficiency of the system, restricting frequency reuse [1]. These limitations force system designers and network planners to develop progressively advanced and costly remedies. Lately, the requirements of broadcast antenna technology on the quality, capacity, and coverage of wireless systems have motivated the development in the fundamental design and role of the antenna in a wireless system. In pervasive environments, such as mobile ad hoc network (MANET) or wireless sensor networks, employing an omnidirectional approach is hard and an inconvenient way to create efficient systems, because of the high burden of power of network nodes [2] that may result in destructive phenomena such as low battery depletion and interference. A single antenna may also be built to have certain fixed preferential transmission and reception directions to maximize its energy consumption in a specific direction conserving power in other directions [3]. Using directional antenna could lead to several advantages, in terms of reduction of packet delay or improvement of the overall routing process [4]. In wireless communications, when a single antenna is utilized both to the transmitter and receiver we talk about single input, single output (SISO) [5] systems. Therefore, nowadays, with regard to the latest antenna technologies, the concept of smart antenna systems has spread. SAS are intelligent systems equipped with high efficiency data processing unit. This sort of systems can boost the coverage area and the capability of a radio communication system. The coverage area is simply the area where the communication link between a mobile and the base station can be performed. The capability is a way of measuring the amount of users a system can support in certain area. A smart antenna system generally combines an antenna array with a digital signal processing capacity to transmit and receive in an adaptive, spatial manner. Quite simply, such a system can quickly change the directionality of its radiation patterns in response to its environment. This may considerably increase the performance characteristics (such as capacity) of a wireless system. The employment of SAS in wireless mobile environments allows a much more reliable medium utilization with regards to the classical omnidirectional strategy. For instance, spatial division multiple access (SDMA) attempts to raise the capacity of a system. Generally, smart antennas get into three major categories: single input, multiple output (SIMO), multiple input, single output (MISO), and multiple input, multiple output (MIMO). In SIMO technology, one antenna is used at the source, and two or more antennas are used at the destination. In MISO technology, several antennas are used at the transmitter, and one antenna is utilized at the destination. In MIMO technology, multiple antennas are used at both source and destination.
\nFigure 1 illustrates an example of SISO and MIMO systems. In the SISO case, either the transmitter or the receiver uses a single antenna for the communication process; while in the MIMO, an antenna array is employed. In literature, it has been demonstrated how the use of directional antennas and the most recent smart antenna systems (SAS) technology is capable of significantly allowing high quality of service (QoS) requirements in spite of the omnidirectional systems that foresee limited functionalities [6, 7]. However, these solutions are unlikely to satisfy the requirements for 5G wireless communication systems technology. For this purpose, the massive MIMO technology has been proposed as efficient solution for satisfying the requirements for 5G that certainly include very high antenna gain and very high data rate in order to achieve huge system performance [8, 9, 10]. The term massive, means that this kind of systems employs a large number of antenna elements (at least 50 antennas) in the hardware architecture; indeed, relating to the modern wireless networks, for achieving high communication benefits in terms of throughput, we need for a massive number of elements that is not less than 70–80 antennas [11]. This is mainly due to the fact that, theoretically, as the number of elements improves, the overall gain of the system also increases, and in fact, each single antenna element contributes to enhance the total gain. More specifically, from the antenna array theory, it is known that the overall gain is affected by the single element factor as well as the array factor, and this gain increases with the number of antenna elements. The massive MIMO are strongly recommended for beamforming environments by the most recent IEEE802.11n and IEEE802.11ac standards. Remember that we refer to a beamforming wireless network context when communications between nodes occur through the beamforming process; the beamforming is defined as the capability of a node to scan and drive the antenna beam pattern toward a certain area or a set of directions. One of the most critical aspects in wireless communication environments is represented by the fact of using an adequate network simulator that is able to well emulate and reproduce an appropriate real scenario. Unfortunately, most of the existing network simulators do not provide any support for directional and asymmetrical communications, and thus also for SAS and MIMO technology. In this field, only an extremely limited amount of network simulators allow to emulate these very complex technologies. Unfortunately, in such cases, with regard to these network simulators, the cost of the license allowing the end user to access to the 5G package modules could result very expensive [12]. In this chapter, we present a set of features extending the default functionalities provided by one of the most used open source network simulator, that is the Omnet++ simulator, with the goal to illustrate how it is possible to actualize the existing simulation instruments to be suitable also for 5G wireless network communication environments. The chapter is organized as follows: Sections 2 and 3 provide a theoretical overview about SAS and massive MIMO, respectively, while Sections 4 and 5 explain the implementation strategies in Omnet++ related in the aforementioned technologies.
\nSISO and MIMO structure example.
As mentioned, SAS are intelligent systems that allow a good SDMA processing [13, 14]; examples of SAS are: digital beamforming systems, adaptive antenna systems, phased array, and others. Smart antennas are customarily categorized, however, as either switched beam or adaptive array systems. There could be a distinction between two major categories of smart antennas in terms of the operation mode:
Switched beam antenna systems form multiple fixed beams with high sensitivity in particular directions. These antenna systems detect signal strength, choose from one of several predetermined, fixed beams, and switch from one beam to another as the mobile moves throughout an area. So, they produce a static fixed beam that could be electronically controlled. Adaptive antenna technology, instead, uses adaptive algorithm because of its ability to effectively locate and track various types of signals to dynamically minimize interference and maximize the intended signal reception. In this case, produced beam is variable and adapts itself depending on transmission channel conditions and a weight array that dynamically varies in time. In this context, the spatial structure is used to estimate the direction of arrive (DOA) or angle of arrive (AOA) by nodes. However, both systems attempt to increase gain according to the location of the user. The basic SAS operation principle can be summarized by the following figure.
\nIn Figure 2, inputs \n
SAS basic operation principle.
Massive MIMO is a rising technology that considerably enhances the basic MIMO features. The term massive MIMO is referred to the whole of systems that use antenna arrays with at least few hundred antennas, simultaneously serving multiple terminals in the same time frequency resource.
\nFigure 3 illustrates the basic operation principle of a massive MIMO; few users are served from a macrodevice (for example a rectangular array) having a large number of base stations (antennas). Generally, massive MIMO is an instrument that allows to enable the development of future broadband (fixed and mobile) networks which will satisfy special requirements in terms of energy-efficiency, security, and robustness. Structurally, a massive MIMO system consists of a group of small (relatively) antennas, supplied from an optical or electric digital bus that operates simultaneously related to a certain task. Massive MIMO, as well as the SAS systems are able to well exploit the spatial division multiple access (SDMA) allowing for an efficient resource channel utilization, both on the uplink and the downlink [18, 19]. In conventional MIMO systems, like the long-term evolution (LTE), the base station transmits waveforms depending on terminals channel response estimation, and then these responses are quantized by some processing units and sent out back to the base station. Fundamentally, this is not possible in massive MIMO systems, especially concerning high-mobility environments [20], because optimal downlink pilots should be mutually orthogonal between the antennas. Therefore, in spite of the difficult hardware and designing implementation, these systems are becoming increasingly prevalent in the modern applications due to the great benefits that could introduce; in particular, massive MIMO can increase the wireless channel capacity up to 10 times and the radiated energy-efficiency up to 100 times with respect to the traditional LTE systems. This translates into higher gains and higher performance. However, the employment of these systems entails a series of issues that should be properly considered, for example, the interferences between terminals increase as the data rate increases. Other issue is the fact that terminals consume a lot of energy during the communication process in spite of the well SDMA exploitation. Finally, the difficulty of designing a system of limited size improves proportionally with the increasing of the number of antennas in the system. For this reason, it is necessary to find a trade-off between the number of elements and the requirements. Although there exist several kinds of massive MIMO systems depending on the geometry pattern, in this chapter, only the planar massive MIMO technology is exposed. We use the term planar to indicate that the array can scan the beam along the elevation plane
Massive MIMO operation principle.
From an architectural point of view, a massive MIMO is structured depending on the geometry pattern that is able to form. There exist several design configurations that usually are function of the kind of application to which these systems are destined. Anyway, in this chapter, we consider three different types of planar antenna arrays: the uniform rectangular planar array (URPA), the hexagonal planar array (HPA), and the circular planar array (CPA). Substantially, the term uniform means that the weight parameters \n
The uniform rectangular planar array technology is the most simple planar massive MIMO configuration presenting a 2D (two-dimensional) element plane disposition. The geometry pattern, in this case, can be considered as a two-dimensional matrix within which the antenna elements are placed.
\nFigure 4 illustrates an example of massive MIMO URPA configuration. Basically, a URPA is a two-dimensional matrix filled with a certain number of antenna elements (the circles in the figure) both along the x- and y-axis; these antenna elements are equally spaced between any successive pair of elements and this spacing is usually expressed in wavelengths. If we denote the number of elements placed on the x-axis with
Massive MIMO URPA example.
where
In Eq. (2),
In the case of URPA, the array factor equation is very similar to the ULA with the only difference that is designed by considering two dimensions [15, 22]:
\nWith:
\nThe terms
Equation (6) is the generic expression of the gain valid for all antenna types and is function of the element factor and the array factor. If the antenna elements are isotropic, we have
Equation (7) also expresses the directivity of the antenna; thus, from antenna array theory, it is possible to obtain the expression which corresponds to the maximum gain in case of isotropic antenna elements [23]:
\nwhere \n
An HPA configuration usually consists of
Massive MIMO HPA example.
In case of isotropic elements, because the excitation amplitude is set to 1, the array factor can be expressed as the following expressions [24]:
\nNote that in Eq. (9), the dependence on
The geometry structure of a circular planar array is very similar to a HPA, except from the fact that the hexagonal ring is replaced by a circular ring. As assumed for the HPA, we can consider the widespread configuration having 6
Figure 6 illustrates the CPA configuration that consists of a certain number of circular rings having same center but different radius with the antenna elements placed on the circumference of each ring. Because a CPA is a particular case of the hexagonal structure, the array factor equation is quite similar to the HPA expression. In case of isotropic elements, the array factor could be expressed by the following [25, 26]:
\nMassive MIMO CPA example.
Equation (11) considers the possibility to scan the beam through the use of the term
Omnet++ [27] is a discrete event simulation environment that provides component architecture for models. Components (modules) are programmed in C++, and then assembled into larger components and models using a high-level language (NED). There are several reasons for using Omnet++ for implementing a SAS or a Massive MIMO. Firstly, it is an open source instrument allowing the reusability of models for free. Yet, it provides a full set of features and protocols especially relating to wireless network; hence, the end user developer can create new modules or extend the default models quite comfortably. Nevertheless, it provides an extremely intuitive user interface for both in developing and simulations. Unfortunately, by default, Omnet++ does not support asymmetrical communication between nodes. For enabling the simulator to support directional communications and so the SAS, some modifications on the original source code are required. Let us suppose that we aim to implement the most simple SAS technology, that is the switched beam, the first step needed is to design the module. For example, a phased array system could be implemented. In our case, we created a new directive antenna model and the relative module called
PhasedArray main parameters class definition.
The function
Figure 8 illustrates the typical
StandardHost module Omnet++ structure.
Power algorithm pseudo-code.
The
Figure 10 represents the communication process between the two parts based on a client-server paradigm. Omnet++ executes the simulation and dynamically sends the physical parameters (the power and noise in this case) related to a certain communication between couple of nodes to Matlab; Matlab executes the adaptive algorithm (the least mean algorithm in this case) based on the data received in input, computes the updated weighted vector, and sends backwards the data to Omnet++. The communication between the two parts can be easily realized by using TCP sockets.
\nCo-simulation for SAS adaptive array.
The latest release of the Omnet++ simulator (the 5.3 version), does not offer a support to asymmetrical communications and does not implement the latest IEEE802.11ac standard. More specifically, Omnet++ offers a complete support for 802.11b/g and the most recent 802.11n standard, but does not support the specifications related to the 802.11ac standard. Furthermore, these features are not sufficient for emulating the latest massive MIMO technologies in the simulator. In fact, the maximum data rate supported in the
The first step consists of the implementation of the 802.11ac standard in the physical modules of Omnet++. Basically, this process involves modifications as regards two microlayers: the
Figure 11 illustrates the structure of the
Physicallayer Omnet++ package structure.
Figure 12 represents the module block diagram related to the implementation of the VHT features for the transmitter at physical layer. Each class/module is represented by a rectangle, while the dashed-line arrows and the continued-line arrows indicate the
VHT implementation in the transmitter.
In Listing 1, the main parameters of the
Ieee80211TransmitterBase.ned definition.
In the diagram of Figure 13, it is possible to analyze the hierarchical relationships at the receiver. It is important to highlight that the error model is mainly used by the receiver rather than the transmitter. Omnet++ uses some of the error models offered from the
Error model designing at the receiver.
Listing 2 contains a part of the full code of the
Nist error model, BER computation example.
Once we modified the physical layer in order to support the specifications of the VHT standard including the error model and modulations, we designed the massive MIMO antenna modules. The antenna modules are defined in the
However, the detailed description of all kinds of antennas is beyond the scope of this chapter, which instead aims to illustrate the features of the designed massive MIMO modules.
\nListing 3 illustrates the main definition parameters of the
MassiveMIMOURPA.ned definition.
The algorithm in Figure 14 depicts the main functions of the
MassiveMIMOUHPA.cc pseudo-code.
The validation of the designed models is accomplished by illustrating some log screens related to the debug runs and by analyzing some useful statistics extracted from the simulations. The following table includes the most important simulation set parameters.
\nThe simulations have been accomplished by using 20 different seeds and extracting the confidence intervals obtained by the repetitions considering a confidence level set to 95%. The traffic is represented by user datagram protocol (UDP) data packets randomly generated (based on the simulation seed) by different couples of nodes. The number of spatial streams is set to 8. Therefore, most of the antenna parameters including the number of elements and the spacing in the system are the same used in [26], with the only exception that we also provide the beam steering angle setting. For simulations, we considered such data rates provided by the IEEE802.11ac standard in function of the number of spatial streams. In order to validate the model, the first test consists of the analysis of such run simulation logs.
\nFigure 15 represents a portion of log extracted by a randomly chosen simulation run related to the case of URPA; the result of the log is printed on the console perspective of
Portion of log extracted by simulations.
Antenna model | \nMassive MIMO URPA/HPA/CPA | \n
Network standard | \nIEEE802.11ac | \n
Num. of elements | \n90 (URPA), 91 (HPA), 91 (CPA) | \n
Steering angle | \n45° | \n
Elem. spacing | \n0.5 λ | \n
Carrier freq. | \n5 GHz | \n
Channel bandwidths [MHz] | \n20, 40, 80, 160 | \n
Data rates [Mbps] | \nfrom 57.8 to 6933.3 | \n
Traffic data type | \nUDP | \n
Sim. area size | \n500 × 500 m | \n
Sim. time | \n300 s | \n
Main simulation parameter set.
where δθ0 represents the attenuation in dB related to the steering angle with respect to the maximum gain corresponding to
For a further investigation, by using the sensor array analyzer tool provided by Matlab [29], it is possible to represent the radiation pattern plots related the designed massive MIMO URPA model. In Figure 16(a), it can be observed that the obtained gain value, achieved corresponding to the angle of 43.5949° is very consistent with the obtained gain value related to log of Figure 16. Finally, Figure 16(b) illustrates the three-dimensional polar radiation pattern of the designed model.
\nDesigned model radiation pattern: (a) Az cut rectangular plot, (b) 3D polar plot.
This chapter illustrated the most recent research works in the simulation field about SAS and planar massive MIMO 5G technologies, with the aim to make an overview about research advances accomplished in this context. In this regard, after a brief analysis, useful for providing a minimum of theoretical knowledge about these kinds of technologies and applications, the chapter illustrated some aspects of the latest related works in this area. Relative to the experimental and practical analysis, one of the most used simulation tool, that is the Omnet++ simulator, has been considered. In this respect, it has been highlighted that, by modifying the default physical operations provided by the simulator in terms of power management, modulations and channel propagation model and at the same time, by designing a proper SAS or massive MIMO antenna module, it is possible to emulate a wireless network scenario consistent with the latest 5G standard specifications. Nevertheless, it also highlighted that, for enabling the simulator to support these kinds of technologies, it is required to implement the specifications defined by the most recent IEEE standards such as the 802.11n and 802.11ac to establish an interconnection between the logical operations and the physical simulation resources.
\nTechnological advances in the areas of computing, software development, internet, internet of things, cloud computing, and several other areas that encompass the New Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) brought changes in work routines, education, and even in social relationships. The ICT concept refers mainly to processes and products related to knowledge stemming from electronics, microelectronics, and telecommunications. These technologies are characterized by being evolutionary - that is to say, they are in permanent transformation. According to [1, 2], the Information Society or Knowledge Society is a phenomenon in which different instances (social, political, cultural, educational) are mediated by technological means. This new articulation allowed the consolidation of several remote activities such as virtual work, online classes, virtual communities for the development of activities of various kinds, providing new forms of the process of generating, acquiring, retaining, and sharing knowledge, with the emergence of platforms dedicated to formal and informal teaching-learning processes in digital media. Some researchers still believe that the maturity and excellence of remote work and education processes has not yet been reached. The processes of knowledge acquisition and sharing in digital environments still present several barriers. [2] emphasizes that access to technology is not what guarantees access to the digital world, as it is necessary “to be in a position to actively participate in the collective intelligence processes that represent the main interest of cyberspace”.
The concepts of digital literacy and media literacy are also relevant, as they are defined in this work as elements linked to the use of ICT that enable the construction and sharing of knowledge. As defined by Livingstone [3], the concept of media literacy is a set of basic and advanced skills relating individual skills to social practices, crossing the border between formal and informal knowledge. For [4], the literacy is conditioned to the process of access to information, its critical understanding, and the production of new knowledge from this process, since they consider that “the critical dimension of literacy is the basis to ensure that participants can not only act in a practice and build a meaning within it, but can transform and actively produce it in various ways”. Thus, digital literacy is related to different competencies that allow network users to access information on multiplatform, to critically and strategically evaluate it, and to use it for different purposes, from the acquisition process to sharing said knowledge, thus reaching the objectives sought.
Starting from the ICTs, the concepts of digital and media literacy, and the processes of knowledge sharing in LMS, we enter into the contemporary proposals of the use of gamification for the development and consumption of teaching-learning platforms and contents. From this introduction, the chapter structure presents the methodology used, the gamification relationships with accessible LMS, the use of Design Thinking as a model for building the gamification process, the importance of developing accessible LMS, strategies for the development of accessible platforms from gamification and design thinking, and the conclusions and proposals of future works.
The research methodology adopted was qualitative, with an exploratory and descriptive study approach. According to [5, 6], through the qualitative method, one seeks in the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, paradigms that can validate the observations and considerations regarding the research. [5] also points out that during the process, the researcher immerses themselves in the environment in which the research is being developed to relate their object of research to the study environment, drawing the conclusions in relation to the initial proposal.
The bibliographic review was carried out in books, articles, journals, dissertations, and theses, and with research also supported in scientific databases. The themes cut out for this first filter were the search for works that brought approaches related to objects of learning, gamification, design thinking, and accessibility on the web.
Then, we sought to filter the results of the first research with the scope of developing education platforms, accessibility, and possible gamified approaches. As an exploratory study, we sought to use the collection of information and studies from the bibliographic review, identifying the possibilities of applying gamification and design thinking in the development of accessible LMS, aiming to list steps to develop an accessible LMS with gamified resources for visually and hearing-impaired people, and the proposal to use design thinking and also gamification for organizing the flow of production and development of LMS, exploring gamification with a focus on accessibility tools, stimulating their implementation since the beginning of the project. Combined with the exploratory and descriptive study, Design Science Research - DSR precepts were adopted. The method is based on Design Science and was chosen for bringing an iterative construction proposal according to the prototyping, construction, and product evaluation processes.
The Design Science methodology seeks a scientific or technological gain from a raised problem. Technological research points to the design of an artifact to solve the problem and/or contribute to the area through gains in the field of research. But in addition to building a product, model, artifact, method, instance, it is essential to advance the theory and that the knowledge produced is disseminated in academic bodies and in the area in question, so that it can spread the dissemination of the knowledge produced to researchers, scientists, professionals and/or users in the research area, in order to guide them in solving problems. The choice of DSR is justified because, according to [7] the method “underlies and operationalizes the conduct of research when the objective to be achieved is an object or prescription”.
Under the DSR’s precepts, the path outlined in the research used the following DSR steps:
Problem identification;
Awareness of the problem,
Literature review;
Identification of artifacts and configuration of problem classes;
Proposition of artifacts to solve the problem.
As mentioned, the DSR methodological scope was not applied in full, as the following steps (artifact design and artifact development); evaluation of the artifact; clarification of learning) will be applied in future steps, as we present in this chapter the scope of the research project and artifact proposal.
The initial steps of the research are presented here due to their relevance to the particular discussions regarding the artifact, which according to [8], is the organization of the components of the internal environment to achieve objectives in a given external environment.
Figure 1 shows how the design of an artifact should consider the different layers of the artifact’s development process:
Layers of the artifact development process: Adapted from [
Thus, artifacts are built to seek a solution in a given class of problems. According to [8], before starting the design or development of an artifact, it is necessary to consult what exists about this artifact in the scientific bases as well as its application in real environments. With this, it is possible to ensure greater assertiveness of the researcher when proposing the artifacts that can solve a given problem situation. Once a possible artifact solution is chosen, the researcher must take care of the development of the artifact itself. From the DSR, this research presents the DSR as a basis for the research, development and testing of the artifact, also associating the steps of design thinking with the method.
Gamification is presented in this research as a tool to enhance learning in accessible LMS, as well as to stimulate the development of accessibility tools by developers. For [9], the resource can help in the enrichment of educational experiences, as a way in which the student recognizes and responds through a differentiated use experience, very close to the experience he has in the simple act of playing. The term gamification was used for the first time in the early 2000s, but it was not noticed as something that deserved the attention of the industry. As of 2010, its use began to be observed in a series of conferences and events of great public in the world [10]. According to [9], the use of game design elements outside the context of games is called gamification. [11] see in gamification a possibility of creating “learning spaces mediated by challenge, pleasure, and entertainment”. [12] defend the use of gamification in education, suggesting that the use of game mechanics in the learning process increases the commitment of users, making activities more attractive and captivating. Based on the authors, it is pointed out that in addition to the proven benefits to the target audience, also proposing that the development of software with game elements can bring benefits to the final product, as the developers are also experiencing the user experience process by following a gamified dynamic.
Gamification appears as a possibility of education in which the barriers of time and space can be broken with the use of appropriate technologies. However, changes in the behavior of the subjects involved in the teaching and learning process are necessary so that demotivation does not occur and the main focus, which is education, is not lost. [13] present several characteristics and recommendations for the use of gamification in learning objects, among which we can mention the use of challenges, the possibility of teamwork, self-motivation, and the construction of social bonds. [14] bring other essential characteristics: the goal of the game, the well-defined rules, the feedback system, and voluntary participation.
For [15], gamification is formed by four principles - the basis, mechanics, esthetics, and thinking as in a game:
the foundation of games is the creation of an environment or system in which people want to invest their cognition, time, and energy. Basically, it seeks to favor the engagement of individuals in abstract challenges defined by rules that have interactivity and feedbacks that result in quantifiable responses, culminating emotional reactions;
mechanics are crucial blocks of rules used in the gamification process. Mechanics alone are not enough to transform a given experience into an engaged one, but they contribute to it;
esthetics corresponds to the look and feel of experience, essential elements in the gamification process. It encompasses how the experience is esthetically perceived by the individual;
thinking as in a game is the most important attribute in the gamification process - It corresponds to the idea and thought of converting a boring or monotonous task into a motivating activity, applying elements such as: competition, exploration, cooperation, and narrative. It becomes a virtual facts manager that promotes insights into real-world operations.
The development of platforms, LMS and other content flows related to knowledge has been increasingly developed through gamification. Among the justifications for its use, [16] points out that the challenges present in the games are invitations to the adventure of knowledge and to a dynamic learning experience within the work and education processes.
In relation to the learning mobilized in gamified LMS, for Piaget, errors mobilize learning because they allow reflection to solve problems. The immersion process of students within the LMS is enhanced by the gamification process and the experience can even articulate interactions and collective missions between students, providing the construction of knowledge shared through the Human Computer Interaction – HIC - process. This correlation indicates the associative potential of the gamification process with learning objects in classroom or distance education. The process uses an articulation of knowledge through an initial base, challenges to promote acquisition and sharing, missions that allow and enable learning from mistakes and the achievement of objectives, culminating in performance feedback and the advancement of levels, with benefits and prizes.
According to [17], “the evolution from
Analyzing the use of the Design Thinking approach to education and the gamification process, we can see the possibility of applying some of the concepts proposed by [18] such as empathy, prototyping, and design of experiences. In this perspective, the gamification process based on design thinking must work with the construction of a platform and its contents using steps like discovery, interpretation, ideation, experimentation, and evolution.
As [19] point out, this type of development must be collaborative and integrated, with group-oriented actions, collective participation in decision-making, self-regulating coordination, systemically organized thinking, and by building relationships through empathy.
Design thinking associated with gamification seeks to optimize products by matching human needs with available technical resources and considering the practical constraints of the projects. Thus, in the development of gamified platforms under the precepts of design thinking, the teacher and the team of developers carry out an intense investigation of how the platform and its contents meet the needs of students, as well as how to create added value for students who use it. To [20] the design thinking process is essentially centered on the human being who emphasizes observation, collaboration, rapid learning, visualization of ideas, rapid construction of prototypes, learning from failures, allowing a project to be validated more effectively and with public feedback.
This project model used in gamification in education contributes to the development of platforms closer to the needs of students, since, according to [21], agents are organized based on behaviors derived from mental models, focused on insights, observation and empathy, linked to other concepts of design thinking such as collaboration, creation, experimentation, and prototyping. From the initial ideas, one can use premises and hypotheses developed from the students’ experiences, bringing to their content the insights; the “collaboration” process with the multidisciplinary team; the creation of prototypes in a simplistic and objective way, and experimentation of prototypes with students to collect feedback on inconsistencies and errors, redefining the product.
This process should always be guided by the student’s needs, raised at the beginning of the project and the premises of knowledge construction through game strategies that, according to [22] mobilizes students to interact with the gamified environment receiving immediate feedback of their actions, being able to interpret their choices according to their goals. When they continuously repeat this cycle (action-feedback-interpretation) it allows players to gradually develop their cognitive abilities. Combined with design thinking, gamification allows developers and users to benefit from these processes, allowing LMS to be thought of since its development with triggers to stimulate immersion and the “Flow State”, defined as “an activity carried out without the expectation of any future benefit, but simply because doing it is the reward itself” [22]. Figure 2 shows the flow path:
Diagram showing the path for the flow state (source: Adapted from Csikszentmihalyi for authors, p. 74).
The Theory of Flow by Csikszentmihalyi presents how some experiences can take its participant to a Flow state. Mihaly created the autotelic experience model, considered “a self-sufficient activity, carried out without the expectation of any future benefit, but simply because doing it is the reward itself” [22]. With the proposal to develop an accessible LMS with gamification we intend to promote this flow from A1 to A4, promoting students and developers of different profiles to rise from their challenges occurring according to their ability (A1). When starting the path, the Flow state is suggested, but this soon turns into boredom (A2), as the skills have already increased and no longer correspond to the initial challenge. But as soon as a new challenge is proposed, the feeling becomes anxiety (A3), since now the person intends to overcome this new challenge and reach the Flow state (A4) again. According to [23] the individual reaches their Flow state in two moments: A1 and A4, which are equally pleasant. What differs these times is the level of skill acquired, because upon reaching the full Flow state the individual realizes that his skill corresponds to the level of the challenge proposed, transforming motivation into stimulus.
In the article “Flow in games (and everything else)”, [24] it is pointed out that Csikszentmihalyi’s research and personal observations identified eight major components of Flow that can be associated with the gamification process: challenging activity requiring skill; a merging of action and awareness; clear goals; direct, immediate feedback; concentration on the task at hand; a sense of control; loss of self-consciousness; an altered sense of time. In addition to platforms that allow dynamic knowledge, that encourage and mobilize students to learn, exchange experiences, and share knowledge, it is also important to think about the experience of the different users who can use the platforms. In this context, in addition to the development of the platform and its contents and dynamics, the accessibility of disabled people must also be taken into account, following the accessibility guidelines from the beginning of the project to allow any user to have access to the available content.
People with any type of disability have always lived on the margins of society for centuries. According to [23], the history of prejudice has always been present and many people have been placed on the margins of society because they have some type of disability. The search for inclusion begins to occur mainly in the post-1960s period, as a result of the struggle of organizations working to defend the rights of disabled people. Through innumerable guidelines, regulations and norms carried out, actions emerge that mobilize the path of social inclusion. In the search for rights, a very important motto for disabled people arises: “Nothing About Us Without Us”. According to [25], the motto communicates the idea that no policy or decision regarding the rights of disabled people without the full and direct participation of the members of the group affected by this policy. The author also points out that in the words of the disabled person, there would be the understanding that “no matter how good the intentions of non-disabled people, public agencies, companies, social institutions or society in general, we no longer accept to receive results forged against us, even for our benefit.”
Ref. [25] also points out that inclusion is necessary, as it cannot be seen as a utopia, but a possibility before the eyes against prejudices and masked forms of exclusion. It is not possible to think about inclusion without fighting the processes of exclusion inherent in life in society.
In this research, we propose the development of accessible environments based on the recommendations made by groups such as the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and Global Learning Consortium (GLC), including Web Accessibility Initiative - World Wide Web Consortium (WAI-W3C), IMS GLC - Accessibility Guidelines (IMS GLC-ACC) and Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) and [26] proposal, in which he proposed based on the web accessibility guidelines, on universal design and their possibilities to promote inclusion in Learning Objects accessible to people with visual impairments and people with hearing impairments. According to the researcher, to promote accessibility in digital content, varied media such as texts, audio, videos, animated images, static images, etc. should be used. The guidelines created provide recommendations for making media elements accessible by making alternative media available.
According to [26] alternative media are alternative content which function as an extension of equivalent content and are provided in different ways, but with the same ultimate learning objective. Alternative texts can be considered alternative texts; textual transcription of the video; extended audio description; audio description synchronized with the video; subtitles or captions for sounds; sign language interpretation for sounds. Equivalent media, on the other hand, are content identical to each other, but provided in a different mode, for example, a text available in the LMS and the same text associated with a file for printing in Braille.
But in addition to the recommendations of the W3C and GLC groups - categorization of menus and submenus and high-contrast, for example, the researcher also proposed as alternative media to ensure accessibility the use of resources that must be available to be activated in digital environments such as printing Braille text, audio description, sign language, subtitles for the deaf and people with hearing loss.
The general organization of the media and the alternatives required to ensure accessibility of the content must be thought of from the initial design of an LMS, promoting the native development of the environment to ensure accessibility. Using the proposed by [26], this research makes an initial cut for the development of accessibility in LMS for people with visual impairment and people with hearing impairment, presenting some peculiarities in the next items.
For educators, the concern with blindness focuses on the necessary and appropriate conditions for satisfactory development and learning. The moment in which blindness occurs is also important. For [27] “the person who is born blind, who establishes his object relations, structures his ego, and organizes all of his cognitive structure from hearing, touch, kinesthesia, smell, and taste, differs from someone who loses their vision after their development has already occurred”. This distinction is made because the perceptions constructed by those who have had visual acuity are imagery.
The references of those who were born blind - or became blind until the age of 5 - are built and centered in other senses, having a different perception of the world in relation to those who have low vision or acquired blindness. Thus, this relationship with the imagery world is compromised but this does not mean the loss of their ability to understand. Researchers start to emphasize the disabled person as a social being in which, their marginalization in relation to the world deprives them of a development of the senses. [28] brought this reflection in relation to the construction of identity, pointing out that blindness is not a defect, a lack, a weakness, but in some sense, it is also the origin of a new manifestation of skills, an additional, a strength - however strange and paradoxical that this idea may seem. The researcher starts to interpret the lack of a sense - the vision - as a means of linking a process of improvement of the other cognitions, in which they start to develop and refine the touch, smell, and hearing to compensate for the loss of vision. In relation to learning, [29] point out that the individuality of each person, in a more latent way for the visually impaired due to their lack or reduced vision, makes the learning processing mode also present specific characteristics, combining remaining sensory information for the mental construction of space. The researchers reinforce the value of language and the social experience it provides among people with sight loss and people with vision. Through language, the visually impaired individual is able to approach the culture and context of the person with vision.
Thus, it is essential that the materials available on the internet and in VLE have alternative media resources (such as text resources with larger sources or audio description, for example) to provide access and mediation to language and knowledge. As previously mentioned, the process of knowing and relating to the world goes through the process of language acquisition and mastery that can be of an oral, written, visual, and gestural nature, mediated by different cognitive senses.
Hearing loss is expressed by the reduction or absence of the ability to perceive sounds. According to [30] it can be understood as a type of sensory deprivation whose common symptom is an abnormal reaction to the sound stimulus, expressing the hearing loss through deafness or low hearing. For [31], deafness is called the decrease in the capacity of normal perception of sounds, and is considered as being deaf the person whose hearing is not functional in ordinary life. Many people develop hearing problems throughout their lives, due to accidents or illness.
By having their capacity for sound perception reduced, the person with hearing loss has difficulty understanding the language used through orality - which has its expressive mark in the sound expression, in synchrony with the gestural. [32], define that it is through language that human beings establish communication with others around them, thus allowing the production of new knowledge. When sensory factors (such as hearing loss, for example) prevent oral language from being established, new forms of linguistic manifestation begin to emerge, such as visual and sign language, which allows the deaf person to have a new possibility of contact with the world, because the insertion of a deaf person in the digital environment faces the same challenges already experienced throughout their history. If, on the one hand, the standards established by WCAG 2.0 favor the accessibility of disabled people in the web environment, on the other hand, the question of language remains the obstacle that separates the deaf from their first language.
It can be seen that although there are different definitions and categorizations for hearing loss, it should be understood here that promoting accessibility on the web and VLE for people with any type of hearing loss, regardless of the language it expresses, is a step to reduce exclusion.
Another important point is the relationship of language built in these environments and their adaptations to promote accessibility. [33] point out that research related to didactic content for people with hearing loss in virtual environments points out the need to adapt short texts, reduce difficult vocabulary, use images to introduce a concept, use -when necessary- video with a Brazilian Sign Language interpreter, videos with sizes suitable for visualization of sign language and lip reading, adequate presentation speed, clear navigation.
When thinking about the precepts of web accessibility, we bring the concept of universal design, which, according to [34], is defined as a product, a physical environment or information, which must be accessed, understood, and used without the need for adaptation, modification or use of specialized solutions by anyone, regardless of their skills or disabilities. For an accessible LMS, the validation of the Universal Design concept only occurs when people with any type of disability or restrictions can have access to a product, physical environment or information.
Regarding the web, some sites are already looking to make adaptations for accessibility, but there is still much to be done. The WCAG guide and the W3C web “Accessibility Booklet” present the main idea contained in the Universal Design that the projected world should adapt as best as possible to all people, instead of requiring a great effort to adapt. However, most websites and LMS available on the Internet do not yet have accessible resources such as audio description, subtitles and sign language translation. Thus, the use of Universal Design means a big step towards an increasingly more inclusive world, which adapts to the different skills and needs of people, with less individual adaptive effort.
For the development of accessible education and learning platforms, let us start with the theoretical framework related to the development of computer systems. According to [35], quality in Software Engineering must be directed taking into account three aspects: product quality, quality of the development process and quality of the development team. [35, 36] consider that the processes used to develop the software are directly linked to the quality of the product. Regarding development standards and quality, [37] considers that it is not uncommon for software development companies to deliver their products with features that were not requested by users, with delays in the schedule and low quality of the final product. Some processes are indicated by the authors, which show that many organizations that have adopted agile methodologies for software development has several benefits as result: more satisfied customers, better rates of return on investment, reduced development costs, faster results, among others.
Associated with agile methodologies, gamification and design thinking can be used to produce environments with accessibility.
For [38], one of the main objectives of agile software development is to develop the software more quickly and with quality through a series of iterations (short periods of time) that are feasible in terms of cost and time. Each iteration produces a version of the software bringing business value to the customer in a way that ensures that the defined requirements have been implemented.
Unlike traditional software development methods, agile methods are marked for being more collaborative and for encouraging team interaction through constant communication [39]. For [40], “We are discovering better ways to develop software by doing it ourselves and helping others to do it. Through this work, we started to value individuals and interaction between them more than processes and tools; Software in operation more than comprehensive documentation; Collaboration with the client more than contract negotiation; Responding to change rather than following a plan.” The ‘Agile Manifesto’ does not reject processes and tools, documentation, contract negotiation, or planning, but it simply shows that they are of secondary importance when compared to individuals and interactions, with the software being executable, with customer collaboration and quick responses to changes and changes.
Based on what was proposed by [41], the use of design thinking for the process of developing accessible platforms is possible through the organization of multidisciplinary teams, with research teams from the design areas; programming; communication and accessibility specialist consultants. Starting from Theory of Flow, it was listed which premises could be followed in the stages of Empath, Definition, and Ideation, correlating to these processes the concepts of gamification and the accessibility guidelines in education platforms, as shown inFigure 3.
Correlation between the theories presented and the empath, definition, and ideation steps. Source: from the authors.
The figure presented in the research “Gamification in Education Through Design Thinking” presents the confluence and the different definitions of the theory of flow, design thinking, gamification, and accessibility in the phases of empathy/discovery; definition, and ideation of design thinking.
In relation to the method, Design Thinking is associated with the Design Science Research method (see Figure 1), with confluent steps in which empathy, definition are associated with “Space of Design” of the DSR, listing requirements and possible solutions to problems and ideation, is associated with the layers of the artifact under construction, presenting the viability, utility and representation of the artifact. The prototype and testing steps are also related to the DSR with the construction of the artifact; and use of the artifact with pilot instantiation and clearance of the artifact.
This research does not include the Prototype and Tests phases, as they are subsequent steps for the construction of the prototype based on the concepts presented.
In software development, it is also possible to use gamification to promote the encouragement of fulfilling the stages in the processes of agile methodologies. It can be organized through groups of hierarchical and partially ordered challenges that must be overcome, with a developer or a team of developers who need to have various skills, different knowledge and organization of workflows. This concept is directly related to the steps of design thinking presented above; the game mechanics present in gamification and the different stages and sprints present in agile methodologies.
This set of characteristics can be organized so that they can learn new skills and knowledge, combine them to overcome challenges during development and be rewarded with effective completion after each stage of the journey, whether they get rewards or not, depending on success or failure, respectively.
The design thinking methodology applied to the project follows the definition of Bootcamp Bootleg by [42]. The approach proposed by [42] is divided into five phases: empathy (user-centered process, to immerse, engage and observe the problem); definition (makes a synthesis, presents a focus of the problem or point of view); ideation (generation of ideas, exploration of solutions); prototyping (producing ideas in a more real context, bringing material character); tests (to redefine solutions and put the prototype in contact with people).
Based on the categorization made by [44], associated with that proposed by [45, 46], we can list similarities between the two approaches. Table 1 shows how the concepts can be related by these categories.
Based on the above, engagement is sought based on the application of the precepts of implementing accessibility for people with vision and hearing disabilities in the programming phases, based on accessibility guidelines, to ensure inclusive access for anyone in online environments through friendly and intuitive interfaces.
This step is already a first challenge, as there are still no recommendations or accessibility guidelines for LMS.
Developers should follow the recommendations made by groups such as the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and Global Learning Consortium (GLC), including Web Accessibility Initiative - World Wide Web Consortium (WAI-W3C)1, IMS GLC - Accessibility Guidelines (IMS GLC- ACC)2 and Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA)3), which are institutions that created parameters of accessibility in websites and virtual environments, of which they are the bases for the development for this research, because currently they are the ones that determine the guidelines of web accessibility, being the basis of the proposal for the recommendations presented for the proposal for the development of accessible LMS.
In relation to the visually impaired person, in order to browse the websites/web systems, these people make use of assistive technologies, categorized as screen reader software, whose function is to interpret the page code and reproduce by audio through a speech synthesizer. However, the interaction of screen readers on websites will only work properly if certain coding standards are applied in the development, established in the International Web Accessibility Guidelines, which were developed by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI), an organ created by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). Among these initiatives, the WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) and the WAI-ARIA (Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications) guidelines will be highlighted, a standard created to make dynamic content and applications more accessible, which together with HTML, guarantee a navigation with accessibility for screen reader users.
When a website is not developed thinking about the access of people with vision disabilities, users of assistive technologies of screen readers not following the international standards mentioned may present several accessibility barriers that will hinder or even prevent access to the functionalities for a great number of people. Hearing impaired people, on the other hand, need resources such as the interpretation of texts in sign language and the use of subtitles for the deaf and people with hearing loss.
With the use of recommendations, WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines), and WAI-ARIA, and, with the production of audio description resources, self-contrast, subtitles for the deaf and people with hearing loss and sign language, it is sought that developers are encouraged to develop these steps with gamified strategies.
From what was proposed, it is then presented what are the strategies for the development of an LMS based on gamification strategies. In the case of this study, the use of challenges is suggested, with the availability of a ranking of scores, as well as the use of badges as trophies, for example.
For the application of the elements of gamification in the design steps aligned with design thinking and accessibility, the steps follow the criteria of scoring and badges present in the gamification mechanics. The main strategy of gamification of the developed learning object occurs through the appropriation of the reward system of conventional games where the player earns points for each development task performed in the correct period and with proposals for solving the problems that arose during the execution.
Scoring rewards are awarded after the completion of each sprint or troubleshooting presented. Also, a forum is proposed between the development teams so that doubts can be exposed to the teams and solutions proposals are sent.
It is therefore suggested that gamification from the rewards system be used for planning the development of the platform in all its phases, from presentation and training in the language chosen for the development to the identification of the system requirements, the test scenarios, prototyping, system modeling, implementation, testing and deployment, delimited by the phases of design thinking and Design Science Research.
The scoring system follows that specified in Table 2.
Concepts of [44] | Concepts of [45, 46] | |
---|---|---|
Feedback | Time that the user takes to dominate the game or perform a certain task | Pleasant productivity, the players see applied efforts and energies achieving the desired results |
Social | Socialization- interaction between the system and users; and duty - the system’s and the generated social relations’ capacity of creating and accepting the user’s emotional investment | Generation of the possibility of working cooperatively, in teams and groups in order to solve problems / Construction of stronger social relationships through emotional bonds |
Competition | Self-competition and effort to overcome the results | Pursuit of self-motivation to remain in the activity (intrinsic motivation) |
Progression | The system’s capacity of providing persistence to the user | Activities created with challenges that can be overcome |
Mechanics | Pleasure that the user finds in the game | Epic meaning of achieving something expected |
Context | Context of the system’s actions | _________________________ |
Activity | Points earned |
---|---|
Complete a step or sprint | 100 points |
Solve a problem | 100 points + trophy |
Post a reply on the forum | 50 points |
Scoring system for gamified development.
For [47] this type of strategy is known in the world of conventional games as badges and consists of an element that integrates reward at the same time. For the author, using badges is equivalent to a process of defining, seeking, and achieving goals and objectives, which increases performance in three ways: increasing the level of expectations regarding the result of the process, which leads the participant to increase his performance; defining clear goals which facilitates self-assessment during the process; and increasing satisfaction from meeting the target. Corroborating with this, in an experiment carried out with students through a virtual learning environment, [48] found an improvement in the results of practical activities through the adoption of gamification strategies with the use of badges.
With the adoption of this system of rewards, what is intended is to use gamification, as raised in the literature, to increase motivation and engagement in activities. In addition to these positive reinforcements materialized through points and trophies, the strategies developed also aim to mitigate negative reinforcements and frustration. In the case of scoring, it works as a personal motivation for development teams to seek to beat their records.
Likewise, winning trophies when correctly completing a step or solving problems generates a reward.
The score ranking serves to encourage developers to achieve leadership, as well as direct their efforts from their greatest qualities. The ranking itself is not just a query tool, but an agent that mobilizes engaged developers to seek to be in good positions on the table. In each of the steps, the following types of punctuation are defined:
User score for each week
Final user score for each sprint
Scoring teams for each week
Final team score for each sprint
Punctuation for forum responses
Trophies will be awarded for specific tasks and achievements, which are strategic for the progress of the project. In this project, they are similar to the reward systems of conventional games and are triggers for interaction, collective work and team engagement, and participation in problem solving. The trophies will be made available for:
The team with the highest score in each step
The developer who solves problems during the process
Presentation of the importance of accessibility in LMS - This process is user-centered to immerse, engage, and observe the problem. Regarding the gamification requirements, we have an emphasis on the social and mechanic requirements of the games, presenting the work of the multidisciplinary team being carried out through the concepts of Design Thinking, seeking a direct relationship with the issue of empathy for a product to be closely related to a social issue, in which users can, through the system, promote relationships of socialization and interaction, triggering the phases of competition and progression also in the product development process. Here, the work in cooperation is also directed, in teams and groups, to solve problems, mobilizing the construction of social bonds and stronger relationships through affective bonds. The mechanics, on the other hand, are directed towards the construction of the gamified LMS based on the generated relational situations.
The association with accessibility in this phase, however, occurs with studies directed to dynamics used in gamified LMS that, from the phases of a merging of action and awareness and concentration on the task at hand; Social and Mechanical, and Accessibility Strategies and Universal Design;
Presentation of the concepts of accessibility, the accessibility guidelines, and case studies - This step makes a synthesis and presents a focus of the problem or point of view. For gamification requirements in this step, we have an emphasis on feedback from the empathy step, with a focus on different skills and a framework of prior knowledge. Thus, feedback related to the time when the user performs a certain task is essential, as well as the feedback regarding mistakes and successes. In the validation phase, this process must be mapped so that it continues and manages to feel the satisfaction of meeting the challenges. With this, the process of progression occurs;
Progression: In order for it to remain stimulated to develop accessibility in the LMS, its goals and actions must be clarified and what are the key points for it to be able to fulfill them. It is suggested to work in the team, with personalized progression according to the profile of the developer or the team, in which the goals are set according to the profile presented. Another possibility is for the developer or team to define their tracks and challenges, directing actions and goals according to their abilities and skills.
Competition: It was decided to seek in the definition step the possibility of, in addition to self-competition, also bringing collective challenges. This feature should be explored, but in a very reflective way in learning environments. Promoting competition in gamification is one of the engines that generates the process of immersion and resumption. As previously mentioned, the scores and trophies in the steps can increase engagement.
Accessibility: Emphasized points: sign language, subtitles, environment architecture for screen readers, and audio description. For accessibility, it is the moment, from the studies and the project proposal stimuli that came with gamification, to elaborate the framework of possibilities for the proposal of an LMS following the IMS-GLC and W3C-WCAG and WAI-ARIA guidelines with accessibility features such as sign language, subtitles, environment architecture for screen readers, and audio description.
In the ideation, all the information and data obtained during the immersion are gathered and it is time to sit down with everyone involved and devise the possible solutions. It is essential to take into account the point of view of each of the participants at this time, also realizing the various possibilities for the development of the accessible LMS. In this step, the ideas most voted by the team can be scored, with the score and trophies for developers and teams. It is worth remembering that the concepts presented must be articulated so that people with vision or hearing disabilities can explore them. Thus, it defines the importance of using what [4] defines as alternative media that, with studies for the execution of sign language resources and subtitles for people with hearing impairment, and organization of the Virtual Environment architecture according to with the guidelines of IMS-GLC and W3C-WCAG and WAI-ARIA, to be accessed by screen readers, in addition to the audio description feature of videos and images. It is the phase of generating ideas, exploring solutions to define teams and development steps.
As the proposal places LMS accessibility as the main element, in each step the scores must be articulated in relation to the development of accessibility requirements such as:
Organization of navigation elements on the website with the correct semantic structure of HTML provided by WCAG:
Use of headers hierarchically
Objective description in links
Forms developed with labels, differentiated color, HTML fieldset and legend tags, description of the buttons,
Accessible images
Keyboard access
Page titles
Modal window
Insertion of sign language window in the platform texts, videos, audios, podcasts and audiovisual resources.
Inserting subtitles for deaf people and people with hearing loss in videos, podcasts and music
Description of images, Audio description of videos;
High contrast of images and platform.
It is also important to note that when developing a project that contemplates accessibility, it is worth noting the available options such as CMS, frameworks, and libraries. Many of the aforementioned options already have resources in their code to assist in development in compliance with international accessibility standards, providing guidance and information in the respective documentation. We can mention some as “Bootstrap”, “React”, “Angular”, “Wordpress”, “Moodle”, among others. Based on what was discussed above, it is suggested that the entire production flow of an LMS and its tools have a gamified strategy for product development teams.
As previously presented, the next steps (Prototype and Tests) will not be presented, as they will be the scope for the development of accessible and gamified LMS, and will be described in future works.
The research develops the proposal for software development actions so that gamified LMS can be designed and programmed through design thinking, having gamified resources in the development process, encouraging the use of WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) accessibility guidelines and WAI-ARIA (Web Accessibility Initiative - Accessible Rich Internet Applications).
From the bibliographic survey and the steps described in Design Science Research and Design Thinking, and the search for accessible and gamified platforms, requirements were raised for a first gamified development experience of an accessible LMS. With the initial questions of this research, a proposal for prior planning is presented so that these platforms and their media - videos, texts, audios, and games contain accessibility resources and allow the disabled public to experience the same processes as those who do not have deficiency. As a way to streamline the workflow and incorporate game elements from the initial design, gamification and design thinking are used as part of the work methodology of the development teams.
The goal is to promote an immersive and gamified experience from the beginning of an LMS project, placing the development team itself in the midst of UXm stimulated by the theory of Flow for the production of the platform and its accessibility features. Gamified development inserts game elements into the various software engineering practices used by the team, and mainly the focus on project management to assist in the gamification of any software process. It is noteworthy that currently many development teams have used the agile methodologies and practices of software engineering expecting that, when applied during the development, the mechanics of the games allow a broad and analytical vision in the process of aligning the steps and sprints with challenges and exchanges between teams being crucial moments for the prototyping and testing phases - which must also be carried out with the disabled public. Thus, the proposal allows to follow the processes of [Lockwood], with the processes of observation, collaboration, rapid learning, visualization of ideas, rapid construction of prototypes, learning from failures, outlined by gamification strategies, allowing a validation of the project more effective.
Regarding the gamification of the steps of software development, it is expected that the teams will encourage increased dedication in carrying out tasks; the search to face the challenges of each step and to solve the problems autonomously; assisting other employees by stimulating punctuation and team satisfaction in seeking the best results from the gamification processes.
With the steps of empathy, definition, and ideation, and the proposal of gamification in the development of accessible LMS, we seek to initiate a path to stimulate new possibilities for software development, as well as the proposal to design LMS with accessibility since its initial draft. In addition to the use of gamification in the development process, this work seeks to bring reflection to researchers, educators, developers, and instructional designers about the need to advance in research that develop alternatives to foster the inclusion process and the active participation of disabled people in society.
For future steps, it is suggested the development of an LMS with accessibility from the model proposals presented in this research;
To present the requirements of an accessible and gamified LMS for the end user, with tests carried out with disabled people;
It is important to emphasize that it is essential to present the execution and validation of a prototype, showing how the concepts of UX and accessibility applied since the development will benefit the accessibility and the gamification resources in the accessible LMS.
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Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:8},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:10}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"41",type:"subseries",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"