The hydrogenation of norbornadiene in acetone with Rh complex (in 10.0 ml of acetone, 1.0 ml of NBD, 30.0 \n
\r\n\tCell viability is defined as the number of healthy cells in a sample and proliferation of cells is a vital indicator for understanding the mechanisms inaction of certain genes, proteins, and pathways involved in cell survival or death after exposure to toxic agents. The methods used to determine viability are also common for the detection of cell proliferation. A cell viability assay is performed based on the ratio of live and dead cells. This assay is based on an analysis of cell viability in cell culture for evaluating in vitro drug effects in cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays for monitoring cell proliferation. Various methods are involved in performing a cell viability assay, including the dilution method, surface viable count, roll tube technique, nalidixic acid method, fluorogenic dye assay, and the Trypan Blue Cell Viability Assay. The cell viability assays can determine the effect of drug candidates on cells and be used to optimize the cell culture conditions. The parameters that define cell viability can be as diverse as the redox potential of the cell population, the integrity of cell membranes, or the activity of cellular enzymes.
\r\n\tCytotoxicity is the degree to which a substance can cause damage to a cell. Cytotoxicity assays measure the ability of cytotoxic compounds to cause cell damage or cell death. Cytotoxicity assays are widely used in fundamental research and drug discovery to screen libraries for toxic compounds. The cell cytotoxicity and proliferation assays are mainly used for drug screening to detect whether the test molecules have effects on cell proliferation or display direct cytotoxic effects. In a cell-based assay, it is important to know how many viable cells are remaining at the end of the experiment. There are a variety of assay methods based on various cell functions such as enzyme activity, cell membrane permeability, cell adherence, ATP production, co-enzyme production, and nucleotide uptake activity. These methods could be classified in to different categories: (I) dye exclusion methods such as trypan blue dye exclusion assay, (II) methods based on metabolic activity, (III) ATP assay, (IV) sulforhodamine B assay, (V) protease viability marker assay, (VI) clonogenic cell survival assay, (VII) DNA synthesis cell proliferation assays and (V) Raman micro-spectroscopy.
\r\n\tMedical devices have been widely used in various clinical disciplines and these devices have direct contact with the tissues and cells of the body, they should have good physical and chemical properties as well as good biocompatibility. Biocompatibility testing assesses the compatibility of medical devices with a biological system. It studies the interaction between the device and the various types of living tissues and cells exposed to the device when it comes into contact with patients.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThe book will cover original studies, reviews, all aspects of Cell Viability and Cytotoxicity assays, methods, Biocompatibility of studies of biomedical devices, and related topics.
Scientific knowledge begins with observation. Scientists use observation to obtain data and verify theories and hypotheses. The most straightforward method of observation consists in imaging an object under study. Therefore, microscopy is an integral part of modern research in natural sciences. Here, I highlight recent innovations of transmission electron microscopy such as the development of new techniques of sample preparation, application of electron diffraction to study atomic displacements in disordered materials, determination of local structural variations in glassy materials, and imaging dopants atoms in quantum dots. The highlights may interest researchers working on nanoscale phenomena in solid state physics, technology, materials physics, and engineering.
\nImproved instrumentation and optics significantly contributed to the development of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with considerable effort put into innovative techniques for preparation of samples and introduction of new equipment, which progressed from the ion-beam polishers to tripod polishing and focused-ion-beam systems. Even though the latter can damage a specimen, the method is almost universally used for the sample preparation in electron microscopy. To prevent sputtering damage, a photoresist or a combination of a photoresist and an inorganic film may be used.
\nThe sample geometry for TEM analysis in a majority of studies is the thin-foil. A new technique of sample preparation has been developed to enable transmission microscopy in most basic equipment with the use of usual imaging modes [1]. As an example of TEM by specimen design, the strain in thin film planar devices has been studied. The strain is one of the important parameters for understanding nanoscale phenomena in physics because it controls the mechanical and electronic properties of materials. The new measurement technique of electron microscopy proposes an original design of the specimen geometry to apply the technique in basic conventional TEM,
The atoms vibrate in the matter at room temperature. The effect of vibrations is observable from diffraction patterns of electron microscopy. Vibrating atoms introduce a diffuse background of low intensity superimposed with the diffraction peaks. Without the thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) diffraction angles of stationary atoms would give a set of discrete lines. Electrons, as well as x-rays and neutrons, are characterized by a wavelength, which is dependent on an accelerating voltage applied between the cathode and the anode. A typical wavelength of an electron in a TEM instrument is 0.04–0.02 Å,
Diffuse scattering has been studied in the molecular crystals, which experience large molecular displacements as a result of thermal molecular vibrations [2]. The dynamic disorder in molecular systems contributes to fluctuations of the transfer integrals,
Glasses have been considered as liquids frozen by quenching of high-temperature melts. Metal glasses are hard to prepare because compared to organic materials and silicates metals readily crystallize during solidification that introduces heterogeneities in the amorphous materials structure. The heterogeneous nature of metal glasses has long escaped an experimental evidence since nanoscale crystal-like aggregates in amorphous solids appear at a very short length scale, which is not detectable by high-resolution electron diffraction methods.
\nTo reveal crystal-like aggregates at nano-scale and study the local atomic structure of spatial heterogeneous metallic glasses, researchers use advanced experimental methods of angstrom-beam electron diffraction (ABED) and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) [3]. The crystalline phase is detected by the technique of high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) imaging in STEM. In HAADF, the scattering angles are large and incoherent thermal diffuse scattering surpasses the coherent Bragg scattering. Being sensitive to the atomic numbers, HAADF provides contrast images of compositional non-uniformities in materials. The structurally different regions in the metallic glass are observed as dark and bright areas in HAADF STEM images and analyzed by using ABED to detect the local atomic configurations. The structural variations within the glassy material result in spatial heterogeneity of metallic glasses that manifest itself in a fluctuation of density occurring without fluctuation of chemical composition. The structural heterogeneity has important implications in glass science and technology because many of the material properties such as the glass-forming ability and the elastic behavior are structurally dependent.
\nOver the last five decades, SiO2 has been intensively studied as the basic ingredient in field-effect transistors, silicon photovoltaics, and nanoscale light-emitting sources. Metal-oxide-semiconductor technology is dominating for very large scale integration applications, enabling smaller dimensions, a faster switching speed, and a lower power dissipation. Ability to control the oxide thickness with an angstrom precision facilitates the fabrication of ultra-small devices operating at a higher drive current. Despite the successful implementation of planar SiO2/Si nanostructures in transistors, the device application of Si nanocrystals in electronic and optoelectronic devices is still hindered due to low carrier concentration and low charge carrier mobility. Although the optical and electronic properties of silicon nanostructures are remarkably dependent on the modification of the defect ensemble at the Si nanocrystal-SiO2 interface, direct imaging of the amorphous structure surrounding silicon nanocrystals has been found difficult due to the insufficient contrast of electron microscopy. The use of atomically thin graphene oxide supports in electron microscopy of colloidal silicon quantum dots reveals the amorphous structure of the surrounding core with the core thickness being affected by the concentration of doping atoms [4]. The insufficient doping might stem from the aggregation of the dopant and the silicon atoms in a partially oxidized amorphous shell, which forms on the top of a crystalline silicon core.
\nSelective hydrogenation of polyunsaturated hydrocarbons including polyenes and alkynes are vitally important processes in fine chemical industries [1]. For instance, polymerization and hydroformylation reactions require a high purity of monomeric alkenes. However, light alkenes produced by catalytic cracking of petroleum often contain a high level of dienes or alkynes, making the selective hydrogenation of these compounds to monoenes in the presence of alkenes that are highly essential [2]. The removal of polyunsaturated hydrocarbons is also often important for catalysis applications, since their strong adsorption to metal surfaces would deactivate the catalyst during the reaction. In addition, the unique scent of natural polyunsaturated compounds makes them an important ingredient in perfume industry and more attentions are currently placed on the single hydrogenation products of the natural triene substrates as both perfume ingredients and pharmaceutical precursors [3, 4]. Many efforts have been carried out in the past for selective hydrogenation using either homogenous molecular catalysis or heterogeneous solid state reactions [5, 6]. With both the pros and cons of each approach, the semi-heterogeneous characteristics of soluble colloidal metal nanoparticles in addition to their large surface area to volume ratio have increased research interests on nanoparticle catalysts for selective organic reactions. This chapter reviews the up-to-date progress on the selective hydrogenation of polyunsaturated olefins using both traditional and nanoscale catalysts.
\nHomogeneous system using metal complex usually exhibits high reactivity for the catalytic hydrogenation of dienes [7, 8]. Schrock et al. proposed the reaction mechanism for the catalysis of homogeneous rhodium metal complex ([RhLn]+) that is efficient for the selective hydrogenation of norbornadiene (NDB). Based on the results of 1a–1d in \nTable 1\n, the diene reaction rate was not significantly affected by the addition of other reagents. \nTable 1\n also presents the effect of the size of the ligand on metal complex (Rene values of 1a, 2, and 3 in \nTable 1\n). These results indicated that the reactivity decreases as the size of the ligand increases. This phenomenon is similar to other homogenous reactions of metal complex. Dienes could effectively chelate to the metal complex and form strong bonds with metal atoms, even under the presence of excess hydrogen gas. The strong bond formation between metal ion and diene could be visualized by the rapid color change of the complex after diene was added to the solution. The overall results indicated that the major path involves the coordination of olefins and the adsorption of hydrogen ([RhH2(NBD)Ln]+), which are followed by the addition of hydride to form Rh-alkyl intermediate ([RhH(NBD-H)Ln]+). After the reductive elimination of alkyl and hydride, rhodium metal complex ([RhLn]+) is regenerated and is ready for recycle. The deuterium gas addition study for [Rh(NBD)Ln]+ revealed that the substrate is chelated on metal ion by the two π bonds. Therefore, the primary hydrogenation reaction would have two deuterium on the endo side of the norbornene.
\nRun | \nCatalyst | \nRdiene\n | \nRene\n | \nMax % ene | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
1a | \n[Rh(NBD)(PPh3)2]+PF6\n−\n | \n0.22 | \n0.03 | \n97 | \n
1b | \n1a with 3.0 mol of HClO4\n | \n0.21 | \n0.05 | \n92 | \n
1c | \n1a with D2\n | \n0.22 | \n(b) | \n(b) | \n
1d | \n1a with 2.0 mol of Et3N and D2\n | \n∼0.21 (initial)\na\n\n | \n(b) | \n80 | \n
2 | \n[Rh(NBD)(PPh2Me)2]+PF6\n−\n | \n0.16 | \n0.12 | \n97 | \n
3\nb\n\n | \n[Rh(NBD)(PPhMe2)2]+PF6\n−\n | \n0.14 | \n0.19 | \n90 | \n
The hydrogenation of norbornadiene in acetone with Rh complex (in 10.0 ml of acetone, 1.0 ml of NBD, 30.0 \n
A markedly nonlinear rate was observed. The behavior was more nearly first order in olefin (\n
Catalyst precursor = 0.053 mmol.
Data reproduced from [7].
The metal complex catalyst could also be deactivated once two bonds on dienes are chelated to one metal ion. Because the metal ion with a chelated diene compound is too stable to react, the bidentate ligand as shown in \nFigure 1\n was essential in avoiding this deactivation by diene coordination. The catalysis results of substituted dienes by the rhodium complex with different ligands showed the influence of ligands on the catalytic selectivity for 1,2- and 1,4-addition products. The comparisons of results indicated that diphos and arphos favor the 1,4-addition product (80–90%), while dpea favors the 1,2-addition product (∼80%). Between diphos and arphos, arphos exhibits slightly higher selectivity toward the 1,4-addition product. The catalytic reaction of 1,4-cyclohexadiene begins with the isomerization to 1,3-cyclohexadiene. The produced 1,3-cyclohexadiene, however, would not dissociate from the metal ion, forming [Rh(diene)Ln]+, due to the strong bond formation between metal ion and diene compound. The monoene compound would dissociate from metal ion after its formation, because it forms a weakened bond with metal ion. The high conversion yields (>98%) of these catalytic reactions indicated the high reactivity of the [Rh(diene)Ln]+ catalyst in general.
\nDifferent bidentate ligands for diene catalysis reaction by rhodium complex [
Frankel et al. showed that other metal complex catalysts such as chromium complex, methyl benzoate-Cr(CO)3, also favors the 1,4-addition reduction of dienes for the hydrogenation of 1,3- and 2,4-hexadiene (70–90%) [8]. In contrast, the formation of 1,4-addition hexene product was accompanied with the major formation of conjugated 1,3- and 2,4-diene products for the catalytic hydrogenation of 1,4- and 1,5-hexadiene indicating that the reaction would most likely involves the first isomerization of isolated dienes to conjugated intermediates. The catalytic reactions of conjugated dienes with methyl substituted group(s) also mostly produced the 1,4-addition hydrogenation products as shown in \nTable 2\n. The position of substituted methyl group would not have a major effect on the catalytic activity except the case for 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, which exhibits low reactivity due to the large steric interference of four methyl groups. The difficulty in generating the product with cis-conformation, which chromium complex catalyst favors, is considered to be the main reason. The 1,2-addition hydrogenation product generated from the catalytic reaction of 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene is also turned out to be the 1,4-addition product involving H shift. The isomerization of 1,4-cyclohexadiene was also more favorable than the 1,4-addition hydrogenation, forming 1,3-cyclohexadiene as the major product. This result also proves that the isomerization would take place prior to the hydrogenation. When the reaction temperature is increased to 170\n
Catalytic hydrogenation of methyl-substituted dienes with 0.5 mmol chromium complex (solvent: n-pentane, 50 ml; temperature: 160\n
\nb At 175\n
Data reproduced from [8].
Regioselective asymmetric monohydrogenation of 1,4-dienes has been studied using various organometallic catalysts including ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium complexes with N or P binding chiral ligands [9, 10, 11, 12]. The iridium catalysts exhibited excellent enantioselectivity for the hydrogenation of disubstituted cyclohexadienes as shown in \nFigure 2\n below [12]. The catalytic reactions produced mono-hydrogenation products shown below as major products in the yields ranging from 45 to 99% depending on the structure of O-R group. Tetrahydropyranyl acetal (THP) and triisopropyl silyl ether (TIP) resulted in 99% monohydrogenation selectivity. The enantioselectivity of these two groups were 83 and 97%ee, respectively, indicating highly efficient regio- and enantioselectivity of Ir catalyst for the synthesis of silyl protected enol ethers. Oxidation of these chiral enol ethers led to the corresponding chiral α,β-unsaturated ketones.
\nAsymmetric hydrogenation using iridium metal complex (0.5 mol% Ir catalyst, PhCF3, K3PO4, H2, rt., 12 h). Reproduced from [
In terms of reactivity, heterogeneous catalysts are usually less reactive than homogeneous systems. However, heterogeneous catalysts only require simple separation processes for purification and can be more easily recycled compared to homogeneous catalysts. Therefore, many research groups have been working on advancing fundamental understanding on the structure/property relationship and technological applications of heterogeneous catalysts in the past decade. Many of these supported metal catalysts are in fact in nanoscale dimensions, but many earlier catalysis studies did not attempt detailed characterizations on material sizes and their distributions on the supports. Both materials with and without well-defined sizes and structures including the catalysts reported as nanoparticulate materials are discussed here as traditional catalysts.
\nSelective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene was studied using graphite-supported palladium and platinum and the influence of FeCe alloying to these heterogeneous catalysts was investigated [13]. The results showed that the mono-hydrogenation and subsequent isomerization to 2-butene takes better place when the alloying was limited to less than 1/20 (\nFigure 3\n). The monohydrogenation selectivity was ascribed to the depletion of hydrogen atoms away from palladium surfaces by spill over to alloyed metal surfaces. The overall catalytic activity has also been increased by alloying of FeCe to Pd or Pt catalysts, indicating the activation of FeCe by spill over hydrogen.
\nThe working hypothesis of physical mixtures for 1,3-butadiene hydroisomerization. (a) Pd containing mixtures and (b) Pt containing mixtures. Reproduced from [
Similarly, alumina-supported palladium catalysts doped with either tin or silver were tested for the selective hydrogenation of 1,5-hexadiene and 1,3-hexadiene [14]. Palladium on alumina itself produced mono-hydrogenation products from both 1,5-hexadiene and 1,3-hexadiene with a high selectivity even at full conversions. However, the selectivity for 1-hexene (or 3-hexene from 1,3-hexadiene) over the isomerized 2-hexene (trans > cis) from 1,5-hexadiene started to decrease at conversions higher than 80%. The addition of tin or silver tends to significantly increase the selectivity for 1-hexene, but with the loss of overall activity for mono-hydrogenation. This indicated that the addition of doping metal causes a geometric dilution of active Pd adsorption sites for both double-bond isomerization and hydrogenation.
\nSulfidation of supported Pd catalysts has also been identified as an efficient way to increase the selectivity for mono-hydrogenation of dienes [15]. Supported palladium sulfide catalysts could be prepared by the addition of H2S or Na2S or the treatment with fuming sulfuric acid [16]. The produced palladium sulfide (Pd4S) catalysts deposited on carbon nanofibers exhibited the mono-hydrogenation activity in the gas-phase butadiene reduction producing butenes of various forms in good yields (99% of butenes at 100% conversion: the selectivities among various butenes are not reported). In contrast to Pd metal-based catalysts, this Pd4S catalyst presented high stability under reaction conditions while having significant activity and appropriate selectivity for partial hydrogenation of dienes.
\nThiolate self-assembled monolayers deposited on Pd/Al2O3 catalysts could also direct the catalytic activity of heterogeneous systems for fatty acid diene hydrogenation as shown in \nFigure 4\n [17]. In comparison, the uncoated Pd/Al2O3 catalyst produced the fully hydrogenated fatty acids under the same hydrogenation condition. This selectivity is attributed to steric effects between thiolate monolayers and fatty acid reactants based on the kinetic studies and ligand chain length studies reported in this work. The influence of ligand chemical functionality was also investigated in this study. The results showed that unlike hydrophobic alkanethiolate ligand modifiers, the hydrophilic thioglycerol modifiers strongly inhibited the catalytic activity of Pd/Al2O3 surfaces.
\nKinetic data for linoleic acid hydrogenation over Pd/Al2O3 at 30°C and 6 bar H2. (a) Uncoated Pd/Al2O3 and (b) dodecanethiol-coated Pd/Al2O3. Reproduced from [
More and more researchers consider nanoparticles as a better option for catalytic reactions due to their high surface area per volume characteristics. In the area of heterogeneous catalysis, the complete analyses of catalyst sizes, compositions, and distributions are now required and many well-known active solid-state catalysts including carbon-supported Pd are found to be actually in nanoscale. With the advancement of nanomaterials synthesis and characterization, the nanoscale catalysts are now designed and prepared to tune their activities for desired applications including diene hydrogenation. For example, Pd nanoparticles stabilized with dendrimers (polypropylenimine, PPI) deposited on a silica surface are used for catalysis application (\nFigure 5\n) [18]. The internal amine functional groups on PPI dendrimers are used as a ligand to encapsulate Pd nanoparticles and the external amine groups help grafting the dendrimers on a polyamine-modified silica surface to form the immobilized dendrimer catalyst composite. The dendrimers around the under-deposited nanoparticle increase the selectivity of the Pd nanoparticles and decrease the Pd metal leaching. The immobilized dendrimer catalyst reveals higher reactivity for the selective hydrogenation of dienes than the traditional heterogeneous catalysts. In this study, Karakhanov et al. further discussed the effects of size and substituent pattern of the substrate, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, during the catalytic hydrogenation (\nTable 3\n). Since both C=C double bonds in 2,5-dimethyl-2, 4-hexadiene are internal and highly substituted at C2 and C5 positions, the rate of the reaction is relatively slow but the overall reactions result in the high yield of thermodynamic 1,4-addition product.
\nPolypropylenimine (PPI)-modified palladium nanoparticle catalyst composite. Reproduced from [
The catalytic reactions of 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene with Pd nanoparticle composite in 2 mL toluene at 70°C and under 3 MPa H2.
Data reproduced from [18].
Instead of using modifier or poisoning agents to change the catalytic activity of heterogeneous metal substrates, the modification of support materials to induce the steric-related selectivity has been successfully attempted [19]. By overcoating Pd nanoparticle catalyst with porous alumina using atomic layer deposition, Yi et al. could produce a highly stable (against deactivation) and selectivity for mono-hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene to butenes (\nFigure 6\n). The selective hydrogenation worked well even in the presence of excess propene. The alumina overcoat clearly suppressed the conversion of prepene to propane very efficiently while maintaining ∼100% butenes selectivity with ∼100% 1,3-butadiene conversion. This is attributed to the confinement effect within the micropores of the alumina overcoat and the stronger adsorption of 1,3-butadiene than alkenes on Pd nanoparticle catalysts.
\nCatalytic property of microporous alumina-coated Pd/Al2O3 using atomic layer deposition (ALD) for 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation in the presence of an excess propene. Reproduced from [
Mesoporous carbon films as support to control the activity of Pd catalyst also reported for the selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene [20]. The material synthesis involves the co-deposition of small polymeric carbon clusters, structure filling agents, and Pd ions on a substrate (\nScheme 1\n). Thermal treatments converted these hybrids into graphitized microporous carbon with active Pd catalysts. These catalysts were highly active in the gas-phase mono-hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene to butenes. The major product for these catalytic systems is 1-butene at ∼50% selectivity among butene isomers, which is very similar to the catalytic selectivity of porous alumina-coated Pd catalysts described above.
\nIllustration of the synthetic approach to mesoporous Pd/OMC catalyst films. Reproduced from [
Bimetallic Au-Pd alloy catalysts with low amount of Pd were prepared by either co-deposition–precipitation or co-impregnation procedure [21]. This approach is especially beneficial considering the low usage of somewhat toxic Pd metals. These bimetallic catalysts could selectively hydrogenate 1,3-butadiene in the presence of propene. By changing the Au/Pd ratio, the catalytic activity of bimetallic catalysts could be further controlled. The overall selectivity among butene isomers also depended on the reaction temperatures. At the lower temperature, 1-butene was obtained as major product, reaching up to ∼76% selectivity. At the higher temperature, the selectivity for thermodynamically stable trans-2-butene increased with the best selectivity at ∼60%.
\nTo increase the site efficiency of heterogeneous catalysis, metal complexes with 100% site efficiency are deposited on to the support surface. For example, Zweni et al. integrated palladium metal ion complex on silica gel supported dendron ligands with different generations (\nFigure 7\n) [22]. The catalytic reactions of 1,3-cyclohexadiene in various solvent systems are investigated to see the influence of solvent characteristics on the reactivity and selectivity of the catalyst. Methanol is found to be the optimized solvent system for this catalyst based on the selectivity to cyclohexene by mono-hydrogenation.
\nSilica-supported PAMAM-palladium complex catalyst. Reproduced from [
This silica-supported PAMAM-palladium complex would exhibit different catalytic reactivities and selectivities for hydrogenation of dienes depending on the dendrimer sizes and linker chain lengths (\nTable 4\n). Overall, the similar selectivity is observed for Entries 1 (shorter reaction time) and 2 (longer reaction time). Generation 0/complex 1 and generation 2/complex 6 exhibit higher reactivity than other generation/linker combinations. Entries 2, 4, and 6 show the results of the catalytic reactions by G1 catalysts at the first 30 min, which suggest the high initial selectivity of these catalysts toward cyclohexene. With the increased reaction time, the catalysis results shown in Entries 3, 5, and 7 indicate the increased conversion of reactants with the formation of some minor full hydrogenation products. The results suggest that the primary product, cyclohexene, would compete with the diene reactant for the catalytic active sites. When the concentration of 1,3-cyclohexadiene is high at the beginning of the reaction, diene would dominate the adsorption on the active sites and the reaction would maintain a good selectivity to cyclohexene. With the increased concentration of cyclohexene at the later stage of the reaction, the adsorption on active catalytic sites starts to take place. The reactions are generally slower for G1 catalysts compared to G0 catalyst especially with longer linkers. The G2-C12 catalyst, however, exhibits good activity and selectivity toward cyclohexene indicating the importance of right combination between dendrimer generations and linker lengths. A trace amount of benzene was also observed for some of the catalysts. The catalytic reactions of other acyclic dienes also are investigated to understand the effects of substrate structure. In general, the 1,2-addition hydrogenation of less hindered C=C is the most favorable compared to that of more hindered C=C, 1,4-addition hydrogenation, and full hydrogenation.
\nHydrogenation of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with silica supported PAMAM-palladium complex catalyst (5.25mmol 1,3-hexadiene, 10 \n
GC and NMR are used to monitor the reaction.
Data reproduced from [22].
Zeolite- and magnesium oxide-supported molecular rhodium complexes are also tested for the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene [23]. The selectivity for mono-hydrogenation increases when the Rh species nucleation decreased from several atoms to dimeric clusters. The poisoning with CO ligands further increases the mono-hydrogenation selectivity, especially when electron donating MgO is used as a support (>99% selectivity for mono-hydrogenation as shown in \nFigure 8\n). This is attributed to limiting the activity for H2 dissociation and preventing the additional hydrogenation to butane.
\nSelectivity plots for MgO-supported rhodium dimers in the absence (A) and in the presence (B) of CO ligands in the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene (filled circle: 1-butene, open diamond: trans-2-butene, blue square: cis-2-butene, red triangle: butane). (Reactions condition: 2 vol % 1,3-butadiene, balanced with H2, total pressure = 1 bar, room temp) Reproduced from [
Selective hydrogenation of triene is also an important topic for fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries [3]. Myrcene with one isolated C=C bond and two conjugated C=C bonds can be synthesized by the pyrolysis of β-pinene in nature. Despite the availability of myrcene, only little success in selective hydrogenation of the substrate to diene have been made. Gusevskaya et al. reported the hydrogenation of myrcene either by using metal complex ion or heterogeneous sol-gel catalysts [24, 25]. For 10% palladium on carbon (Pd/C) under 20 atm of H2 and cyclohexane solvent system at 80°C, full hydrogenation reaction would take place within 30 min, and the catalytic system does not have any selectivity toward diene or monoene. On the other hand, the transition metal complexes of [RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2], [RhH(CO)(PPh3)3], [IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2], and [Cr(CO)6] show the capability to form diene products in relatively good yields (\nFigure 9\n and \nTable 5\n) [24].
\nReactant (1) and potential products (2–7) for myrcene hydrogenation. Products 4–7 are dienes. Reproduced from [
Run | \nCatalyst | \nTime (min)\na\n\n | \nT (\n | \nS (%)\nb\n\n | \nProduct distribution (%) | \n\n | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | 2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n5 | \n6 | \n7 | \n|
1 | \n[RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2] | \n110 | \n100 | \n83 | \n1 | \n16 | \n7 | \n32 | \n9 | \n35 | \n|
2 | \n[Cr(CO)6] | \n45 | \n100 | \n74 | \n4 | \n22 | \n8 | \n26 | \n29 | \n11 | \n|
3 | \n[IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2] | \n15 | \n100 | \n76 | \n4 | \n20 | \n8 | \n22 | \n33 | \n13 | \n|
4 | \n[RhH(CO)(PPh3)3] | \n5 | \n100 | \n87 | \n4 | \n9 | \n13 | \n24 | \n34 | \n16 | \n|
5 | \n[RhH(CO)(PPh3)3]\nc\n\n | \n24 | \n140 | \n96 | \ntr. | \n4 | \n14 | \n31 | \n26 | \n25 | \n|
6 | \n[RhH(CO)(PPh3)3]\nd\n\n | \n60 | \n80 | \n98 | \ntr. | \n2 | \n15 | \n27 | \n34 | \n22 | \n
The catalytic reaction of metal ion catalyst with myrcene, compound 1, under 20 atm H2 and cyclohexane solvent.
Reaction time necessary for ca. 80% conversion.
Selectivity for monohydrogenated products 4–7 at ca. 80% conversion.
PPh3 was added (0.17 mmol).
Benzene was used as a solvent.
Data reproduced from Ref [24].
From Entries 1–4 in \nTable 5\n, the reactivity of the metal complexes under the same condition turns out to be Ru < Cr < Ir < Rh. Ru and Rh complexes show slightly higher selectivity toward monohydrogenated products, dienes, than chromium and iridium complexes. Rh complex is further tested by adding extra PPh3 ligand in the reaction (Entry 5). The presence of extra PPh3 slows the reaction down requiring higher reaction temperature, but increases selectivity toward dienes. The similar selectivity of myrcene hydrogenation is achieved by simply changing solvent from cyclohexane to benzene even at the lower reaction temperature of 80\n
The first hydrogenation of myrcene, a triene, takes place at the conjugated diene group instead of the isolated and hindered alkene group. The 1,2-addition of conjugated diene produces either compound 4 or compound 5. The 1,4-addition of conjugated diene involving Pd-allyl intermediates produce compounds 6 and 7, the E-Z isomers. Based on the results in \nTable 5\n, the major diene products are compound 5 and 6. This is due to the higher reactivity of terminal alkene in myrcene, which undergoes the coordination of the primary alkene group followed by the hydrogen addition. These isolated diene products 4–7 are further hydrogenated to monoene 3 with the addition of hydrogen to less sterically hindered alkene. When the reaction is continued, the yield for full hydrogenation product 2 constantly increases. Since there are several pathways for the hydrogenation of myrcene and the reactions generate many different mono- and di-hydrogenation products, this reaction is extremely difficult to control and hard to predict with regarding the overall selectivity. However, there are some correlations between the yields of products and the kinetics/thermodynamics of intermediates and products. For example, the kinetic reactivity among diene products should follow the ensuing order: 4 > 5 > 6 > 7.
\nFor the hydrogenation of myrcene by sol–gel Pd/SiO2 catalyst, the selectivity for dienes is higher than that of the metal complex catalyst [25]. Robles-Dutenhefner et al. used three different temperatures for the reactions, the catalysis results show that the reaction temperature would greatly affect the reactivity of the Pd/SiO2 catalysts. BET surface area analysis shows the change in synthesis temperature that would cause some variations in the pore size of the catalyst. Since the pore is created by the presence of organic solvent during the synthesis process, the high temperature at or above 300\n
The catalysis results for myrcene hydrogenation in \nTable 6\n show that the selectivity toward dienes by mono-hydrogenation is higher than 90%. The Pd/SiO2 catalyst with a larger pore created at 300\n
Run | \nCatalyst (wt. %) | \nT (\n | \nTime (min) | \nConv. (%) | \nS (%)\na\n\n | \nProduct distribution (%) | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | 2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n5 | \n6 + 7 | \n|
1 | \n1% Pd/SiO2/300\n | \n80 | \n15 | \n100 | \n0 | \n100 | \n\n | \n | \n | \n | |
4 | \n1% Pd/SiO2/1100\n | \n80 | \n15 | \n75 | \n100 | \n\n | \n | 20 | \n18 | \n62 | \n|
\n | \n | \n | 60 | \n96 | \n94 | \n1 | \n5 | \n16 | \n16 | \n62 | \n|
5 | \n1% Pd/SiO2/1100\n | \n100 | \n15 | \n80 | \n99 | \n\n | 1 | \n18 | \n15 | \n66 | \n|
6 | \n1% Pd/SiO2/1100\n | \n80 | \n15 | \n75 | \n98 | \n1 | \n1 | \n18 | \n15 | \n65 | \n|
8 | \n3% Pd/SiO2/1100\n | \n80 | \n60 | \n96 | \n97 | \n1 | \n2 | \n20 | \n15 | \n62 | \n
Hydrogenation of myrcene catalyzed by Pd/SiO2 in cyclohexane under 20 atm H2.
Selectivity for monohydrogenated products 4–7.
Data reproduced from Ref [25].
Colloidal nanoparticle catalysts are considered semi-heterogeneous due to their homogeneous characteristics (kinetic efficiency) accompanied by their heterogeneous surface property. Semi-heterogeneous catalyst can be benefited from the advantages that both homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts have. Nanoparticle catalysts can have a higher catalytic activity than their bulk and heterogeneous counterparts, especially with nano-effects of high surface area to volume ratio. They can also be easily separated from the products and recycled similar to other heterogeneous catalytic systems.
\nSemi-heterogeneous nanoparticle catalysts used for the hydrogenation of dienes show the relatively good selectivity and reactivity even compared to the traditional homogeneous catalysts. Ionic liquid-stabilized Pd nanoparticle catalyst shown in \nFigure 10\n is one of those examples used for diene hydrogenation [26]. The thin film of ionic liquid with the hydrophobic anion PF6\n− on the Pd nanoparticle surface (Pd/
Synthesis of ionic liquid hybride palladium nanoparticle by sputtering-deposition. Reproduced from [
Several conjugated and isolated diene compounds are tested for the catalytic hydrogenation using Pd/
Selective hydrogenation of dienes by Pd/sgPF6 catalyst under optimized conditions (Reaction condition: Pd/
TOF = mol substrate converted/(mol Pd surface \n
Conversion determined by GC.
Data reproduced from [26].
The catalytic property of polypropylenimine (PPI)-Pd nanoparticle hybrids is examined by the hydrogenation of isoprene substrate (\nTable 8\n) [27]. The reaction generates 2-methyl-2-butene (1,4-addition product) as the major product and 3-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene (1,2-addition products) as the minor products. The selectivity of the catalytic reaction is dependent upon the pressure of applied hydrogen gas and the ratio of substrate and catalyst. Higher hydrogen pressure and low substrate/catalyst ratio would result in decreased selectivity for monohydrogenation product. PPI dendrimer would enhance the catalytic selectivity to form monoene because it would limit the adsorption of the primary monoene product on the Pd surface and minimize the further hydrogenation to 2-methylbutane.
\nThe catalytic reactions of isoprene with Pd nanoparticle composite in 2 mL toluene at 70°C and under 3 MPa H2.
Mol/mol ratio.
Data reproduced from [27].
Other possible reasons for the high selectivity toward 1,4-addition product are also proposed. First, the initially produced 1,2-addition products could be isomerized to 1,4-addition product due to the higher stability of 2-methyl-2-butene. Second, the methyl group on isoprene would affect the stability of π-allyl intermediate (\nFigure 11\n) [6]. The intermediate A would generate two different products, 3-methyl-1-butene or 2-methyl-2-butene. In regards to the steric effect of intermediate A at C2 and C4, C4 has less substituted groups around C=C compared to C2. Therefore, it is easier for the second hydrogen to add on C4, and increase the yield of 2-methyl-2-butene. For the intermediate B, it is also easier for hydrogen atom to transfer to C1 since C3 is relatively more hindered than C1, which results mostly in 2-methyl-2-butene. The steric hindrance also directly influences the relative yield of 3-methyl-1-butene (higher) compared to that of 2-methyl-1-butene (lower).
\nReduction pathway for isoprene to form monoene product. Reproduced from [
Ornelas et al. also studied the semi-heterogeneous catalysis by using dendrimer-passivated palladium nanoparticle as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of dienes [28]. They synthesized the 1,2,3-triazole heterocycles-capped palladium nanoparticle catalyst that exhibits the higher reactivity to diene hydrogenation compared to the PAMAM dendrimer-encapsulated Pd nanoparticle catalyst. Depending on the generation of the triazole dendrimer, the catalyst could develop into different morphologies that control the activity and selectivity. When the G0 dendrimers are used, the interdendrimer-stabilized palladium nanoparticle (DSN) is formed (\nFigure 12\n). For the higher generation dendrimers, the intradendrimer-encapsulated palladium nanoparticle (DEN) is produced. Due to the smaller size of the G0 dendrimer, the Pd nanoparticle cannot be encapsulated by dendrimer and needs to be stabilized by several G0 dendrimer. This makes the overall size of DSN relatively larger than the other higher generation dendrimer-capped catalysts.
\n(a) Generation 1, dsn, and (b) generation 1, den, Pd nanoparticle encapsulated by PAMAM. Reproduced from [
When the higher generation dendrimer is used, the large size of dendrimer allows enough Pd ions to be encapsulated in the interior of dendrimer and the following reduction generates dendrimer-encapsulated Pd nanoparticles. Unlike PAMAM-stabilized metal nanoparticle, 1,2,3-triazoleferrocenyl dendrimer-stabilized Pd nanoparticle would have higher stability during the catalyst reaction [28]. The nature of the reducing agent and the generation of dendrimer are found to have noticeable influence on the reactivity and stability of each catalyst. DEN-G1 reduced by methanol has the best reactivity for the mono-hydrogenation of diene, which indicates that the smaller size of the Pd nanoparticle increases the reactivity. Moreover, the unique structure of 1,2,3-triazoleferrocenyl dendrimer is also found to be the another reason for catalyst to have higher reactivity. \nTable 9\n shows DEN-G1 has higher reactivity to small dienes for mono-hydrogenation. However, the catalytic reactions of large dienes with steric bulkiness are slightly slower. Hydrogenation of trienes mostly results in the formation of monoene compounds indicating the high activity of diene intermediate after mono-hydrogenation. More substituted dienes tend to have a lower catalytic reactivity. Moreover, the isomerization of terminal monoenes and the trace amount of the 1,4-hydrogenation product from highly substituted dienes are also observed in the reaction.
\nHydrogenation of olefins catalyzed by methanol reduced DEN-G1 (Reaction condition: 25\n
TOF were determined by the yield of formation and final product.
Data reproduced from [28].
Many ligand-passivated nanoparticles have been used as semi-heterogeneous catalysts. Since the surface ligands that stabilize nanoparticles from aggregation can have either hydrophobic or hydrophilic property, they can be soluble in various solvents including organic and aqueous solutions. Shon group has developed the thiosulfate protocol using alkanethiosulfate as a ligand precursor to passivate and stabilize the catalytically active palladium nanoparticle surface [29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. The hydrophobic alkanethiolate ligand gives the nanoparticle high solubility in nonpolar organic solvent. Since alkanethiosulfate offers slower passivation activity, the surface ligand density of alkanethiolate on Pd nanoparticles can be controlled. Therefore, the alkanethiolate-capped Pd nanoparticles generated from alkylthiosulfate exhibit good catalytic activity and selectivity toward various organic reactions including isomerization and hydrogenation. Hexanethiolate- and dodecanethiolate-capped Pd nanoparticles show unique catalytic properties for the reaction of allyl alcohol under the atmospheric pressure of hydrogen gas at room temperature [30, 31]. Allyl alcohol can undergo either hydrogenation to 1-propanol or isomerization to propanal.
\nOctanethiolate-capped Pd nanoparticle (C8 PdNP) with average core size of ∼2.3 nm is synthesized and its composition and structure are confirmed by various instruments. Alkanethiolate-capped Pd nanoparticles are investigated for the catalytic reaction of 1,4-pentadiene [32]. The mechanistic studies show that mono-hydrogenation of isolated dienes would take place on one of the terminal C=C bond (\nFigure 13\n). The di-\n
The proposed mechanism (from A to E) for 1,4-pentadiene catalytic reaction under H2 environment. Reproduced from [
The C8 PdNP is used as the catalyst for the hydrogenation of various conjugated diene and triene substrates as shown in \nTable 10\n [33]. The catalytic reactions of conjugated dienes with different substitution patterns around C=C bonds produce almost exclusively the mono-hydrogenation products (\nTable 10\n, Entries 1–5). In addition, the hydrogenation of trienes (Entries 6 and 7) also results in the high yields of isolated dienes, the mono-hydrogenation products. This reactivity confirms the important role of alkanethiolate ligands on controlling the activity of Pd catalyst surface. With its surface passivated by organic ligands, nanoparticle could maintain a good stability, so that it could avoid aggregation and keep the large surface area intact. The surface ligand could block the more active site (terrace surface) for hydrogenation and promotes selective hydrogenation of dienes. The analysis of final monoene compositions showed that the major product is the 1,4-addition product and the minor product is the 1,2-addition product. The kinetic study of diene to monoene proved that the high selectivity for the 1,4-addition product is the result of both initial 1,4-addition reaction and the subsequent isomerization of terminal alkene, the 1,2-addition product, into internal alkene.
\nCatalysis results of various dienes and trienes with 5 mol% of octanethiolate-capped Pd nanoparticle in CDCl3 at 1 atm H2 after 24 h.
Data reproduced from [29].
After the first hour of reaction, the conversion of diene in entry 1 reaches over 50% with the ratio of 1,4-/1,2-addition products at 3.43. The consumption of reactant is almost complete after 5 h reaction with the ratio of 1,4-/1,2-addition products at 4.90. The yield of the 1,4-addition product is continuously increasing after 5 h reaction with the ratio of 1,4-/1,2-addition products increasing to 10.30 at the 24 h reaction. This clearly indicated that the isomerization of the terminal alkene to the internal alkene is the reason for the high selectivity of 1,4-addition product. The selectivity between the 1,4- and 1,2-addition products are also summarized for other diene and triene substrates as shown in \nTable 10\n. C8 PdNP clearly showed high selectivity for the 1,4-addition product, the thermodynamically more stable product. C8 PdNP clearly exhibits excellent selectivity to form internal alkene, the mono-hydrogenation and 1,4-addition product, compared to other reported catalytic systems. Not only the conversion yields and selectivity are superior but also the reaction condition (room temperature and atmospheric pressure) is much friendlier than other homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts tested for diene hydrogenation.
\nThis chapter reviewed the use of various catalysts including metal complexes, supported metals and metal nanoparticles, colloidal nanoparticles for selective hydrogenation of polyunsaturated olefins, mostly dienes and trienes. Selective hydrogenation of polyenes has been considered as an important process in many chemical and pharmaceutical industries. By controlling chemical environments around active catalytic sites using organic ligands, inorganic dopants, ionic liquids, dendrimers, secondary metals, etc., the catalytic activity and selectivity of various catalysts for partial hydrogenation of polyenes could be improved. Especially, nanocatalyzed selective hydrogenation represents a rapidly growing field, but there is still much work to be done to generate industrially viable nanocatalysts that can be operated under many catalytic cycles with acceptable integrity. In addition, more in-depth understanding of critical structure–function relationships should be obtained for the development of optimized nanocatalysts with high chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity.
\nThis research was funded by National Institute of General Medical Science [GM089562].
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding sponsor had no role in the design of the study, in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the research results.
Authors are listed below with their open access chapters linked via author name:
",metaTitle:"IntechOpen authors on the Global Highly Cited Researchers 2018 list",metaDescription:null,metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n\\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
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\\n\\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\\n\\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\\n\\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\\n\\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
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\\n\\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\\n\\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
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\\n\\nJaakko Kangasjärvi 2015-18
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\\n\\nAlberto Mantovani 2014-18
\\n\\nMarjan Mernik 2017, 2018
\\n\\nSandra Orchard 2014, 2016-18
\\n\\nMohamed Oukka 2016-18
\\n\\nBiswajeet Pradhan 2016-18
\\n\\nDirk Raes 2017, 2018
\\n\\nUlrike Ravens-Sieberer 2016-18
\\n\\nYexiang Tong 2017, 2018
\\n\\nJim Van Os 2015-18
\\n\\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nFei Wei 2016-18
\\n\\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\\n\\nQi Xie 2016-18
\\n\\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
\\n\\nYulong Yin 2015, 2017, 2018
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'New for 2018 (alphabetically by surname).
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJocelyn Chanussot (chapter to be published soon...)
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\n\nAbdul Latif Ahmad 2016-18
\n\nKhalil Amine 2017, 2018
\n\nEwan Birney 2015-18
\n\nFrede Blaabjerg 2015-18
\n\nGang Chen 2016-18
\n\nJunhong Chen 2017, 2018
\n\nZhigang Chen 2016, 2018
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\n\nMark Connors 2015-18
\n\nCyrus Cooper 2017, 2018
\n\nLiming Dai 2015-18
\n\nWeihua Deng 2017, 2018
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\n\nLong Wang 2017, 2018
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\n\nIoannis Xenarios 2017, 2018
\n\nQi Xie 2016-18
\n\nXin-She Yang 2017, 2018
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Mitropoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"152296",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:"Z.",surname:"Kyzas",slug:"george-kyzas",fullName:"George Kyzas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6512",title:"Superfluids and Superconductors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24385ec1d5de9c6597896900c80ee279",slug:"superfluids-and-superconductors",bookSignature:"Roberto Zivieri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6512.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181334",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Zivieri",slug:"roberto-zivieri",fullName:"Roberto Zivieri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5319",title:"Wetting and Wettability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49767cc09f266bd5bdf55f4a5c57792b",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5319.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",middleName:null,surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2854",title:"Viscoelasticity",subtitle:"From Theory to Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63c4a0eddb48f02ebe48d80aa70972de",slug:"viscoelasticity-from-theory-to-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Juan de Vicente",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99801",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"De Vicente",slug:"juan-de-vicente",fullName:"Juan De Vicente"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"48816",doi:"10.5772/60824",title:"Wettability and Other Surface Properties of Modified Polymers",slug:"wettability-and-other-surface-properties-of-modified-polymers",totalDownloads:3701,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:"Surface wettability is one of the crucial characteristics for determining of a material’s use in specific application. Determination of wettability is based on the measurement of the material surface contact angle. Contact angle is the main parameter that characterizes the drop shape on the solid surface and is also one of the directly measurable properties of the phase interface. In this chapter, the wettability and its related properties of pristine and modified polymer foils will be described. The wettability depends on surface roughness and chemical composition. Changes of these parameters can adjust the values of contact angle and, therefore, wettability. In the case of pristine polymer materials, their wettability is unsuitable for a wide range of applications (such as tissue engineering, printing, and coating). Polymer surfaces can easily be modified by, e.g., plasma discharge, whereas the bulk properties remain unchanged. This modification leads to oxidation of the treated layer and creation of new chemical groups that mainly contain oxygen. Immediately after plasma treatment, the values of the contact angles of the modified polymer significantly decrease. In the case of a specific polymer, the strongly hydrophilic surface is created and leads to total spreading of the water drop. Wettability is strongly dependent on time from modification.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Nikola Slepickova Kasalkova, Petr Slepicka, Zdenka Kolska and\nVaclav Svorcik",authors:[{id:"144929",title:"Prof.",name:"Vaclav",middleName:null,surname:"Svorcik",slug:"vaclav-svorcik",fullName:"Vaclav Svorcik"},{id:"146297",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Slepicka",slug:"petr-slepicka",fullName:"Petr Slepicka"},{id:"147600",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nikola",middleName:null,surname:"Slepičková Kasálková",slug:"nikola-slepickova-kasalkova",fullName:"Nikola Slepičková Kasálková"},{id:"153983",title:"Dr.",name:"Zdeňka",middleName:null,surname:"Kolská",slug:"zdenka-kolska",fullName:"Zdeňka Kolská"}]},{id:"48822",doi:"10.5772/60808",title:"Wettability of Nanostructured Surfaces",slug:"wettability-of-nanostructured-surfaces",totalDownloads:3128,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:"There are many studies in literature concerning contact angle measurements on different materials/substrates. It is documented that textiles can be coated with multifunctional materials in form of thin films or nanoparticles to acquire characteristics that can improve the protection and comfort of the wearer. The capacity of oxide nanostructures to inhibit fungal development and neutralize bacteria is a direct consequence of their wetting behavior [1–6]. Moreover, the radical modification of wetting behavior of nanostructures from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when changing the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) ambient will be thoroughly discussed.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"L. Duta, A.C. Popescu, I. Zgura, N. Preda and I.N. Mihailescu",authors:[{id:"17636",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion N.",middleName:null,surname:"Mihailescu",slug:"ion-n.-mihailescu",fullName:"Ion N. Mihailescu"},{id:"23532",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"andrei-popescu",fullName:"Andrei Popescu"},{id:"174343",title:"Dr.",name:"Liviu",middleName:null,surname:"Duta",slug:"liviu-duta",fullName:"Liviu Duta"},{id:"174344",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Zgura",slug:"irina-zgura",fullName:"Irina Zgura"},{id:"174345",title:"Dr.",name:"Ligia",middleName:null,surname:"Frunza",slug:"ligia-frunza",fullName:"Ligia Frunza"}]},{id:"49090",doi:"10.5772/61205",title:"The Wetting of Leaf Surfaces and Its Ecological Significances",slug:"the-wetting-of-leaf-surfaces-and-its-ecological-significances",totalDownloads:3521,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Leaf wettability, indicating the affinity for water on leaf surfaces, is a common phenomenon for plants in a wide variety of habitats. The contact angle (θ) of water on leaves measured at the gas, solid and liquid interface is an index of surface wettability. Leaves are termed as “super-hydrophilic” if θ < 40°, “highly wettable” if θ < 90°, and “wettable” if θ < 110°. If θ > 110°, the leaves are classified as being non-wettable, while θ > 130° for highly non-wettable and θ > 150° for super-hydrophobic. Both internal and external factors can influence leaf wettability. The chemical composition and structure of leaf surfaces are internal causes, but the external environment can also influence wettability by affecting the structure and composition of the surface. The main internal factors that affecting leaf wettability include the content and microstructure of the epidermal wax, the number, size and pattern of trichomes, stomatal density, the shape of epidermal cells, and leaf water status. The leaf contact angles increased with the increasing of leaf wax content. However, studies have shown that the contact angles were more dependent on the complexity of wax structure than on the absolute amount. For trichomes, there are three types of interaction between trichomes and water droplets, including (1) low trichomes density: no apparent influence of trichomes on the location of surface moisture, droplet formation and retention ; (2) medium trichomes density: trichomes appear to circle surface moisture into patches; (3) high trichomes density: trichomes appear to hold water droplets above the trichomes. In some cases, a higher stomatal density was accompanied with a higher contact angles. While, it was also observed that there was no significant correlation between contact angle and stomatal density for some species. For the effects of epidermal cells on leaf wettability, it was generally considered that the combination of a dense layer of surface wax and the convex epidermal cells was what created a hydrophobic leaf surface. However, the influence of leaf water content on contact angle of water droplets on different leaf surfaces was complex, e.g., contact angles increased with decreasing of leaf water content, contact angle remained to be constant with different leaf water content.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Huixia Wang, Hui Shi and Yanhui Wang",authors:[{id:"173921",title:"Dr.",name:"Huixia",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"huixia-wang",fullName:"Huixia Wang"}]},{id:"40738",doi:"10.5772/49979",title:"Viscoelastic Properties of Biological Materials",slug:"viscoelastic-properties-of-biological-materials",totalDownloads:5572,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"2854",slug:"viscoelasticity-from-theory-to-biological-applications",title:"Viscoelasticity",fullTitle:"Viscoelasticity - From Theory to Biological Applications"},signatures:"Naoki Sasaki",authors:[{id:"140935",title:"Prof.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Sasaki",slug:"naoki-sasaki",fullName:"Naoki Sasaki"}]},{id:"40741",doi:"10.5772/50137",title:"Die Swell of Complex Polymeric Systems",slug:"die-swell-of-complex-polymeric-systems",totalDownloads:6070,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"2854",slug:"viscoelasticity-from-theory-to-biological-applications",title:"Viscoelasticity",fullTitle:"Viscoelasticity - From Theory to Biological Applications"},signatures:"Kejian Wang",authors:[{id:"141238",title:"Prof.",name:"Kejian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"kejian-wang",fullName:"Kejian Wang"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"48768",title:"TiO2 -Based Surfaces with Special Wettability – From Nature to Biomimetic Application",slug:"tio2-based-surfaces-with-special-wettability-from-nature-to-biomimetic-application",totalDownloads:5008,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Super-wetting/antiwetting surfaces with extremely high contrast of surface energy and liquid adhesion have attracted a lot of interest in both fundamental research and industry. Various types of special wetting surfaces can be constructed by adjusting the topographical structure and chemical composition. In this chapter, recent advance of the super-wetting/antiwetting surfaces with special solid/liquid adhesion has been reviewed, with a focus on the biomimetic fabrication and applications of TiO2-based surfaces. Special super-wettability examples include lotus-leaf-inspired surfaces with low adhesion, rose-petal-inspired surfaces with high adhesion, spider silk bio-inspired surfaces with directional adhesion, fish-scale-inspired underwater superoleophobic surface, and artificial surfaces with controllable or stimuli-responsive liquid adhesion. In addition, we will review some potential applications related to artificial antiwetting surface with controllable adhesion, e.g., self-cleaning, antifogging/anti-icing, micro-droplet manipulation, fog/water collection, water/oil separation, anti-bioadhesion, micro-template for patterning, and friction reduction. Finally, the difficulty and prospects of this renascent and rapidly developing field are also briefly proposed and discussed.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"Jian-Ying Huang and Yue-Kun Lai",authors:[{id:"175512",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuekun",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"yuekun-lai",fullName:"Yuekun Lai"}]},{id:"62882",title:"Inside the Phenomenological Aspects of Wet Granulation: Role of Process Parameters",slug:"inside-the-phenomenological-aspects-of-wet-granulation-role-of-process-parameters",totalDownloads:1424,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Granulation is a size-enlargement process by which small particles are bonded, by means of various techniques, in coherent and stable masses (granules), in which the original particles are still identifiable. In wet granulation processes, the powder particles are aggregated through the use of a liquid phase called binder. The main purposes of size-enlargement process of a powder or mixture of powders are to improve technological properties and/or to realize suitable forms of commercial products. A modern and rational approach in the production of granular structures with tailored features (in terms of size and size distribution, flowability, mechanical and release properties, etc.) requires a deep understanding of phenomena involved during granules formation. By this knowledge, suitable predictive tools can be developed with the aim to choose right process conditions to be used in developing new formulations by avoiding or reducing costs for new tests. In this chapter, after introductive notes on granulation process, the phenomenological aspects involved in the formation of the granules with respect to the main process parameters are presented by experimental demonstration. Possible mathematical approaches in the granulation process description are also presented and the one involving the population mass balances equations is detailed.",book:{id:"7352",slug:"granularity-in-materials-science",title:"Granularity in Materials Science",fullTitle:"Granularity in Materials Science"},signatures:"Veronica De Simone, Diego Caccavo, Annalisa Dalmoro, Gaetano\nLamberti, Matteo d’Amore and Anna Angela Barba",authors:[{id:"140173",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna Angela",middleName:null,surname:"Barba",slug:"anna-angela-barba",fullName:"Anna Angela Barba"},{id:"143947",title:"Prof.",name:"Matteo",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amore",slug:"matteo-d'amore",fullName:"Matteo D'Amore"},{id:"176104",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaetano",middleName:null,surname:"Lamberti",slug:"gaetano-lamberti",fullName:"Gaetano Lamberti"},{id:"176239",title:"MSc.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Caccavo",slug:"diego-caccavo",fullName:"Diego Caccavo"},{id:"181500",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Dalmoro",slug:"annalisa-dalmoro",fullName:"Annalisa Dalmoro"},{id:"260822",title:"MSc.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"De Simone",slug:"veronica-de-simone",fullName:"Veronica De Simone"}]},{id:"49177",title:"Influence of Wettability and Reactivity on Refractory Degradation – Interactions of Molten Iron and Slags with Steelmaking Refractories at 1550°C",slug:"influence-of-wettability-and-reactivity-on-refractory-degradation-interactions-of-molten-iron-and-sl",totalDownloads:2067,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Refractories, materials that can withstand high temperatures, play an important role in the iron and steel sector which alone accounts for ~70% of total refractories produced. In this chapter, detailed wettability and interfacial phenomena investigations on alumina-carbon and zirconia-carbon refractories at steelmaking temperatures. The wettability between refractory substrates and molten iron/slags was investigated at 1550°C using the sessile drop approach in a horizontal tube furnace equipped with a CCD camera. Detailed experimental results were obtained on alumina-carbon/molten iron system at high temperatures. Alumina is known to be non-wetting to molten iron while carbon can be easily wetted. Observed contact angles were found to depend strongly on the substrate composition and contact time. While the refractory substrates containing 50 and 60% carbon were found to be non-wetting to molten iron, the substrates containing higher amounts of C (≥ 70%) were found to become increasingly wetting. Molten iron droplets were seen to spread on these substrates.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"R. Khanna, M. Ikram-ul-Haq and V. Sahajwalla",authors:[{id:"19010",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Khanna",slug:"rita-khanna",fullName:"Rita Khanna"}]},{id:"48822",title:"Wettability of Nanostructured Surfaces",slug:"wettability-of-nanostructured-surfaces",totalDownloads:3122,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"There are many studies in literature concerning contact angle measurements on different materials/substrates. It is documented that textiles can be coated with multifunctional materials in form of thin films or nanoparticles to acquire characteristics that can improve the protection and comfort of the wearer. The capacity of oxide nanostructures to inhibit fungal development and neutralize bacteria is a direct consequence of their wetting behavior [1–6]. Moreover, the radical modification of wetting behavior of nanostructures from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when changing the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) ambient will be thoroughly discussed.",book:{id:"5319",slug:"wetting-and-wettability",title:"Wetting and Wettability",fullTitle:"Wetting and Wettability"},signatures:"L. Duta, A.C. Popescu, I. Zgura, N. Preda and I.N. Mihailescu",authors:[{id:"17636",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion N.",middleName:null,surname:"Mihailescu",slug:"ion-n.-mihailescu",fullName:"Ion N. Mihailescu"},{id:"23532",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Popescu",slug:"andrei-popescu",fullName:"Andrei Popescu"},{id:"174343",title:"Dr.",name:"Liviu",middleName:null,surname:"Duta",slug:"liviu-duta",fullName:"Liviu Duta"},{id:"174344",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Zgura",slug:"irina-zgura",fullName:"Irina Zgura"},{id:"174345",title:"Dr.",name:"Ligia",middleName:null,surname:"Frunza",slug:"ligia-frunza",fullName:"Ligia Frunza"}]},{id:"62615",title:"Nanolevel Surface Processing of Fine Particles by Waterjet Cavitation and Multifunction Cavitation to Improve the Photocatalytic Properties of Titanium Oxide",slug:"nanolevel-surface-processing-of-fine-particles-by-waterjet-cavitation-and-multifunction-cavitation-t",totalDownloads:1161,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Titanium oxide particles were treated by water jet cavitation (WJC) generated and multifunction cavitation (MFC) using an ejector nozzle. Generation, growth, and collapse of cavitation are repeated with the particles of titanium oxide and platinum. Because the cavitation has an extremely high collapse pressure, the surface of the titanium oxide particles is processed by the microjets of cavitation in a reactor comprising the ejector nozzle. In the multifunction cavitation, ultrasonic irradiation of a waterjet during floating cavitation was used to generate microjets with hot spots. Hot working can be performed at the nanoscale on a material surface using this MFC process, resulting in morphological changes and variations in the surface electrochemical characteristics. The fundamental characteristics of multifunction cavitation were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Furthermore, the additional nozzle was put on the ejector nozzle in order to increase the temperature and pressure of bubble and the mechanism was clarified. The quantities of hydrogen and oxygen generated from titanium dioxide particles treated by multifunction cavitation in response to UV and visible light irradiation were remarkably increased compared to the amounts produced by particles treated by WJC processing. In this chapter, the methods and their results of processing particles by cavitation are introduced.",book:{id:"7385",slug:"cavitation-selected-issues",title:"Cavitation",fullTitle:"Cavitation - Selected Issues"},signatures:"Toshihiko Yoshimura, Kumiko Tanaka and Masataka Ijiri",authors:[{id:"246052",title:"Dr.",name:"Masataka",middleName:null,surname:"Ijiri",slug:"masataka-ijiri",fullName:"Masataka Ijiri"},{id:"246359",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshihiko",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshimura",slug:"toshihiko-yoshimura",fullName:"Toshihiko Yoshimura"},{id:"246433",title:"Dr.",name:"Kumiko",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",slug:"kumiko-tanaka",fullName:"Kumiko Tanaka"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"961",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"86",type:"subseries",title:"Business and Management",keywords:"Demographic shifts, Innovation, Technology, Next-gen leaders, Worldwide environmental issues and clean technology, Uncertainty and political risks, Radical adjacency, Emergence of new business ecosystem type, Emergence of different leader and leader values types, Universal connector, Elastic enterprise, Business platform, Supply chain complexity",scope:"