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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7465",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Trends in Geomatics - An Earth Science Perspective",title:"Trends in Geomatics",subtitle:"An Earth Science Perspective",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The applications of geomatics technology in its broader context have resulted in significant progress in the field of earth science. This book provides brief coverage on some trends in geomatics technology as it relates to earth scientists. 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He is specialized in GeoInformatics with focus on WebGIS Applications and Remote Sensing Modeling. Dr. Rifaat Abdalla is a Certified GIS Professional (GISP) and Professional Geoscientist (P.Geo.) from Ontario, Canada. He was with the King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah for five years prior to joining Sultan Qaboos University in 2017. Dr. Abdalla worked in the Oil Industry in Qatar and in the UK. He was also teaching at York University and Ryerson University in Canada. His research interests include Hydrography and Marine Applications for GIS; Modeling and Simulation; Mobile Handheld GIS Visualization; and Disaster Management and Emergency Response Mapping. Dr. Abdalla is a recipient of several prestigious international awards, including the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) PE&RS Best Scientific Paper by ESRI.",institutionString:"Sultan Qaboos University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Sultan Qaboos University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Oman"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"785",title:"Geomatics",slug:"geomatics"}],chapters:[{id:"65364",title:"Introduction Chapter: From Land Surveying to Geomatics - Multidisciplinary Technological Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82424",slug:"introduction-chapter-from-land-surveying-to-geomatics-multidisciplinary-technological-trends",totalDownloads:1461,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rifaat Abdalla",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65364",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65364",authors:[{id:"222877",title:"Dr.",name:"Rifaat",surname:"Abdalla",slug:"rifaat-abdalla",fullName:"Rifaat Abdalla"}],corrections:null},{id:"64719",title:"Architectural Design and Prototyping of Co-PPGIS: A Groupware-Based Online Synchronous Collaborative PPGIS to Support Municipality Development and Planning Management Workflows",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80091",slug:"architectural-design-and-prototyping-of-co-ppgis-a-groupware-based-online-synchronous-collaborative-",totalDownloads:1077,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Co-PPGIS has a wide variety of applications like municipal planning, emergency response, public health and security, etc. The main focus of this chapter is on the development and design of a Web Collaborative PPGIS (Co-PPGIS) infrastructure. 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Significant efforts are being directed nowadays towards finding alternatives that could restrain the climate change. The consistent rise of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is known to be significantly detrimental to the environment. Thus, mitigating CO2 is becoming an urgent need.
Current methods involving CO2 mitigation can be broadly divided into two major categories, which involve (1) CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) and (2) CO2 capture and utilization (CCU). Since the production of fuels/chemicals is an added feature along with mitigation in CO2 valorization-based methods, they could be economically favorable. An energy-intensive CO2 capture step is a common drawback of most CO2 valorization methods that aim to mitigate CO2 from major CO2 emission sources (such as industrial flue gases).
Different methane-rich gas streams can be found, both of natural and of anthropogenic origin. A decrease in fossil fuels and environmental concerns across the globe enforced researchers to work on energy resources like methane, which is the most abundant natural gas on earth [1].
Therefore, it is of utmost importance to seek for technologies that could convert two of the main product gases responsible for the greenhouse effect, methane and carbon dioxide, avoiding their massive release into the atmosphere.
Reforming of methane is one of the most important industrial processes, which convert natural gas into synthesis gas. Syngas is an intermediate feedstock for the production of hydrocarbons and hydrogen for fuel cells. Synthesis gas is produced from natural gas via catalytic processes based on dry reforming of methane (DRM), steam reforming of methane (SRM) and partial oxidation of methane (POM) [2]. In fact, the available natural gas can be exploited for the production of chemicals and fuels.
The reforming processes are classified based on the energetic demand of the process and the type of reforming agent. Steam reforming of methane (SRM) produces a high ratio of syngas (H2/CO = 3), suitable for the production of ammonia. This process is endothermic and requires high investments. The partial oxidation of methane, an exothermic reaction, is an alternative process with reduced capital and operation costs. However, the partial oxidation of methane (POM) needs oxygen, and the cost of its production is about 50% of the investment of the whole process. There is a high risk of explosion at an elevated temperature [3]. On the other hand, the dry reforming of methane (DRM) is a valuable reaction for biogas utilization and transformation of greenhouse gases (CH4 and CO2) in high-valued products. DRM produces a low syngas ratio (H2/CO = 1), which is suitable for the syntheses of oxygenates [4, 5, 6].
Tri-reforming of methane (TRM) is nowadays of great interest, because it combines the steam and dry reforming and partial oxidation of methane (CH4 + O2 + CO2 + H2O) processes; however, it holds the main advantages and disadvantages of all processes, to some extent [7].
It is well known that the major limitation of methane-reforming processes is the rapid deactivation of the catalyst, which has been commonly attributed to coke deposition and catalyst sintering.
The tri-reforming of methane may drastically reduce the carbon deposition. Furthermore, the presence of O2 in the feed allows the generation of energy in situ, due to the exothermal oxidation of methane, which increases the energy efficiency of the process. Besides, the possibility of changing the reactants’ compositions, allows for a versatile synthesis of gas composition, which can be suitable for different applications of synthesis gas [8, 9].
Energy is the most important issue to modern economies, and it is predicted that a fast-rising energy demand will require US $45 trillion for new infrastructure investment by 2030. In particular, natural gas processes increase the options for the production of high added-value chemicals and energy demand. The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) technology is the main technology for the production of liquid fuels, named GTL process, but this technology is yet very expensive, due to the high costs of syngas production using steam reforming of methane (SRM) [7]. The tri-reforming process (TRM), introduced by Song et al. [10], allows to use flue gas and methane to produce syngas, which can be converted to methanol and higher hydrocarbons. This new process is a synergic combination of the endothermic CO2 and steam-reforming reactions with the exothermic oxidation of methane, as shown in Eqs. (1)–(4) [11], which are carried out in a single reactor.
In addition, during the tri-reforming process, methane cracking (Eq. (5)), CO disproportionation or Boudouard (Eq. (6)), water-gas shift (Eq. (7)) and complete oxidation of carbon reactions (Eq. (8)) occur simultaneously [12].
The heat released during the POM reaction is used to supply the heat needed for the SRM and DRM reaction, and therefore the TRM reaction is energetically more efficient [13]. In addition, TRM offers several advantages for syngas production compared to the single reactions [14]. TRM does not require pure CO2 supply in the reaction. This implies that the flue gas from the combustion processes of power plants or the coke oven gas (COG) from iron-making industries can be used directly as a CO2 source for TRM process [15, 16, 17]. TRM can also be used to upgrade the syngas quality produced from biomass or coal gasification [18, 19]. The H2/CO ratio in syngas produced from tri-reforming can be adjusted varying the amounts of reactants to satisfy the requirement for further processes, such as methanol and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis [20, 21]. In addition, integrating steam reforming and partial oxidation with CO2 reforming could dramatically reduce or eliminate carbon formation on a reforming catalyst, thus increasing the catalyst life and process efficiency [14] due to the addition of O2 in the feed, which also generates heat that increases the energy efficiency. Therefore, the tri-reforming has the advantage of using natural gas and flue gases from power plants. The syngas from tri-reforming is used for the production of chemicals (such as MeOH and dimethyl ether by oxo-synthesis), fuels (for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis) and electricity in fuel cells, as shown in Figure 1 [14].
Tri-reforming of natural gas using flue gas from fossil fuel-based power plants.
Table 1 shows the advantages and disadvantages of tri-reforming compared to other reforming technologies [7, 18, 22].
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Direct use of flue gases | Usually requires oxygen plant |
High methane conversion | No existing industrial process |
Elimination of CO2 separation | No existing commercial catalysts |
Different H2/CO ratios | Would require high GHSV |
Minimization of coke formation | Heat management |
Use of waste H2O/O2 | Mass management |
Simplifying the processing system |
However, due to the inherent problems of the reforming processes, there is a need to improve catalysts for optimizing the TRM process, improving the oxygen tolerance, resistance to coke formation and sintering of the metal-active sites at a high temperature.
The drawback of methane-reforming processes is mainly the severe tendency to carbon formation that deactivates the catalysts [23, 24, 25]. Noble metal-based catalysts (Rh, Ru, Pt, Pd and Ir) presented a high activity and stability against coke formation [26, 27]. However, their costs are still highly prohibitive for feasible application in this process. In fact, nickel-based catalysts are more preferable in the CH4 reforming, due to their availability and lower costs [28, 29, 30]. However, the stability of the nickel catalysts at elevated temperatures and the coke formation are the main obstacles for industrial applications [31, 32].
The addition of promoters to Ni-containing catalysts led to the reduction of coke deposition, better metal dispersion or smaller particle size, and the synergic effect between Ni and the promoter [33, 34, 35, 36]. In fact, bimetallic catalyst exhibits a higher activity compared to noble metals but not totally eliminate the carbon deposition.
The metal dispersion influences the coke deposition, since this process is structure-sensitive. The build-up of carbon involves quite large active metal particles, which are usually formed at high reforming temperatures.
Alumina-based supports have been investigated mainly due to the high specific surface area, increasing the metal dispersion [37]. Nevertheless, the alumina supports easily deactivate due to the coke deposition and sintering. The formation of coke has been associated with the dehydration, cracking and polymerization reactions, occurring on the acid sites, while sintering is due to the transition of crystalline phase during reaction [37].
Additional improvement can be achieved using well-developed supports. An effort to overcome these problems is to search for basic additives or promoters, such as CeO2, SiO2, La2O3, BaO, CaO, SrO, MgO and ZrO2 [37, 38].
Sintering of metal clusters can be prevented with supports having a strong interaction with the active component. In fact, ceria-based catalysts can minimize sintering and coke formation [39] compared to MgO, TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2 and ZrO2 supports [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. On the contrary, these supports facilitate sintering when submitted to higher temperatures. Moreover, ceria-based catalysts present good redox properties and high oxygen mobility, and as reported in the study, without noticeable oxygen mobility, the deactivation of the catalyst occurs very fast [47]. On the other hand, the thermal stability of pure ceria under the typical reforming conditions is quite poor.
Although tri-reforming has not yet been implemented commercially, similar to steam or to dry reforming, Ni catalysts supported on a wide range of different supported materials, such as Al2O3, ZrO2, MgO, TiO2, CeO2, TiO2, CeZrO and SiO2, are the most popular catalysts for tri-reforming of methane [48].
Song et al. [14] suggested that the supports should have a high oxygen storage capacity that promotes CO2 adsorption. They proposed a simplified mechanism for the CO2 reforming reaction. The first step occurs with the activation of methane, followed by the surface reaction and the adsorbed surface CO2 species or adsorbed oxygen atoms (Eq. (9)); CO2 is more acidic, and basic supports may preferentially interact with CO2. Therefore, the CO2 adsorption at the surface facilitates the reaction with CH4 producing CO and H2. Moreover, supports with a high oxygen storage capacity may also facilitate the dissociative adsorption of CO2 into CO and adsorbed oxygen, according to Eq. (9) [14]
where □ denotes an active site.
Perovskite-type oxides have attracted significant interest as promising catalytic materials with applications in a wide range of reactions, including total oxidation and partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide oxidation, alkenes hydrogenation, alkanes hydrogenolysis, alcohol synthesis, dry reforming and water-gas shift reaction [49, 50, 51]. The perovskites contain metallic and non-metallic elements, with a well-defined crystal structure. In general, the molecular formula is represented by ABO3, where A refers to an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or a lanthanide and B to a transition metal. These solids exhibit interesting properties such as superconductivity, ferromagnetism, appreciable thermal stability and conductivity and finally a high catalytic activity. The intrinsic properties of each perovskite are dependent on the type of inserted element and principally on the preparation method. In fact, perovskites as catalysts showed a reductive capacity under appropriate conditions. The metal particles are highly dispersed in the oxide matrix (AOX), inhibiting sintering of metal particles and carbon deposition. In fact, the high thermal stability makes the perovskites promising catalysts for the reforming of methane. Therefore, they are attractive alternatives to classic catalysts traditionally used in these reactions such as supported nickel and noble metals.
Various perovskites, including LaFeO3, LaNixFe1-xO3, LaNiO3 or La1-xCexFe0.7Ni0.3O3, have been found to exhibit a high activity in the steam reforming of methane with a minimal coke deposition under low steam-to-carbon ratios [52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67]. However, the need for high-operating temperatures (e.g. T ≥ 600°C) of methane-reforming reactions provokes irreversible structural changes, including structural collapse and dissolution of (reactive or inactive) metal particles from the perovskite lattice [57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64].
Choudhary et al. [63] verified that the oxygen from the La1-xSrxFeO3 perovskite-type oxides surface was responsible for the complete oxidation of CH4–CO2 and H2O, while the bulk lattice oxygen was responsible for the deep reduction of Fe3+–Fe2+, and this was suitable for the partial oxidation of CH4–H2 and CO. The La1-xSrxFeO3 has had good repeatability in the catalytic performance, and no significant deactivation was observed over five redox cycles.
The LaCrO3 and LaFeO3 oxides doped with alkaline earth (AE = Ba, Ca, Mg and Sr) metals were prepared and studied on how the atomic oxygen influences the partial oxidation of methane to syngas [66]. A-site doping with AE metals generally increases the mobility of lattice oxygen ions and thus decreases the temperature for the hydrogen and CO production, when compared with the non-doped LaCrO3 and LaFeO3 oxides. There are minor structural changes during the partial oxidation of methane of LaCrO3, which can be regenerated by oxidation at 950°C. However, the LaFeO3 presented negligible structural modifications. The stability of the perovskites occurs during repeated reaction cycles of generation-regeneration.
The LaFeO3, La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 and La0.8Sr0.2Fe0.9Co0.1O3 perovskite-type oxides were investigated in a continuous flow and sequential redox reaction [67] for the partial oxidation of methane in the absence of gaseous oxygen. The authors observed that methane reacted with sub-surface oxygen species of perovskite oxides in the absence of gaseous oxygen. The sequential redox reaction revealed that the structural stability is attributed to the continuous oxygen supply in the redox reaction, which evidences an excellent structural stability of the perovskite materials.
Other perovskites were employed for the DRM, SRM and POM reactions [68, 69, 70, 71, 72]. The effect of replacing cobalt by iron in LaCo1−xFexO3 (x = 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0) perovskite-type oxides over its physical properties and catalytic performance in the partial oxidation of methane (POM) was investigated. The product distribution varying with space time and with perovskite-type catalyst employed is found to be remarkable. For lower W/F values, the major product was H2 for the LaCoO3 (55.8%) and LaCo0.5Fe0.5O3 (59.2%), with similar ratios H2/CO (1.8–1.9) and a low CO2 formation [73].
We studied the combined dry and partial oxidation reaction on LaCrO3 and perovskites, fed with CH4:CO2:O2 = 1:1:0.5 and using a GSVH 60,000 h−1 at 700°C for 4 h. The conversions were 17% CH4 and 94% O2, respectively, and no conversion of CO2. Results showed an increasing formation of CO2 and a H2/CO ratio equal to 2.7, which suggests that the partial and total oxidation of methane initially takes place, producing CO, CO2 and H2O, and subsequently the steam and dry reforming occur to produce syngas. In fact, the water-gas shift reaction also takes place due to the high H2:CO ratio.
Steam reforming of methane is the only large-scale industrial process currently available for the production of synthesis gas, producing high-purity hydrogen with a H2/CO ratio equal to 3. The partial oxidation of methane produces synthesis gas with a H2/CO ratio of 2, as required for methanol synthesis. However, the POM reaction is exothermic, and the control of the temperature of this process is difficult. Tri-reforming of methane is energetically favorable compared to the steam reforming of methane and partial oxidation of methane. The process is energetically thermal neutral. Compared to the SRM and POM reactions, the tri-reforming process has the advantage to produce different H2/CO ratios.
Singha et al. [74] found the optimum feed ratio and the effect of O2 and H2O concentration (mole ratio) conditions for the reaction, by monitoring the feed mixture and keeping the methane to CO2 mole ratio constant. The addition of oxygen in the feed helps to attain a thermal-neutral balance and compensate the heat necessary for the endothermic reactions occurring during the whole process [75]. A high oxygen concentration in the reaction feed inhibits the CO2 reforming and lowers the CO2 conversion [13] because the reaction between oxygen and methane is thermodynamically favored over the reaction between methane and CO2. The higher concentration of oxygen in the feed allows a maximum methane consumption, and the available methane for the dry and steam reforming is very low [76]. Table 2 shows the effect of O2 concentration over methane, CO2 and H2O conversions and H2/CO ratios [74]. The effect of concentration of O2 over the reactant conversion was mainly due to the heat generated by the partial oxidation and complete oxidation of methane and the enhanced coke removal process [76, 77]. Increasing O2 concentration, the total oxidation of methane also increases, due to the exothermic reaction, and the amount of energy is released. The heat generated is useful for the steam- and dry-reforming reactions, which are endothermic, minimizing the required temperature to obtain a higher CH4 conversion [78] and external energy. On the opposite, lower O2 concentrations led to lower conversion; however, increasing the temperature, H2O and CO2 react with methane to produce synthesis gas [77]. The higher H2/CO ratio was attributed to the steam reforming of methane, producing a H2/CO ratio of 3, attributed to the water-gas shift reaction, which produces only hydrogen, without the production of CO [79]. On the other hand, with increasing temperature, one observes that the RWGS (reverse water-gas shift) reaction outweighs other reactions [77].
Catalyst | GHSV (ml.g−1.h−1) | Feed ratio, O2:CO2:H2O:CH4:He | CH4 conv. (%) | CO2 conv. (%) | H2O conv. (%) | H2/CO ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.8NiZrO2 | 80,000 | 0.75:1:2.1:5:18 | 60 | 50 | 55 | 2.3 |
1:1:2.1:5:18 | 83 | 81 | 82 | 2.0 | ||
1.25:1:2.1:5:18 | 90 | 38 | 89 | 3.0 |
The effect of O2 concentration (mole ratio) on the reactant conversions verified by reference [74].
The effect of replacing cobalt by iron in LaCo1-xFexO3 (x = 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0) perovskite-type oxides on its catalytic performance in the partial oxidation of methane (POM) process was investigated, varying the space velocity and methane/oxygen ratio. The inlet methane to oxygen proportion was fixed at 2:1. The methane conversion increased with the space time and the maximum conversion was 31% at 0.67 kg.s.mol−1 for the LF perovskite. In terms of product selectivity, the catalysts produced mainly H2 and CO, CO2, C2H4 and/or C2H6, as shown in Table 3. The product distribution varying with space time and perovskite type catalyst is found to be remarkable. The H2 production decreased by about a half and the CO decreased four times for both LC and LCF catalysts. However, the CO2 formation increased by a factor of about 10, and the H2/CO ratio also increased by a factor of 2. Different was the product distribution of the LF perovskite presenting low H2 and CO formations and a high production of CO2, but a significant higher formation of C2 hydrocarbons compared to the other samples as W/F increases [73].
W/F (kg.s.mol−1) | Catalysts | X CH4 (%) | H2/CO | Selectivity (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2 | CO | C2 | CO2 | ||||
0.16 | LC | 13.7 | 1.8 | 55.8 | 31.5 | 5.50 | 7.10 |
LF | 19.2 | 1.6 | 46.0 | 28.0 | 4.10 | 22.0 | |
LCF | 17.1 | 1.9 | 59.2 | 30.9 | 3.80 | 6.10 | |
0.40 | LC | 22.0 | 2.8 | 22.2 | 7.90 | 1.50 | 68.4 |
LF | 28.1 | 2.2 | 16.6 | 7.50 | 3.10 | 72.8 | |
LCF | 27.7 | 3.2 | 20.5 | 6.50 | 0.90 | 70.2 | |
0.67 | LC | 28.6 | 3.5 | 25.7 | 7.30 | 0.70 | 66.3 |
LF | 31.0 | 3.2 | 8.30 | 2.60 | 5.30 | 83.8 | |
LCF | 28.7 | 4.4 | 22.2 | 5.10 | 0.80 | 72.0 |
Conversions and selectivity results over perovskites. Experimental conditions: P = 1 atm, inlet molar CH4/O2 ratio = 2/1, space time of reactants = 0.16, 0.40 and 0.67 kg s mol−1 and temperature of 700°C [73].
Catalytic tests with the LF and LCF perovskites were also performed with a methane/oxygen ratio of 4 (W/F = 0.67 kg.s.mol−1). Table 4 shows that increasing the CH4/O2 ratio to 4, the methane conversion was halved, compared to the previous condition at a CH4/O2 ratio of 2 [73].
CH4:O2 | Catalysts | X CH4 (%) | H2/CO | Selectivity (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2 | CO | C2 | CO2 | ||||
2 | LF | 31.0 | 3.2 | 8.30 | 2.60 | 5.30 | 83.8 |
LCF | 28.7 | 4.4 | 22.2 | 5.10 | 0.80 | 72.0 | |
4 | LF | 15.5 | 0.0 | 0 | 2.70 | 10.5 | 86.8 |
LCF | 15.5 | 2.0 | 5.00 | 3.60 | 0.80 | 90.6 |
Conversions and selectivities over LF and LCF perovskites. Experimental conditions: P = 1 atm, inlet molar CH4/O2 ratio = 2/1 and 4/1, space time of reactants = 0.67 kg s mol−1, and temperature of 700°C [73].
The formations of ethane and ethylene are attributed to secondary reactions. In particular, the oxidative coupling of methane reaction takes place, which increased the C2H4 and C2H6 to C2H4 at high temperatures (2CH4 + 1/2O2 → H2O + 1/2C2H6). Parallel reactions of oxidative or non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane would occur, converting also C2H6 to C2H4 and then ethane could be oxidized to CO2. This last hypothesis is reinforced due to the increasing CO2 concentration at higher temperatures, most likely due to the oxidation of part of C2H6 (which leads to H2O and CO2), according to the following reactions, suggesting different reaction paths: C2H6 + 1/2O2 → C2H4 + H2O and C2H6 → C2H4+ H2.
Different reactions may occur in the whole process; the formation of the desired product with maximum selectivity depends on the input feed mixture. Steam increases the methane reforming and the water-gas shift (Eq. (7)) (WGS) reaction. It also helps to reduce the carbon deposition, which occurs during the dry reforming of methane [75]. Therefore, the addition of H2O is thermodynamically more favorable for the methane reforming than for the dry reforming [13]. For a lower H2O concentration, the methane conversion was lower than the CO2 conversion, which is assigned to the competition between H2O and CO2 molecules with methane. Increasing the H2O concentration input, the CO2 conversion decreases. Both WGS and steam reforming are equally important at a temperature below 650°C; however, with increasing temperature, the H2O conversion increases. Above 650°C, the RWGS reaction prevailed, producing less H2 and decreasing the H2/CO ratio [77, 80].
The reaction mechanisms are yet unknown for oxide catalysts and in particular for perovskite structures, which apparently are the most promising catalysts for the tri-reforming, based on the combined SRM, DRM and POM reactions. One explanation is that these materials present defects which promote the modification of electronic effects. Indeed, electronic effects may arise in the presence of ions with different charges of those belonging to the ions of the network, or as a consequence of the transition energy levels of electrons normally filled (usually the valence band) to empty levels (the conduction band). In all cases, when an electron is missing, that is, when there is an electron deficiency, this is usually called electronic holes. In the absence of an electric field, the ionic networks of the oxide structures tend to be electronically neutral, which requires that charge defects are compensated by the presence of other filler defects in order to obtain the condition of electro-neutrality, making the structure more stable. This means that charge defects are always present as a combination of two or more types of failures [55].
A reaction mechanism on mixed oxides can be suggested, assuming that CH4 is activated by the metal at the surface, forming carbon and H2. The carbon atoms adsorbed at the surface can react directly with oxygen, forming CO and H2. These intermediate species may react with the adsorbed CO2 species or dissociated steam. Song et al. [14] claim that the different extent of interaction between CO2 and catalysts could be responsible for this mechanism. They assumed that the interaction between CO2 and the catalyst could change the CH4 conversion rate, based on a simplified Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism (Eqs. (10)–(12)).
where □ are the metallic surface sites.
They observed that the reaction order of CH4 on Ni/MgO is strongly compared to the adsorption of CO2 over Ni/MgO/CeZrO which is close to zero. This suggests that the CH4 conversion rate almost does not change with the partial pressure of CO2. However, it was found that Ni/MgO/CeZrO has even more stronger interaction with CO2 than Ni/MgO. In fact, the sites for a strong CO2 adsorption over Ni/MgO/CeZrO are probably not the same as for CH4 adsorption. It is important to note that the metal is itself believed to be able to activate CH4, as suggested by Rostrup-Nielsen [47], while the types of supports, like MgO, facilitate the adsorption of CO2. Hence, the locations of the interfaces between Ni and supports are fundamental, where the adsorption and reaction take place.
The energy crisis is a problem which will get exacerbated with depleting crude oil reserves around the world. There is an urgent need for alternative fuels around the world. The conversion of CO2 to a high-valued product could provide the necessary economic incentive towards both CO2 mitigation and fuel generation. The study reported new strategies of CO2 valorization. The tri-reforming produces directly synthesis gas from flue gases using methane as a co-feed. The utilization of CO2 without pre-separation from its sources saves energy, since a substantial energy input is required for CO2 separation from its concentrated sources [81]. Tri-reforming of methane can be carried out by using CO2, H2O and O2 as a co-feed with natural gas or methane, and flue gas can be a very good source of highly concentrated feed for the tri-reforming process. New catalysts have been suggested with suitable promoters, mixed oxides and different supports, resistant to coke formation and sintering of the metal-active sites and stable at an elevated temperature. Stable and active catalysts for industrial application are under development, and researches are expected to bridge the gaps in science and technology for the tri-reforming process, providing further improvements and economically feasible.
The authors would like to thank FAPESP and Shell for supporting the “Research Centre for Gas Innovation—RCGI” (FAPESP Proc. 2014/50279-4), hosted by the University of São Paulo.
Syllabusitis is the name of an educational disease. It consists of identifying the mastering of a subject with proficiency related to a syllabus [1, 2, 3]. This is a sometimes convenient, but severely damaging reduction of complexity, among other things because it defocuses the teaching and learning of the subject. Everyone with a sense of mastering a subject will agree that there is much more to it than proficiency related to a syllabus, and this ‘much more’ is forgotten (or neglected) in a system infected by syllabusitis.
My impression is that syllabusitis is widely disseminated in mathematics education systems around the world. My intention here is not to defend the validity of this impression, but to use it as a framing of a more constructive analysis initiated by the questions: How can we describe the content of mathematics-laden education in a way that supports the fight against syllabusitis? In particular: How can such a description become a source of inspiration for teachers’ work and professional development?
The first question was one of the dominating points of departure for the Danish KOM Project, whose basic approach to the question of mathematical mastery I lay out in the next section, cf. Højgaard [4] of which the following sections of this chapter is an edited version. In section three, I address the second question by arguing that a two-dimensional structure has proven to be a crucial element when attempting to put the competency idea into educational practice, and in section four I present a specific example: using the two-dimensional structure to challenge and focus the planning of mathematics-laden education at university level. In section five, I finish by discussing some general perspectives for future curriculum development.
In many countries, Denmark being one of them, the traditional way of specifying a mathematics curriculum is structured around the following components (cf. [5]):
The
A
The instruments of
Sometimes the purpose is determined first and used as a basis for the establishment of the syllabus and the modes of assessment and testing. Often, though, the syllabus is determined first and the purpose added as a sort of politically oriented foreword, the modes of assessment and testing only referring to the syllabus-specific goals and the formal settings (‘A four-hour written test’ etc.). The establishment of the syllabus becomes the hub of curriculum development and, consequently, the central arena for discussions between the teachers, the recipient bodies and institutions and the curriculum developers.
In such a system, syllabusitis is systematically fertilised, not only at the system level of curriculum development, but also – and this is the core of the problem – in the minds and practices of mathematics teachers. To my experience, it is a generally accepted claim that the main channel of communication between ‘the system’ and the mathematics teachers regarding the content and orientation of the teaching is a list of guiding tasks for the written exam. If this list is structured mainly as an attempt to cover the syllabus, because it is constructed by people who are in the heart of a system infected by syllabusitis, then it should be no surprise that the minds and practices of the teachers are formatted in the same way.
One of the causes for the syllabus-focused curriculum structure is that we have nothing else to turn to when searching for a structure that is well suited for communication between the different bodies involved in mathematics-laden education. The purpose of the teaching, being the natural alternative, is a much more general kind of statement with no direct relation to the planning and orchestration of the teaching. This creates a ‘missing link’ between the purpose and planning of a structure for classroom activities, and only a minority of the teachers are able to create this link themselves.
This problem was one of the reasons for the initiation of the Danish KOM Project (‘Kompetencer Og Matematiklæring’, Danish for ‘Competencies and Mathematical Learning’), which took place in the years 2000–2002 (cf. [5, 6, 7]) and was directed by Mogens Niss for whom I acted as academic secretary. Based on previous work by Niss [8] the important analytical steps carried out in this project were (cf. [9]) to:
move from a general understanding of the concept
to a focus on
and then identify, explicitly formulate and exemplify
A visual representation of the eight mathematical competencies presented and exemplified in the KOM report [
In short, these competencies can be described as someone’s insightful readiness to …
Such a set of mathematical competencies has the potential to replace the syllabus as the hub of the development of mathematics-laden education, because it offers a vocabulary for a focused discussion of the aims of mathematics education that can make us feel comfortable for the same reasons that we are comfortable with the traditional specificity of the syllabus [1].
The work with mathematical competencies laid out in the KOM report is one of many attempts to generate a more broad and ambitious framing of the design of mathematics-laden curricula, where ‘something more’ than just mere syllabus reproduction is expected. The most well-known example is probably the American “Principles and Standards for School Mathematics” [10, 11], but many other countries have been through similar developmental processes during the last two to three decades.
For me an interesting experience was when I had the opportunity during a sabbatical leave in 2009 to get acquainted with a by then ongoing process of developing a new national curriculum for general education in Australia, including a new framework for mathematics education ([Australian] [12]). The main feature of this framework is to distinguish between content strands, which I read as parallel to a syllabus, and proficiency strands, which I (cf. [13]) read as the chosen approach to fill out the ‘something more’ part of the curriculum. In the short version, the approach chosen in the Australian framework is described as follows:
The content strands describe the ‘what’ that is to be taught and learnt while the proficiency strands describe the ‘how’ of the way content is explored or developed i.e. the thinking and doing of mathematics.
Since the whole quote is emphasized is an unusually clearly stated example of what I based on unsystematic experience believe to be a very common way to relate the syllabus and the ‘something more’ part of a curriculum. It can be described as supplementing the syllabus with specific subject-related goals (‘acquire computational fluency with …’, ‘develop a general understanding of …’ etc.), and is also used in the American Standards mentioned above.
The problem with this ‘syllabus with comments’ approach depicted in Figure 2 is that it does not once and for all fundamentally depart from the tradition of writing up the content of mathematics education in a linear fashion, it just ‘dresses it up’ with some new ambitions. Hence, it is still possible to forget or neglect the new ambitions of the curriculum and carry out the much to easy transformation of the linearly described content into a by nature also linear plan for the teaching of the content: ‘Algebra’ as the heading for part one of the plan, ‘Geometry’ as the heading for part two, etc.
A ‘syllabus with comments’ structuring of the content of mathematics education.
In the KOM Project we suggested the alternative of using a matrix structure for incorporating mathematical competencies in mathematics curricula [7]. Figure 3 is an adapted version of this model with the combinatorial cell structure left out. One of the consequences of this approach is that it makes didactical considerations necessary when planning from a two-dimensional content structure to a timewise one-dimensional teaching plan.
A two-dimensional structuring of the content of mathematics education (adapted from [
In the last decade or so, the two-dimensional structuring of content suggested here has been used for various curriculum developments in Denmark from primary school to university (cf. [5]). In this chapter I will exemplify how that can be approached at university level, based on the elaborated presentation in Højgaard & Jankvist [14].
The School of Education at Aarhus University in Denmark offers a master’s programme in mathematics education, parallel to several other educational master’s programmes (cf. [15]). I have been the person responsible for that programme since its latest major educational re-design in 2005, of which I was the main architect. That process took place only a few years after the intense work with the KOM Project, so it is of little surprise that the educational design is not least framed by a competency approach to mathematics education. There is, however, also a more substantial reason for this choice made by my colleagues and I in the mathematics education group at Aarhus University: We acknowledge the fundamental challenge of fighting syllabusitis in mathematics-laden education across educational levels, and we agree that a set of mathematical competencies is a useful developmental tool to address this challenge.
Hence, we have chosen to use the framework of mathematical competencies as a basis for the design of the mathematically focused part of the master’s programme. That part covers two compulsory course modules;
A visualization of the content of the educational module: ‘Mathematics in a Didactical Perspective I’ ([
The generalizability of this model can and should be tested and challenged. To make a long story short, my experience from participating in several research and development projects framed by a two-dimensional mathematical content description is twofold (cf. [14]):
One of the main advantages of using a two-dimensionally structured competency perspective on mathematics-laden education is that it inherently fosters reflections among the teachers involved about the foci of the different mathematical competencies involved in the two-dimensional content structure [9].
Such reflections promote the more ambitious kind of work processes aimed at in mathematics-laden education, if the teachers involved get the necessary time and support (as was the case with the example given above) to learn how to use the two-dimensional structure as a developmental tool (cf. [17]).
As for the third dimension of the model in Figure 4, it has proven both important and helpful for my colleagues and I when communicating with each other and with the students about the focus of the different modules. The didactics of mathematics perspective reminds us all that this is the context in which the mathematical content should be taught, learned and assessed, and I see no reason why that could not be replaced with “engineering perspective”, “biology perspective”, etc., to form a useful developmental tool in other educational settings.
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These physiological events occur smoothly in normal healthy individual and/or under normal conditions. However, in certain cases, these molecular events are retarded resulting in hard-to-heal or chronic wounds arising from several factors such as poor venous return, underlying physiological or metabolic conditions such as diabetes as well as external factors such as poor nutrition. In most cases, such wounds are infected and infection also presents as another complicating phenomenon which triggers inflammatory reactions, therefore delaying wound healing. There has therefore been recent interests and significant efforts in preventing and actively treating wound infections by directly targeting infection causative agents through direct application of antimicrobial agents either alone or loaded into dressings (medicated). These have the advantage of overcoming challenges such as poor circulation in diabetic and leg ulcers when administered systemically and also require lower amounts to be applied compared to that required via oral or iv administration. This chapter will review and evaluate various antimicrobial agents used to target infected wounds, the means of delivery, and current state of the art, including commercially available dressings. Data sources will include mainly peer-reviewed literature, clinical trials and reports, patents as well as government reports where available.",book:{id:"5290",slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges"},signatures:"Omar Sarheed, Asif Ahmed, Douha Shouqair and Joshua Boateng",authors:[{id:"183108",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Boateng",slug:"joshua-boateng",fullName:"Joshua Boateng"},{id:"183399",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Sarheed",slug:"omar-sarheed",fullName:"Omar Sarheed"},{id:"188082",title:"Mr.",name:"Asif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"asif-ahmed",fullName:"Asif Ahmed"},{id:"188083",title:"Ms.",name:"Douha",middleName:null,surname:"Shouqair",slug:"douha-shouqair",fullName:"Douha Shouqair"}]},{id:"51825",doi:"10.5772/64611",title:"Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cutaneous Wound Healing",slug:"roles-of-matrix-metalloproteinases-in-cutaneous-wound-healing",totalDownloads:3598,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"Wound healing is a complex process that consists of hemostasis and inflammation, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and tissue remodeling. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in wound healing, and their dysregulation leads to prolonged inflammation and delayed wound healing. There are 24 MMPs in humans, and each MMP exists in three forms, of which only the active MMPs play a role in the pathology or repair of wounds. The current methodology does not distinguish between the three forms of MMPs, making it challenging to investigate the roles of MMPs in pathology and wound repair. We used a novel MMP-inhibitor-tethered affinity resin that binds only the active form of MMPs, from which we identified and quantified active MMP-8 and active MMP-9 in a murine diabetic model with delayed wound healing. We showed that up-regulation of active MMP-9 plays a detrimental role whereas active MMP-8 is involved in repairing the wound in diabetic mice. These studies identified MMP-9 as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of chronic wounds. A selective inhibitor of MMP-9 that leaves MMP-8 unaffected would provide the most effective therapy and represents a promising strategy for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.",book:{id:"5290",slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges"},signatures:"Trung T. Nguyen, Shahriar Mobashery and Mayland Chang",authors:[{id:"183405",title:"Prof.",name:"Mayland",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"mayland-chang",fullName:"Mayland Chang"},{id:"191152",title:"Mr.",name:"Trung",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"trung-nguyen",fullName:"Trung Nguyen"},{id:"191153",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Mobashery",slug:"shahriar-mobashery",fullName:"Shahriar Mobashery"}]},{id:"63675",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81208",title:"Wound Healing: Contributions from Plant Secondary Metabolite Antioxidants",slug:"wound-healing-contributions-from-plant-secondary-metabolite-antioxidants",totalDownloads:1309,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Plants by their genetic makeup possess an innate ability to synthesize a wide variety of phytochemicals that help them to perform their normal physiological functions and/or to protect themselves from microbial pathogens and animal herbivores. The synthesis of these phytochemicals presents the plants their natural tendency to respond to environmental stress conditions. These phytochemicals are classified either as primary or secondary metabolites. The secondary metabolites have been identified in plants as alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, anthraquinones, and triterpenes. These plant-based compounds are believed to have diverse medicinal properties including antioxidant properties. Plants have therefore been a potential source of antioxidants which have received a great deal of attention since increased oxidative stress has been identified as a major causative factor in the development and progression of several life-threatening diseases, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases and wound infection. Consequently, many medicinal plants have been cited and known to effect wound healing and antioxidant properties. This chapter briefly reviews antioxidant properties of medicinal plants to highlight the important roles medicinal plants play in wound healing.",book:{id:"7046",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Victor Y.A. Barku",authors:[{id:"261027",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor Y. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Barku",slug:"victor-y.-a.-barku",fullName:"Victor Y. A. Barku"}]},{id:"66793",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85020",title:"The Impact of Biofilm Formation on Wound Healing",slug:"the-impact-of-biofilm-formation-on-wound-healing",totalDownloads:1405,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Chronic wounds represent an important challenge for wound care and are universally colonized by bacteria. These bacteria can form biofilm as a survival mechanism that confers the ability to resist environmental stressors and antimicrobials due to a variety of reasons, including low metabolic activity. Additionally, the exopolymeric substance (EPS) contained in biofilm acts as a mechanical barrier to immune system cells, leading to collateral damage in the surrounding tissue as well as chronic inflammation, which eventually will delay healing of the wound. This chapter will discuss current knowledge on biofilm formation, its presence in acute and chronic wounds, how biofilm affects antibiotic resistance and tolerance, as well as the wound healing process. We will also discuss proposed methods to eliminate biofilm and improve wound healing despite its presence, including basic science and clinical studies regarding these matters.",book:{id:"7046",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Rafael A. Mendoza, Ji-Cheng Hsieh and Robert D. Galiano",authors:[{id:"253607",title:"M.D.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza",slug:"rafael-mendoza",fullName:"Rafael Mendoza"},{id:"254018",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Galiano",slug:"robert-galiano",fullName:"Robert Galiano"},{id:"271116",title:"Mr.",name:"Ji-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Hsieh",slug:"ji-cheng-hsieh",fullName:"Ji-Cheng Hsieh"}]},{id:"63086",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80215",title:"Medicinal Plants in Wound Healing",slug:"medicinal-plants-in-wound-healing",totalDownloads:2845,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Wound healing process is known as interdependent cellular and biochemical stages which are in trying to improve the wound. Wound healing can be defined as stages which is done by body and delayed in wound healing increases chance of microbial infection. Improved wound healing process can be performed by shortening the time needed for healing or lowering the inappropriate happens. The drugs were locally or systemically administrated in order to help wound healing. Antibiotics, antiseptics, desloughing agents, extracts, etc. have been used in order to wound healing. Some synthetic drugs are faced with limitations because of their side effects. Plants or combinations derived from plants are needed to investigate identify and formulate for treatment and management of wound healing. There is increasing interest to use the medicinal plants in wound healing because of lower side effects and management of wounds over the years. Studies have shown that medicinal plants improve wound healing in diabetic, infected and opened wounds. The different mechanisms have been reported to improve the wound healing by medicinal plants. In this chapter, some medicinal plants and the reported mechanisms will be discussed.",book:{id:"7046",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Mohammad Reza Farahpour",authors:[{id:"253340",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammadreza",middleName:null,surname:"Farahpour",slug:"mohammadreza-farahpour",fullName:"Mohammadreza Farahpour"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55736",title:"Haemodynamic Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit",slug:"haemodynamic-monitoring-in-the-intensive-care-unit",totalDownloads:3316,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Monitoring is a cognitive aid that allows clinicians to detect the nature and extent of pathology and helps assessment of response to therapy. The cardiovascular system is the most commonly monitored organ system in the critical care setting. It helps identify the presence and nature of shock and guides response to resuscitation by detection of cardiac rate and rhythm, evaluation of volume state, cardiac contractility and systemic vascular resistance. Newer technologies allow greater assessment of oxygen delivery to vulnerable tissues. We discuss the nature, history, modalities and interpretation of the most commonly available haemodynamic monitoring methods in clinical use currently.",book:{id:"5756",slug:"intensive-care",title:"Intensive Care",fullTitle:"Intensive Care"},signatures:"Mainak Majumdar",authors:[{id:"86678",title:"Dr.",name:"Mainak",middleName:null,surname:"Majumdar",slug:"mainak-majumdar",fullName:"Mainak Majumdar"}]},{id:"51825",title:"Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cutaneous Wound Healing",slug:"roles-of-matrix-metalloproteinases-in-cutaneous-wound-healing",totalDownloads:3598,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:"Wound healing is a complex process that consists of hemostasis and inflammation, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and tissue remodeling. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in wound healing, and their dysregulation leads to prolonged inflammation and delayed wound healing. There are 24 MMPs in humans, and each MMP exists in three forms, of which only the active MMPs play a role in the pathology or repair of wounds. The current methodology does not distinguish between the three forms of MMPs, making it challenging to investigate the roles of MMPs in pathology and wound repair. We used a novel MMP-inhibitor-tethered affinity resin that binds only the active form of MMPs, from which we identified and quantified active MMP-8 and active MMP-9 in a murine diabetic model with delayed wound healing. We showed that up-regulation of active MMP-9 plays a detrimental role whereas active MMP-8 is involved in repairing the wound in diabetic mice. These studies identified MMP-9 as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of chronic wounds. A selective inhibitor of MMP-9 that leaves MMP-8 unaffected would provide the most effective therapy and represents a promising strategy for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.",book:{id:"5290",slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges"},signatures:"Trung T. Nguyen, Shahriar Mobashery and Mayland Chang",authors:[{id:"183405",title:"Prof.",name:"Mayland",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"mayland-chang",fullName:"Mayland Chang"},{id:"191152",title:"Mr.",name:"Trung",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"trung-nguyen",fullName:"Trung Nguyen"},{id:"191153",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Mobashery",slug:"shahriar-mobashery",fullName:"Shahriar Mobashery"}]},{id:"63086",title:"Medicinal Plants in Wound Healing",slug:"medicinal-plants-in-wound-healing",totalDownloads:2845,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Wound healing process is known as interdependent cellular and biochemical stages which are in trying to improve the wound. Wound healing can be defined as stages which is done by body and delayed in wound healing increases chance of microbial infection. Improved wound healing process can be performed by shortening the time needed for healing or lowering the inappropriate happens. The drugs were locally or systemically administrated in order to help wound healing. Antibiotics, antiseptics, desloughing agents, extracts, etc. have been used in order to wound healing. Some synthetic drugs are faced with limitations because of their side effects. Plants or combinations derived from plants are needed to investigate identify and formulate for treatment and management of wound healing. There is increasing interest to use the medicinal plants in wound healing because of lower side effects and management of wounds over the years. Studies have shown that medicinal plants improve wound healing in diabetic, infected and opened wounds. The different mechanisms have been reported to improve the wound healing by medicinal plants. In this chapter, some medicinal plants and the reported mechanisms will be discussed.",book:{id:"7046",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Mohammad Reza Farahpour",authors:[{id:"253340",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammadreza",middleName:null,surname:"Farahpour",slug:"mohammadreza-farahpour",fullName:"Mohammadreza Farahpour"}]},{id:"67217",title:"Nursing Implications in the ECMO Patient",slug:"nursing-implications-in-the-ecmo-patient",totalDownloads:2496,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Effective care and positive outcomes of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patient necessitate optimal interdisciplinary management from the healthcare team, including expert care from specially trained registered nurses (RNs). It is incumbent upon the RN caring for the ECMO patient to excel in both time management and assessment skills, as this population often demands care delivery at the pinnacle of intensive care unit (ICU) acuity. Astute and nuanced monitoring of neurological status, bleeding risk with potential (often massive) transfusions, poor hemodynamics, and integrity of the ECMO pump itself are only the few specialized areas of focus that must share priority with traditional nursing considerations involving the critically ill, such as prevention of pressure injuries and bloodstream infections. These high-intensity medical foci must be balanced with ethical considerations, as the ultimate goal of returning the patient to their normal life is not always possible. These demands highlight the dynamic proficiency of the RN caring for the ECMO patient. The following chapter will highlight the importance of specialized nursing care in the critically ill patient supported with ECMO.",book:{id:"7878",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",fullTitle:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - Volume 3"},signatures:"Alex Botsch, Elizabeth Protain, Amanda R. Smith and Ryan Szilagyi",authors:[{id:"298623",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Botsch",slug:"alexander-botsch",fullName:"Alexander Botsch"}]},{id:"66239",title:"Echocardiography Evaluation in ECMO Patients",slug:"echocardiography-evaluation-in-ecmo-patients",totalDownloads:2145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a special form of organ support for selected cases of cardiovascular and severe respiratory failure. Echocardiography is a diagnostic and monitoring tool widely used in all aspects of ECMO support. The pathophysiology of ECMO, and its distinct effects on cardiorespiratory physiology, requires an echocardiographer with high skills to understand the interaction between the ECMO and the patient. In this chapter, we present the main application of echocardiography in ECMO patients and some general concepts on the ECMO working. ECMO, such as the standard cardiopulmonary bypass employed in cardiac surgery, V-V (veno-venous), can support the insufficient respiratory system by oxygenating and removing carbon dioxide from the blood. VA-ECMO (venous-arterial) can support haemodynamics by providing mechanical circulatory assistance. Today, ECMO can be used as bridge to decision, waiting for the development of the clinical conditions to support with other devices the evolution of cardiorespiratory failure or stop the assistance. Echocardiography (transthoracic (TTE) or transoesophageal (TOE)) can be used primarily to take decisions regarding appropriateness of ECMO support, therefore to control cannula insertion and confirm final position, to modify number and position of the cannulae in case of malfunctioning of these, and, finally, to assess clinical progress and suitability for weaning from ECMO.",book:{id:"7878",slug:"advances-in-extracorporeal-membrane-oxygenation-volume-3",title:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",fullTitle:"Advances in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation - Volume 3"},signatures:"Luigi Tritapepe, Ernesto Greco and Carlo Gaudio",authors:[{id:"284893",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Tritapepe",slug:"luigi-tritapepe",fullName:"Luigi Tritapepe"},{id:"294005",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernesto",middleName:null,surname:"Greco",slug:"ernesto-greco",fullName:"Ernesto Greco"},{id:"294006",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Gaudio",slug:"carlo-gaudio",fullName:"Carlo Gaudio"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"173",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:151,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",biography:"Naceur M’HAMDI is Associate Professor at the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage. He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. 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Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. 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Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. 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He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334239",title:"Prof.",name:"Leung",middleName:null,surname:"Wai Keung",slug:"leung-wai-keung",fullName:"Leung Wai Keung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hong Kong",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",slug:"felix-bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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