UNIX-internship timeline.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4721",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Silicon Carbide Devices and Processing",title:"Advanced Silicon Carbide Devices and Processing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Since the production of the first commercially available blue LED in the late 1980s, silicon carbide technology has grown into a billion-dollar industry world-wide in the area of solid-state lighting and power electronics. With this in mind we organized this book to bring to the attention of those well versed in SiC technology some new developments in the field with a particular emphasis on particularly promising technologies such as SiC-based solar cells and optoelectronics. We have balanced this with the more traditional subjects such as power electronics and some new developments in the improvement of the MOS system for SiC MOSFETS. Given the importance of advanced microsystems and sensors based on SiC, we also included a review on 3C-SiC for both microsystem and electronic applications.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2168-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6385-5",doi:"10.5772/59734",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advanced-silicon-carbide-devices-and-processing",numberOfPages:258,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c916ab17f1e2e57b537b5cf8bf14833f",bookSignature:"Stephen E. Saddow and Francesco La Via",publishedDate:"September 17th 2015",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4721.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18015,numberOfWosCitations:50,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:37,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:10,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:101,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 10th 2014",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 1st 2014",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 27th 2015",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 29th 2015",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 28th 2015",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"127139",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",middleName:null,surname:"Saddow",slug:"stephen-saddow",fullName:"Stephen Saddow",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/127139/images/4314_n.jpg",biography:"Stephen E. Saddow is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and member of the Biomedical Engineering Faculty, College of Engineering, at the University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA. He has been an active researcher in the field of SiC Technology since 1992, when he pioneered the use of 6H-SiC for high-power optical switching. Since this early work, he has specialized in the development of various SiC processing methods, most notably CVD of 3C-SiC on Si. In the last decade he has focused on the use of 3C-SiC for biomedical applications and has been developing SiC-based continuous glucose monitoring systems and neural implants. He has over 150 published papers, 3 books, several book chapters and has several patents, awarded or pending, on the use of SiC for biomedical applications. He has held several visiting researcher/professor positions in Italy, Germany, France, and more recently Brazil.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"196015",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"La Via",slug:"francesco-la-via",fullName:"Francesco La Via",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196015/images/system/196015.jpg",biography:"Francesco La Via was born in Catania, Italy, in September 1961. He received the M.S. degree in physics from Catania University, Italy, in 1985. From 1985 to 1990 he had a fellowship at STMicroelectronics, Catania and was a Visiting Scientist at Philips National Laboratory, Eindhoven, Netherlands. In 1990 he joined the CNR Institute for Microelectronic, Catania as a researcher. In 2001 he became senior researcher and from 2003 he has been responsible of the division of CNR-IMM that develops new processes for silicon carbide epitaxy and hetero-epitaxy. From 2013 he has been in the International Steering Committee of the ICSCRM conference. In 2015 he became co-Chair of the ICSCRM 2015 and Chair of the Technical Program Committee. In this period he published more than 300 papers on JCR journals, one e-book, a focus issue of JMR and three book chapters. He has presented nine invited contributions to international conferences. He has 10 patents on SiC processing.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"944",title:"Metallurgy",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-metallurgy"}],chapters:[{id:"48856",title:"Silicon Carbide in Microsystem Technology — Thin Film Versus Bulk Material",doi:"10.5772/60970",slug:"silicon-carbide-in-microsystem-technology-thin-film-versus-bulk-material",totalDownloads:2872,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter looks at the role of silicon carbide (SiC) in microsystem technology. It starts with an introduction into the wide bandgap (WBG) materials and the properties that make them potential candidates to enable the development of harsh environment microsystems. The future commercial success of WBG microsystems depends mainly on the availability of high-quality materials, well-established microfabrication processes, and economic viability. In such aspects SiC platform, in relation to other WBG materials, provides a clear and competitive advantage. The reasons for this will be detailed. Furthermore, the current status of the SiC thin film and bulk material technologies will also be discussed. Both SiC material forms have played important roles in different microsystem types.",signatures:"Mariana Amorim Fraga, Matteo Bosi and Marco Negri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48856",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48856",authors:[{id:"9292",title:"Dr.",name:"matteo",surname:"bosi",slug:"matteo-bosi",fullName:"matteo bosi"},{id:"38456",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Amorim Fraga",slug:"mariana-amorim-fraga",fullName:"Mariana Amorim Fraga"},{id:"175671",title:"MSc.",name:"Marco",surname:"Negri",slug:"marco-negri",fullName:"Marco Negri"}],corrections:null},{id:"48655",title:"3C-SiC — From Electronic to MEMS Devices",doi:"10.5772/61020",slug:"3c-sic-from-electronic-to-mems-devices",totalDownloads:2730,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Since decades, silicon carbide (SiC) has been avowed as an interesting material for high-power and high-temperature applications because of its significant properties including its wide bandgap energy and high temperature stability. SiC is also professed as an ideal candidate for microsystem applications due to its excellent mechanical properties and chemical inertia, making it suitable for harsh environments. Among the 250 different SiC polytypes, only 4H, 6H and 3C-SiC are commercially available. The cubic structure, 3C-SiC, is the only one that can be grown on cheap silicon substrates. Hence, 3C-SiC is more interesting than any other polytype for reducing fabrication costs and increasing wafer diameter. This huge property has been evidenced for more than 30 years using chemical vapor deposition. Despite this key achievement and the growing interest for silicon carbide, no 3C-SiC-based devices can be found on the market whereas 4H-SiC-based devices are more and more largely commercialized. Even so, important headways have been reached for electrical and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to address concerns related to electronic applications and MEMS fabrication of 3C-SiC-based devices, trying to give a broad overview on specific issues and challenging solutions.",signatures:"Jean-François Michaud, Marc Portail and Daniel Alquier",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48655",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48655",authors:[{id:"111145",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Alquier",slug:"daniel-alquier",fullName:"Daniel Alquier"},{id:"174749",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Francois",surname:"Michaud",slug:"jean-francois-michaud",fullName:"Jean-Francois Michaud"},{id:"174776",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",surname:"Portail",slug:"marc-portail",fullName:"Marc Portail"}],corrections:null},{id:"48969",title:"Impact of Dielectric Formation and Processing Techniques on the Operation of 4H-SiC MOSFETs",doi:"10.5772/61067",slug:"impact-of-dielectric-formation-and-processing-techniques-on-the-operation-of-4h-sic-mosfets",totalDownloads:1680,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The mobility of carriers in the channel of silicon carbide is significantly lower than in equivalent silicon devices. This results in a significant increase in on-state resistance in comparison to theoretical predictions and is hindering the uptake of silicon carbide technology in commercial circuits. The density of interface traps at the interface between silicon carbide and the dielectric film is higher and this is often considered to be the primary reason for the low mobility. In this work, we show that the mobility is dominated by the surface roughness of the silicon carbide, especially when the transistor is operating in the strong inversion regime, by careful examination of the characteristics of lateral transistors designed to form complimentary MOS functions.",signatures:"Lucy Martin, Hua-Khee Chan, Ming-Hung Weng and Alton Horsfall",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48969",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48969",authors:[{id:"175070",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming-Hung",surname:"Weng",slug:"ming-hung-weng",fullName:"Ming-Hung Weng"},{id:"175072",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",surname:"Martin",slug:"lucy-martin",fullName:"Lucy Martin"},{id:"175073",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua-Khee",surname:"Chan",slug:"hua-khee-chan",fullName:"Hua-Khee Chan"},{id:"175074",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantin",surname:"Vassilevski",slug:"konstantin-vassilevski",fullName:"Konstantin Vassilevski"},{id:"175075",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Wright",slug:"nick-wright",fullName:"Nick Wright"},{id:"175076",title:"Dr.",name:"Alton",surname:"Horsfall",slug:"alton-horsfall",fullName:"Alton Horsfall"}],corrections:null},{id:"48898",title:"Investigation of SiC/Oxide Interface Structures by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry",doi:"10.5772/61082",slug:"investigation-of-sic-oxide-interface-structures-by-spectroscopic-ellipsometry",totalDownloads:2046,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We have investigated SiC/oxide interface structures by the use of spectroscopic ellipsometry. The depth profile of the optical constants of thermally grown oxide layers on SiC was obtained by observing the slope-shaped oxide layers, and the results suggest the existence of the interface layers, around 1 nm in thickness, having high refractive index than those of both SiC and SiO2. The wavelength dispersions of optical constants of the interface layers were measured in the range of visible to deep UV spectral region, and we found the interface layers have similar dispersion to that of SiC, though the refractive indices are around 1 larger than SiC, which suggests the interface layers are neither transition layers nor roughness layers, but modified SiC, e.g., strained and/or modified composition. By the use of an in-situ ellipsometer, real-time observation of SiC oxidation was performed, and the growth rate enhancement was found in the thin thickness regime as in the case of Si oxidation, which cannot be explained by the Deal-Grove model proposed for Si oxidation. From the measurements of the oxidation temperature and oxygen partial pressure dependences of oxidation rate in the initial stage of oxidation, we have discussed the interface structures and their formation mechanisms within the framework of the interfacial Si-C emission model we proposed for SiC oxidation mechanism.",signatures:"Sadafumi Yoshida, Yasuto Hijikata and Hiroyuki Yaguchi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48898",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48898",authors:[{id:"18272",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadafumi",surname:"Yoshida",slug:"sadafumi-yoshida",fullName:"Sadafumi Yoshida"}],corrections:null},{id:"48691",title:"Comparative Study of Optimally Designed DC-DC Converters with SiC and Si Power Devices",doi:"10.5772/61018",slug:"comparative-study-of-optimally-designed-dc-dc-converters-with-sic-and-si-power-devices",totalDownloads:2276,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, power losses and mass of optimally designed Si- vs. SiC-based isolated DC-DC converters are compared in quantitative terms. To that end, an adapted version of a computer-aided design tool, previously published by the authors, is used. The database of the existing tool was completed with new wide band gap semiconductor devices currently available from manufacturers. The results are presented for two switch-mode power supplies, each constituted of an isolated DC-DC converter, operating at very different power levels: a 100 kW auxiliary railway power supply and a multiple output 33.5 W power supply intended for a space application. The gains in terms of power losses and mass from one technology to the other can advantageously be evaluated thanks to the developed tool.",signatures:"O. Deblecker, Z. De Grève and C. Versèle",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48691",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48691",authors:[{id:"27025",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Versèle",slug:"christophe-versele",fullName:"Christophe Versèle"},{id:"31944",title:"Prof.",name:"Olivier",surname:"Deblecker",slug:"olivier-deblecker",fullName:"Olivier Deblecker"},{id:"174945",title:"Dr.",name:"Zacharie",surname:"De Grève",slug:"zacharie-de-greve",fullName:"Zacharie De Grève"}],corrections:null},{id:"49015",title:"Novel Developments and Challenges for the SiC Power Devices",doi:"10.5772/61123",slug:"novel-developments-and-challenges-for-the-sic-power-devices",totalDownloads:2416,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Silicon Carbide (SiC) is believed to be a revolutionary semiconductor material for power devices of the future; many SiC power devices have emerged as superior alternative power switch technology, especially in harsh environments with high temperature or high electric field. In this chapter, the challenges and recent developments of SiC power devices are discussed. The first part is focused on SiC power diodes including SiC Schottky barrier diode (SBD), SiC PiN diodes (PiN,) SiC junction/Schottky diodes (JBS), then SiC UMOSFETs, DMOSFETs and several MESFETs are introduced, and the third part is about SiC bipolar devices such as BJT and IGBT. Finally, the challenges during the development of SiC power devices, especially about its material growth and packaging are discussed.",signatures:"Yintang Yang, Baoxing Duan, Song Yuan and Hujun Jia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49015",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49015",authors:[{id:"153223",title:"Dr.",name:"Duan",surname:"Baoxing",slug:"duan-baoxing",fullName:"Duan Baoxing"}],corrections:null},{id:"48974",title:"High-responsivity SiC Ultraviolet Photodetectors with SiO2 and Al2O3 Films",doi:"10.5772/61019",slug:"high-responsivity-sic-ultraviolet-photodetectors-with-sio2-and-al2o3-films",totalDownloads:1836,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Silicon carbide (SiC) has shown considerable potential for ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors due to its properties such as wide band gap (3.26 eV for 4H-SiC), high break down electric field and high thermal stability. 4H-SiC-based UV photodetectors such as Schottky, metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM), metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) and avalanche have been presenting excellent performance for UV detection application in flame detection, ozone-hole sensing, short-range communication, etc. Generally, the most widely used antireflection coating and passivation layer for 4H-SiC-based photodetectors are native SiO2 grown by heating 4H-SiC in O2 in order to improve the absorption and passivation of photodetectors. Nevertheless, the thermally grown SiO2 single layer suffers from high reflection, large absorption and inaccurate thickness. Therefore, in this chapter, UV antireflection coatings were designed, fabricated and applied in order to reduce optical losses and improve the quantum efficiency (QE) of 4H-SiC-based photodetectors. The important results will be introduced as follows:",signatures:"Feng Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48974",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48974",authors:[{id:"67235",title:"Prof.",name:"Guosheng",surname:"Sun",slug:"guosheng-sun",fullName:"Guosheng Sun"},{id:"175090",title:"Prof.",name:"Feng",surname:"Zhang",slug:"feng-zhang",fullName:"Feng Zhang"},{id:"177287",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhengyun",surname:"Wu",slug:"zhengyun-wu",fullName:"Zhengyun Wu"},{id:"177288",title:"Prof.",name:"Yiping",surname:"Zeng",slug:"yiping-zeng",fullName:"Yiping Zeng"}],corrections:null},{id:"49023",title:"Silicon Carbide for Novel Quantum Technology Devices",doi:"10.5772/61166",slug:"silicon-carbide-for-novel-quantum-technology-devices",totalDownloads:2160,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Stefania Castelletto, Lorenzo Rosa and Brett C. Johnson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/49023",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/49023",authors:[{id:"174783",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Stefania",surname:"Castelletto",slug:"stefania-castelletto",fullName:"Stefania Castelletto"},{id:"175636",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorenzo",surname:"Rosa",slug:"lorenzo-rosa",fullName:"Lorenzo Rosa"},{id:"175637",title:"Dr.",name:"Brett",surname:"Johnson",slug:"brett-johnson",fullName:"Brett Johnson"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3817",title:"Developments in Corrosion Protection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ff86fac7ac8bce142fdc3c0e5a79f30",slug:"developments-in-corrosion-protection",bookSignature:"M. 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Among the key roles of a university is to educate and empower people with knowledge and skills so that they will become prosperers of lives. To effectively achieve this mission, universities must formulate a sustainable partnership with industry, government and community, apart from with other universities. In order to foster and drive a sustainable partnership, a university must begin by building a compelling case and unique offerings on how the partnership could benefit collaborators. This chapter presents the strategies and unique offerings of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in creating a sustainable partnership through a work-based curriculum that contributes toward nurturing life-ready and job-ready graduates, development of resilient and sustainable organisation through improved operations, and enhanced partnership with industry.
\nAt UTM, the traditional practice of having a short industrial training or odd career days toward the end of a degree program has undergone sweeping transformation toward a customised and immersive
The School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM-SCEE) founded the “UTM-Industry Innovation Exchange” (UNIX-Internship) project back in 2010 as one of its signature global branding through creativity and innovation (GBCI) project. UNIX is aimed at value-adding, expanding and maximising the benefits of the industrial training program to university, students and the industry.
\nSince 1983, UTM-SCEE sends an average of 150 undergraduate students to undergo a ten-week Industrial Training (InTra) program. The purpose of InTra is to provide students with industrial exposure and experience before they graduate. This training is also designed to meet the accreditation requirements for the engineering program by the Engineering Accreditation Council of Malaysia (EAC) of Malaysia.
\nOver the years, UTM-SCEE received numerous feedbacks from stakeholders, especially from the industry and students regarding InTra. Most companies found that they were not able to assign InTra students with reasonably challenging projects because of the short ten weeks duration of the InTra. Most industries typically accept students for InTra just to fulfil their corporate their social responsibility (CSR) goals. Except for providing students with exposure to day-to-day industrial operations, industries generally do not expect any added-value or contributions from universities through the InTra program. As a result, there is no commitment from the industry to provide students with the opportunity to apply their knowledge to solve industrial problems.
\nIn some cases, there are mismatches between internship training provided by the company and the students’ industrial training programme requirement. In a paper reported by Ayob et al. [1], some engineering students were given tasks such as the promotion of business product and management of foreign workers, which are not related to their studies. According to the article by Feijoo et al. [2], it is emphasised on the need to introduce a more in-depth study of specific topics that could be included as an additional project scope to improve industrial training.
\nMany universities generally regard the InTra program as not more than a means to provide short industrial exposure to students. Students generally appreciate their short industrial exposures but found that they were not able to fully benefit from undergoing InTra. The minimum of eight weeks internship period (according to the Engineering Accreditation Council guide [3]) is typically too short for them to be immersed in projects to solve industrial problems and does not allow them to deeply apply the theories and knowledge that they have learnt over the period of their studies. Phang et al. [4] stated that a longer industrial training duration can increase the job-readiness and the future career development of engineering undergraduates. According to the authors, many parties regard the standard 10–12 weeks internship period as being too short and should be reviewed. The need for a longer industrial training duration is also supported by the study of Jamaluddin et al. [5]. In addition, Filho et al. [6] stated that, to enhance sustainability in the curricula, academia needs to develop a more engaging collaborative approaches in working with industries.
\nSCEE fully recognised the limitations of the traditional InTra program and the importance of offering a practical and mutually beneficial cooperation program for the industry. In October of 2010, SCEE established the UNIX-Internship project as one of SCEE’s global branding projects through creativity and innovation (Global Branding through Creativity and Innovation - GBCI).
\nUNIX is an innovative program to foster and facilitate a win-win” collaborative partnership via human capital development, research as well as consultancy services between UTM-SCEE and the industry. UNIX integrates three core courses offered by the UTM- SCEE, namely the (i) Industrial Training (IT) and (ii) Undergraduate Project 1 and II (UGP1 & UGP2). Integration of professional work placement and engineering research project was also introduced by Cork Institute of Technology, Ireland [7]. Their industrial attachment model includes four months of professional work placement, followed by seven months of engineering research project involving the company where the students are placed.
\nThe objectives of the UTM-SCEE UNIX project are to:
enhance graduate employability via industrial/government, project-oriented internship programs,
form a vibrant, symbiotic, and sustainable linkage between UTM and the industry/government/community
create a market-driven as well as technology-driven R & D ecosystem.
To ensure the success and effectiveness of the program, a pilot-scale UNIX-internship at SCEE was initiated by selecting 10% of the total students to undergo InTra via the UNIX program. Selected students were placed in industries that have become members of the UNIX consortium and will conduct training/activities related to pre-agreed research projects. During the InTra, students will be co-supervised by the industry as well as by a research project supervisor from SCEE. The UNIX program spans across one academic year involving UGP 1 (Semester 1), ten weeks InTra and UGP 2 (Semester 2).
\nThe SCEE UNIX-Internship program involves three stages of implementation:
\n\n
This stage involves a discussion between the UTM team comprising of the UNIX committee and the prospective research leader, and the industry. The UTM team begins by presenting the possible research topics, the offer for collaboration initiatives and UNIX as one of the possible collaborative programs for the company to consider as a starting point. The meeting is aimed to identify possible areas of collaboration and specific projects of interest to companies.
\n\n
The second stage of UNIX involves the appointment of the research and industrial supervisors with expertise relevant to the needs and interests of the industry, and in line with the academic requirements. This stage involves more detailed discussions between the supervisor and the company to come up with a project proposal that will address the needs of all parties involved.
\n\n
In this stage, the UNIX committee identifies students to participate in the UNIX program based on (i) the project topics agreed upon by UTM research supervisors and UNIX consortium companies, and (ii) the performances of students in the academic as well as extra-curricular activities.
\nTypically, between 10 and 15% of the total students undergoing IT will be selected to undergo the UNIX program. Selected students will be placed in companies that have become members of the SCEE-UNIX consortium to conduct market-driven as well as industry-driven research projects that typically begins with state-of-the-art literature and technology screening during their Undergraduate Project 1 (from February until May of the academic year). This is followed by the student undergoing industrial internship attachment that involves industrial data collection and analysis by the student from June until early September. The project closes with the compilation and presentation of results and proposed solutions to the company in December. During the one-year course of UNIX, students will be supervised by an academic and an industrial supervisor. Table 1 shows the typical UNIX-Internship timeline.
\nUNIX-internship timeline.
From the feedbacks and evaluations conducted on the industry, students, and supervisors, it has been found that the UNIX-Internship program has provided a positive learning experience that has significantly impacted the cognitive and affective domains of learning in students. Students developed problem-solving, time management, communication and team working skills during the 1-year course of continuous communication and engagement with industry. This allows them to function more effectively in learning together and in producing high-quality engineering solutions. The feedbacks also show that there is significant inculcation and drive toward sustainable development practices from the aspect of knowledge as well as behaviour. One of the most vital points of UNIX is the effectiveness of collaboration between faculty and industry in successfully solving complex and practical industrial problems. Such collaboration enriched participating students and faculties, and contributed toward sustainable development of organisations. All in all, the program has become an innovation that can sustainably provide a comprehensive and dynamic learning environment that had enhanced deep learning and instill positive behaviours among students and collaborating parties.
\nFollow are the multiple benefits of the UNIX program:
\nThe human resource support to perform cutting-edge R & D provided by UNIX has enabled industries to:
Gain competitive technical and commercial advantages and allow industries to achieve sustainable industrial operations. To date, UNIX has led to improved industrial processes, productivities, and profitability as well as enhanced safety and environmental practices for more than 100 local and multinational companies in Malaysia and abroad.
Gain access to human resources with high-level generic as well as technical skills to solve complex problems encompassing optimal operations, sustainable development, safety-health-environment, economics & project management.
Gain access to academic resources such as R & D grants, research expertise and facilities toward enhancing a company’s competitive edge.
UNIX enables:
The university and the nation to create an ecosystem of market-driven R & D through synergistic industry-academia-government-community engagement.
Students and staff to gain extended exposure and experience working and engaging on collaborative projects with industry.
Students’ employability, and faculty members’ skills to be enhanced. This will ultimately contribute toward industrial and national productivity.
\nTable 2 shows the list of industry collaboration projects that have been successfully implemented since 2006.
\nCompany | \nR&D projects | \nYear started | \nStudent involvement | \n
---|---|---|---|
BERNAS | \nToward a Resource-Efficient, Integrated Rice Mill Complex – Optimisation of Rice Supply Chain | \n2009 | \n1 PhD | \n
Optimisation Rice-Husk Based CHP System | \n2008 | \n1 undergrad | \n|
CCM | \nDevelopment Of Math Models for Retrofit based on Minimum Water Network Technique and considering multiple contaminants | \n2009 | \n1 undergrad 1 MSc | \n
Combined Mass and Heat Exchange Networks | \n2009 | \n1 MSc | \n|
TITAN Petchem | \nComputational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Ethylene Cracker Furnace | \n2008 | \n2 undergrads | \n
Development of Soft Sensor for Ethylene Cracker | \n2009 | \n1 PhD | \n|
Steam Trap Optimisation | \n2008 | \n1 MSc | \n|
Mechmar Boiler | \nTechno-Economic Feasibility of CDM Project from Palm Oil Waste | \n2008 | \n1 MSc (part time) | \n
Malaysian Energy Centre & Malaysian Venture Capital | \nOptimal-Audit, Optimal-Heat, Optimal-Water Software Development | \n2006 | \n5 undergrads, 2 MSc, 2 programmers | \n
Pan Century Oleo Chemical (PCOC) | \nMaximum heat recovery network and hydraulic system analysis | \n2007 | \n1 undergrad | \n
Maximum Heat Recovery System (Pinch Analysis) | \n2007 | \n1 undergrad | \n|
FELDA Oil Products | \nHeat recovery network retrofit | \n2008 | \n1 undergrad | \n
MIMOS Semiconductor (MySEM) | \nCost Effective Minimum Water Network using graphical approach | \n2006 | \n1 PhD 1 undergrad | \n
Malaysian Newsprint Industry (MNI) | \nMaximum water recovery with regeneration targeting using numerical method | \n2006 | \n1 MSc | \n
Optimisation of CHP system | \n2008 | \n1 MSc | \n|
Polycore | \nElectrical Energy Management | \n2008 | \n2 undergrad | \n
Infineon | \nOverall Plant Utility Optimisation | \n2008 | \n1 MSc (part time) | \n
Ethylene Malaysia | \nPower recovery network | \n2006 | \n1 MSc | \n
TITAN Polymer (M) Sdn Bhd | \nModelling The Product Quality and Production Rate of Propylene Polymerisation in Industry Reactors Formulation of Modelling and Simulation Algorithm for Propylene Homopolymerization Loop Reactor Artificial Neural Network Modelling of Propylene Polymerisation in Industrial Loop Reactors Development and Simulation of Hybrid Model for Propylene Polymerisation in Industrial Reactors | \n2008 | \n3 MSc 4 undergrads | \n
Kempas Edible Oil Sdn Bhd | \nDevelop a prediction model for: Phosphoric acid and bleaching earth dosage for degumming and bleaching process, respectively, in palm oil refinery. Product quality of the refined oil from degumming and bleaching process. | \n2009 | \n2 undergrads | \n
Mensilin Holdings Sdn Bhd | \nOptimisation of decentralised electricity generation from biogas and biomass. | \n2010 | \n1 PhD | \n
Kerry Ingredients | \nModelling and optimisation of Industrial Spray Dryer | \n2010 | \n1 undergrad | \n
Kerteh Petronas Gas Bhd | \nModelling of Benfield CO2 removal system Integrated reformer Methanol with natural gas plant Life cycle analysis (LCA) | \n2010 | \n2 undergrads | \n
PPNJ, Kahang, Kluang | \nPerformance Study of POME Treatment using SBR | \n2008 | \n1 undergrad | \n
PPNJ, Kahang, Kluang | \nPerformance Study of POME Treatment using MBR | \n2009 | \n1 undergrad | \n
PPNJ, Kahang, Kluang | \nCost Benefit Analysis of Producing PHA from POME | \n2010 | \n1 undergrad | \n
Agensi Nuklear Malaysia | \nCharacterisation and Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/ Sepiolite Nano Composite Preparation of Polyamide-6 Polypropylene EFB Composite | \n2012 | \n2 undergrads | \n
Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia (MPOB) | \nStudy of Polylactic Acid (PLA)/Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre (EFBF) Compatibilizer With Maleic Anhydride Low Density Polyethylene/Oil Palm Mesocarp Fibre Composite Effect of Inorganic Plasticiser On Low Density Polyethylene/Palm Pressed Fibre Composite Film Polyurethane/Oil Palm Biomass Fibres Composite Foam | \n2012 | \n4 undergrads | \n
PGEO Edible Oils SdnBhd | \nBlending of Polymer with Shea Latex for Plastics Applications Blending Of Polymer with Shea Latex for Plastics Applications | \n2013 | \n2 undergrads | \n
Agensi Nuklear Malaysia | \nSuspended Solid Removal by Natual Adsorbent Oil Removal from Superabsorbent For Waste Treatment | \n2013 | \n2 undergrads | \n
Lembaga Getah Malaysia | \nPreparation of Nanoparticle Assembly Using Natural Rubber Latex | \n2013 | \n1 undergrad | \n
Lipidchem Sdn Bhd | \nFormulation of Water-soluble beta carotene powder palm oil. | \n2013 | \n1 undergrad | \n
Lipidchem Sdn Bhd | \n1. Formulation and pilot prototype of Water soluble MCT powder from coconut oil | \n2014 | \n1 undergrad | \n
Naturemedic Supply Sdn Bhd | \n1. Anti-inflammatory properties of herbal supplement for gout, R-38. 2. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of botanical drinks | \n2014 | \n2 undergrads | \n
Pantai Medivest | \n1. Detailed Design of Heat Recovery System and Fuel Switching | \n2009 | \n2 Master | \n
Malakoff R&D Sdn Bhd | \n1. Feasibility of study of steam demand requirement in Tanjung Langsat industrial area | \n2011 | \n1 UG | \n
Jabatan Alam Sekitar | \n1. Development of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) guidelines for solid waste incineration plant | \n2011 | \n1 PhD | \n
Pertamina | \n1. Maximising heat recovery for retrofit | \n2011 | \n1 PhD Student, 1 Undergrad Student | \n
Middle Distillate Plant | \n1. Retrofit of Middle Distillate Refinery Plant for Utility Conservation Using Pinch Analysis | \n2012 | \n3 PhD Students | \n
Synthomer | \n1. Sustainable energy management system. | \n2012 | \n1 MSc student | \n
2. Cooling load optimization | \n2012 | \n1 Undergrad student | \n|
3. Batch heat integration with exothermic reaction | \n2012 | \n1 Undergrad Student | \n|
Mudra Tropika | \n1. Water reuse and rainwater harvesting design | \n2012 | \n1 Master | \n
UTM | \n1. Carbon emission reduction in UTM | \n2012 | \n1 Master | \n
Iskandar Malaysia | \n1. Low carbon society | \n2012–2015 | \n5 PhD, 8 Master, 2 UG | \n
Institute Development Bank | \n1. Draft-1 of the Green Technology Blueprint for the OIC Countries | \n2013 | \n4 PhD | \n
Evyap Sabun Sdn Bhd | \n1. HAZOP analysis and 3-D pipe modelling Design Gap Analysis | \n2013 and 2014 | \n3 PhD students | \n
AMR Sdn Bhd | \n1. Cogeneration feasibility study for hospital clinical waste heat recovery | \n2014 | \n1 PhD | \n
Johor Port Authority | \n1. Ships emission analysis at Johor Port and Port of Tanjung Pelepas | \n2015 | \n1 Master | \n
Sterling Engineering Sdn Bhd | \n1. Heat pipe operability study | \n2015 | \n2 UG | \n
UTM | \n1. Energy factor analysis for university | \n2015 | \n1 UG | \n
Malaysian BioXcell Sdn Bhd | \nGreenhouse Gas Emission Reporting System Software | \n2015 | \n1 undergrad | \n
Total | \n113 students | \n
List of industry on our UNIX-internship program.
Some samples of collaborative projects related to the sustainable development of organisations published in high impact magazine articles and journals include:
Article in ‘Chemical Engineering’ magazine published with MIMOS Semiconductor Sdn Bhd [8].
Article in ‘Chemical Engineering Progress’ magazine published with MIMOS Semiconductor Sdn Bhd [9].
An international journal published with MIMOS Semiconductor Sdn Bhd in the Journal of Environmental Management, which currently has an impact factor as high as 5.65 [10].
An international journal published with the Malaysia Energy Center (MEC) in the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Journal, which currently has an impact factor as high as 12.1 [11].
UNIX has also led to recognition and awards such as Prince Sultan Abdul Aziz International Prize for Water [12] which is the “spin-off” results of the collaboration with MIMOS Semi-Conductor and Sultan Ismail Mosque in UTM (see Figure 1). Table 3 shows the list of water savings from UNIX projects.
\nPrince Sultan Abdul Aziz international prize for water as a result of the UNIX program.
MIMOS Semi-conductor (Near) Zero-Discharge Semi-Conductor Plant | \nFW reduction: 85.1% WW reduction: 97.7% Savings = RM 190, 000/yr. Payback period = 4 mths | \n
CCM Chemicals Holistic Water Minimization | \nFW reduction: 35.8% WW reduction: 100% Savings = USD 105,000 /yr. Payback period = 1.87 yrs | \n
List of water savings from UNIX projects.
In addition, SCEE also won USD 100,000 Islamic Development Bank (IDB) Prize of Excellence in Science and Technology 2017, cited as an Institution having achieved outstanding contribution to a given scientific discipline” (Figure 2).
\nSCEE was awarded the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) prize of excellence in science and technology 2017.
UNIX has also spin-off to bigger industrial collaboration after the spin-off either in the form of R&D grants or consultancy projects as listed in Table 4.
\nCompany | \nConsultancy projects | \nOutcomes | \n
---|---|---|
Greentech Malaysia | \nBaseline study of Energy efficiency and renewable energy award in Malaysia | \nA full report with extensive literature review and stakeholder analysis for energy efficiency and renewable energy award in Malaysia | \n
Pantai Medivest Sdn Bhd | \nImprovement of Heat Recovery System and Fuel Switching for Pantai Medivest Sdn Bhd (PMSB) Incinerator Plant | \nThe savings for the heat recovery system and fuel switching results in savings of RM 983, 386/year for fuel oil and RM63,612/year for electricity. The total investment is RM141, 000 with a payback period of less than two months. | \n
Padi Beras Nasional Berhad | \nDesign of cogeneration system for rice mill | \nThe proposed cogen scheme manages to satisfy the total drying heat requirement as well as the boiler turndown ratio constraint while generating a maximum of 582 kW power and making full use of the limited available rice husk quantity of an average 2.3 ton/hr. The total annual power saving for this scheme is RM 547,485, and yearly diesel savings is RM 3,312,276. The project payback period is 3.34 years. | \n
Greentech Malaysia | \nDevelopment of a Hazard & Operability Studies (HAZOP) for Biomass-Based Power Generation System for Palm Oil Mills | \nA 3 days training module for Biomass-Based Power Generation System HAZOP for Palm Oil Mills | \n
Greentech Malaysia | \nDevelopment of UTM-GTM Energy Audit Software for Malaysian Industries and Buildings | \nAn energy audit software that consists of macro (e.g. fuel switching, cogen) and technical level (e.g. motor, fan, chiller, compressor) analysis for current equipment/system benchmarking. | \n
IOI Groups | \nRetrofit for Energy Efficiency Improvement | \nA detailed study that includes benchmarking, data validation and sampling, hydraulic analysis, heat integration, system troubleshooting. The cooling water pump has successfully been reduced to two from three. | \n
MIMOS Semiconductor | \nUTM-MIMOS Water Minimisation Project | \nSavings of freshwater and wastewater bills worth RM 50 k per month with two years payback period. This is a reduction of more than 80% of freshwater consumption. | \n
Consultancy projects from UNIX.
Below are some sample feedbacks from the UNIX-Internship Invitations:
\n----------------------------------
\nDear Prof. Zainuddin,
\nUnfortunately, this year (2011), our student quota is pretty occupied. As per email below, we are interested with the sandwich course as below, especially now that we are embarking Energy Loss Management System (ELMS). Good to study back our energy and mass balance throughout the plant (after eight years running). Maybe to study the water balance as well. This also will benefit the student and PM Sdn Bhd very much.
\n2012 then? When usually the best month to start the planning? Please advise. Will put it in my calendar. So when the month comes, will trigger the need for communication and will directly communicate with you.
\nRegards,
\nProcess Safety Technical Department
\nPM Sdn. Bhd.
\n-----------------------------------
\nDear Prof Zainuddin,
\nYes, we accept students for their industrial training subject to review and acceptance by the relevant department in IW Sdn Bhd. For this, we would advise that a written letter applying for the industrial training is submitted to our Human Resource Department. The letter shall include the details of the student, discipline, faculty, etc.; training dates and duration; the name of UTM coordinator and his/her details. Should there be any preferred area for the training (e.g. Engineering Design, Environmental Management, R&D, Planning, etc.), please state it in the letter. Our HR Department will reply accordingly. Kindly ensure adequate notice period is given for IW to process the application and reply accordingly. Thanks.
\nRegards, Manager
\n-----------------------------------
\nDear Dr. Sharifah Rafidah,
\nI had received a good response from my boss. He is very interested with F2C program, especially for Chemistry or Polymer majors. If you do not mind, can I arrange you to do a presentation of the F2C program at our workplace.
\nHere is the tentative date:
\nDate: 30/12/2010 or 31/12/2010
\nVenue: PL Sdn Bhd
\nTime: Please advise us.
\nEnclosed here is the map to our plant. Your reply is highly appreciated.
\nThanks.
\n| Human Resource Assistant | Human Resource
\n| PL Sdn Bhd
\nUNIX has resulted in impactful outcomes for companies driving toward a sustainable organisation. Below are some examples:
\nA PhD student was attached in a middle distillate company in Sarawak, East Malaysia. The company requested a study on their existing heat integration system and proposed possible measures to further improve their thermal energy recovery systems, reduce emissions and minimise utility costs. The student performed a comprehensive ‘Pinch Analysis’ study for the company and proposed heat recovery retrofit measures. The study has helped the company improved its heat integration network and resulted in a reduction in 1.6 MW of energy, with annual savings of USD4.1Million. The study has also contributed to a more sustainable energy system for the company.
\nThe student received the Vice-Chancellor Award during the 55th UTM Convocation Ceremony. In addition, he was also selected as the National Young Scientist Representative during the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting 2015 (see Figure 3). He was also chosen as the top 3 finalists for the European Federation of Chemical Engineer (EFCE) Excellence Award in Recognition of an Outstanding PhD Thesis on Computer-Aided Process Engineering (CAPE).
\nLiew Peng yen selected as National Young Scientist Representative during the 65th Lindau Nobel laureate meeting 2015. The picture was taken with Steven Chu, former United States secretary of energy. He is the winner of the 1997 Nobel prize in physics.
The work also resulted in software called Optimal Site which won the Jury and Gold Award in the 16th Industrial Art and Technology Exhibition (INATEX), UTM and Silver Medal in the 14th International Conference and Exposition on Inventions by Institutions of Higher Learning (PECIPTA).
\nAnother PhD student was attached in MIMOS Semiconductor. She performed a feasibility study on water sustainability programs for MIMOS. The study predicted savings of freshwater and wastewater bills of worth Ringgit Malaysia (RM) 50 k per month with two years payback period. The savings represent a reduction of more than 80% of freshwater consumption. The water minimisation strategies holistically included measures for water elimination, reduction, reuse, outsourcing and treatment. The work produced a UTM commercial software, Optimal Water, that won several national and international product innovation awards, and resulted in joint collaborative international publications involving UTM and MIMOS. The work also won prestigious international awards such as the Saudi Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz International Prize for Water 2008 (Water Management Category), the Germany Green Talent Award (see Figure 4) [13] and the Malaysia’s Sarawak State 2008 Maal Hijrah Outstanding Achievement Award.
\nSharifah rafidah Wan Alwi (front row, second from left) was selected as one of the green talents 2009 by the government of Germany.
One undergraduate and one postgraduate student were attached in Synthomer Malaysia under the UNIX program. The undergraduate student developed software to monitor the cooling duty and scheduling of reactor for polymerisation reaction (see Figure 5). The software has helped the company to reduce its reactor downtime, minimise cooling requirement and optimise production.
\nOutput of UNIX - software for cooling duty monitoring & reactor scheduling of semi-batch free radical emulsion polymerisation.
The master student was assigned to develop a sustainable energy management system and performed an energy audit for the company. The feasibility study conducted by the student managed to identify scope for annual energy savings of up to RM740,000 and recommended a sustainable energy management program for the company. UTM collaboration with Synthomer has also resulted in a memorandum of understanding (MOU) [14] that provided placement for more students to undertake various other UNIX projects.
\nOver the years, more than 100 public and private institutions had benefited from UNIX collaboration with UTM. Having access to UTM’s R&I ecosystem, network, resources, technology, and know-how allow collaborators to add value, improve efficiency, raise competitiveness, and drive innovation that ultimately enhances the image, profitability and sustainability of their businesses. The UTM-Industry Innovation Exchange Internship Program (UNIX-Internship) transformed a routine university’s conventional short exposure industrial training programs into a 1-year, value-laden, industry-oriented, project-based internship programs. It has huge potential to be a game-changer to the teaching and learning ecosystem in the following major ways:
Sharpening of student’s generic skills, including lifelong learning, problem-solving, communication, teamworking, and leadership skills, while positively impacting the cognitive and affective domains of learning among students.
Providing students with vital practical industrial experiences of project execution and management and the skill to solve complex problems encompassing sustainable development, safety-health-environment, economic analysis & project management.
Providing students with better career prospects through prolonged exposure and experience working and engaging with the industry.
Providing affordable R & D support to companies toward the development of sustainable organisations. To date, UNIX has benefitted more than 100 local and multinational companies.
Forming a vibrant, synergistic, and sustainable linkage between UTM and stakeholders (SDG17 – Partnerships for the Goals).
Creating a culture and an ecosystem of market-driven R & D among the young students.
The works particularly provide impactful contributions toward advancing Quality education (SDG Goal #4) and Partnership for the Goals (SDG Goal #17) of the Sustainable Development Goals. The numerous UNIX projects with industries, among others, also address other specific SDG goals related to energy and water sustainability and climate action, industry innovation and sustainable consumption and production.
\nApart from successfully benefitting more than 100 organisations, the UNIX project-based industrial internship program has enhanced UTM graduate employability. In addition, UNIX has formed a vibrant, synergistic and sustainable linkage between UTM and stakeholders, and created a culture and an ecosystem of market-driven R & D for universities.
\nThe authors acknowledge the contributions of the academic and industrial supervisors and appreciate the facilities and resources provided by all the companies involved in the UNIX program.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest in this written chapter.
Around 5000 years ago, cultivated soybean (
The major objective of the most plant breeding projects/programs in soybean is to increase the yield and quality [2]. However, in the field of plant breeding, measuring primary traits such as yield or quality, which are mostly complex quantitative traits in a large breeding populations with thousands of genotypes, is time-consuming and labor-intensive [7, 8]. Due to genetic and environmental influences, breeding for yield is recognized to be a highly complicated and nonlinear process [9]. To this end, plant breeders can efficiently identify the promising lines at early growth stages using secondary traits for selection (e.g., yield component traits and reflectance bands), which are strongly correlated with the primary trait [10, 11].
The recent advances in sequencing technology have triggered a data boom in the biology field, propelling molecular biology into a stunning postgenomic
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has speeded up the breeding process especially in the production of disease and insect pest-resistant cultivars [13]. Linkage and physical maps are created using various types of genetic markers [14, 15]. Consensus Map 4.0 was created to combine known genetic and physical maps [16]. Large numbers of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with different crop traits have been identified in soybean using genetic markers. However, the efficiency and precision of QTL location were restricted by limited number of molecular markers and their uneven distribution. To this end, the advances in the high-throughput genotyping and phenomics have greatly enhanced the precision and resolution in the gene mapping [17, 18]. Although, the advances in high-throughput genotyping were significant to alleviate the challenges in the plant breeding [7, 19, 20], but the advances in the high-throughput field phenotyping, is far lagging behind the genomics. Hence, the phenomics is a major bottleneck in current breeding programs [19].
The mechanism of genome editing technology is to introduce double-strand breaks (DSBs) within the genome at targeted sites using sequence specific artificial nucleases (SSNs), which are then repaired using nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination repair (HR) mechanisms, resulting in targeted mutagenesis by adding, removing, or replacing DNA bases [21]. Zin finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) are the most common SSNs at the moment [22, 23]. Despite their early development, ZFNs and TALENs are complex and expensive, which has limited their use. Since its inception, the CRISPR/Cas system has gained popularity in biological science due to its simplicity. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is the most well-known and has been increasingly used in the crop plants in the last few years [24]. The genome editing toolset has been broadened after the CRISPR/Cas9 system by selecting Cas9 orthologs and created variations [25, 26, 27]. Dead
Marker-assisted breeding (MAB), also known as molecular-assisted breeding, is the use of molecular tools, primarily DNA markers, in conjunction with linkage maps and genomics to change and enhance plant as well as animal characteristics using genotypic tests [29]. The term MAB is used to explain the various novel strategies including MAS, marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC), marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS), and genome-wide selection (GWS) or genomic selection (GS) [30]. MAB is recognized as a unique technique and a potent methodology for agricultural plant genetic modification, and it has been widely applied in a variety of crop species to date [29, 31].
Classical markers and DNA markers are two types of genetic markers used in plant breeding [32, 33]. Morphological, biochemical, and cytological indicators are examples of traditional markers. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) are all examples of DNA markers (SNP). Marker-assisted breeding (MAB) is the most promising of the many applications of DNA markers in plant science for cultivar creation. MAB has huge potential to increase conventional plant breeding efficiency and precision by using DNA markers that are firmly related to critical genes or loci [33]. Several allele-specific functional markers for essential soybean features such as blooming and maturity, pod dehiscence, aroma, salt tolerance, soybean cyst nematode oleic acid content, raffinose content, and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor have recently been discovered [33, 34]. Phytic acid content, glycinin, conglycinin concentration, fragrance, and lipoxygenase were also discovered as strongly connected markers for seed nutritional value, which could help with the selection of novel varieties that are free of antinutritional chemicals [33].
MAB allows selection of plant features (that are expressed late in the plants genotype) at the seedling stage based on the genotypic data; hence, reducing the time it takes to identify the phenotypic of a single plant. MAS can swiftly remove unwanted genotypes for features that are displayed at later developmental stages. This trait is very significant and valuable for backcrossing as well as recurrent selection breeding programs, which require crossing with or between chosen individuals [17, 30]. MAB is unaffected by the environment, allowing selection to take place in any setting (e.g., greenhouses and off-season nurseries). This is particularly useful for improving qualities that are only expressed in the presence of favorable environmental circumstances, such as disease/pest resistance as well as stress tolerance [30]. MAS is based on reliable markers that are strongly connected to the QTLs associated with particular trait of interest and is more effective and efficient than phenotypic selection for low-heritability traits that are highly influenced by the environment (PS). In the heterozygous state, MAB utilizes the codominant markers (e.g., SSR and SNP) to allow effective selection of recessive alleles of desirable features. To detect quality controlled by recessive alleles, no selfing or test-crossing is required; hence, MAB may save time and speed up breeding process [29].
The MAB method significantly accelerates the accurate and efficient introgression of targeted genes into recipient varieties, as well as the recovery of the recurrent parent genetic background. With just two backcrosses (BC2F2:3), marker-assisted background selection in wheat was able to transfer
MAS and MABC have been frequently used to increase disease resistance and other relatively basic qualities [33, 37, 38]. MAB has been used successfully in a few soybean breeding programs to introduce single genic as well as polygenic traits into the desired genetic background (Table 1). Moreover, MAB has been proven to be effective in improving quantitative features that contribute to soybean nutritional value, such as seed protein content and oil quality. MAB for seed protein content (SPC) in soybeans using SSR markers yielded up to 9% transgressive segregation in the trait after two cycles [48, 49].
Target trait | Gene/locus | Type of marker | References |
---|---|---|---|
Resistance to soybean mosaic virus | SSR | [39, 40] | |
Resistance to soybean mosaic virus | SSR | [41, 42] | |
High oleic acid content | Gene-specific Simple Probe | [43, 44, 45] | |
Grain yield | Yield QTL | SSR | [46] |
Resistance to soybean cyst Nematode | SSR | [47] | |
Seed protein content (SPC) | (QTL | SSR | [48, 49] |
Salt tolerance | SSR | [50, 51, 52]. | |
Elimination of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (kti) | SSR | [33, 34] | |
Elimination of off-flavor and improvement of seed Longevity | lox2 specific | [53] | |
Low raffinose family oligosaccharides content | Gene-specific Simple Probe | [54] |
Details of marker-assisted breeding conducted for improvement of soybean for various traits.
Transgenic soybeans are one of the few vegetable-based foods that contain all nine necessary amino acids. As a result, the transgenic soybean has grown in importance as a human and animal protein source, with 85% of its production going to animal feed, and the rest is going to direct human consumption [55]. Transgenic crops have been embraced by key soybean-growing countries such as the United States, Brazil, and Argentina, and they now account for about 85–95% of total soybean in terms of crop harvested area. The major markets for genetically modified agricultural seeds are North America and South America, which together account for more than 90% of the global GM seed industry. Nearly 85–95% of the soybean crop grown in North and South America is genetically modified. Demand for America’s produced corn and soybean produce from other countries (particularly China) is a major factor in determining planted acreage and seed demand [56].
The landmark products of transgenic soybean’s genetic composition allow it to be used for a wide range of purposes, which keeps it in high demand. Initially, manufacturers only wanted to use transgenics to grow more soy at a low cost in order to meet this demand, as well as to fix any problems in the growing process. But eventually it was discovered that soybean can be genetically modified to contain healthier components or even focus on one aspect of the soybean to produce in larger quantities. The first and second generations of genetically modified (GM) foods were named after these periods. The benefits of first-generation GM foods were oriented toward the manufacturing process and companies, whereas the second generation of GM foods offers a variety of advantages and added value for the consumer, including improved nutritional composition or even therapeutic effects [57]. The main and important landmark products of soybean are Roundup ready soybean, Generic GMO soybean, and genetic modification in soybean to improve soybean oil. Roundup Ready soybeans (the original variety was also known as GTS 40–3-2 (OECD UI: MON-04032-6)) are a series of glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivars developed by Monsanto. Glyphosate is a herbicide that kills plants by interfering with the production of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, which are all necessary amino acids. These amino acids are referred as “essential” since only plants and microorganisms can produce them, and mammals are dependent on the plants for these amino acids [58].
Soybean transgenic technology is an essential tool for validating the soybean gene function. Soybean genetic transformation has been explored for over two decades, but progress has been slow and inefficient, which is why some studies used Arabidopsis instead of soybean for functional validation. Several transformation systems have been developed, including shoot meristems [59], hypocotyls ([60], embryo [61], immature cotyledons, half-seed explants [62, 63], and cotyledonary nodes [64]. Agrobacterium-mediated cotyledonary node (CN) soybean transformation is currently widely employed due to its ease of usage, reproducibility, quantity of copies of foreign DNA, and low cost of experimentation [63, 65]. The overall average efficiency of transformation was 3.8–8.7% [63, 64]. Recently, the average transformation efficiency of soybean had been improved to 18.7% [66]. However, it is still lower than the 23% as reported in rice [67] and more than 30% found in maize [68].
Seed sterilization and germination followed by Agrobacterium infection, cocultivation of soybean explants and Agrobacterium, shoot induction, shoot elongation, rooting, and finally, moving the plants to pots containing soil are the different steps involved in the general transformation process. Many factors affect the transformation efficiency at the above different steps. For example, the soybean genotypes used in the transformation are the initial effector. The transformation efficiency and regeneration rate of 20 soybean varieties have been studied, and it was reported that transformation efficiency varied greatly (0.31–4.59%) among the different genotypes [69]. Second, all Agrobacterium concentrations, soybean explant status, Agrobacterium suspension medium, and cocultivation time will affect the infection efficiency during the Agrobacterium infection process, which is one of the most significant processes. Explant regeneration is another important factor in affecting transformation efficiency. Plant hormone has been found to have a vital function in promoting explant regeneration, and the right dose could boost efficiency [64]. Previously research studies have showed that the combination of L-glutamine and L-asparagine in culture media increases the transformation efficiency by inhibiting
For molecular design breeding, the breeders could design the superior genotypes with particular breeding objectives based on the molecular networks regulating the agronomic traits. The breeding process can be simulated and optimized “in silico” before going to the field, which enhanced breeding accuracy and efficiency. Recent advances in genomics and phenomics have opened up new possibilities for more efficient molecular design breeding [84, 85]. Several soybean databases have been created for genomes, transcriptomics, proteomics, and germplasm analysis. SoyBase is a USDA-ARS database for genetics and genomics [78, 79]; SoyTEdb is a database of transposable elements [80]; SoyNet is a database for cofunctional networks [73]; SoyProDB is a database for seed proteins [81]; SoyPro [82]. These databases are quite useful for soybean molecular design breeding, which could provide the multiple levels of soybeans (Table 2).
The genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) is one of important tools for molecular design breeding, which has allowed for higher genetic gain for complex traits at a lower cost, but it requires a molecular understanding of the trait [86]. MAS and GS are the two basic techniques used in GAB [87]. MAS is dependent on the presence of markers linked to the trait of interest, which can be discovered by linkage mapping or genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Many previous studies have shown that MAS may be successfully used in soybean by adding significant genes and large-effect QTLs for many attributes [88, 89]. Minor genes, on the other hand, control the majority of inheritance in complex characteristics, but they have never been studied because of the limitation of MAS [90]. Furthermore, the influence of the environment, epistatic interactions, and the effect of genetic background have made breeding complex traits extremely difficult. As a result, plant breeders have concluded that MAS is not an appropriate method for breeding complex plant characteristics [91].
GS uses the entire genome-wide marker profile of breeding lines to predict the genomics- estimated breeding value (GEBV) using several models, preventing the loss of a significant percentage of variation dictated by modest impact QTLs/genes [90]. However, precise genotyping and phenotyping analyses are required for accurate detection of marker-trait relationships and determination of GEBV, which determines the effectiveness of GAB. Manual low-throughput phenotyping and genotyping frequently result in the identification of false positives or negatives [37]. In this sense, high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) enables for successful MAS and GS, as well as greater molecular design breeding programs success [92, 93]. The availability of high-throughput NGS-based genotyping methods has significantly speeded up the gene identification and GS, particularly in agricultural plants with bigger and more complex genomes, such as soybeans [87]. In this regard, phenomics and genomics are equally important for accurate gene identification and the development of a GS model to quantify the breeding population’s GEBV (BP). Consequently, integrating these methodologies with suitable genetic diversity, soil and meteorological data, analytical tools, and databases, new varieties with improved yield, quality, and stress tolerance might be developed quickly [91].
MAS has not yielded satisfactory results in soybean for minor genes that contribute only a modest amount of obvious phenotypic variation for the complex trait [48, 87]. Most economically important soybean traits, including as yield, oil and protein content, and stress tolerance, are complex in nature, with modest effect genes controlling the majority of phenotyping variance for these traits [94]. The GS develops a prediction model by combining marker profile and phenotypic data from the training population, which is then used to estimate the GEBV of all BP individuals [95, 96]. Cross-validation on subsets of the training population is used to assess the accuracy of the prediction model before using it to select individuals from BP [87]. Following successful validation, this model can be used to select desirable plants from the BP based on GEBVs estimated solely from marker/genotypic data; hence, only genotypic data are utilized to predict the phenotypic performance of BP individuals [97]. The main benefit of GAB is that genotypic data collected at an early stage of plant development (such as seedling) can be utilized to predict phenotypic performance in mature individuals. As a result, it can significantly reduce the amount of time, money, and labor required for broad phenotypic examination across many habitats and years [98]. GAB also allows higher number of breeding selection cycles and genetic gain per unit time [87].
In recent decades, the total dependence on phenotypic selection has gradually shifted to a greater use of genotypic-based approaches for plant selection, facilitated by NGS-based genotyping platforms [99, 100, 101]. NGS technology has boosted throughput, speeed of genome-wide genotyping, and cost-effectiveness [102] (Table 3). NGS-based genotyping technologies have tremendously aided in enhancing the resolution of gene mapping and tagging the gene/QTL extremely closer to the neighboring maker. In GWAS analysis, for example, the use of NGS has made it feasible to genotype huge populations of plants with a greater density of markers than was previously possible, which directly leads to better mapping resolution [110, 111]. In GWAS analysis, using a varied and big population allows for the discovery of more recombination break sites, which aids in the identification of candidate genes with greater precision [112]. Many studies have used NGS-based genotyping for GWAS analysis in soybean for various traits, and these studies have shown significant success in identifying candidate genes for specific traits of interest. For instance, previous study used the RAD-seq method to find a candidate gene underlying the main QTL controlling flooding tolerance in soybean [113]. Many other studies have shown that NGS-based genotyping facilitated candidate gene identification in areas such as nitrogen fixation [114], soybean plant height and primary branches [115], agronomic traits [116], disease resistance [117], and protein content [118]. The NGS-based WGRS has greatly improved the power of bulk segregant analysis (BSA) and its modified techniques, and it is now extensively employed in a variety of plant species, including soybean. For example, in another study, WGRS was employed to resequence different DNA pools in the BSA study, and they discovered two significant genes that regulate cotyledon color in soybeans at the same time. Furthermore, many studies have used NGS-based techniques in the BSA approach to identify candidate genes for various soybean traits, including soybean mosaic virus [119], charcoal rot resistance [120], flowering time [121], phytophthora resistance [122], and powdery mildew resistance [123].
Database | URL | Description | References |
---|---|---|---|
Soybean gene expression atlas | http://www.soybase.org/soyseq | A database of soybean 14 tissues specific gene expression | [71] |
Soybean cDNA sequenced | http://digbio.missouriemi/soybean_atlas | A cDNA database of soybean developmental tissues specifically in root hair and meristem | [72] |
SoyNet | http://www.inetbio.org/soynet | A database for network-based functional predictions | [73] |
Soybean transcriptome data | http://venanciogroup.uuen.br/cgi-bin/gmax_atlas/index.cgi | A database of 1298 publicly available soybean transcriptome | [74] |
Proteomics of oilseeds | http://oilseedproteomics.missurm.edu | Expression profile data for proteomics research on soybean and other oilseeds plants | [75] |
Soybean Proteome Database | http://proteome.dc.affrc.go.jpSjpSoyb/ | SPD a database of soybean proteomics | [76, 77] |
SoyBase | http://www.soybase.org | A database of soybean genetics and genomics | [78, 79] |
SoyTEdb | http://www.soytedb.org | A database of soybean transposable elements | [80] |
SoyProDB | http://bioinformatics.towson.ede/Soybean_Seed_Proteins_2D_Gel_DB/Home.aspx | A database for soybean seed proteins | [81] |
SoyProLow | http://bioinformatics.towson.ede/Soybean_low_abundance_prprotei_2D_Gel_DB/Gel1.aspx | A database for soybean low abundant proteins | [82] |
SoyKB | http://soykb.org | A database of soybean translational genomics and for soybean molecular breeding | [83] |
Resources and databases of soybean.
Trait | SNP genotyping platform | Number of SNPs | Population size | Training population | Prediction accuracy | Model | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yield and related traits | SNP Chip | 2647 | 483 | 483 | 0.26–0.81 | RR-BLUP | [97] |
Amino acid contents | GBS | 23,279 | 249 | 199 | 0.25–0.61 | RR-BLUP | [100] |
Chlorophyll content | SNP Chip | 4089 | 172 | 100 | 0.31–0.76 | RR-BLUP | [103, 104] |
Grain yield | GBS | 2395 | 139 | 55 | 0.64 | G-BLUP | [105] |
Yield-related traits | SNP Chip | 4947 | 324 | 324 | 0.56 | eBLUP | [99] |
Yield-related trait | SNP Chip | 5361 | 235 | — | 0.47–0.86 | RR-BLUP | [106] |
Yield and protein content | SNP Chip | 4141 | 1248 | 252–492 | 0.55–0.62 | G-BLUP | [107] |
Yield | GBS | 3000 | 227 | 227 | 0.6 | RR-BLUP and Bayesian Models | [108] |
Seed weight | SNP Chip | 31,045 | 309 | 97–197 | 0.75–0.87 | RR-BLUP | [109] |
Nematode resistance | SNP Chip | 3782 | 234 | 117–201 | 0.43–0.48 | gBLUP | [103] |
Tools of design breeding in soybean using high-throughput SNP genotyping platforms.
Genome editing has emerged as more powerful approach for functional study and molecular design breeding compared with traditional genetics approaches, namely mutagenesis, transgenic RNAi, or overexpression in obtaining plant cultivars with predictable and desired traits [124, 125]. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) is one of the most efficient genome editing systems and has been widely used in various plant species [126]. In 2015, the first knockout and DNA homology-directed recombination (HDR) in soybean plant was successfully obtained using CRISPR/Cas9 technology [127]. Du et al. discovered that altering the AtU6–26 promoter of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to the GmU6-16g-1 promoter might considerably improve the efficacy of targeted mutagenesis in soybean [128]. Nearly 75% of the genes in soybean are duplicated, thus knocking out a single gene usually does not result in a mutant phenotype. It is critical to create a CRISPR/Cas9 system that can edit several homologous genes at the same time to obtain the desired phenotype. The CRISPR/Cas9 system that can achieve multiplex mutagenesis with better efficiency was established by refining the phases of vector synthesis, sgRNA assessment, pooled transformation, and sgRNA identification [129]. Naturally, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants account for a major portion of phenotypic variability in agronomic traits, in addition to alleles induced by loss-of-function mutations. When a gene function is disrupted by utilizing a gene-editing technique, mostly it results in undesirable phenotype that is difficult to optimize for agronomic trait improvement [27]. As a result, in molecular breeding, generating point mutations at specific locations impacting crucial agronomic properties is extremely valuable [130]. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has recently been used to develop “base editing,” which changes single bases into another without the use of DNA DSBs or a donor template [131]. Cai et al. successfully used the technique to generate the point mutants of
Currently, CRISPR/Cas9 is being frequently used in soybean functional studies [128, 133, 134]. For example, to identify the genes that are responsible for flowering time, frame shift mutations created by CRISPR/Cas9 revealed that
A key issue and important research goal for soybean researchers since the completion of the soybean genome sequencing project is to elucidate the function of 46–56 thousand identified genes [129]. Transgenic technology is a great tool for functional genomic research and crop genetic enhancement, but it has certain drawbacks when used in soybeans.
Furthermore, being a diploid that developed from palaeotetraploid, soybean has a highly duplicated genome, with around 75% of projected genes possess multiple copies, resulting in substantial genetic redundancy and complicating the elucidation of soybean gene function. On the one hand, conventional random mutagenesis methods (physical, chemical mutagenesis, or T-DNA insertion) make it difficult to link genotype and phenotype because the loss of one homolog can be fully compensated by redundant homologous copies [143]. On the other hand, RNA-silencing-based technology frequently silences the entire gene family and is difficult to silence a single gene copy [144], and due to partial gene product depletion, the phenotype may be unstable [145]. To accelerate soybean gene function and breeding research, more accurate and efficient genetic engineering technology is required. Current genome editing technology has provided opportunity to overcome the aforesaid difficulties, at least in part. For starters, genome editing technology can not only alter a single gene without impacting other members of the gene family, but it can also edit many genes of interest at the same time using a single transformation, making it ideal for soybean and other polyploid crop studies [126].
Secondly, unlike transgenic technology, genome editing technology incorporates sequences that are genome editing components rather than foreign genes of interest into plant genomes. These genome editing components may be deleted once the target gene has been edited to yield transgene-free mutants, which are safer to employ in breeding and easier to commercialize under tight GMO rules. For example, in the United States, a gene-edited soybean oil with a different fatty acid profile was recently released (https://calyxt.com/first-commercial-sale-of-calyxt-high-oleic-soybean-oil-on-the-usmarket/).
Finally, because the soybean genetic transformation is inefficient, one possible approach is to do direct genome editing without transformation or tissue culture. The standard procedure is to edit a variety with a high transformation efficiency to enhance one or more characteristics and then utilize the modified plant as a donor, which contains editing components. By hybridization with donor plants and subsequent backcrossing, the modified target gene or genome editing components can be introgressed into elite lines resistant to transformation. In conclusion, genome editing technology is a strong tool that has a lot of potential for speeding up soybean breeding [137, 146].
Hairy-root transformation mediated by
Scientists evaluated the effectiveness of TALENs and CRISPR/ Cas9 in editing two phytoene desaturase genes in hairy roots, namely
NHEJ has generally been used to delete target genes by tiny insertions or deletions, whereas HR is primarily utilized to replace or integrate targeted genes [152]. Using dual-sgRNA to cleave two neighboring loci on the same chromosome, two research studies recently showed that massive genomic deletions might be generated in soybeans [135, 153]. Due to the two editing chances, the dual-sgRNA design can not only boost gene mutation rates, but also construct substantial fragment deletion to ensure that the target gene is completely eliminated. Other fields of research will benefit from the substantial loss, such as understanding the role of regulatory elements or noncoding genes. Unlike prior HR-mediated donor integration, one study claimed that two large multigene donors (7.1 kb and 16.2 kb) were inserted into a target genomic location of soybean utilizing NHEJ and ZFNs, with donor heritability verified in T1 progeny plants [152]. This study found that NHEJ might be used instead of HR to induce accurate insertions of numerous transgenes in soybeans while avoiding the drawbacks of inefficient HR [154].
In addition to the abovementioned developments in genome editing systems to permit better application in soybean research, several researchers have used genome editing technology and entire plant transformation to investigate gene function or enhance agronomic features. The single and double mutants of the soybean genes, namely
Previous results revealed that homozygous mutants produced by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis in
Despite the fact that CRISPR/Cas9 technology has become the standard for genome editing, NGG PAM’s fundamental restriction limits its use in highly precise genomic areas. ZFNs and TALENs have crucial tools as a complement to the CRISPR/Cas9 system since their target range is infinite. The combined usage of these systems will aid the soybean breeding and functional genomics projects. For example, a group of genes were mutated that encode the main machinery proteins involved in small RNA processing in soybean and
Many scientists used CRISPR/Cas9-based high-throughput mutagenesis to create a genome-wide mutant library or mutant collection related to certain functions for pooled functional screen, which provided a wealth of resource in mammalian cell, rice, and tomato [162, 163, 164]. The success of creating these CRISPR libraries, however, is strongly reliant on a reliable genetic transformation mechanism. The creation of a CRISPR library in soybean is not only a massive task, but it is also extremely important for research and breeding. A first soybean CRISPR library targeting over 100 candidate genes was recently developed. A collection of mutant soybean lines was also created utilizing an enhanced process at several important steps, demonstrating the feasibility and usefulness of using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to execute large-scale mutagenesis in soybeans [129]. Following the CRISPR/Cas9 system, new genomic editing tools such as the CRISPR/Cas12a system, BE systems, and other CRISPR/Cas variants have been developed. However, to our knowledge, most of these have yet to be employed in soybean, with the exception of one work [165] that used Cas12a-RNP in soybean protoplasts to induce gene editing. RNP-based genome editing may not be the best option for soybean research due to a lack of updated information on successful protoplast regeneration (Figure 1).
Genome editing platforms and editing outcomes. Each editing platform (arrow) and its outcomes (rectangular) are coded with the same color. ZFN, zinc-finger nuclease; TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nuclease; CRISPR, clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat; DSB, double-strand breaks; SSB, single-strand breaks; outcomes of GE created by site-directed nucleases (SDN) include: SDN1 – The approach involves DNA breaks repair through DNA repair mechanisms in the host cellular without using an added repair template; SDN2 – The approach involves the break repair via HR using an added homologous repair template; and SDN3 – The approach involves DNA break repair via either HDR or NHEJ pathway using an added DNA template containing no homologous sequences but with homologous ends: Progress and application of genome editing in soybean improvement.
Traditional breeding has made important contributions to soybean improvement and the generation of soybean varieties with enhanced yield, quality, and tolerance to numerous stressors throughout the last century. Traditional crop development technologies, on the other hand, are unable to keep up with the world’s rapidly rising population and climate change [166, 167]. Reduced generation time allows for faster soybean breeding, which may be accomplished by the quick creation of homozygous lines employing the doubled-haploid (DH) production process. The creation of a high-throughput DH production program in soybean would be tremendously beneficial in achieving the crop’s targeted genetic gain. Soybean androgenesis, root development, and unusual shoot induction have all shown slight advancements. However, there is currently no efficient, repeatable way for producing doubled haploids in soybean. One of the primary impediments to the development of a commercial DH production procedure in soybeans may be the tissue’s resistance to
Recent advances in NGS-based genotyping technologies and powerful computational pipelines have significantly reduced the cost of WGS/WGRS, allowing the discovery, sequencing, and genotyping of hundreds of thousands of markers in one step. For large-scale marker identification, NGS-marker technologies based on reduced representation sequencing are the ideal solution, especially for the huge and complex soybean genome. These NGS-based marker approaches represent the soybean’s partial genome, and they can even be used without a reference sequence. RAD-seq (or its variations) and GBS are two NGS technologies that have previously proven to be efficient and effective procedures for GAB and have been widely employed for GS investigations in various agricultural plants. Furthermore, the NGS has enabled the fabrication of high-density SNP chips for HTG in soybean. The low cost, genome-wide marker coverage, better speed and throughput, and higher marker density of NGS-marker technologies have allowed geneticists to explore the inheritance of numerous traits at the nucleotide level accuracy.
On the other hand, GS employs a number of markers spread over the entire genome to forecast the breeding value of a breeding line for selection. GS can quantify Mendelian sampling without phenotyping the entire population thanks to genome-wide dense markers. It shortens cycles to save time while also increasing genetic gain per unit of time. GS was compared with traditional phenotypic selection in soybean to see if it has any advantages in terms of accuracy and time savings.
GE technologies, particularly CRISPR-based systems, have advanced quickly, with the majority of them being implemented to give effective tools for soybean improvement. If this technique is properly implemented in plant breeding programs, a recent field trial of high oleic soybean employing TALENs has indicated the bright future of soybean improvement. Currently, the discovery of more GE target genes associated with agronomically important traits, the adoption of newly developed GE technologies, the simplification and renovation of editing reagent delivery, and the improvement of target mutant recovery method in soybean will improve editing outcomes, save time, and lower product development costs. The development of GE products will be aided by the cost-effective preparation of intellectual property for GE technologies, as well as breeders’ and farmers’ comprehension of GE-related government regulation. In several countries, transgene-free or DNA-free edited plants are considered nongenetically modified events, making GE soybean production easier. In future, more applications of “base editing” for single genes or several genes at once would substantially aid functional research and molecular design breeding in soybean.
Next-generation GAB in agricultural plants has been enabled by recent advances in crop phenomics and genomics, which have provided several high-throughput platforms, as well as statistical approaches and computational tools. When these modern technologies are integrated, they can precisely and accurately identify genes/QTLs, as well as their beneficial usage in soybean breeding [172, 173]. Despite the fact that high-throughput SNP genotyping technologies have completely revolutionized marker application in soybean breeding, they have enabled research groups to apply GWAS and GS for soybean improvement on a regular basis. These marker technologies, however, must be paired with HTP to produce meaningful genetic gain from complex features in order to reap the full benefits of genomic investigations. So far, only a few studies involving the use of both HTP and HTG in soybean have been reported. This is because large-scale field-based HTP has a greater cost. New advances in crop phenotyping technology are expected to make HTP more inexpensive for commercial application in soybean breeding projects in the near future. This would undoubtedly increase the scope of germplasm assessment and facilitate the development of better soybean cultivars. WGRS-based genotyping will become increasingly viable and cost-effective as the cost of DNA sequencing falls. Sequencing-based genotyping employing genome-reduction methods such as GBS and RAD-sequencing appears to be more cost-efficient for breeding-based applications such as GS at the moment. Since the cultivated soybean has a limited genetic basis, genome editing and TILLING can be used to produce a variety of changes in these orthologs, from knockdown to knockout alleles. For quick deployment of these alleles in breeding programs, it should be combined with the speed breeding facility.
The ZFNs, TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9, CRISPR/Cas12a, BEs, and other CRISPR/Cas variations provide a robust genome editing toolkit that will aid future functional genomic and genetic improvement studies in soybeans and other plants. CRISPR/Cas9 technology may become the preferred method for soybean breeding due to its efficiency, multiplex editing, and high-throughput mutagenesis capabilities, as well as its maturity. With the progress of additional genome editing methods, however, soybean genome editing will become more versatile. Despite the fact that substantial effort may be required to employ these techniques, given the enormous potential of genome editing and the economic importance of soybean, we anticipate that these issues will be resolved in the near future.
This research was funded by the Zhejiang Lab (Grant No. 2021PE0AC04) and Yazhou Bay Seed Lab (Grant No. B21HJ0101).
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
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The literature source was Web of Science and SSCI, SCI-EXPANDED, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, and ESCI indexes. Fifty-two articles were reviewed; however, 14 of them were not been included in the study. As a result, 38 articles were examined. Level of education, field of education, and material types of AR used in education and reported educational advantages of AR have been investigated. All articles are categorized according to target groups, which are early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, high school education, graduate education, and others. AR technology has been mostly carried out in primary and graduate education. “Science education” is the most explored field of education. Mobile applications and marker-based materials on paper have been mostly preferred. The major advantages indicated in the articles are “Learning/Academic Achievement,” “Motivation,” and “Attitude”.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]},{id:"63639",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81086",title:"Cooperative Learning: The Foundation for Active Learning",slug:"cooperative-learning-the-foundation-for-active-learning",totalDownloads:3417,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:"The role of instructors is evolving from the presenter of information to the designer of active learning processes, environments, and experiences that maximize student engagement. The more active a lesson, the more students tend to engage intellectually and emotionally in the learning activities. Cooperative learning is the foundation on which many of the active learning procedures are based. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximize their own and each other’s learning. Most of the active learning procedures, such as problem-based learning, team-learning, collaborative learning, and PALS, require that students work cooperatively in small groups to achieve joint learning goals. Cooperative learning is based on two theories: Structure-Process-Outcome theory and Social Interdependence theory. Four types of cooperative learning have been derived: formal cooperative learning, informal cooperative learning, cooperative base groups, and constructive controversy. There is considerable research confirming the effectiveness of cooperative learning. To be cooperative, however, five basic elements must be structured into the situation: positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, social skills, and group processing.",book:{id:"6929",slug:"active-learning-beyond-the-future",title:"Active Learning",fullTitle:"Active Learning - Beyond the Future"},signatures:"David W. Johnson and Roger T. 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The importance of VR/AR for the mental health field comes from three main concepts: (1) VR/AR as an imaginal technology, people can feel “as if they are” in a reality that does not exist in external world; (2) VR/AR as an embodied technology, the experience to feel user’s body inside the virtual environment; and (3) VR/AR as connectivity technology, the “end of geography’. In this chapter, we explore the opportunities provided by VR/AR as technologies to improve people’s quality of life and to discuss new frontiers for their application in mental health and psychological well-being promotion.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Sara Ventura, Rosa M. Baños and Cristina Botella",authors:[{id:"106036",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Baños",slug:"rosa-maria-banos",fullName:"Rosa Maria Baños"},{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura"},{id:"229056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Botella",slug:"cristina-botella",fullName:"Cristina Botella"}]},{id:"58060",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72341",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8743,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"64583",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81714",title:"Evaluating a Course for Teaching Advanced Programming Concepts with Scratch to Preservice Kindergarten Teachers: A Case Study in Greece",slug:"evaluating-a-course-for-teaching-advanced-programming-concepts-with-scratch-to-preservice-kindergart",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Coding is a new literacy for the twenty-first century, and as a literacy, coding enables new ways of thinking and new ways of communicating and expressing ideas, as well as new ways of civic participation. A growing number of countries, in Europe and beyond, have established clear policies and frameworks for introducing computational thinking (CT) and computer programming to young children. In this chapter, we discuss a game-based approach to coding education for preservice kindergarten teachers using Scratch. The aim of using Scratch was to excite students’ interest and familiarize them with the basics of programming in an open-ended, project-based, and personally meaningful environment for a semester course in the Department of Preschool Education in the University of Crete. For 13 weeks, students were introduced to the main Scratch concepts and, afterward, were asked to prepare their projects. For the projects, they were required to design their own interactive stories to teach certain concepts about mathematics or physical science to preschool-age students. The results we obtained were more satisfactory than expected and, in some regards, encouraging if one considers the fact that the research participants had no prior experiences with computational thinking.",book:{id:"6936",slug:"early-childhood-education",title:"Early Childhood Education",fullTitle:"Early Childhood Education"},signatures:"Stamatios Papadakis and Michail Kalogiannakis",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58060",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8743,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"61746",title:"Facilitation of Teachers’ Professional Development through Principals’ Instructional Supervision and Teachers’ Knowledge- Management Behaviors",slug:"facilitation-of-teachers-professional-development-through-principals-instructional-supervision-and-t",totalDownloads:3349,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"With the rise of global competition and the focus on teacher quality, teacher professional development is becoming increasingly crucial, and the stress and challenges for principals are more severe than ever. Teachers can improve their professional abilities through principals’ instructional supervision and their own knowledge-management (KM) behaviors to benefit students. Thus, this chapter analyzes the relationship among principals’ instructional supervision, teachers’ KM, and teachers’ professional development. The author believes that principals’ instructional supervision and effective KM can facilitate the professional development of teachers. The author also believes the readers can know the relationships among them, and teachers’ professional development can be improved through principal’s instructional supervision and teachers’ KM behaviors.",book:{id:"6674",slug:"contemporary-pedagogies-in-teacher-education-and-development",title:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development",fullTitle:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development"},signatures:"Chien-Chin Chen",authors:[{id:"232569",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chien Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chien-chih-chen",fullName:"Chien Chih Chen"}]},{id:"75908",title:"From the Classroom into Virtual Learning Environments: Essential Knowledge, Competences, Skills and Pedagogical Strategies for the 21st Century Teacher Education in Kenya",slug:"from-the-classroom-into-virtual-learning-environments-essential-knowledge-competences-skills-and-ped",totalDownloads:501,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"As teachers in Kenya begin to migrate from the classroom to virtual learning spaces following COVID 19 pandemic, there is pressing need to realign Teacher Education to requisite Knowledge, competences, skills, and attitudes that will support online teaching. This chapter explores these needs using a combination of lived experiences and literature review that captured a meta-analysis of research trends on e-learning. While trends in Teacher Education indicate progression towards adoption of technology, there are disparities between the theory and practice. Evidence from recent research and reports; and the recollected experiences confirmed knowledge, competence, skills and pedagogical gaps in the implementation of online learning, that have been exacerbated by COVID-19. The researcher recommends that teacher education should sensitize and train teacher trainees on how to access, analyze and use new knowledge emerging with technology; they also should be coached on how learners learn with technology and on fundamentals of the communication process. Particularly the course on educational technology, should focus on how to create and manage online courses. The 5-stage E-Moderator Model and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) are recommended as effective pedagogical scaffold for online teaching.",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Catherine Adhiambo Amimo",authors:[{id:"333482",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine Adhiambo",middleName:null,surname:"Amimo",slug:"catherine-adhiambo-amimo",fullName:"Catherine Adhiambo Amimo"}]},{id:"75224",title:"Decoding the Digital Gap in Teacher Education: Three Perspectives across the Globe",slug:"decoding-the-digital-gap-in-teacher-education-three-perspectives-across-the-globe",totalDownloads:552,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Educational use of technology is regularly assessed, and results often show a gap between educational policies and what is actually practiced. This chapter will help clarify how teacher educators experience the changing educational contexts due to the digital revolution, how their meaning-making shifts, and how outside forces influence those processes. The results are based on comparative international studies. Central for this study is practitioners’ professional digital competence, their attitudes towards digital technology and the use of digital technology in education. We found that the influence and contribution of digital practice is carried out quite differently across the globe. Our research questions were: How do practitioners experience teaching in a rapidly changing context? How do attitudes change due to top-down governing of education? and What motivates teacher educators to implement digital technology?",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Steinar Thorvaldsen and Siri Sollied Madsen",authors:[{id:"332624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Siri Sollied",middleName:null,surname:"Madsen",slug:"siri-sollied-madsen",fullName:"Siri Sollied Madsen"},{id:"332626",title:"Prof.",name:"Steinar",middleName:null,surname:"Thorvaldsen",slug:"steinar-thorvaldsen",fullName:"Steinar Thorvaldsen"}]},{id:"75416",title:"Self-Study Research: Challenges and Opportunities in Teacher Education",slug:"self-study-research-challenges-and-opportunities-in-teacher-education",totalDownloads:724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This article aims to describe what self-study research is, why self-study can be a good approach to teacher educators’ professional development and improvements in practice and highlight some challenges and opportunities in this research approach. In addition, the article will shed light on some methodological aspects related to self-study. Self-study refers to teacher educators who in an intentionally and systematically way examine their practice to improve it, based on a deeper understanding of practice, as well as the context practice takes place. In the article, I argue that engaging in self-study is a learning and development process and an approach to developing personal professionalism, collective professionalism and improvements in practice.",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Kåre Hauge",authors:[{id:"332053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kåre",middleName:null,surname:"Hauge",slug:"kare-hauge",fullName:"Kåre Hauge"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"265",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81937",title:"Socialization Experiences among Undergraduate Students in Higher Learning Institutions (HLI)",slug:"socialization-experiences-among-undergraduate-students-in-higher-learning-institutions-hli-",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99007",abstract:"This work portrays the problems of socialization among undergraduate students in higher learning institutions. The socialization processes in higher learning institution are significant for the successful navigation of students in the academic programs and university environment in preparing the next generation of professional practitioners and scholars. But the undergraduate student socialization experiences of students at university environment are overlooked. To navigate in the higher learning institutions, students should be socialized effectively to the normative contexts of the higher learning institutions. The normative contexts of the higher learning institutions are generally categorized into social and academic contexts, because these context academic and social context integration have been linked to student retention and success. Social integration involves interpersonal relationships, support, interactions with others, and a sense of belonging at a university, which stems from extracurricular activities, informal dealings with peer groups, and interactions with faculty and staff, whereas academic integration is described through grade performance and intellectual development that reflects an ability to meet the standards of the academic system; intellectual development involves a student valuing their education as a process of development in which they gain knowledge and ideas. Students’ background is also the contributing factor for students’ socialization in the University.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Mulusew Birhanu Ayalew"},{id:"80280",title:"Adoption of Online Learning during the Covid19 Pandemic Lockdown by Universities in Garowe",slug:"adoption-of-online-learning-during-the-covid19-pandemic-lockdown-by-universities-in-garowe",totalDownloads:88,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99941",abstract:"In response to the Covid-19 outbreak the world closed and therefore countries like Somalia have not been exceptional. The government of Somalia and all higher education institutions adopted crisis intervention measures on implementation of blended learning approaches like online teaching and learning. In this chapter we explore the process and challenges of adopting online learning in response to the world wide lockdown due to the pandemic. Given that this was an abrupt requirement, the survey was interested in finding out whether universities adopted and adapted easily. Researchers compared findings from previous studies and theoretical inclinations on online learning. Results indicate that the adoption of online learning among universities in Garowe was as a matter of crisis management whereby administration, lecturers and students were all not ready and had no prior grounding in this pedagogical learning platform. Just like previous studies online learning implementers have continued to encounter several challenges like intermittent internet network, cost of gadgets and facilities, inadequate skills of both the instructors and students, aspects of communication and satisfaction from stakeholders. With the research survey in Garowe, results show that this is still pervading and therefore need for more rigorous contextualised research on this subject.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Tumwebaze Alicon Auf and Omer Abdi Hamdi"},{id:"78597",title:"Public-Private Participation in Funding University Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Nigerian Case-Study for Sustainable Development",slug:"public-private-participation-in-funding-university-education-in-sub-saharan-africa-a-nigerian-case-s",totalDownloads:134,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99940",abstract:"The developing countries in Africa still cannot withstand the pressure of the highly competitive global education market. Together with the large numbers of people who make a living in various innovative companies, these countries have solved key contemporary issues affecting global education. For this reason, it is necessary to actively respond to current technological innovation and educational challenges and to eliminate new technology graduates who can effectively interact with students through the responsive expansion of education and training. Expansion of education can produce effective expansion that promotes educational development, but due to budget constraints, most African governments cannot successfully and sustainably implement such educational programs. This is difficult. However, public-private partnership efforts provide a way out of this financial dilemma. The Sub-Saharan Africa initiative has achieved important educational objectives, such as: ensuring relevance for quality; secure funding for sustainability and establish resource mobilization partnerships and connections; and promote international cooperation. This discussion is relevant to the basic conditions for a successful public-private partnership with educational institutions and extended education and sheds light on the impact, lessons, and challenges. The public is increasingly concerned about the importance of higher education in the 21st century. This chapter explores some of the key functions of an innovative education system that supports the development of education in Nigeria and enhances people’s ability to use information. Nigeria’s education system re-emphasizes the importance of public and private universities, but the country does not have a sustainable education system and well-equipped educational institutions to support people’s ability to use information, learning, education, and research activities.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Lawrence Jones-Esan"},{id:"79197",title:"University Teachers’ Conceptions of What University Is: Implications for the Future of Higher Education",slug:"university-teachers-conceptions-of-what-university-is-implications-for-the-future-of-higher-educatio",totalDownloads:107,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100813",abstract:"This chapter presents the perception of university teachers about the university, the most recent changes and how they have influenced their activity. The phenomenographic study was conducted with 10 university teachers, nine females and one male with more than 15 years of professional activity. The perception of the university emerges, in the teachers’ voice, focused on the description of its mission, namely as a context for the production and diffusion of knowledge to society, as a space for creative and critical thinking about the world, as an interdisciplinary space and as a system focused on teaching and research. It also includes characteristics related to its structure and functioning, such as the level of hierarchization, bureaucratization, competitiveness, dehumanization and bibliometrics overvaluation. Regarding the perceived changes, they are related to the structural reforms resulting from the Bologna Process, diverse student populations, research and internationalization, new technologies, institutional cooperation, bureaucratization and relationship with the community. Teachers also revealed some dissatisfaction in the way they are experiencing university life due to the overwork resulting from the multiple tasks required in the four activity strands (teaching, research, management and extension) with an impact on quality and innovation, but in line with what the institution demands.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Elisa Chaleta"},{id:"78595",title:"Globalization and Education: Trends towards Sustainability",slug:"globalization-and-education-trends-towards-sustainability",totalDownloads:58,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99974",abstract:"Higher Education Institutions (IES) have a very relevant role in the path towards sustainability. The problem of the implementation of curricular sustainability is the disparity of solutions that can be adopted depending on the political and economic situation of each country. The study of a practical case in the south of Honduras allows the student to approach key decisions in a real scenario to bring improvements to a very disadvantaged population, lacking basic services, such as water and electricity, under the premise of sustainability, facing aspects as relevant such as sustainable mobility, water resources management, energy and construction models, in a context where globalization and technological innovation play a very important role. It is essential to know in depth the real context where structural changes will be applied to understand that there is no single reality, that actions are built adapting to specific situations and that the effectiveness of the measures that can be adopted to establish models that prioritize that part of sustainability that best weighs the balance between the environment, society and the economy for each case.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Maria Olga Bernaldo and Gonzalo Fernandez-Sanchez"},{id:"79255",title:"Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Africa Embracing the “New Normal” for Knowledge Production and Innovation: Barriers, Realities, and Possibilities",slug:"higher-education-institutions-heis-in-africa-embracing-the-new-normal-for-knowledge-production-and-i",totalDownloads:128,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101063",abstract:"If Africa is to remain relevant and competitive in today’s knowledge-based economy, it has to rely on higher education institutions (HEIs) as centers of excellence for knowledge production. HEIs nurture and sustain the production of highly-skilled individuals to support Africa’s growing economies. Among all possible ways, this could be achievable through strategic curricula innovation driven by emerging mobile technologies. Consequently, Africa’s HEIs need to embrace the ‘New Normal’ by optimizing online teaching and learning in their pursuit to expand information and communications technology (ICT) literacy as a means to increase students’ opportunities in higher education (HE). However, Africa’s ability to embrace the ‘New Normal’ has been marred by inadequate ICT infrastructures, low connectivity, unreliable power supply, and national budget constraints that may undermine Africa’s HEIs’ potential to augment knowledge production and innovation.",book:{id:"10911",title:"Higher Education - New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg"},signatures:"Christopher B. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"80964",title:"Upper Airway Expansion in Disabled Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102830",signatures:"David Andrade, Joana Andrade, Maria-João Palha, Cristina Areias, Paula Macedo, Ana Norton, Miguel Palha, Lurdes Morais, Dóris Rocha Ruiz and Sônia Groisman",slug:"upper-airway-expansion-in-disabled-children",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Oral Health Care - An Important Issue of the Modern Society",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10827.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"80839",title:"Herbs and Oral Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103715",signatures:"Zuhair S. 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Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. 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He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/95149",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"95149"},fullPath:"/profiles/95149",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()