The protective effects of edible plants against AFB1-induced toxicity.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7349",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Laser Technology and its Applications",title:"Laser Technology and its Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The laser has become more and more important in scientific research and industrial applications. Now, the laser wavelength can cover the range from ultraviolet to terahertz and output laser performance has significantly progressed in recent years. This book is focused on the advanced diode laser, fiber laser, and their applications in laser ablation, laser-introduced fluorescence, and laser treatment. The advantages of laser technology are shown comprehensively.",isbn:"978-1-78984-918-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-917-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-817-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75224",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"laser-technology-and-its-applications",numberOfPages:132,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e3e216f156485832df705942fb8eb1f8",bookSignature:"Yufei Ma",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7349.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9038,numberOfWosCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:38,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:69,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 28th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 18th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 17th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 5th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 4th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"238529",title:"Dr.",name:"Yufei",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"yufei-ma",fullName:"Yufei Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238529/images/system/238529.jpeg",biography:"Yufei Ma received his Ph.D. degree in physical electronics from the Harbin Institute of Technology, China. From September 2010 to September 2011, he spent as a visiting scholar at Rice University, USA. Currently, he is a group leader at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. His research interests include optical sensors, trace gas detection, laser spectroscopy, solid-state laser and optoelectronics. He has published 74 first/corresponding author, peer-reviewed papers, including 5 invited papers. He has two book chapters published by international publishers, in which the editors are two Nobel Prize winners in physics. Now, Prof. Ma serves as an editor of three journals.",institutionString:"Harbin Institute of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Harbin Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"226",title:"Laser Physics",slug:"laser-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"62687",title:"Tunable High-Power External-Cavity GaN Diode Laser Systems in the Visible Spectral Range",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79703",slug:"tunable-high-power-external-cavity-gan-diode-laser-systems-in-the-visible-spectral-range",totalDownloads:1205,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, both blue and green high-power tunable diode laser systems based on GaN broad-area diode laser (BAL) in Littrow external cavity are demonstrated. For blue diode laser system, for high-power application, an output power around 530 mW over a 1.4 nm tunable range is obtained; for wide tunable range application, an output power around 80 mW over a 6.0 nm tunable range is obtained. For the green diode laser system, for high-power application, an output power around 480 mW with a tunable range of 2.1 nm is achieved; for wide tunable range application, an output power of 50 mW with a tunable range of 9.2 nm is achieved. The tuning range and output power optimization of an external-cavity diode laser system is investigated based on the experimental results obtained in the blue and green external-cavity GaN diode laser systems. The obtained results can be used as a guide for selecting gratings for external-cavity diode lasers for different requirements. The temporal dynamics of the green diode laser system is studied experimentally, and pulse package oscillation is observed, for the first time to our knowledge, in a BAL with an external-cavity grating feedback.",signatures:"Mingjun Chi, Ole Bjarlin Jensen, Anders Kragh Hansen and Paul Michael Petersen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62687",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62687",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63738",title:"Cladding Pumped Thulium-Ytterbium Short Pulse Fiber Lasers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81060",slug:"cladding-pumped-thulium-ytterbium-short-pulse-fiber-lasers",totalDownloads:1221,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes double clad fiber along with cladding pump technique in which pump light is coupled in the inner cladding of fiber thereby interacting with doped core through total internal reflection. Lasers operating in continuous wave mode have limited output power. Their output power can be enhanced to a great extent by concentrating the available energy in a single or in a periodic sequence of optical pulses. This is achieved by Q-switch and modelock techniques. Q-switched and modelocked lasers can be realized by active and passive means. Active technique is based on active loss modulation by using mechanical, electro-optic or acousto-optic based modulators. However, such techniques require complicated electronic circuits and have limited gain bandwidth. The attention then moves towards the passive technique which is low cost, compact in size, gives reliable operation without high voltages and provides simple cavity design without need for external electronics. Passive technique employs a saturable absorber, based on materials like carbon nanotubes, graphene, molybdenum di-sulfide etc. A brief description of pulsed fiber lasers and solitons in view of modelocking are described in the text. Moreover examples of Q-switched and modelocked lasers are also presented by using Thulium-Ytterbium co-doped double clad fiber. A cladding pump technique is employed for the purpose.",signatures:"Babar Ibrahim Muhammad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63738",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63738",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63522",title:"Nonlinear Optical Response of Noble Metal Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80841",slug:"nonlinear-optical-response-of-noble-metal-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1444,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The special nonlinear optical response of noble metal nanoparticles (MNPs) when exposed to intense laser radiation has induced novel applications in nonlinear spectroscopy, optoelectronics, and optical switchers and limiters. In this chapter, recent results on the nonlinear optical properties of MNPs (including gold, silver, palladium, and platinum) have been discussed. Some specific optical nonlinear properties, such as nonlinear refraction, saturable absorption and reverse saturable absorption, two-photon absorption, and optical limiting, for femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond laser pulses, have been covered.",signatures:"Yachen Gao and Deigui Kong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63522",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63522",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63129",title:"Laser Ablation Technique for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle in Liquid",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80374",slug:"laser-ablation-technique-for-synthesis-of-metal-nanoparticle-in-liquid",totalDownloads:2590,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:26,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Recently, the synthesis and application of metal and ceramic nanoparticle are significant subject in science and engineering. The metal nanoparticles such as silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles have more application in material science, nanomedicine, electronic, photonic, and art. One of the green methods for preparation of metal nanoparticles is laser ablation technique that offers a unique tool for nanofabrication of nanoparticles. In this technique, the high-power laser ablates the metal plate and the nanoparticles are formed in the liquid. The properties of nanoparticles using laser ablation are unique, and they are not reproducible by any other method such as chemical methods. The important parameters to produce the metal nanoparticles are energy, wavelength, repetition rate of laser, ablation time, and absorption of an aqueous solution. Laser ablation is a simple method for fabricating the metal nanoparticles without surfactant or chemical addition. In this chapter, the mechanism of formation of metal nanoparticles in liquid, significant parameters for using the laser ablation technique to prepare the metal nanoparticles, and the preparation of silver, gold and copper nanoparticles will be reviewed.",signatures:"Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini, Mohd Adzir Mahdi, Farideh Alizadeh and\nSuraya Abdul Rashid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63129",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63129",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"62688",title:"Quantitative Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79702",slug:"quantitative-planar-laser-induced-fluorescence-technology",totalDownloads:1431,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is a highly sensitive and space-time-resolved laser diagnostic technique. It is widely used in the diagnosis of combustion and flow fields to obtain the thermodynamic information of active components and interested molecules in flames. Nowadays, the PLIF technology is developing in two directions: high speed and quantification. In view of the high spatial and temporal resolution characteristics of PLIF technology that other laser diagnostics do not possess, this chapter will focus on the basic principle of laser-induced fluorescence and the current research status of quantitative PLIF technology. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various quantitative technologies of component concentration in flames based on laser-induced fluorescence technology are analyzed. At last, the latest works on the quantification of species concentration using planar laser-induced fluorescence in combustion are introduced.",signatures:"Zhen Yang, Xin Yu, Jiangbo Peng and Jianlong Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62688",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62688",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"62837",title:"Indirect Diode Laser in the Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79828",slug:"indirect-diode-laser-in-the-treatment-of-retinopathy-of-prematurity",totalDownloads:1148,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a largely preventable cause of visual impairment in children. The golden standard of treatment in ROP is the laser photocoagulation of the non-vascularized retina. The most vulnerable period when ROP is at high risk of rapid progression is comprised between 34 and 35 weeks postconceptional age (PCA) and 36–37 weeks PCA. We carried out a retrospective study in which we included all the ROP cases treated by indirect diode laser photocoagulation between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2017, totalizing 110 premature infants of which, 60 were males (54.54%) and 50, females (45.45%). Mean gestational age (GA) was 28.30 weeks and mean birth weight (BW) was 1121 grams in our series. Of the 110 preterm infants, 74 were the result of single pregnancies (67.27%) and 36 of multiple pregnancies (32.72%). At the moment of treatment, the mean postnatal age (PNA) was 8.38 weeks and the mean PCA, 37.02 weeks. ROP regressed after laser treatment in 185 eyes (88.09%). Statistical tests proved that regression rate was significantly worse in aggressive posterior ROP as compared with stage 3 zone 2 and stage 3 zone 1 ROP (odds ratio = 13.53, relative risk = 7.79, P < .001).",signatures:"Simona Delia Nicoară",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62837",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62837",authors:[{id:"87785",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona-Delia",surname:"Nicoara",slug:"simona-delia-nicoara",fullName:"Simona-Delia Nicoara"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6467",title:"Optical Amplifiers",subtitle:"A Few Different Dimensions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86c6992b53c2bbf8f9021210a0edeb2d",slug:"optical-amplifiers-a-few-different-dimensions",bookSignature:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6467.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"205744",title:"Dr.",name:"Pankaj",surname:"Kumar Choudhury",slug:"pankaj-kumar-choudhury",fullName:"Pankaj Kumar Choudhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5757",title:"High Power Laser Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e6dfb9321678bdd24ae54776c292c7b",slug:"high-power-laser-systems",bookSignature:"Masoud Harooni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5757.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"184282",title:"Dr.",name:"Masoud",surname:"Harooni",slug:"masoud-harooni",fullName:"Masoud Harooni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10481",title:"Practical Applications of Laser Ablation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9f235e98a88813c08a9dba80525b195",slug:"practical-applications-of-laser-ablation",bookSignature:"Dongfang Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10481.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177814",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongfang",surname:"Yang",slug:"dongfang-yang",fullName:"Dongfang Yang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"291193",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vasudha",middleName:null,surname:"Bakshi",fullName:"Vasudha Bakshi",slug:"vasudha-bakshi",email:"vasudhapharmacy@cvsr.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"335131",title:"Dr.",name:"Gollapalli Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Gollapalli Rajeev Kumar",slug:"gollapalli-rajeev-kumar",email:"rajeevpharmacy@cvsr.ac.in",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"76577",slug:"autoimmune-mechanism-and-recurrence-risk-in-graves-disease",signatures:"Vasudha Bakshi and Gollapalli Rajeev Kumar",dateSubmitted:"December 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"April 8th 2021",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"291193",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vasudha",middleName:null,surname:"Bakshi",fullName:"Vasudha Bakshi",slug:"vasudha-bakshi",email:"vasudhapharmacy@cvsr.ac.in",position:null,institution:null},{id:"335131",title:"Dr.",name:"Gollapalli Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Gollapalli Rajeev 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\r\n\tGeodesy is one of the scientific disciplines that has benefited the most from advances in satellite technology since the first artificial satellite was launched into orbit. Higher-resolution mapping of the earth, higher accuracy geodetic position computations based on global geodetic reference systems, and a better understanding of dynamic processes have all been achieved as a result of data obtained from satellites and satellite systems. As satellites and satellite systems continue to advance, observations obtained provide more detailed and long-term data on the earth's dynamic processes, and predictions and models based on these data enable effective risk management and the improvement of future living conditions on the Earth. In this regard, the chapters on data processing and modeling methodologies, accompanied by significant case study examples, in this book in preparation aim to highlight the use and importance of satellite and satellite system observations in geodetic applications and Earth observation studies. The following are the major categories of themes that are intended to be discussed in the book's content: low-Earth-orbiting satellites; observation techniques, data processing, and achievements in the branch of Earth gravity field studies obtained with the contribution of these satellite missions data (CHAMP, GOCE, GRACE/GRACE-Follow On, and future concepts in satellite gravimetry), ii-) satellite altimetry; recent progress in the techniques and applications including marine gravity and sea-level change determination, coastal altimetry and inland water studies, iii-) global navigation satellite systems; geodetic positioning, GNSS meteorology, and GNSS reflectometry studies including new data processing strategies (multi-GNSS, PPP, RT-PPP) and case study examples in various application fields, iv-) remote sensing satellites in Earth observation, monitoring, and mapping surface deformations and natural disasters, environmental changes because of global warming and its consequences in vulnerable areas, and v-) global, regional and national geodetic reference frames, which are necessary for efficient utilization of the satellite-based techniques in geodetic applications and monitoring Earth dynamic processes. Within the scope of outlined content, this book is intended to be a useful reference for all researchers and practitioners from engineering and geoscience disciplines who conduct research and applications using satellite and satellite system data.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-741-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-740-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-742-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"7c21d1a8ed9ad6be081d2e74d977d2bc",bookSignature:"Dr. Bihter Erol",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11489.jpg",keywords:"Satellite Gravimetry, Earth Gravity Field, Coastal Altimetry, Inland Altimetry, Geodetic Positioning, Measurement Errors, GNSS, ITRF, Geodetic Reference System, Polar Research, InSAR, Surface Deformations",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 28th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 26th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 13th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 12th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A scientist in Geodesy has publications on Physical Geodesy, height systems, deformation monitoring, and positioning. She has research projects in her research fields and teaches in undergraduate and graduate programs. Member of International Association of Geodesy.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"75478",title:"Dr.",name:"Bihter",middleName:null,surname:"Erol",slug:"bihter-erol",fullName:"Bihter Erol",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75478/images/system/75478.png",biography:"Dr. Bihter Erol earned a Ph.D. in geodesy from Istanbul Technical University (ITU) in 2007, and she is still a full-time associate professor at the ITU Geomatics Department. Her research interests in physical geodesy include the static and temporal determination of the Earth's gravity field, regional geoid modeling using terrestrial and airborne gravimetry, height systems, and structural deformation analyses. Dr. Bihter Erol has research experience in her field at various departments and institutes in Canada, Germany, and the Netherlands. She has numerous scientific journal articles, book chapters, and proceedings to her credit, as well as contributions as an editor and reviewer in geodetic journals, books, and proceedings. She participates in a number of international symposia organizations and scientific committees. 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Epidemiological studies among all continents found that Asia and Africa have higher incidence rate than western world [1]. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), arise due to excessive growth of abnormal liver cells, is most commonly found among all liver cancer types [2]. Four main potential causes of HCC have been identified as viral infection (chronic hepatitis B and C), metabolic syndrome (diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), immune-related disease (autoimmune hepatitis), and toxic substances (alcohol and aflatoxins) [3].
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a noxious carcinogen produced by certain fungi
Once the AFB1 is absorbed through human body, it is metabolized at the liver site by phase I metabolizing enzymes including hydroxylation, hydration, demethylation, and epoxidation. Nontoxic metabolites are resulted from hydroxylation, hydration, and demethylation while the reactive metabolite, AFB1-8,9-epoxide, is resulted from epoxidation [3, 4]. AFB1-8,9-epoxide is the genotoxic form and can react efficiently with DNA at the N7 site of guanine to form AFB1 adduct. This adduct can adversely affect DNA sequence and genetic materials. However, human defensive mechanisms are able to detoxify AFB1 toxicity through phase II metabolism enzymes. AFB1 can be converted into excretable forms after binding with glutathione and glucuronic acid generated by specific enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), respectively [5, 6, 7]. Besides acute toxicity such as hepatic necrosis, bile drug proliferation, edema, and lethargy could also be observed after exposure to high dose of AFB1 [8].
Regarding the current situation, there are many ways to avoid the risk of AFB1-induced liver cancer as determined by two main periods, pre- and post-harvest period and exposure period [6]. During harvest time, several techniques are used for controlling and reducing the chance of harmful effects resulted from AFB1: cultivation of AFB1 tolerance plants, biocontrol using competitive fungi, irrigation, and insecticide. For exposure period, most researches aim to determine the effects of several foods or supplementary foods that are capable of decreasing AFB1-induced toxicity. For example, oltipraz, a synthetic derivative of natural compound originated from cruciferous vegetables, is reported on its capacity to reduce AFB1 toxicity. In addition, green tea polyphenol and chlorophyllin (a derivative of chlorophyll found in green leafy vegetables) are also stated. These natural compounds have a potential against AFB1-induced hepatocarcinogenicity by decreasing the absorption of AFB1, controlling metabolic pathway, and increasing AFB1 excretion [6, 9]. To update the involvement of edible plants as chemoprevention for AFB1, this review is aimed to emphasize the mechanistic alleviation of AFB1-induced liver toxicity by polyphenol-containing plants.
Cruciferous vegetables belong to
Nearly 200 types of glucosinolates have been reported in scientific literature, especially glucobrassicin and glucoraphanin. These two compounds can be transformed into hydrolysis products such as isothiocyanates, sulforaphane (SF), and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) by β-thioglucosidase (myrosinase) enzyme when plant cells are damaged. This mechanism could also be processed by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract [11, 12].
The studies of anticancer effects of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products revealed that numerous existing compounds also had anticancer mechanism against various types of cancers. For instance, the presence of sulforaphane could suppress carcinogen and prevent DNA adduct (a biomarker of AFB1 exposure) directly through an inhibition of phase I metabolism enzymes. At the same time, it induces phase II metabolism enzymes which play an important role in converting carcinogens to the inactive metabolites and excreting from the body. Their hydrolysis products exhibit an ability to scavenge the free radicals, inhibit inflammation and angiogenesis, and also induce an apoptosis of cancer cells [11].
Previous studies investigated the effects of bioactive compounds such as I3C and 1-cyano-2 hydroxy-3 butene (Crambene), derivatives of glucosinolate group found in cruciferous veggies, on HCC occurrence. Glucosinolates did not only respond for abnormal liver cells, but they also enhance AFB1 detoxification in the rat model. Pre-exposure to the high-dose combination of I3C and Crambene (0.15 and 0.165%, respectively) protected the liver cells effectively more than low-dose combinations and single exposure [13]. Risk reduction of liver cancer could also be observed in rainbow trout when pre-exposed to I3C at the dose 2000 ppm prior to AFB1; however, the adverse effects and increase of liver cancer incidence were reported when the exposure sequence was reversed [14]. In addition, further studies revealed a dose-dependent relationship between I3C dose after exposure to AFB1 and the incidence of liver cancer and other cancer types [15]. Thus, it could be summarized that the incidence of liver cancer is induced by AFB1 relating to timing of I3C exposure. Pre-exposure to I3C prior to AFB1 reduced the liver cancer incidence, but post-exposure reversely raised the liver cancer incidence [15]. Accordingly, subsequent mechanistic studies indicated an induction of I3C on phase I and II metabolism enzyme activities [16]. Continuous exposure to I3C might enhance phase II enzyme activity, so the absorbed AFB1 would be excreted rapidly. In contrast, pre-exposure to AFB1 triggered the adverse effects such as DNA abnormality and increase of liver cancer risk. The explanation was that pre-exposure to AFB1 generates AFB1-8,9-epoxide and this reactive metabolite would be more activated when treated later with I3C. In addition, I3C could be able to induce both phase I and II metabolism enzyme activities, thus AFB1-8,9-epoxide was more generated as a result of activation of phase I metabolism. Although phase II enzyme was also stimulated, it was not enough to eliminate AFB1.
Not only I3C is frequently reported, but other glucosinolate derivatives like SF and H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) are also stated. For example, while rats were pre-exposed to these derivatives, AFB1-DNA adduct in rat’s liver was reduced due to an increase of GST activity, a phase II detoxification enzyme for AFB1 [17]. Likewise, other previous studies reported that SF could competitively inhibit CYP1A2 in human liver cells [16], causing a decrease of AFB1-DNA adduct. Remarkably, upregulation of gene expression-related tissue repairing system and number of hepatocytes were observed after induction of SF [18].
The current epidemiological and clinical studies revealed that only lung, colorectal, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers were given the positive response to glucosinolates while animal model showed the effective inhibition of liver cancer and other cancer types through various mechanisms. Nevertheless, randomized clinical trial of glucosinolates on liver cancer showed different results [11, 19]; comparison between broccoli sprout extract treatments and control group was studied simultaneously. After treatment, AFB1-DNA adducts were clearly determined. The results indicated that no significant difference was observed among tested groups on AFB1-DNA adduct level (p = 0.68). On the contrary, an inverse linear correlation of dithiocarbamates, a metabolite of sulforaphane, and AFB1-DNA adduct excretion was noted (p = 0.002, R = 0.31). It can be implied that exposure to glucosinolates might decrease AFB1-induced toxicity [20]. Besides, various compounds of glucosinolates have the potential to increase excretion of many carcinogens through glutathione
Green tea,
Recent studies have demonstrated the positive effects of green tea on many diseases and adverse human health conditions such as coronary artery disease, oral heath, bone integrity, thermoregulation balance, and kidney stones. Furthermore, an association between green tea consumption and the incidence of many types of cancer has also been reported such as oral and pharynx, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, bladder, prostate, breast, lung, skin, leukemia, pancreatic, and liver cancers [23, 24]. Various research methods including preclinical studies (
Previous studies have been reported on several protective ways against AFB1-induced liver cancer from the exposure to catechin compounds and green tea extracts. For example, the reduction of chromosome aberration in rat bone marrow cells was observed after pre-exposure with green tea or EGCG for 24 hours prior to AFB1 [27]. Besides, hepatic nuclear AFB1-DNA binding and glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive single hepatocyte, specific markers of hepatocarcinogenic potential in the rat model, were also reduced after pre-exposure with green tea extracts for 2–4 weeks prior to AFB1 [28]. Similarly, the levels of GST-P and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase positive hepatic foci induced by AFB1 and carbon tetrachloride were reduced during pre- or co-treatment with green tea extracts. Furthermore, the inhibition of hepatocarcinogenesis was also observed [29].
The studies of green tea against AFB1-induced human liver cancer are still currently limited, and most reports have been retrieved from China. As some Chinese commonly consume food contaminated with AFB1, the risk of HCC is higher than other regions. A clinical study demonstrated a protective effect of 500 and 1000 mg/day green tea polyphenol (GTP) on hepatocarcinogenesis in 124 HCC patients who presented with HBsAg and aflatoxin-albumin adducts. Results showed that 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level, an oxidative DNA damage biomarker originating in urine specimens, significantly decreased (p = 0.007) during co-exposure with GTP for 3 months [30]. Besides, AFB1-albumin adducts (AFB1-AA) and AFB1-mercapturic acid (AFB1-NAC) level in blood and urine specimens of volunteers were compared among 500 and 1000 mg GTP treatment group and control group. This result revealed a reduction of AFB1-AA level, an indicator of AFB1 exposure, for both 500 and 1000 mg GTP treatment groups within 3 months. This reduction was strongly related to dose and duration of GTP exposure (p = 0.049). Furthermore, AFB1-NAC, an indicator of AFB1 elimination activated by phase II metabolism enzymes, significantly increased (p < 0.001) in both treatment groups related to dose and duration of GTP exposure as well (p < 0.001). Therefore, it could be summarized that GTP effectively modulated AFB1 biotransformation by inhibition of phase I metabolism enzymes as can be seen from the reduction of AFB1-AA. GTP also has an induction effect to phase II metabolism enzymes which transform AFB1–8,9-epoxide to AFB1-NAC [31].
Furthermore, results from a meta-analysis investigating the effect of green tea extracts on HCC and other liver diseases also showed that regular green tea drinkers had a lower incidence of HCC than nonregular drinkers approximately 26% (R = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.56–0.97, p = 0.027). Although there were some inconsistent results in this study (I2 = 80.1%, p = 0.000), no publication bias was detected and no data from one study significantly influenced the final conclusion [25].
Anthocyanins, members of flavonoid groups, are mostly found in blue, purple, orange, and red vegetables. Anthocyanins in plants play a vital role in attraction of bugs for pollination and insect resistance [32]. Pharmacologically, purple corn extracts have been known for its anti-diabetic and antiadipogenic effects, anti-prostate carcinogenesis, and others [33, 34, 35] while blue butterfly pea flower has a definite potential anti-inflammatory effect [36]. Furthermore, anthocyanin-rich plants were shown to protect neurodegenerative and also cardiovascular disease [37].
Purple rice bran (
Apart from purple rice bran extract, other anthocyanin-rich plants are also studied for their effects on AFB1-induced cytotoxicity. For instance,
Turmeric is a flowering plant widely used as a food ingredient in South Asia for a long period of time. It has been also applied in pharmacognosy field as a powerful anti-inflammatory resulting from rheumatoid arthritis, bruise, epilepsy, abdominal pain or discomfort, and asthma [41]. An
Curcumin is a major active component of turmeric. It belongs to curcuminoid group and commonly found in 2–8%. Previous
Turmeric is found to be capable of reducing both AFB1-induced toxicity and HCC. Besides, it could also stimulate apoptosis of liver cancer cells through a mitochondria-dependent pathway and accumulation of calcium ions within the cells [48]. Turmeric showed the protective effect against AFB1-induced liver cancer in animal model by inhibition of metastasis and growth factor expression related to the progression of angiogenesis [49].
Chlorophyll (chla), a main component of green vegetables, consists of a porphyrin ring structure where magnesium is the central atom of the ring. Chla is important for plants’ photosynthesis pathway and used as food additives. One of the characteristics of chla is almost insoluble in water while chlorophyllin (CHL), a derivative of chla, is completely soluble. CHL can be transformed into water-soluble form by saponification, a reaction that magnesium central atom is replaced with copper.
Previous studies on the protective effects of chla and CHL on AFB1 toxicity indicated that both compounds could reduce absorption of AFB1 from apical to basolateral sides in Caco-2 cell line [52]. Accordingly, a crossover clinical trial demonstrated that chla and CHL exposure could reduce maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curves (AUC) of AFB1 compared to untreated group [53]. These findings suggest that chla and CHL have a strong potential to decrease AFB1 absorption. The effects of chla and CHL co-exposure with AFB1 have also been studied in animal model by emphasizing on antioxidant activities. Both bioactive compounds are capable of reducing AFB1 toxicity through enhancing the expression of glutathione level and several antioxidant enzyme activities such as GPx, SOD, and CAT [54].
A recent study investigated the effects of CHL on AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity and incidence of carcinogenesis in animal model. Exposure with CHL reduced hepatotoxicity and incidence of liver cancer [54, 55]. In a clinical study, a randomized controlled trial reported that daily exposure with CHL for 4 months decreased AFB1-N7-guanine level in urine compared to placebo group [56].
Several studies were in agreement that chla and CHL reduce AFB1-induced liver cancer through decreasing AFB1 absorption in digestive tract contributing to the decrease of AFB1 bioavailability. Besides, chla and CHL are the powerful antioxidants which effectively lower AFB1-induced oxidative stress. These two compounds not only reduce hepatotoxicity, but also incidence of liver cancer. Thus, the consumption of green vegetables is one of the alternatives to reduce toxicity caused by consuming AFB1-contaminated foods.
Ginger (
In in vitro model of AFB1-treated HepG2 cells, ginger extract-pretreated cells exhibited higher percent cell viability and lower intracellular ROS production and DNA strand break when compared to AFB1 treatment alone. In Wistar rats, pretreatment with ginger extract also increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes: GPx, GST, CAT, and SOD, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and increased reduced glutathione (GSH) content. Co-incubation with ginger extract along with AFB1 also showed a hepatoprotective effect as seen by the lower level of serum enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Moreover, fat droplets and hepatocyte infiltration with macro-vesicles in liver induced by AFB1 were normalized when pre-treated with ginger extract, clearly showing the effectiveness of ginger on AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity [57].
Mechanism of ginger extract to reduce AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity was demonstrated by
Carotenoids, natural plant pigments giving the color of fruits and vegetables, are responsible for the red, orange, and yellow colors in mangoes, corns, carrots, pumpkins, tomatoes, etc. More than 700 different carotenoids have long been characterized and classified as two main groups regarding their basic functional group [65]. Xanthophylls, yellow or orange-yellow pigments, are found widely in nature and the majority of their structure consists of oxygen as the core element such as lutein and zeaxanthin. Carotenes, one of another division of carotenoids, are hydrocarbon compounds without other functional groups including α-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene [66]. Both xanthophylls and carotenes are almost known as fat-soluble compounds dissolved well in petroleum, ether, chloroform, and hexane but carotenes seem to be more soluble in these nonpolar aliphatic solvents compared to xanthophylls; some are water-soluble [67]. Carotenoids have a potential role as a provitamin A compound which can be converted within the body to vitamin A, and they are broadly accepted as free radical antioxidants inhibiting several types of cancers [68, 69].
Several carotenoids like β-carotene, canthaxanthin, lycopene, and cryptoxanthin were studied on the mitigation of AFB1-induced mutagenesis in bacterial mutation assay. Mutagenesis was inhibited by the addition of all carotenoids, except lycopene, and cryptoxanthin was shown to be the most potent inhibitor among all tested carotenoids [70]. The comparison of both ionone rings, α and β type of carotenoids, was observed through suspended disc culture. The α-ionone ring carotenoids, α-carotene, lutein, or α-ionone, showed more inhibition of AF biosynthesis than β-ionone ring, and the existence of hydroxyl groups on the rings seemed to lessen the inhibition capacity [71].
Previous study demonstrated the effects of antioxidants β-carotene and lycopene on AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity. The result showed the presence of lycopene followed by the addition of AFB1 increased cell viability at approximately 14%, while pretreatment with β-carotene had the highest increase in cell survival up to 54%. Both carotenoids recovered mitochondrial dehydrogenase (MD) activity up to 85%, upregulated
Lycopene, a strong free radical scavenger having the greatest ability to cope with the singlet oxygen compared to the other carotenoids, can alleviate AFB1-induced oxidative stress through the conjugation of the p-electron system with several reactive oxygen species. It can protect DNA, proteins, and lipid damages against the carcinogenesis onset contributed to its numerous conjugated double bonds, high lipophilicity, and acyclic structure [72]. Regarding several scientific publications, lycopene has been confirmed as the carotenoid that exhibited robust positive effects on AFB1 toxicities via several pathways.
Allium plants like garlic and onion are well-known in Asian countries as food ingredients and remedial foods. They have been documented as medicinal foods worldwide due to their pharmacological properties.
The effects of Allii Fistulosi Bulbus (VEAF) extract on cytotoxicity and oxidative stress caused by AFB1 exposure were observed in HepG2 cells. Preincubation with VEAF followed by the addition of AFB1 obviously enhanced cell viability. It inhibited oxidative stress through declining ROS level and TBAR content induced by AFB1 and promoting GSH level. The determination of 8-OHdG, an indicator of oxidative damage on DNA, was then investigated. The result showed the inhibitory effect in VEAF treatment group up to 59.1% suppression compared to AFB1-treated group. This evidence proved the alleviating potential of VEAF on AFB1-induced oxidative stress resulting in cytoprotection against AFB1 toxicity [76].
Quercetin, flavonol, is one of the major bioactive compounds in
In HepG2 cells, quercetin decreased AFB1-induced cytotoxicity and ROS production and increased GSH content while
Even though numerous studies revealed the hepatoprotective effects of quercetin against xenobiotic-induced cellular toxicity, low bioavailability of quercetin absorbed into circulation is the remarkable barrier [84]. One of the supreme strategies widely used is nanoformulation. Quercetin nanoparticles not only demonstrated a noteworthy reduction of AFB1-induced cell death, but it also suppressed the liver toxicity caused by AFB1 including ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and GSH depletion. In addition, both quercetin and quercetin nanoparticles significantly enhanced the function of hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) and hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) (p < 0.05). Interestingly, quercetin nanoparticles showed higher effects than quercetin [84]. These result reflexes an inhibiting ability of AFB1 toxicity by administration of quercetin AFB1.
AFB1 also caused increase of cytotoxicity in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line. The pre-incubation with quercetin affected to increase cell viability, AFM1 biosynthesis (low toxic metabolite of AFB1), GSH content, and mRNA level of glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 (GSTA1) which are important for AFB1 detoxification [85].
Rosemary plant (
Consumption of AFB1-contaminated food is the current major cause of HCC in many countries. Many studies aim to lower AFB1-induced toxicity particularly the utilization of edible plants as protective foods. This review proposed the edible plants which could alleviate AFB1-induced toxicity and concluded the possible mitigation of AFB1 toxicities through several related pathways (Table 1 and Figure 1). Although the detoxification mechanism of AFB1 activated by various plants has been investigated in a pre-clinical study for a decade, clinical trial is still rarely clarified. Further investigation on a risk reduction of AFB1 still needs to be carried out especially in the clinical study.
Plants | Reference | Protective effects | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inhibit AFB1 biosynthesis | Inhibit AFB1 absorption | Anti-oxidant | Anti-genotoxicity | Reduce cytotoxicity | Modulate metabolism enzymes | Inhibit hepatotoxicity | Decrease liver cancer | ||
Cruciferous vegetables | [10] | / | / | / | |||||
[14] | / | / | |||||||
[15] | / | ||||||||
[16] | / | / | |||||||
[17] | / | / | |||||||
[20] | / | ||||||||
[21] | / | ||||||||
Green tea | [25] | / | |||||||
[27] | / | ||||||||
[28] | / | ||||||||
[29] | / | ||||||||
[30] | / | ||||||||
[31]* | / | ||||||||
Purple rice | [38] | / | |||||||
[39] | / | / | |||||||
[40] | / | / | / | ||||||
Turmeric | [43] | / | / | ||||||
[44] | / | / | / | / | |||||
[45] | / | / | |||||||
[46] | / | / | |||||||
[47] | / | ||||||||
[48] | / | / | |||||||
[49] | / | / | / | ||||||
Green vegetables | [52] | / | |||||||
[53] | / | ||||||||
[54] | / | / | / | ||||||
[55] | / | / | / | ||||||
[56] | / | ||||||||
Ginger | [57] | / | / | / | / | ||||
[62] | / | / | / | ||||||
[64] | / | / | |||||||
Carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables | [69] | / | / | / | |||||
[70] | / | ||||||||
[71] | / | ||||||||
[72] | / | / | |||||||
Allii Fistulosi Bulbus | [76] | / | / | / | |||||
[78] | / | ||||||||
[79] | / | ||||||||
[80] | / | / | |||||||
[81] | / | / | |||||||
[82]* | / | / | |||||||
[83]** | / | / | / | ||||||
[84] | / | / | / | ||||||
[85] | / | / | / | ||||||
Rosemary | [87] | / | |||||||
[88] | / | / | |||||||
[89] | / | / |
The protective effects of edible plants against AFB1-induced toxicity.
Alleviate serum cytokine and procollagen III, NO.
Alleviate content of nucleic acid of liver tissue.
Protective effects of edible plants against AFB1-induced toxicity.
This work was funded and supported by Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
AFB1 | Aflatoxin B1 |
AFB1-AA | AFB1-albumin adducts |
AFB1-NAC | AFB1-mercapturic acid |
ALBT | African locust bean tree |
ALP | Alkaline phosphatase |
ALT | Alanine aminotransferase |
ARE | Antioxidant response element |
AST | Aspartate transaminase |
AUC | Area under the curves |
Bcl-xL | B-cell lymphoma-extra large |
Cmax | Maximum concentration |
CAT | Catalase |
CHL | Chlorophyllin |
chla | Chlorophyll |
CML | Country-made liquor |
D3T | H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione |
EC | Epicatechin |
ECG | Epicatechin gallate |
EGC | Epigallocatechin |
EGCG | Epigallocatechin gallate |
Fas | Fatty acid synthase |
G6PD | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
GPx | Glutathione peroxidase |
GSH | Reduced glutathione |
GSSH | Oxidized glutathione |
GST | Glutathione S-transferase |
GSTA1 | Glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 |
GST-P | Glutathione S-transferase placental form |
GTP | Green tea polyphenol |
HCC | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
HO-1 | Heme oxygenase 1 |
I3C | Indole-3-carbinol |
IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
LDH | Lactate dehydrogenase |
MD | Mitochondrial dehydrogenase |
MDA | Malondialdehyde |
NAFLD | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells |
Nrf2 | Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 |
8-OHdG | 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SF | Sulforaphane |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
UGT | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase |
VEAF | Allii Fistulosi Bulbus |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
Global business has become more competitive than before. The technology and dynamic life increase the opportunities and risks for several firms. Accordingly, financial statements and financial analysis must be developed to assess the company’s performance relative to its past performance or relative to its industrial competitors [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The financial statements are annual reports containing essential information about the firm, including income, cash flows, and current financial condition, illustrating the assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity. However, if the financial information is not analyzed well, it will not help the company’s success and management decision-making. In addition, a firm should be prepared for the uncertainties and opportunities in the future; therefore, the financial analysis can support oversight of the future business [3, 7, 8].
The financial analysis uses financial statements to evaluate the firm’s overall performance, assess the equity securities, value opportunities, and risk, grow company earnings, and increase the cash flow. This study discusses financial statements, the difference and similarities between US GAAP and IFRS, financial data collection, research methodology, and analysis. In addition, a case study of one of the recent international companies, which is Tesla Motors, will be explained, and financial analysis and results will be applied to it [9, 10].
The used financial analysis method is financial ratios analysis. In this research, the profitability ratio, liquidity ratio, leverage ratio, and activity ratio will be applied to the financial statement of Tesla Motors. This study aims to evaluate the financial position of Tesla Motors through ratios and formulas to analyze the efficiency and business risk of the enterprise.
A financial statement consists three main statements that provide essential details and information about the company’s performance—income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements. The statements are analyzed annually using financial analysis techniques to continuously compare the firm effectiveness with previous years and compare it with the competitors from the same industry [11, 12, 13].
The income statement is defined as the profit and loss statements representing the cost of sales, total operating expenses, net profit to the net sales over a certain period, and earnings per share. The cost of sales contains the cost of merchandise, production, materials purchase expenses, research and development costs, and total operating expenses, including administrative and distribution expenses. To increase the net profit of the firm, expenses must be decreased, and sales have to be increased. The return of investment, financial flexibility, operating capabilities, and risk are essential information gathered from the income statement. The firm’s overall performance is measured by the return of investment, where the enterprise’s ability to adapt to consequences and opportunities is defined as financial flexibility. Moreover, the ability to maintain operations at the desired level is considered the operating capability, and risk is defined as the uncertainty related to the firm’s future. In summary, an Income statement supports the stakeholders and managers in evaluating the past performance, predicting future performance, and reducing the risk and uncertainty in achieving future cash flows [14].
The balance sheet statement is referred to as the statement of financial position. The primary role of the balance sheet is to report the firm’s assets, “economic resources,” liabilities, “economic obligations,” and equity over a particular period where total assets should be equal to total liabilities and equity “residual claims of owners.” The assets are shown concerning its cash liquidity, and the liabilities are related to its maturity date. The balance sheet can be measured by several values based on the relevance and reliability of desired attributes—a one-time cost, present cost, present market value, net realizable value, and the current value of future cash flows. At a specific balance sheet date, the current or present cost is the cash required to attain the asset, whereas the current market value is the amount of cash gained from selling the asset. In addition, the net realizable value is represented as the cash obtained from the sale of a future asset. The benefit of the balance sheet is to gather information and data about obligations, resources, and net resources equity. As well as it supports predicting the time, cost amounts, potential, and uncertainty of future cash flows [14].
The cash flow statement is a classification of cash payments and cash receipts issued by financing, operating, and investing activities. Each firm prepares the cash flow statement annually and compares the current year with previous years to evaluate the overall performance and plan the organization’s expenditures. The information and details provided by the cash flow statement report to stakeholders, lenders, and investors are cash that comes from or is used in operating and financing activities and the change of cash, whether increasing or decreasing in a particular period. In addition, the statement of cash flow support making economic decisions about the firm. The financing activities related to a firm are treasury stock, which describes the reacquisition of earlier issued shares, stock issuance, dividends payment to stakeholders, debt financing, and debt repayment. Investing activities contain fixed assets, debt sale or purchase, and equity securities of entities. Additionally, the operating activities are related to manufacturing companies and the sale of goods [14].
The above three statements can be prepared in accordance with two types of the conceptual framework, which are The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which is used the worldwide, and the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP), which was used in the US but recently it has been used by some firms in the UK and India. Both representations have similarities and differences in finance and account aspects. Some differences and similarities in financial aspects are illustrated in the table below (Similarities and Differences A comparison of IFRS, US GAAP, and UK GAAP*, 2005) (see Table 1).
Financial Statement | IFRS | US GAAP |
---|---|---|
Income statement |
|
|
Balance sheet |
|
|
Cash flow statements |
|
|
IFRS and US GAAP conceptual frameworks: Similarities and differences in financial statements preparation.
Sources: The Author.
To evaluate firm performance, it is complimentary to analyze the presented data and compare it with historical data or/and other competitors from the same industry. Thus, the basis and elements of comparison must be clarified to ensure an entity’s excellent performance and effectiveness. Analytical techniques can assess the firm’s capabilities to generate and grow the cash flow and earnings. Additionally, it supports identifying the cash flow and earnings risks for current and future times.
For example, one of the main aspects of comparison is the firm profitability compared with other companies. In most cases, there will be differences between the companies in the firm size, presenting financial information or/and the currency of financial data. Therefore, comparing the firms based on the net income will provide the right and valuable results. An alternative methodology was created, a ratio analysis technique that expresses one value concerning another value that enables more sufficient and accurate comparison and results. Furthermore, performing the standard size of financial statements eliminate the size factor, which provides improper results.
Regarding the issue of currency differences that appear from comparing international companies, an alternative method rather than using ratio analysis is using global exchange rates and unifying the currency in financial status at the end of a particular period. In addition to that, the enterprise compares its performance over time. Using the ratio analysis, which is horizontal financial statements that compare the current year to a based year and implement the results as a graph, shows the significant changes in the firm’s effectiveness and performance [14].
The primary objectives of using ratio analysis are as follows:
Assess the past performance, evaluate the current financial position, and predict future opportunities and risks.
Support analysis to determine earnings and free cash flow.
Examine the firm’s financial flexibility and ability to provide the cash needed to grow the firm and meet the obligations in normal or unexpected circumstances.
Improve management’s ability to make better decisions related to enterprise growth (Henry, Robinson, and Van Greuning, n.d.).
Types of ratio Analysis:
The automobile industry is the producer of electric, hybrid, and gasoline-powered vehicles and one of the largest industries that affect the economy and culture of the world. Moreover, it opened a broader market area for many businesses and commerce by using vehicles in transporting people and goods. Based on the worldwide statistics, the leading countries for the production of passenger cars in 2018 are represented in the figure below. The total global sales of passenger cars reached 62 million vehicles in 2018, and the United States produced around 2.8 million vehicles. Accordingly, the US is considered one of the largest automobile markets in production and sales.
The most produced and selling brands of vehicles in the US automobile industry are Ford, Volkswagen, Toyota, Hyundai, and Chevrolet. All mentioned models are fuel-based vehicles where a new generation of alternative energy resources was developed in the US to produce and sell hybrid and electric vehicles. One of the leading global producers of electric cars is Tesla Motors. This research discusses an overview of Tesla Motors, methodology, and analysis of Tesla’s financial statements (see Figure 1) [15].
Leading countries for the production of cars in 2018 [
Tesla Motors is an international manufacturing automotive and energy company founded in 2003 and based in California, US. The company is founded by Martin Eberhard, Marc Tarpenning, Elon Musk, J. B. Straubel, and Ian Wright. The organization aims to establish a sustainable energy eco-system by creating affordable vehicles and building unique energy solutions like solar roofs, power walls, and power packs. Tesla’s automotive and energy solution enables the consumers to manage the generation, consumption, and storage of renewable energy. Tesla Motors achieved a financial turnover of around 21.5 billion US dollars in the fiscal year of 2018 and 45,000 employees in 30 worldwide branches.
Due to the massive competition in the automotive industry, the global economy affecting the business, and the competitive prices, Tesla Motors added a unique value to its customers by alternating fuel-based vehicles with electric vehicles. Although Tesla avoids the risk of increasing the oil prices, technological and political environments significantly impact Tesla vehicle prices. Therefore, the financial and non-financial performance of Tesla should be analyzed carefully to support in making critical decisions and to determine the future risk and potential of the company [17].
The historical financial information and data of Tesla Motors provide a better understanding of its financial position and cash flow forecast. Moreover, by comparing the annual financial reports, the created value of Tesla and performance relative to peers can be examined. The financial information contains annual reports of Tesla’s income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow. Those financial details are authenticated and published by Tesla Motors company. In this research, the financial data duration will be analyzed, including the years from 2015 to 2018. A copy of detailed Tesla financial statements is attached in appendix A. Furthermore, the model used to evaluate Tesla’s financial performance is described in (Figure 2).
The research methodology.
The financial technique used in this research is the ratios analysis technique, which provides financial measurements and results to indicate the performance of Tesla Motors. The main four ratios for financial data analysis are liquidity ratios, assets management ratios, profitability ratios, and debt management ratios (Appendix B). Each ratio contains various formulas that describe an essential principle of finance and account, represented in the table below (see Table 2).
Liquidity Ratios | Asset Management Ratios | Profitability Ratios | Debt Management Ratios |
---|---|---|---|
1. Current Ratio | 1. Accounts Receivable Turnover | 1. Net Profit Margin | 1. Debt Ratio |
2. Quick Ratio | 2. Inventory Turnover Ratio | 2. Gross Profit Margin Ratio | 2. Time Interest Earned |
3. Cash Ratio | 3. Accounts Payable Turnover | 3. Operating Profit Margin |
Financial ratios analysis.
The liquidity ratio indicates the strong ability to use its asset to cover its short-term debts. The three liquidity ratios used in this research are current ratio, quick ratio, acid test, and cash ratio.
The current ratio formula is performed by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities for the same year. The current asset consists of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, net accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expenses, and other current assets, where current liability includes Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, deferred revenue, resale value guarantee, customer deposits, current portion of long-term debt and capital leases (see Table 3 and Figure 3).
Category/Year | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Current Assets | $ 8,306,308 | $ 6,570,520 | $ 6,259,796 | $ 2,782,006 |
Current Liability | $ 9,992,136 | $ 7,674,670 | $ 5,827,005 | $ 2,811,035 |
Current Ratio | 0.8313 | 0.8561 | 1.0743 | 0.9897 |
Current ratio analysis.
Current ratio graph.
The acid test or quick ratio is calculated by eliminating the inventories from current assets and dividing them by current liabilities (see Table 4 and Figure 4).
Category/Year | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Current Assets-Inventories) | $ 5,192,862 | $ 4,306,983 | $ 4,192,342 | $ 1,594,168 |
Current Liability | $ 9,992,136 | $ 7,674,670 | $ 5,827,005 | $ 2,811,035 |
Acid Test Ratio | 0.5197 | 0.5612 | 0.7195 | 0.5671 |
Acid test ratio.
Acid test ratio graph.
A cash ratio is a type of measurement, which evaluates the strong ability to cover its current liability by only its cash and cash equivalent (see Table 5 and Figure 5).
Category/Year | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cash and Cash Equivalent | $ 3,685,618 | $ 3,367,914 | $ 3,393,216 | $ 1,196,908 |
Current Liability | $ 9,992,136 | $ 7,674,670 | $ 5,827,005 | $ 2,811,035 |
Cash Ratio | 0.3689 | 0.4388 | 0.5823 | 0.4258 |
Cash ratio.
Cash ratio graph.
The most important financial ratios for the manufacturing company are asset management because it effectively measures the enterprise usage and control of its assets. It consists many ratios, but in this research, the accounts receivable turnover, inventory turnover, accounts Payable turnover, and total asset turnover will be implemented on General Motors’ financial statements.
The accounts receivable turnover measures the number of cash collection times during a particular period, and it is calculated by dividing the sales by the average account receivable (see Table 6 and Figure 6).
Category/Year | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sales | $ 21,461,268 | $ 11,758,751 | $ 7,000,132 | $ 4,046,025 |
Average Accounts Receivable | $ 949,022 | $ 515,381 | $ 499,142 | $ 168,965 |
Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio | 22.61 | 22.82 | 14.02 | 23.95 |
Accounts receivable turnover ratio.
Accounts receivable turnover ratio graph.
This ratio is calculated several times inventories are sold and restocked yearly. All manufacturers have Inventories to keep unsold stocks which cost them significant value until the materials are sold out. It is measured by dividing the cost of goods sold over the average inventories (see Table 7 and Figure 7).
Category/Year | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cost of Goods Sold | $ 17,419,247 | $ 9,536,264 | $ 5,400,875 | $ 3,122,522 |
Average Inventories | $ 2,688,491 | $ 2,165,495 | $ 1,672,646 | $ 1,115,756 |
Inventory Turnover Ratio | 6.48 | 4.40 | 3.23 | 2.80 |
Inventory turnover ratio.
Inventory turnover ratio graph.
Since raw materials are considered the main expenses of manufacturing firms, the accounts payable turnover measures the speed of paying the purchasing of raw materials or inventories on the account. The account payable turnover is calculated by dividing the purchases over average accounts payable. The below formula calculates the value of the purchase (see Table 8 and Figure 8).
Category/Year | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Purchases | $ 18,269,156 | $ 9,732,347 | $ 6,190,491 | $ 3,446,685 |
Average Accounts Payable | $ 3,404,451 | $ 2,390,250 | $ 1,860,341 | $ 916,148 |
Accounts Payable Turnover Ratio | 5.366 | 4.072 | 3.328 | 3.762 |
Accounts payable turnover ratio.
Accounts payable turnover ratio graph.
Purchases = Cost of goods sold + [(Ending inventory) – (Beginning inventory)].
The company’s overall efficiency and performance are evaluated by the profitability ratio, where it concentrates on measuring the assets and controlling the expenses to generate a reasonable rate of return. In addition, it analyses the firm current operational performance compared to previous years. The net profit margin, gross profit margin ratio, and operating profit margin ratio will be performed on the financial statements of Tesla Motors.
The net profit margin is calculated by dividing the net profit after tax over the net sales. For any automotive company, the higher the net profit margin, the better the performance (see Table 9 and Figure 9).
Category/Year | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Net Profit after Tax | $ 1,062,582 | $ 2,240,578 | $ 773,046 | $ 888,663 |
Sales | $ 21,461,268 | $ 11,758,751 | $ 7,000,132 | $ 4,046,025 |
Net Profit Margin (Percentage) | 4.951% | 19.055% | 11.043% | 21.964% |
Net profit margin.
Net profit margin graph.
A gross profit margin serves as the source of paying additional expenses and savings for the future to assess financial health. The gross profit margin ratio is calculated by dividing the gross profit over sales (see Table 10 and Figure 10).
Category/Year | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gross Profit Margin | $ 1,004,745 | $ 2,209,032 | $ 746,348 | $ 875,624 |
Sales | $ 21,461,268 | $ 11,758,751 | $ 7,000,132 | $ 4,046,025 |
Gross Profit Margin Ratio (Percentage) | 4.682% | 18.786% | 10.662% | 21.642% |
Gross profit margin ratio.
Gross profit margin ratio graph.
This ratio is calculated by dividing the operating profits over sales (see Table 11 and Figure 11).
Category/Year | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Operating Profits | $ 388,073 | $ 1,632,086 | $ 667,340 | $ 716,629 |
Sales | $ 21,461,268 | $ 11,758,751 | $ 7,000,132 | $ 4,046,025 |
Operating Profit Margin Ratio | 0.018 | 0.139 | 0.095 | 0.177 |
Operating profit margin ratio.
Operating profit margin ratio figure.
The degree of safety afforded to creditors is financial leverage or debt financing. There are two methods to obtain the enterprise debt by determining the borrowed funds used to finance assets on the balance sheet. The other is by obtaining the fixed charges covered by the operating profits in the income statement.
The debt ratio is calculated by dividing total debt over total assets, where total debt contains current liabilities and long-term debt (see Table 12 and Figure 12).
Category/Year | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Debt | $ 13,433,874 | $ 15,348,310 | $ 10,923,162 | $ 4,125,915 |
Total Assets | $ 29,739,614 | $ 28,655,372 | $ 22,664,076 | $ 8,067,939 |
Debt Ratio | 0.452 | 0.536 | 0.482 | 0.511 |
Debt ratio.
Debt ratio graph.
The time interest earned is measured by dividing the earnings “EBIT” before interest tax by the interest charged. The ratio indicates the enterprise’s ability to meet the interest payment (see Table 13 and Figure 13).
Category/Year | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
EBIT | $ 4,340,986 | $ 2,208,596 | $ 1,600,685 | $ 917,671 |
Interest Charges | $ 663,071 | $ 471,259 | $ 198,810 | $ 118,851 |
Time Interest Earned Ratio | 6.547 | 4.687 | 8.051 | 7.721 |
Time interest earned ratio.
Time interest earned graph.
An overview of financial statements, financial presentation methods, and financial analysis was discussed. A real-life case study on Tesla Motors was implemented to perform the financial analysis and concluded the results of its financial statements and analyses to evaluate its performance.
This study concludes that Tesla Motors continuously suffers from losses. Tesla Motors has a high value of assets since they concentrate on adding value to the customers and inventing unique electric vehicles. In addition, the automobile industry is too competitive where vehicle manufacturers compete to drive the attention of various stakeholders in the market. Furthermore, the new idea of shifting from fuel-based vehicles to electric-based vehicles needs significant duration to convince stakeholders to purchase the developed electric cars. However, this research proves that Tesla Motors made low gross profits where it decreased from 21.642% in 2015 to 4.682% in 2018. The decrement is due to high maintenance costs, research and development cost, selling expenses, and administrative expenses. Furthermore, the interest percentage is too high where Tesla Motors is accumulating the losses, which leads to increasing the interest expenses of the current year. The financial ratios support Tesla Motors to highlight the current firm position and provide the potential threats and opportunities in the future.
This study concludes that Tesla has changed their strategy to become the most worldwide sales of purely battery electric vehicles, capturing 23% of the market and 16% of the plug-in electric battery in the market for 2020. It has also developed a significant installer of photovoltaic systems through its subsidiary Tesla Energy in the United States. One of the largest global battery energy-storage systems suppliers is Tesla Energy, with 3.99 gigawatt-hours (GWh) installed in 2021.
This study also concludes that Tesla has changed its production strategy over time. It started to produce its first car model, the Roadster sports car, in 2009, which was followed by the Model S sedan in 2012, the Model X SUV in 2015, the Model 3 sedan in 2017, and the Model Y crossover in 2020. However, the Model 3 is the best-selling plug-in electric car in the global market, and, in the mid of 2021, it became the first electric car sale with 1 million units globally. The sale strategy thus has been developed. The global sales of Tesla increased to 936,222 cars in 2021, with an 87% increase over the previous year, and cumulative sales for all years totaled 2.3 million cars at the end of 2021. By the end of 2021, The market capitalization of Tesla reached $1 trillion to hold the rank 6 in US market history.
The year 2017–2018
The year 2017–2016
The year 2016–2015
Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. The values of our business are based on the same ones that all good scientists apply to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly, and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nPlease check out our job board for open positions.
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\\n\\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\\n\\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\\n\\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\\n\\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
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Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
\n\nOpenness - We communicate honestly and transparently. We are open to constructive criticism and committed to learning from it.
\n\nDisruptiveness - We are eager for discovery, for new ideas and for progression. We approach our work with creativity and determination, with a clear vision that drives us forward. We look beyond today and strive for a better tomorrow.
\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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