\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10942",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fiber-Reinforced Plastics",title:"Fiber-Reinforced Plastics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book deepens the study and knowledge on fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs), which are composite materials made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers. The fibers are usually glass, carbon, or aramid, although other fibers such as paper, wood, or asbestos are sometimes used. The polymer is usually an epoxy, vinyl ester, or polyester thermosetting plastic, and phenol-formaldehyde resins are still in use. Among, the most prominent applications of FRPs are in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries. The development of FRPs has a very promising future with a marked annual increase and with a wide range of sources. This book presents comprehensive information on FRPs and their wide variety of applications in the industry worldwide.",isbn:"978-1-80355-076-3",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-075-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-077-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95632",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"fiber-reinforced-plastics",numberOfPages:192,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"50dc791b1036b236a6676986cb295c6f",bookSignature:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10942.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1245,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 24th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 15th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 14th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 2nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 3rd 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.png",biography:"Martin A. Masuelli is a Inv. Adj. professor at the Instituto de Física Aplicada, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), and an associate professor at the National University of San Luis (UNSL), Argentina. He holds a master’s degree and a Ph.D. in Membrane Technology from UNSL. He has served as the director of the Physics Chemistry Service Laboratory, UNSL, since 2014. He is an expert in polysaccharides and the physical chemistry of macromolecules. Dr. Masuelli has authored or co-authored more than thirty-two peer-reviewed international publications, eight book chapters, and seventy communications in international congresses. He has also edited seven books. He is a member of the Sociedad Argentina de Ciencia y Tecnología Ambiental, Asociación Argentina de Fisicoquímica y Química Inorgánica, and Asociación Argentina de Tecnólogos de Alimentos. He is editor in chief and founder of the Journal of Polymer and Biopolymers Physics Chemistry and an editorial board member for various other journals. His research interests include hydropolymers, biopolymers (separative, purification processes, and characterization), physiochemistry of macromolecules, membrane technology and design (NF-UF-MF), and separative processes.",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"156",title:"Composite Materials",slug:"materials-science-composite-materials"}],chapters:[{id:"79165",title:"Self-Healing Polymers and Composite Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100908",slug:"self-healing-polymers-and-composite-materials",totalDownloads:203,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In order to overcome the challenges and limitations related to conventional maintenance and repair methods in structural composites during service, the concept of self-healing for polymeric materials has been developed in the last decades. Inspired by biological systems, ideal self-healing materials must be able to repair damages continuously during the service life of the component, recovering its performance. Several techniques have been proposed in the last years to manufacture self-healing polymers and fiber-reinforced composites to provide healing of microcracks in the composite structure without or with less intervention, extending service life and safety of the components and reducing maintenance time and cost. This book chapter proposes an overview of the most promising self-healing approaches for thermoset and polymer matrix composites developed in recent year.",signatures:"Allana Azevedo do Nascimento",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79165",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79165",authors:[{id:"427098",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Allana",surname:"Azevedo do Nascimento",slug:"allana-azevedo-do-nascimento",fullName:"Allana Azevedo do Nascimento"}],corrections:null},{id:"80891",title:"Design, Simulation, and Analysis of the Extrusion Process of a PVC Thermoplastic Profile to Optimize the Design of the Die and the Machine Parameters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100909",slug:"design-simulation-and-analysis-of-the-extrusion-process-of-a-pvc-thermoplastic-profile-to-optimize-t",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective of this work is to verify the design of an existing die for the manufacture of an extruded profile using the simulation of the flow in the head using a simulation software that uses computational fluid dynamics and also the experimental design and construction of a calibrator by means of the extrusion the geometry and desired dimensions of the profile. The rheological behavior of rigid PVC in the extruded molten state was investigated, which in itself is a difficult target due to the intrinsic weakness of this polymer that degrades when heated above 140°C. By means of a special capillary rheometer, rheological data, k and n of the power law, were obtained to introduce them, together with the process input parameters and the flow channel geometry in the simulation software. The flow channel was drawn with the head and calibrator using CAD-3D software. The different parts of the calibrator were manufactured and assembled into the equipment. The extrusion was performed with the process parameters: screw speed and material temperature used in the simulation software. The results obtained by the extrusion, geometry and final dimensions of the profile, mass flow, pressure, and temperature in the head were compared with those delivered by the software, being the same satisfactory.",signatures:"Carlos José Salvador Tomassini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80891",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80891",authors:[{id:"427374",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",surname:"José Salvador Tomassini",slug:"carlos-jose-salvador-tomassini",fullName:"Carlos José Salvador Tomassini"}],corrections:null},{id:"79552",title:"Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Tape in Automated Tape Placement Process",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101110",slug:"unidirectional-carbon-fiber-reinforced-thermoplastic-tape-in-automated-tape-placement-process",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Thermoplastic matrix composites are finding new applications in the different industrial areas, thanks to their intrinsic advantages related to environmental compatibility and process-ability. The tape placement process is one of the few techniques that have the potential to continuously process thermoplastic composites in large industrial applications. Fiber-reinforced thermoplastic tapes are subjected to high heating and cooling rates during the tape placement process. The application of laser heating for the tape placement process requires a thorough understanding of the factors involved in the process. Qualitative experimental analysis is presented to identify the important phenomena during the tape placement of carbon (PEEK, PEKK, PAEK PPS) tapes. The present chapter focuses on the input parameters in the process of manufacturing composite parts. The mechanical performance of the final parts depend on a number of parameters. It should be void-free and well consolidated for reliable use in the structure. In the present work, it is becoming increasingly wiser to introduce the production of high-quality laminates, using laser AFP and ATL with quality consolidation during the laying process. The experimental results in this chapter help to better understand the consolidation process during LATP.",signatures:"Svetlana Risteska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79552",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79552",authors:[{id:"425132",title:"Prof.",name:"Svetlana",surname:"Risteska",slug:"svetlana-risteska",fullName:"Svetlana Risteska"}],corrections:null},{id:"79224",title:"Mechanically Improved and Multifunctional CFRP Enabled by Resins with High Concentrations Epoxy-Functionalized Fluorographene Fillers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100141",slug:"mechanically-improved-and-multifunctional-cfrp-enabled-by-resins-with-high-concentrations-epoxy-func",totalDownloads:94,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To meet the maximum potential of the mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), stress transfer between the carbon fibers through the polymer matrix must be improved. A recent promising approach reportedly used reinforcing particles as fillers dispersed in the resin. Carbon based fillers are an excellent candidate for such reinforcing particles due to their intrinsically high mechanical properties, structure and chemical nature similar to carbon fiber and high aspect ratio. They have shown great potential in increasing the strength, elastic modulus and other mechanical properties of interest of CFRPs. However, a percolation threshold of ~1% of the carbon-based particle concentration in the base resin has generally been reported, beyond which the mechanical properties deteriorate due to particle agglomeration. As a result, the potential for further increase of the mechanical properties of CFRPs with carbon-based fillers is limited. We report a significant increase in the strength and elastic modulus of CFRPs, achieved with a novel reinforced thermoset resin that contains high loadings of epoxy-reacted fluorographene (ERFG) fillers. We found that the improvement in mechanical performance of CFRPs was correlated with increase in ERFG loading in the resin. Using a novel thermoset resin containing 10 wt% ERFG filler, CFRPs fabricated by wet layup technique with twill weaves showed a 19.6% and 17.7% increase in the elastic modulus and tensile strength respectively. In addition, because of graphene’s high thermal conductivity and high aspect ratio, the novel resin enhanced CFRPs possessed 59.3% higher through-plane thermal conductivity and an 81-fold reduction in the hydrogen permeability. The results of this study demonstrate that high loadings of functionalized particles dispersed in the resin is a viable path towards fabrication of improved, high-performance CFRP parts and systems.",signatures:"Junhua Wei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79224",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79224",authors:[{id:"426142",title:"Dr.",name:"Junhua",surname:"Wei",slug:"junhua-wei",fullName:"Junhua Wei"}],corrections:null},{id:"79965",title:"Composite Materials with Natural Fibers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101818",slug:"composite-materials-with-natural-fibers",totalDownloads:106,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The materials involved in the fabrication of biocomposites have dissimilar physical and chemical properties. More important, the newly created materials exhibit anisotropy and their performance is strongly influenced by the hydrophobic nature of the natural fibers used as reinforcement materials. Beyond a compressive discussion regarding the potential of composite materials with natural fibers in engineering applications, the chapter focuses on simulation of their behavior under applied loads. Modern experimental approaches for defining and validating computer simulations are also introduced. Finally, health hazards and biodegradability issues are evaluated. The new trends in biocomposites materials for engineering applications are briefly discussed.",signatures:"Nicholas Lambrache, Ora Renagi, Lidia Olaru and Brian N’Drelan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79965",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79965",authors:[{id:"438068",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicholas",surname:"Lambrache",slug:"nicholas-lambrache",fullName:"Nicholas Lambrache"},{id:"440101",title:"Dr.",name:"Ora",surname:"Renagi",slug:"ora-renagi",fullName:"Ora Renagi"},{id:"440102",title:"Mrs.",name:"Lidia",surname:"Olaru",slug:"lidia-olaru",fullName:"Lidia Olaru"},{id:"440103",title:"Mr.",name:"Brian",surname:"N'Drelan",slug:"brian-n'drelan",fullName:"Brian N'Drelan"}],corrections:null},{id:"79625",title:"Sisal Fibre Based Polymeric Composites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101107",slug:"sisal-fibre-based-polymeric-composites",totalDownloads:92,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nature origin fibres have drawn in extraordinary consideration from commercial and specialists for the use of polymer composites as a result of their ‘greener’ nature and commitment to maintainable practice. Different enterprises have moved towards reasonable innovation to work on the harmony between the climate and social and financial concerns. Innovative work has demonstrated that normal fibres have been effectively applied as fortifications in the composites business, for example, for transportation, inside segments, building, airplane.",signatures:"Archana Nigrawal, Arun Kumar Sharma and Fozia Zia Haque",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79625",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79625",authors:[{id:"257011",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Nigrawal",slug:"archana-nigrawal",fullName:"Archana Nigrawal"},{id:"437736",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun Kumar",surname:"Sharma",slug:"arun-kumar-sharma",fullName:"Arun Kumar Sharma"},{id:"437737",title:"Dr.",name:"Fozia",surname:"Zia Haque",slug:"fozia-zia-haque",fullName:"Fozia Zia Haque"}],corrections:null},{id:"79700",title:"Functional Application for the Corn Leaf Fibre to Make Reinforced Polymer Composites Sheet",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101656",slug:"functional-application-for-the-corn-leaf-fibre-to-make-reinforced-polymer-composites-sheet",totalDownloads:164,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This research work has mainly utilized agricultural waste material to make a good-quality composite sheet product of the profitable, pollution free, economical better for farmer and industries. In this study, from corn leaf fibre to reinforced epoxy composite product has been utilized with minimum 35 to maximum range 55% but according to earlier studies, pulp composite material was used in minimum 10 to maximum 27%. Natural fibre-based composites are under intensive study due to their light weight, eco-friendly nature and unique properties. Due to the continuous supply, easy of handling, safety and biodegradability, natural fibre is considered as better alternative in replacing many structural and non-structural components. Corn leaf fibre pulp can be new source of raw material to the industries and can be potential replacement for the expensive and non-renewable synthetic fibre. Corn leaf fibre as the filler material and epoxy as the matrix material were used by changing reinforcement weight fraction. Composites were prepared using hand lay-up techniques by maintaining constant fibre and matrix volume fraction. The sample of the composites thus fabricated was subjected to tensile, impact test for finding the effect of corn husk in different concentrations.",signatures:"Ramratan Guru, Anupam Kumar and Rohit Kumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79700",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79700",authors:[{id:"336997",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramratan",surname:"Guru",slug:"ramratan-guru",fullName:"Ramratan Guru"},{id:"337607",title:"Prof.",name:"Anupam",surname:"Kumar",slug:"anupam-kumar",fullName:"Anupam Kumar"},{id:"337608",title:"Mr.",name:"Rohit",surname:"Kumar",slug:"rohit-kumar",fullName:"Rohit Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"79103",title:"Fabricating Natural Biocomposites for Food Packaging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100907",slug:"fabricating-natural-biocomposites-for-food-packaging",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, there are dominant scientific breakthroughs to advance the packaging industry to identify innovative and emerging fruitful results for making the food packaging systems, in particular, more efficient, resilient, and sustainable. Therefore, friendliness packaging research has been gaining momentum, thanks to global environmental awareness, and also consumer ecological consciousness, and leading companies are committing to a more holistic worldview of packaging in response to more sustainable processes to reduce pollution and any depletion of resources. High-yielding and cost-effective production and design of packaging, involving synthetic materials use reduction and development of new bio-based packaging materials, are very much part of this holistic approach. Thus, in comparison with petroleum-based materials, potential bio-based materials may have benefits for all agents comprised: the producers, customers as well as the whole environment. This chapter explores a review of relative topics across all disciplines that could accelerate understanding toward this goal. It walks through conventional materials, and then important natural and synthetic polymers from the context of food packaging. Moreover, it provides an overview of the performance of bioplastics and their limitations. State-of-the-art main trends on green biocomposites thereof, their potential to transform the food industry, are also herein considered.",signatures:"Liqaa Hamid and Irene Samy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79103",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79103",authors:[{id:"427722",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Irene",surname:"Samy",slug:"irene-samy",fullName:"Irene Samy"},{id:"437221",title:"Mrs.",name:"Liqaa",surname:"Hamid",slug:"liqaa-hamid",fullName:"Liqaa Hamid"}],corrections:null},{id:"79811",title:"FRP for Marine Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101332",slug:"frp-for-marine-application",totalDownloads:168,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) are widely used in marine sector owing to their high specific strength and resistance to marine corrosion. For naval application, additional advantages are transparency to radar wave and better vibration damping than metals. The use of various FRPs in off-shore structures and marine vessels needs analysis of desired properties considering the types of matrices and fiber. The common consideration is effect of sea water on the properties of the FRP. This chapter gives a brief on use of different FRPs in various areas such as off-shore pillars, Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) enclosers, primary and secondary marine components. A brief discussion is included here on diffusion models and estimation of durability by a time-temperature superposition principle applied to water ingress and corresponding change in mechanical strength of FRPs with examples. The effect of microbial activity on the damage of FRP is not very much reported in literature. It is known that sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are the most damaging microbes for FRP. In conclusion, it is highlighted that vinyl-ester-based FRPs using glass and carbon fibers are best for marine application. To determine the realistic service life in marine environment, Vinyl Ester- FRP (VE-FRP) are to be simultaneously studied for damage due to sea water and the microbes such SRB.",signatures:"Bikash Chandra Chakraborty",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79811",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79811",authors:[{id:"427043",title:"Dr.",name:"Bikash",surname:"Chandra Chakraborty",slug:"bikash-chandra-chakraborty",fullName:"Bikash Chandra Chakraborty"}],corrections:null},{id:"80884",title:"Mechanical Properties and Chemical Stability of Bathroom Wall Composites Manufactured from Recycle Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Mixed with Cocoa Hull Powder",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102457",slug:"mechanical-properties-and-chemical-stability-of-bathroom-wall-composites-manufactured-from-recycle-p",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The recovery of plastic waste and agricultural residues has led us to develop composites based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) filled with cocoa shell powder. These shells have been previously treated with the organosolv process to improve the fiber-matrix interaction. The objective of this work is to develop wall covering materials to replace tiles which require a lot of energy and from PET. The composites were made by the method of melt mixing followed by compression molding. The mechanical, physico-chemical properties and stability to environmental conditions were evaluated. The results showed that the incorporation of 20–30% of powder in the matrix made of PET gave rise to a composite material with good properties for application in construction, as a wall covering replacing the tile. The study showed that the optimum powder weight ratio for optimum composite properties was achieved at a powder weight ratio of 30%. The maximum tensile strength of 60.3 MPa, bending strength of 19.5 MPa, impact strength of 10.3 MPa and water absorption of 1.34% were obtained. Compared with ceramic tile, this water absorption test value is within the range and shows that this composite tile is suitable for use as a bathroom tile.",signatures:"Paul Nestor Djomou Djonga, Ahmat Tom, Hambate Gomdje Valery and Georges Elambo Nkeng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80884",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80884",authors:[{id:"353783",title:"Prof.",name:"Hambate",surname:"Gomdje Valery",slug:"hambate-gomdje-valery",fullName:"Hambate Gomdje Valery"},{id:"356476",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Paul Nestor",surname:"Djomou Djonga",slug:"paul-nestor-djomou-djonga",fullName:"Paul Nestor Djomou Djonga"},{id:"441072",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmat",surname:"Tom",slug:"ahmat-tom",fullName:"Ahmat Tom"},{id:"466164",title:"Dr.",name:"Georges",surname:"Elambo Nkeng",slug:"georges-elambo-nkeng",fullName:"Georges Elambo Nkeng"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2828",title:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers",subtitle:"The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4922c593466cc822b281fe7cc7d7fef6",slug:"fiber-reinforced-polymers-the-technology-applied-for-concrete-repair",bookSignature:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10742",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"The New-Old Polysaccharides",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d66da5f008edd08d1a1dbb1fab87618",slug:"pectins-the-new-old-polysaccharides",bookSignature:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10742.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6513",title:"Cement Based Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c92db3d5c64117861b425cb692b5695",slug:"cement-based-materials",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din M. 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Some reports estimated the influx of data to reach 163 zettabytes by 2025 and hence the need for simulation and modeling theory and practice. Simulation and modeling tools and techniques are of most importance in this day and age. While simulation carries the needed work, tools of visualizing the results help in decision-making process. Simulation ranges of simple queue to molecular dynamics include seismic reliability analysis, structural integrity assessment, games, reliability engineering, and system safety. This book will introduce simulation and modeling to practitioners, researchers, and novice users to the world of imagination.
Simulation and modeling programs are not like any other computer program. Section 1 can look at the amount of research being conducted in the scientific community, and the facts are reflected in Section 2. Section 3 shows the distinguishing factors of simulation. Section 4 presents classical simulation approaches and their handling of the time elements which is one of the distinguishing factors of simulation. Section 5 sheds light on the reasons why we simulation. Section 6 explains furthermore the different uses of simulation especially in training. Section 7 discusses the answer of proof of correctness or validation and verification question that is the second distinguishing feature of simulation.
Simulation is a very important topic in the research community. According to the IEEE digital library in the year 2014, scientific journals and magazines published 9478 scientific research papers. In the year 2015, 10,371 scientific research papers were published, while in the year 2016, 11,133 scientific papers were published in journals and magazines. According to the same source in the year 2017, 12,206 scientific research papers were published. Hence, in the 4 years (2014–2017), 43,188 scientific research papers were published. The number indicates how rich the simulation topic is with undiscovered topics and many unsolved problems. Hence, the simulation topic is worth investigating.
There are four distinguishing characteristics that differentiate simulation from any computer program: time use simulation is an indexing variable, simulation objective is to achieve correctness, simulation is computational intensive, and there is no typical use of simulation [1]. As time is an indexing variable, the use of such variable can be discrete or continues. Such use of the time variable is reflected in the approaches and method of simulation.
The second feature is reflected in the discussion of validation and verification of the simulation program. The section lists ways of validation and verification. To achieve correctness is a major goal of any simulation program; furthermore, the proof of correctness is a challenge of simulation.
The third feature is also another challenge in simulation world. Simulation major feature is the time indexing variable, which is a challenge on its own. Another element that makes simulation computational intensive is animation. Animation in relation with time variable is very challenging to master in any simulation program.
The fourth feature is distinguishing of simulation; there is no typical use of simulation. Simulation is colored with its use. The uses of simulation range from transport systems to molecule interactions. Hence, simulation is colored from within its use.
Simulation and modeling is an approach used when everything fails. Simulation and modeling applications range from nuclear reactions to transport systems. Hence, there are two types of simulation approaches: discrete simulation approaches and continuous simulation approaches. Process interaction approach, event scheduling approach, activity scanning approach, stock and flow approach, and three-phase approach all belong to the first family. In process interaction approach, the computer program emulates the flow of an object through the system. Transaction flow approach is a simpler version of process interaction approach. Event scheduling approach advances time to the moment when something happens next. The third approach, activity scanning approach, is based on two phases: the first phase is the execution after a fixed amount of time, and the second phase is the execution after the satisfaction of some condition. The third approach is a three-phase approach; as the name is suggesting, it has three phases: A, B, and C. To better understand the simulation approaches, Figure 1 reflects the flow charts of each of them.
Flow charts of the three classical simulation approaches [
To handle concurrent discrete event dynamic systems, Petri nets were developed by Carl Adam in the beginning of the 1960s, a theory for discrete parallel system. Such idea is reflected in the chapter “Petri Net Models Optimized for Simulation.”
Simulation and modeling needs imagination and innovations to be developed from scratch. Yet, simulation is needed and hence the question “why do we simulate?” Simulation allows experimentation rather than direct, costly, time-consuming experimentation. Simulation allows time control where the user can compress and expand time element. Simulation experiments can be replicated, so as to answer questions like “why did this happen?” Simulation allows the user to explore possibilities. Simulation allows the user to explore different possibilities while identifying constrains and predict obstacles. Playing with what-if scenarios, simulation is used to train pilots as well as medical professionals in the case of new technology.
Simulation is used to train people in a number of arenas for many reasons: either the training situation is too dangerous to conduct or too delicate or too expensive. A study by Abu-Taieh and Abutayeh [2], they listed 12 areas where simulation is used for vocational training: to train pilots, many simulators are used. Rather than using the real plane to teach the pilot to fly, a simulator is used to train the pilot. Another use is to conduct chemical experiments by simulating the experiments. As such, the experimenter is in a safe environment while knowledge is transferred on handling chemical materials.
Another training arena is physics experiments. Simulators are used to conduct physics experiments. To teach things like motion, energy, power, sound, heat, electricity, magnets, circuits, light, and radiation, a simulator is used to teach their attributes and to visualize the experiments as seen in [3].
Mathematics, algebra, number theory, mathematical functions, trigonometry, data analysis, graphs, trees, networks, enumerative combinations, iteration, and recursion are hard topics to understand and visualize. Simulation is used as an explanatory tool and a visualizing method. Nelson [4] listed five reasons to use simulation in mathematics.
Simulation is used to study environmental and ecological systems. Since such arena is overwhelmed with variables that no mathematical formula can solve, simulation is used to study, visualize, understand, and explain environmental phenomena.
To study, understand, and explain cosmology and astrophysics, many computer-based simulators are used. Simulation in this case enhances the understanding of cosmology and astrophysics by visualization. Simulators are also used to train medical students in surgery training. Such concept is used to train novice surgeons to gain expertise and self-confidence before conducting the real surgery.
Simulators are also used in civil engineering, interior design, and architectural engineering designs. Since real-life experimentation is lengthy and expensive, simulators in such arena save time, money, and effort by delivering virtual product which can be altered rather than delivering real-life product. In Marshall et al. [5], healthcare delivery is discussed using simulation. Other uses of simulation are to design, understand, test, and visualize computers and communication networks as seen in [6, 7].
To learn financial planning and to model marketing simulation is used, namely, in Crystal Ball and Analytica, among others. Business modeling, risk analysis, cost/benefit analysis, and risk management are also taught using simulators. In military training, virtual reality (VR) and virtual augmented reality (VAR) are used. Simulators like mission rehearsal exercise (MRE).
A published research [8, 9] classified 56 simulation environment according to their 22 uses: air traffic control and space systems, supply chain management, business process reengineering and workflows, transportation systems, complex system design evaluation, aerospace, computer and communication networks, oil and gas, computer performance evaluation, construction, education and training, financial modeling, healthcare systems, parcels and parcel handling(queue), manufacturing systems, de-bottlenecking, military/combat systems, what-if scenarios, satellite and wireless communications systems, robotic and mechanical systems, service systems, and decision and risk analysis.
This section is an answer to the second distinguishing feature of simulation. VV&T in simulation is the most important quest. There is no point in simulating the wrong model and no point in simulating the model incorrectly. Validation answers to the question “Are we building the right model?” Verification answers to the question “Are we building the product right?” These two questions have been raised back in 1995 when Balci [10] published a research paper listing 15 simulation VV&T principles, as follows:
In the same paper, Balci [10] divided the V&V techniques into two categories: V&V techniques for simulation models and V&V techniques for object-oriented simulation models. The V&V techniques for simulation models were further divided into four subcategories: informal, static, dynamic, and formal. V&V techniques for object-oriented simulation models were divided into three subcategories: conventional, adaptive, and specific. The informal subcategory included 8 V&V techniques, and the static subcategory included 19 techniques. The dynamic subcategory included 50 techniques. The formal subcategory included eight techniques. The adaptive subcategory included 15 techniques, while the specific subcategory included 31 techniques. In total, Balci listed more than 130 validation and verification techniques; as such, this only reflects the importance of validation and verification in simulation.
Some published work like [8, 9, 11, 12] discussed the validation and verification quest. The first two sources listed the different methods and tools for VV&T, and the third source developed a method from within the system development life cycle of simulation.
Playing the virtual world with time element is a joy and challenge. Hence, simulation to simulators is an open-ended question. This chapter showed the importance of simulation from academic and scientific point of view and then the distinguishing elements of simulation. Two distinguishing features stood out: time element and the correctness of the simulation program. Time element handling is reflected in Section 4. Correctness of the simulation program is discussed in Section 7. In the overall picture, simulation and modeling is like an addictive game that one can never get tired of.
I would like to acknowledge the efforts and support of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University College of Computer and Information Sciences Dean Prof. Auhood Alfaries and the University of Jordan for their moral support and encouragement. Also, I would to acknowledge the Publisher intechopen.com and their people (Dajana Pemac, Author Service Manager, and Danijela Vladika), for the opportunity and their support, patience, and hard work.
Computer-aided drug design [1, 2] has the potential to lower the cost, decrease the failure rates and speed up the discovery process. Computational tools play various roles in medicinal chemistry ranging from optimization of protein-ligand interactions for drug discovery to the design of new drugs. These methods are broadly classified as structure based and ligand based methods. For structural methods the computational studies are carried out for molecular dynamics, protein−ligand docking and calculation of free binding energies. For the ligand based methods, the computational calculations help to predict the biological response about known active and inactive ligands which include quantitative structure–activity relationships, activity cliffs analysis, and similarity search. In recent years, discovery of new molecules that could be more effective with fewer unwanted side effects is a constant concern of pharmaceutical industry. So, new developed research methods are used to predict the properties and activities of molecules even before they are synthesized. The significant development of computational tools as well as theoretical studies of quantum chemistry allow researchers to obtain more precise physicochemical and quantum parameters of compounds in a shorter time. These techniques move towards the synthesis of a very large number of molecules simultaneously and to test their actions on therapeutic targets. Density Functional theory (DFT) has become a powerful tool to study the electronic and geometric characteristics of the drugs. Conceptual density functional theory (CDFT), originally developed by Parr and collaborators [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], with several global and local reactivity descriptors help us to understand various physicochemical processes. As Global reactivity descriptors are connected with several electronic structure principles so they play very important role in the physico-chemical information of the complexes. The understanding of the relationship between the structure and activity of the drug, the pharmacokinetic parameters responsible for bioavailability and the toxicity are evaluated by other computational tools. In this way the drugs with higher efficiency is obtained. These studies give a complete picture to design new drug molecules and its physico-chemical parameters, drug-likeness and cytotoxicity evaluation in a shorter time. Recent advances in these methods increase the quantity and complexity of generated data. This massive amount of raw data needs to be stored and interpreted in order to advance the medicinal world. The correlations and patterns from large amounts of complex drug data should be performed by machine learning algorithms to extract knowledge and insights from the accumulated data. Databases are used to design new molecular descriptors and the models are validated with external test sets [9].
Modern artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly enhance the role of computational methods and machine learning in pharmaceutical industry [10]. According to the World Economic Forum, a combination of big data and AI are considered as the fourth paradigm of science and the fourth industrial revolution. Interestingly, with machine learning and AI solutions to some of the most complex drug related problems, drug discovery has created a potential breakthrough in medicinal world.
CDFT is used to predict, analyze and interpret the reactivity properties of small drug molecules. Global reactivity descriptors, Fukui indices [11] and the Dual descriptors proposed by Morell et al. [12] are used for the analysis. These theories have been validated by a large number of studies [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. A better microscopic insight to the whole interaction process can be observed by global indices and the other derived reactivity indices for the interacting complexes. In our work, we have selected design and structure-based, informatics-based, fragment-based, small-molecule microarray screening, dynamic combinatorial screening and use of phenotypic assays based 22 small drug molecules to identify RNA-binding molecules. These drug show several desirable properties as good absorption, distribution, oral bioavailability and have ability to target bulges, loops, junctions, pseudo-knots, or higher order structures. The optimized structures for these 22 small drug molecules are given in Figure 1. We have computed relevant electronic properties of the studied drug including global parameters such as EHOMO, ELUMO, Energy gap, IP, EA, electronegativity (𝜒), global hardness (η), global softness(S), Chemical potential (μ) Softness (S), Electrophilicity index (ω), fraction of electrons transferred (Δ), Nucleophilicity index as well as local ones (Fukui functions and dual descriptors). CDFT results predicted structural and thermodynamic stability and low reactivity for the complexes. Also few complexes were identified as fluorescent biomarkers as their emission lies in the visible region [19]. In another study, the global and local descriptors are calculated to study ten Anti-inflammatory steroids (AIS) to understand the structure–activity relationship. The toxicity evaluation of drug and the pharmacokinetic parameters responsible for bioavailability and bioactivity are carried by the bioinformatics Osiris/Molinspiration [20, 21] tools. The physico-chemical properties are studied by G09 software tools. As the structures of small-molecule drugs increase in complexity, the importance of synthetic and
Optimized structures of 22 small drug-like biologically active molecules. Adopted from Ref. [
Chemical structures of studied New Chemical Entities (NCEs) (1-16).
Chemical structures of studied New Chemical Entities (NCEs) (17-21).
The understanding of various types of interactions is also crucial for the drug-like molecule and its target. These possible interactions between a drug and target consist of covalent bonds, dipole–dipole interactions, ion-dipole interactions, ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions and charge transfer. The mechanism of drug action can be explained with ionic interactions as during physical pH condition several functional groups undergo ionization. The weak ion—dipole and dipole–dipole interactions both plays significant role in drug-receptor binding. Weak interactions include hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and charge transfer which exist between drug and receptor to provide stability to the drug-receptor binding. DFT is utilized to understand the reaction mechanisms of the drug molecule. Various Computational tools are used to precisely calculate the transition state for drug-target complexes. Dipole moment (DM) is also an important parameter which is used to explain observable chemical and physical properties of drug molecules. DM is used to assess cell permeability and oral bioavailability of drugs as complexes with large dipole moment are more soluble in water and less likely to be absorbed through lipophilic membranes [24, 25]. DM is included as a highly relevant descriptor in explaining the catalytic activity of enzymes in Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSAR) or Quantitative Structure–Property Relationships (QSPR) studies. For example: QSAR modeling of aromatase inhibition [26], antifungal activity [27], and HIV-1 protease/ cyclin-dependent kinases inhibition [28], QSAR modeling of aromatase inhibition [26], antifungal activity [27], and HIV-1 protease/ cyclin-dependent kinases inhibition [28], and in the estimation of micellar properties such as drug loading capacity (LC) [29] in QSPR model. Since DFT calculations are computationally too demanding for most large-scale virtual screening explorations, or for the incorporation in fast QSAR or QSPR models, so the relevant parameters are calculated by empirical or machine learning (ML) methods.
ML from data precalculated by DFT has emerged as a successful method for drugs as the results are highly accurate and has higher speed compared to the previous approaches [30, 31]. A new class of atomistic simulation techniques combining machine learning (ML) with simulation methods based on quantum mechanical (QM) calculations has emerged in the last decades. These methods can dramatically increase the computational efficiency of QM-based simulations and enable to reach the large system sizes and long timescales required to access properties with relevance for drug industry. Machine learning tools provide early stage filtering to identify promising drug molecules for further screening by computationally more intensive methods. The core quantity of atomistic simulation is the Potential energy landscape (PES), a high dimension function which is the basic ingredient for Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Simulation methods are more or less computationally efficient depending on the degree of physical approximation. Force fields as AMBER [32], CHARMM [33], GROMOS [34], and OPLS [35] are computationally very efficient since they employ simple pairwise interaction terms and fixed atomic charges for MM based methods in drug discovery pipeline [36]. QM simulations are fully reactive and can describe the complex bonding patterns, polarization effects and charge transfer processes that govern the behavior of biological systems [37].Various machine learning tools as artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM) and genetic programming have been explored to predict inhibitors, blockers, agonists, antagonists, activators and substrates of proteins related to specific therapeutic targets. These methods use screening compound libraries of diverse chemical structures, “noisy” and high-dimensional data to complement QSAR methods, and in cases of unavailable receptor 3D structure to complement structure-based methods. Several open access chemical spaces as, PubChem, ChemBank, DrugBank, and ChemDB are used in virtual screening of Drug molecules. DeepVS is used for docking of 40 receptors and 2950 ligands, showed exceptional performance when 95000 decoys were tested against these receptors [38]. In another study, multiobjective automated replacement algorithm is used to optimize the potency profile of a cyclin-dependent kinase-2 inhibitor by assessing its shape similarity, biochemical activity, and physicochemical properties [39]. GLORY, an innovative tool was used to predict the metabolism of molecules, identifying chemical structures of metabolites formed by cytochrome P450 enzyme family (CYPs) [40]. In another approach, drug combination synergy was used to exploit the largest available dataset reporting synergism of anticancer drugs (NCI-ALMANAC, with over 290,000 synergy determinations) [41].
As the vast chemical space comprising >1060 molecules, fosters the development of a large number of drug molecules [42, 43], sometimes limits the drug development process, making it a time-consuming and highly expensive. So AI is used as it can recognize hit and lead compounds and provide a quicker validation of the drug target and optimization of the drug structure design [42, 43, 44]. See Figure 4. AI can aid rational drug design [45]; assist in decision making; determine the right therapy for a patient, including personalized medicines; and manage the clinical data generated and use it for future drug development [46]. AI has done major contributions to the further incorporation of the developed drug in its correct dosage form as well as its optimization, in addition to aiding quick decision-making, leading to faster manufacturing of better-quality products. Robotic synthesis could eventually provide a fully automated drug discovery pipeline driven by AI [47, 48]. AI based approaches can also contribute to the safety and efficacy of the product in clinical trials as well as ensuring proper positioning and costing in the market through comprehensive market analysis and prediction.
Method domains of artificial intelligence (AI). Adopted from Ref. [
The world of science has changed, and there is no question about it. The new model is for the data to be captured by instruments or generated by simulations before being processed by software and for the resulting information or knowledge to be stored in computers. The continued improvement of ML methods in chemistry, which compete with standard computational approaches and expertise are continuously developing the modern computational medicinal chemistry. Machine learning potentials are capable of carrying out high-throughput calculations in millisecond time scales with DFT accuracy and help to avoid false positives and false negatives.
The author acknowledges the financial assistance by the DST WOS-A (SR/WOS-A/CS-69/ 2018) scheme. She is also thankful to her mentor Dr. Shrish Tiwari, Bioinformatics, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad and Dr. G. Narahari Sastry, Director, NEIST for the technical support.
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Aronow"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"43500",doi:"10.5772/54723",title:"Pharmacology of Arterial Grafts for Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery",slug:"pharmacology-of-arterial-grafts-for-coronary-artery-bypass-surgery",totalDownloads:3012,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"3542",slug:"artery-bypass",title:"Artery Bypass",fullTitle:"Artery Bypass"},signatures:"Oguzhan Yildiz, Melik Seyrek and Husamettin Gul",authors:[{id:"164299",title:"Prof.",name:"Oguzhan",middleName:null,surname:"Yıldız",slug:"oguzhan-yildiz",fullName:"Oguzhan Yıldız"},{id:"164968",title:"Dr.",name:"Melik",middleName:null,surname:"Seyrek",slug:"melik-seyrek",fullName:"Melik Seyrek"},{id:"164969",title:"Dr.",name:"Husamettin",middleName:null,surname:"Gul",slug:"husamettin-gul",fullName:"Husamettin Gul"}]},{id:"43514",doi:"10.5772/54418",title:"The Role of The Angiosome Model in Treatment of Critical Limb Ischemia",slug:"the-role-of-the-angiosome-model-in-treatment-of-critical-limb-ischemia",totalDownloads:3804,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3542",slug:"artery-bypass",title:"Artery Bypass",fullTitle:"Artery Bypass"},signatures:"Kim Houlind and Johnny Christensen",authors:[{id:"165363",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kim",middleName:null,surname:"Houlind",slug:"kim-houlind",fullName:"Kim Houlind"},{id:"167383",title:"Dr.",name:"Johnny",middleName:null,surname:"Christensen",slug:"johnny-christensen",fullName:"Johnny Christensen"}]},{id:"43476",doi:"10.5772/54509",title:"Impact of Ischemia on Cellular Metabolism",slug:"impact-of-ischemia-on-cellular-metabolism",totalDownloads:2786,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3542",slug:"artery-bypass",title:"Artery Bypass",fullTitle:"Artery Bypass"},signatures:"Maximilien Gourdin and Philippe Dubois",authors:[{id:"164978",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",middleName:"E",surname:"Dubois",slug:"philippe-dubois",fullName:"Philippe Dubois"},{id:"164982",title:"Dr.",name:"Maximilien",middleName:null,surname:"Gourdin",slug:"maximilien-gourdin",fullName:"Maximilien Gourdin"}]},{id:"61397",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76844",title:"The Ethics in Repeat Heart Valve Replacement Surgery",slug:"the-ethics-in-repeat-heart-valve-replacement-surgery",totalDownloads:1190,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The treatment of patients with intravenous drug use (IVDU) has evolved to include a wide range of medications, psychiatric rehabilitation, and surgical interventions, especially for life-threatening complications such as infective endocarditis (IE). These interventions remain at the discretion of physicians, particularly surgeons, whose treatment decisions are influenced by several medical factors, unfortunately not without bias. The stigma associated with substance use disorder is prevalent, which leads to significant biases, even in the healthcare system. This bias is heightened when IVDU patients require repeat valve replacement surgeries for IE due to continued drug use. Patients who receive a valve replacement and continue to use illicit drugs intravenously often return to their medical providers, months to a few years later, with a reinfection of their bioprosthetic valve; such patients require additional surgeries which are at the center of many ethical discussions due to high mortality rates, for many complex medical and social reasons, associated with continuous chemical dependency after surgical interventions. This chapter examines the ethics of repeat heart valve replacement surgery for patients who are struggling with addiction. Considerations of justice, the fiduciary therapeutic relationship, and guiding ethical principles justify medically beneficial repeat heart valve replacement surgeries for IVDU patient populations.",book:{id:"6556",slug:"advanced-concepts-in-endocarditis",title:"Advanced Concepts in Endocarditis",fullTitle:"Advanced Concepts in Endocarditis"},signatures:"Julie M. Aultman, Emanuela Peshel, Cyril Harfouche and Michael S.\nFirstenberg",authors:[{id:"64343",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael S.",middleName:null,surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"},{id:"227150",title:"Ms.",name:"Emanuela",middleName:null,surname:"Peshel",slug:"emanuela-peshel",fullName:"Emanuela Peshel"},{id:"229719",title:"Dr.",name:"Julie",middleName:"M.",surname:"Aultman",slug:"julie-aultman",fullName:"Julie Aultman"},{id:"232060",title:"Mr.",name:"Cyril",middleName:null,surname:"Harfouche",slug:"cyril-harfouche",fullName:"Cyril Harfouche"}]},{id:"43498",doi:"10.5772/54928",title:"Treatment of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Failure",slug:"treatment-of-coronary-artery-bypass-graft-failure",totalDownloads:4819,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"3542",slug:"artery-bypass",title:"Artery Bypass",fullTitle:"Artery Bypass"},signatures:"M.A. Beijk and R.E. Harskamp",authors:[{id:"164896",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel",middleName:"A.",surname:"Beijk",slug:"marcel-beijk",fullName:"Marcel Beijk"},{id:"165094",title:"Dr.",name:"Ralf",middleName:null,surname:"Harskamp",slug:"ralf-harskamp",fullName:"Ralf Harskamp"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"80213",title:"Evolution of Heart Transplantation Surgical Techniques",slug:"evolution-of-heart-transplantation-surgical-techniques",totalDownloads:277,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Organ transplantation has kindled the human imagination since the beginning of time. Prehistorically, transplantation appeared as mythological stories: from creatures with body parts from different species, the heart transplant between two Chinese soldiers by Pien Ch’iao, to the leg transplant by physician Saints Cosmas and Damian. By 19th century, the transplantation concept become possible by extensive contributions from scientists and clinicians whose works had taken generations. Although Alexis Carrel is known as the founding father of experimental organ transplantation, many legendary names had contributed to the experimental works of heart transplantation, including Guthrie, Mann, and Demikhov. The major contribution to experimental heart transplantation before the clinical era were made by a team lead by Richard Lower and Norman Shumway at Stanford University in the early 1960s. They played the vital role in developing experimental and clinical heart transplantation as it is known today. Using Shumway biatrial technique Christiaan Barnard started a new era of clinical heart transplantation, by performing the first in man human-to-human heart transplantation in 1967. The techniques of heart transplant have evolved since the first heart transplant. This chapter will summarize the techniques that have been used in clinical heart transplantation.",book:{id:"11236",slug:"heart-transplantation-new-insights-in-therapeutic-strategies",title:"Heart Transplantation",fullTitle:"Heart Transplantation - New Insights in Therapeutic Strategies"},signatures:"Samuel Jacob, Anthony N. Pham and Si M. Pham",authors:[{id:"439327",title:"Prof.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Jacob",slug:"samuel-jacob",fullName:"Samuel Jacob"},{id:"439329",title:"Prof.",name:"Si M.",middleName:null,surname:"Pham",slug:"si-m.-pham",fullName:"Si M. Pham"},{id:"451575",title:"Mr.",name:"Anthony N.",middleName:null,surname:"Pham",slug:"anthony-n.-pham",fullName:"Anthony N. Pham"}]},{id:"70032",title:"Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Surgical Anastomosis: Tips and Tricks",slug:"coronary-artery-bypass-grafting-surgical-anastomosis-tips-and-tricks",totalDownloads:1424,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The definite feature of coronary artery disease is the focal narrowing in the vascular endothelium, and this leads to the decrease in the flow of blood to the myocardium. Atherosclerotic plaque is the main lesion. These patients can present with chest pain (angina or myocardial infarction) and need further workup noninvasively and invasively for the management. The main reasons for myocardial revascularization can be: (1) relief from symptoms of myocardial ischemia; (2) reduce the risks of future mortality; (3) to treat or prevent morbidities such as myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, or heart failure. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the surgical technique of cardiac revascularization. In 1910, Dr. Alexis Carrel described a series of canine experiments in which he devised means to treat CAD by creating a “complementary circulation” for the diseased native coronary arteries. No clinical translation occurred at the time, but he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Experimental refinements of coronary arterial revascularization, including the use of internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts, were later reported by Murray and colleagues, Demikhov, and Goetz and colleagues in the 1950s and early 1960s. Dr. Rene Favaloro performed his first coronary bypass operation in May 1967 with an interposed saphenous vein graft (SVG) and shortly thereafter used aortocoronary bypasses sutured proximally to the ascending aorta. The stenosed segment is bypassed using an arterial or venous graft. Left internal thoracic artery is the most commonly used artery, and long saphenous vein is the most commonly used vein for the coronary artery grafting to reestablish the blood flow to the compromised myocardium. This can be performed with or without the help of cardiopulmonary bypass machine and also with or without arresting the heart. These techniques are called as on-pump beating or on-pump arrested and off-pump beating coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Distal and proximal anastomoses are usually performed in an end-to-side manner, but in the case of doing sequential grafting, side-to-side anastomosis is also performed proximal to the end-to-side anastomosis. In this chapter we are going to discuss the coronary artery bypass grafting tips and tricks in details.",book:{id:"9060",slug:"the-current-perspectives-on-coronary-artery-bypass-grafting",title:"The Current Perspectives on Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting",fullTitle:"The Current Perspectives on Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting"},signatures:"Mohd. Shahbaaz Khan",authors:[{id:"278633",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd. Shahbaaz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"mohd.-shahbaaz-khan",fullName:"Mohd. Shahbaaz Khan"}]},{id:"65984",title:"Low Flow Low Gradient Severe Aortic Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment",slug:"low-flow-low-gradient-severe-aortic-stenosis-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:2301,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Approximately 40% of patients with aortic stenosis (AS) show discordant Doppler-echocardiographic parameters with aortic valve area (AVA) <1 cm2 and/or index iAVA <0.6 cm2/m2 (consistent with severe AS) and the mean gradient (MG) <40 mmHg, consistent with mild/moderate AS. Accurate diagnosis of true severe low flow low gradient AS versus pseudo-severe aortic stenosis is important for prognosis and optimal timing for intervention. Doppler echocardiography using intravenous low dose dobutamine challenge is widely used for differentiating pseudo-severe from true severe aortic stenosis. However, relying on echocardiography alone may have limitations in accurate diagnosis. Reliable diagnosis using echocardiography is dependent on multiple factors like the angle of interrogation of the aortic jet, the assumption that the LVOT area is circular in cross section, optimal echo windows, the presence of underlying subclinical coronary artery disease prior to dobutamine challenge etc. In this chapter, we describe non-invasive and invasive strategies to assess the aortic valve using dobutamine stress. Direct measurement of gradients across the aortic valve while estimating the change in cardiac output and aortic valve area with increments of dobutamine infusion dose is complementary, safe and useful when conventional echocardiography techniques are inconclusive. Finally, the chapter describes effective strategies of treatment for low gradient severe aortic stenosis, including the role for diagnostic balloon valvuloplasty, in the era of transcatheter valve replacement (TAVR).",book:{id:"8218",slug:"aortic-stenosis-current-perspectives",title:"Aortic Stenosis",fullTitle:"Aortic Stenosis - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Faeez Mohamad Ali, Vindhya Wilson and Rajesh Nair",authors:[{id:"280651",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Nair",slug:"rajesh-nair",fullName:"Rajesh Nair"},{id:"280829",title:"Dr.",name:"Faeez",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamad Ali",slug:"faeez-mohamad-ali",fullName:"Faeez Mohamad Ali"},{id:"290351",title:"Dr.",name:"Vindhya",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"vindhya-wilson",fullName:"Vindhya Wilson"}]},{id:"59547",title:"Left Ventricular Assist Device Infections",slug:"left-ventricular-assist-device-infections",totalDownloads:1480,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients who receive these mechanical circulatory supports as a bridge to transplantation (BTT) or as destination therapy (DT) (for individuals who are not candidates for cardiac transplant). Infections are more common among persons who received pulsatile flow LVADs as opposed to newer continuous flow (CF) devices. Other risk factors for infection include obesity, renal failure, depression and immunosuppression. An LVAD infection increases the risk of infections in persons who undergo cardiac transplantation. Infections include percutaneous site, driveline, pump pocket and pump/cannula infections; sepsis, bacteremia, mediastinitis and endocarditis. Diagnosis is achieved by monitoring LVAD flow parameters and observing typical clinical and laboratory manifestations of infection. Imaging such as PET-CT or SPECT-CT imaging can be helpful to establish a diagnosis of pump pocket infection. Echocardiography may aid in detecting native valve endocarditis and thrombus associated with the LVAD. The most common pathogens include Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas and Candida spp. Treatment requires targeted antimicrobials plus surgical debridement of infected tissue and device components. In cases of pump/cannula/LVAD endocarditis, especially if fungal pathogens or Mycobacterium chimaera are involved, LVAD removal/reimplantation vs. transplant is necessary, combined with extended antimicrobial therapy.",book:{id:"6556",slug:"advanced-concepts-in-endocarditis",title:"Advanced Concepts in Endocarditis",fullTitle:"Advanced Concepts in Endocarditis"},signatures:"Marion J. Skalweit",authors:[{id:"186717",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marion",middleName:null,surname:"Skalweit",slug:"marion-skalweit",fullName:"Marion Skalweit"}]},{id:"60658",title:"Humoral Rejection in Cardiac Transplantation: Management of Antibody-Mediated Rejection",slug:"humoral-rejection-in-cardiac-transplantation-management-of-antibody-mediated-rejection",totalDownloads:1097,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"After a successful heart transplantation, fundamental keys to achieve good results in the long term are to establish immunosuppressive therapy in the postoperative period in an appropriate manner and to ensure continuity of follow-ups. Despite the fact that these stages are maintained perfectly, patients may face one or more rejection episodes. T-cell-mediated acute cellular rejection of the cardiac allograft has well-established treatment algorithms, whereas antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is challenging to diagnose, and its treatment varies between centers. Investigators reported that AMR is among the most important factors to improving long-term outcomes. Improved understanding of the roles of acute and chronic AMR has evolved in recent years following a major progress in the technical ability to detect and quantify recipient antihuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody production. Recently, a study of the immunobiology of B cells and plasma cells that pertains to allograft rejection and tolerance has emerged. There are some questions regarding the classification of AMR, the diagnostic approaches, and the treatment strategies for managing. In this chapter, we are discuss the effector mechanisms that are used by antibodies to eliminate antigens and clinical experience about AMR and its treatment with a discussion about the latest articles.",book:{id:"6558",slug:"heart-transplantation",title:"Heart Transplantation",fullTitle:"Heart Transplantation"},signatures:"Umit Kervan, Dogan Emre Sert and Nesrin Turan",authors:[{id:"227772",title:"Prof.",name:"Umit",middleName:null,surname:"Kervan",slug:"umit-kervan",fullName:"Umit Kervan"},{id:"243592",title:"Dr.",name:"Dogan Emre",middleName:null,surname:"Sert",slug:"dogan-emre-sert",fullName:"Dogan Emre Sert"},{id:"243593",title:"Dr.",name:"Nesrin",middleName:null,surname:"Turan",slug:"nesrin-turan",fullName:"Nesrin Turan"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"984",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:14,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. 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Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. He is a member of seven international specialized scientific societies, besides his local one, and\nhe has won seven prizes.",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83073",title:"Dental and Orofacial Trauma Impacts on Oral-Health-Related—Quality of Life in Children: Low- and Middle-Income Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105845",signatures:"Yolanda Malele-Kolisa, Nazia Khan, Mpho P. 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Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ghana Health Service",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job 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Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abhay Soni and Dr. Prabhat Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/271093/images/system/271093.jpg",biography:"Dr. A.K. Soni, Ph.D., graduated with a degree in Mining Engineering from Ravishankar University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, in 1983. He completed his post-graduate studies at the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Rajasthan, India, and obtained a Ph.D. in Environmental Science and Engineering from the Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines (ISM), Dhanbad, India, in 1998. \n\n\n\nDr. Soni is currently working as Chief Scientist at CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR-CIMFR) at Nagpur Research Centre and engaged in research work on 'mine environment and allied areas.” His area of research interest is 'geo-hydrological problems related to mines.” He has more than 33 years of experience working in the Indian mining industry. As part of his research work, he has visited the United States and the United Kingdom and traveled widely across India. As a research scientist and technical administrator, he has more than 115 technical publications on mining and environmental topics to his credit. Dr. Soni has authored one book, Mining in the Himalayas: An Integrated Strategy. He has also written technical papers in the Hindi language. \n\n\n\nDr. Soni has handled more than 100 R&D projects in the capacity of project coordinator and principal investigator. He is actively associated with professional societies in India, including the Mining Engineers Association of India (MEAI), Institution of Engineers (India), Indian Society for Rock Mechanics and Tunneling Technology (ISRMTT), and International Mine Water Association (IMWA). Dr. Soni has received many honors and awards for his contributions. He is presently a member of the international advisory board for the Journal of Mine Water and Environment. He is also a member and chairman of important committees, and a subject area expert, advisor, and evaluator responsible for several noted professional assignments at the national level. He has been invited by academic institutes and Indian universities to deliver lectures and conduct examinations for post-graduate students. Dr. Soni was associated with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in the capacity of member and has experience organizing several technical events.",institutionString:"Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences"},selectedSubseries:{id:"41",title:"Water Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of Water International (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the Journal of the American Water Resources Association. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as Hydrology, Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources, and Hydro Science & Marine Engineering, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/91957",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"91957"},fullPath:"/profiles/91957",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()