\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8148",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Investment and portfolio strategies are some of the most exciting topics in finance. This book presents the most up-to-date topics and techniques in finance to facilitate the investment process for researchers and investors in selecting appropriate investment strategies with the emergence of new issues and concepts in financial areas. This book contains nine chapters divided into three sections: The first section, “Investment and Portfolio Strategies,” discusses different investment strategies in portfolio selection. The second section, “Behavioral Finance and Investment Decisions,” examines the application of behavioral finance in investment decisions. The last section, “Emerging New Trends in Finance,” includes some new and interesting finance topics that can depict our vision for the future arena of finance.",isbn:"978-1-83962-966-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-965-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-967-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78097",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",numberOfPages:182,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4091,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:1,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 1st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 22nd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 20th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 9th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 7th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/91081/images/system/91081.jpg",biography:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar is a Ph.D. student in Decision Science with a minor in Economics and a teaching fellow and research assistant in G. Brint Ryan College of Business, University of North Texas, USA. He is a member of the American Finance Association (AFA), Decision Sciences Institute (DSI), Production and Operations Management Society (POMS), Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), and Association of Scientists, Developers, and Faculties (ASDF). Mr. Ahangar is a teaching assistant at UNT for six years and has authored eight books and book chapters as well as several journal and conference publications in finance and business analytics, with more than forty technical publications. His research works are cited by the top 0.1% of most-read authors in academia. He serves as an editorial board member for several scientific journals. His current research interests include investment, forecasting, optimization, FinTech, and the application of artificial intelligence in financial areas.",institutionString:"University of North Texas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of North Texas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"64",title:"Business Economics",slug:"business-economics"}],chapters:[{id:"73563",title:"Implementation of a Value-Oriented Strategy of the Organization through a Portfolio of Projects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94034",slug:"implementation-of-a-value-oriented-strategy-of-the-organization-through-a-portfolio-of-projects",totalDownloads:572,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The article deals with the methodological aspects of implementing the organization’s strategy through project portfolio management. The existing concepts, models, and methods of organizational development portfolios management are analyzed. The types of organizational cultures are considered in accordance with the evolutionary theory of values. The article shows that the success of the implementation of the organization’s development strategy is impossible without taking into account its dominant values. The organization development model links the spiral nature of systems development and the organization’s strategy in the form of a project portfolio. The model of the projects’ portfolio formation based on the definition of organizational values at the stages of the life cycle of the system is shown. The application of the competitive analysis method for the projects’ portfolio formation using the principles of value-oriented and reflexive management for making management decisions is presented.",signatures:"Valentyna Michaylovna Molokanova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73563",authors:[{id:"326184",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentyna",surname:"Molokanova",slug:"valentyna-molokanova",fullName:"Valentyna Molokanova"}],corrections:null},{id:"75659",title:"Estimating Short-Term Returns with Volatilities for High Frequency Stock Trades in Emerging Economies Using Gaussian Processes (GPs)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96486",slug:"estimating-short-term-returns-with-volatilities-for-high-frequency-stock-trades-in-emerging-economie",totalDownloads:296,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fundamental theorem behind financial markets is that stock prices are intrinsically complex and stochastic in nature. One of the complexities is the volatilities associated with stock prices. Price volatility is often detrimental to the return economics and thus investors should factor it in when making investment decisions, choices, and temporal or permanent moves. It is therefore crucial to make necessary and regular stock price volatility forecasts for the safety and economics of investors’ returns. These forecasts should be accurate and not misleading. Different traditional models and methods such as ARCH, GARCH have been intuitively implemented to make such forecasts, however they fail to effectively capture the short-term volatility forecasts. In this paper we investigate and implement a combination of numeric and probabilistic models towards short-term volatility and return forecasting for high frequency trades. The essence is that: one-day-ahead volatility forecasts were made with Gaussian Processes (GPs) applied to the outputs of a numerical market prediction (NMP) model. Firstly, the stock price data from NMP was corrected by a GP. Since it not easy to set price limits in a market due to its free nature, and randomness of the prices, a censored GP was used to model the relationship between the corrected stock prices and returns. To validate the proposed approach, forecasting errors were evaluated using the implied and estimated data.",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Maxwell Mashasha and Edina Chandiwana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75659",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75659",authors:[{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje"},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha"},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana"}],corrections:null},{id:"74254",title:"Firm-specific News and Anomalies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94286",slug:"firm-specific-news-and-anomalies",totalDownloads:368,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study investigates the relation between idiosyncratic volatility and future returns around the firm-specific news announcements in the Korean stock market from July 1995 to June 2018. The excess returns of decile portfolios that are formed by sorting the stocks based on news and non-news idiosyncratic volatility measures. The Fama and French three-factor model is also examined to see whether systematic risk affects news and non-news idiosyncratic volatility profits. The pricing of our news and non-news idiosyncratic volatility are confirmed in the cross-sectional regression using the Fama and MacBeth method. Market beta, size, book to market, momentum, liquidity, and maximum return are controlled to determine robustness. Our empirical evidence suggests that the pricing of the non-news idiosyncratic volatility is more strongly negative compared to the news idiosyncratic volatility, which is contrary to the limited arbitrage explanation for the negative price of the idiosyncratic volatility. We find that the non-news idiosyncratic volatility has a robust negative relation to returns in non-January months. Macro-finance factors drive the conditioned on the missing risk factor hypothesis, the pricing of idiosyncratic volatility. This study contributes to a better understanding of the role of the conditional idiosyncratic volatility in asset pricing. As the Korean stocks provide a fresh sample, our non-U.S. investigation delivers a useful out-of-sample test on the pervasiveness of the non-news volatility effect across the emerging markets.",signatures:"Hoang Van Hai, Phan Kim Tuan and Le The Phiet",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74254",authors:[{id:"327086",title:"Dr.",name:"Hai",surname:"Hoang Van",slug:"hai-hoang-van",fullName:"Hai Hoang Van"},{id:"332077",title:"MSc.",name:"Phan Kim",surname:"Tuan",slug:"phan-kim-tuan",fullName:"Phan Kim Tuan"},{id:"333775",title:"Dr.",name:"The Phiet",surname:"Le",slug:"the-phiet-le",fullName:"The Phiet Le"}],corrections:null},{id:"74079",title:"Financial Literacy as a Tool for Stimulating the Investment Behaviour of Rural Women: An Empirical Assessment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94532",slug:"financial-literacy-as-a-tool-for-stimulating-the-investment-behaviour-of-rural-women-an-empirical-as",totalDownloads:379,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Clapping with two hands create the sounds. Similarly, investment and saving behaviour are considered as the most vital elements for economic growth of an individual. This paper is to evaluate the influence of financial awareness on saving and investment behaviour of rural females in India. Investment pattern serves as a link between savings and wants of the common people. Economic growth of any nation can be critically measured through capital accumulation and investment trends in financial markets. In the present study, the investment behaviour on effect of financial awareness of 335 rural women in Jalandhar district has been evaluated. The relationship of financial literacy and saving & investment behaviour is also evaluated in the context of five basic domains of financial behaviour, such as demographic variables, financial control, financial planning, financial product selection and financial literacy. Results of the study revealed that rural women are conscious about the availability of various investment avenues in the market, but their investment pattern is still followed by some factors like familiarity, safety and assured returns, etc. This study suggests policymakers to focus on financial awareness rather to focus only on financial literacy.",signatures:"Bhaskaran Rajan, Navjot Kaur, Harpreet K. Athwal, Afzalur Rahman and Velmurugan P.S.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74079",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74079",authors:[{id:"326214",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhaskaran",surname:"Rajan",slug:"bhaskaran-rajan",fullName:"Bhaskaran Rajan"},{id:"336219",title:"Ms.",name:"Navjot",surname:"Kaur",slug:"navjot-kaur",fullName:"Navjot Kaur"},{id:"336220",title:"Ms.",name:"Harpreet K",surname:"Athwal",slug:"harpreet-k-athwal",fullName:"Harpreet K Athwal"},{id:"336221",title:"Dr.",name:"Afzalur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"afzalur-rahman",fullName:"Afzalur Rahman"},{id:"336223",title:"Dr.",name:"Velmurugan",surname:"P.S",slug:"velmurugan-p.s",fullName:"Velmurugan P.S"}],corrections:null},{id:"73794",title:"Accounting Information Quality and Investment Decisions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93980",slug:"accounting-information-quality-and-investment-decisions",totalDownloads:499,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Accounting information quality has been said to play an important role in reducing information asymmetry. Thus, firms with high accounting information quality may enhance more investors’ decisions. This paper aims to empirically examine the association between accounting information quality and investment decisions among firms in Tunisia. The sample of this study consists of 50 firms listed on the Tunis Stock Exchange covering 2012 to 2016. The findings imply that accounting information quality is significantly negatively related to investment inefficiency. The inclusion of control variables and the use of alternative models to measure accounting information quality provide consistent findings. This paper has several important contributions. First, this paper provides new empirical evidence in an emerging market. Although emerging markets make up the vast majority of economic activity around the world, they have received limited attention in academic research. Second, this paper can also help researchers to better understand and realize the governance role of accounting information, and push them to investigate the other role of accounting information deeply and broadly.",signatures:"Nouha Khoufi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73794",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73794",authors:[{id:"318026",title:"Dr.",name:"Nouha",surname:"Khoufi",slug:"nouha-khoufi",fullName:"Nouha Khoufi"}],corrections:null},{id:"74200",title:"Digital Transformation of World Finance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93987",slug:"digital-transformation-of-world-finance",totalDownloads:850,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The boundary between the physical and a virtual world is not clearly visible nowadays, the 4.0 industry utilizes artificial intelligence, distributed ledger technology, quantum computing, advanced visualization and other advanced technologies. The surge of capital flows in financial technology is visible wherever we look. Classical businesses face a challenge to connect and create partners with the companies that are technology savvy because this may impact their future success. The strategy for digital business must be thought over very thoroughly since it represents the success threshold in contemporary digital environment. The classic banking system faces the threat or opportunity of an open banking system and banks are forced to be prepared to offer next generation services benefiting from third party channels. The short history on the banking industry including digital banking along, with fintech as a financial institution showing its power to compete sophistically, will shift the studied digital transformation phenomenon into a dilemma whether we indeed face a cashless society challenge, whether the governments should start to accelerate their decisions on Central Bank Digitalized Currency – CBDC or how far several countries already are to become a cashless society. At last, potential security, trust and fraud issues will close this chapter.",signatures:"Darina Saxunova and Corlise Liesl Le Roux",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74200",authors:[{id:"318760",title:"Dr.",name:"Darina",surname:"Saxunova",slug:"darina-saxunova",fullName:"Darina Saxunova"},{id:"322223",title:"Dr.",name:"Corlise",surname:"Le Roux",slug:"corlise-le-roux",fullName:"Corlise Le Roux"}],corrections:null},{id:"74563",title:"The Trouble with Minding Markets: Emotional Finance in Context",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95094",slug:"the-trouble-with-minding-markets-emotional-finance-in-context",totalDownloads:453,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The term ‘Emotional Finance’ normally denotes a methodological approach advocated by Richard Taffler and David Tuckett, which they intended as a challenge both to Behavioral Finance and to mainstream finance and economics. In the wake of the Great Financial Crisis, Emotional Finance received a warm reception from regulators, the financial press, and the CFA Institute. Nearly a decade on, their ideas have largely failed to achieve traction in the academic literature, and continue to struggle to find empirical validation. Their approach is essentially an application of Kleinian psychoanalysis to financial markets, albeit without the terminological rigor that psychoanalytic practitioners might expect. Because their approach is inherently interdisciplinary, it has rarely been subject to scrutiny, as few psychoanalytic commentators feel qualified to comment on financial markets, and fewer finance academics feel comfortable commenting on the psychoanalytic theory. This chapter characterizes the main theoretical claims of Emotional Finance, and subjects each of them to scrutiny, finding them largely untenable. Although financial bubbles are commonplace and emotional responses to markets unremarkable, the subsidiary arguments advanced by advocates of Emotional Finance to support their primary claims are found wanting. The interpretative strategy of Emotional Finance is fundamentally flawed. Although it is fruitful to analyze the role of emotions in financial markets, more precise, rigorous and realistic approaches to these problems are needed.",signatures:"D’Maris Coffman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74563",authors:[{id:"325580",title:"Prof.",name:"D'Maris",surname:"Coffman",slug:"d'maris-coffman",fullName:"D'Maris Coffman"}],corrections:null},{id:"75019",title:"From Money-Centered to People- and Planet-Centered Ledger Economics: Leveraging the Hidden Wealth of Underutilized Productive Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95562",slug:"from-money-centered-to-people-and-planet-centered-ledger-economics-leveraging-the-hidden-wealth-of-u",totalDownloads:399,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter introduces a for-profit way to repair persistent problems in free enterprise economics and commerce. Today, continuous advances in technology and human capabilities fail to produce a commensurate, across-the-board rise in the standard of living and quality of life for households and communities. Instead, win-lose competition over money and proliferation of competitive duplication put downward pressure on profits, wages and the purchasing power of families. Despite an ever-growing economic pie, everyone does not enjoy a secure income. This is a money issue, not a productivity issue. Eventually, so-called equilibrium is achieved when businesses downsize, merge and/or fail. But businesses fail while there are still unmet needs for their products and services revealing a missed business opportunity. An innovative alternative is to monetize and market currently underutilized productive capacity using a new form of business scrip termed Ledger Dollars (L$) L$ increase purchasing power within a cooperative network of business and community stakeholders. L$ are analogous to loyalty rewards—backed by unsold products and services—but reward more than consumer spending and enhance cooperation and eco-sustainability. Ledger Dollars constitute a new financial asset class designed to improve traditional fiat-centered economics and advance the now popular Triple-Bottom-Line of People, Planet and Profits.",signatures:"Thomas Fisher and Joel Hodroff",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75019",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75019",authors:[{id:"335200",title:"Prof.",name:"Tom",surname:"Fisher",slug:"tom-fisher",fullName:"Tom Fisher"},{id:"335624",title:"Mr.",name:"Joel",surname:"Hodroff",slug:"joel-hodroff",fullName:"Joel Hodroff"}],corrections:null},{id:"73041",title:"Tunisian Fintech: An Ecosystem under Construction - Can COVID 19 be the Fuel to Ignite the Construction of Tunisian Fintech?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93427",slug:"tunisian-fintech-an-ecosystem-under-construction-can-covid-19-be-the-fuel-to-ignite-the-construction",totalDownloads:275,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fintech leads the most powerful technology and finance in the industry. Appearing recently in the newspapers, this term describes the disruptive challenge in the financial sectors. Fintech has primarily emerged in the world, and then Europe followed the lead before it starts in Tunisia. Although Fintech attracts the customers through the innovation and the technology, it worries users because of the absence of the intermediaries. Fintechs create metamorphosis in the financial field of digital disruption and really shake up the reserved world of banking services, savings, means of payment, and financing. The main idea of this chapter is to describe the Fintech ecosystem in Tunisia. It is about situating the concepts around Fintech by studying the reasons for its emergence and its business segments. Then, the analysis provides the elements of the Tunisian ecosystem of Fintech, the issues, and the challenges. 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The consumption rate of chemical pesticides worldwide reached 2.4 megatons during 2006–2007 [2]. Pesticides have biological activity and toxic action on the targeted pests at the recommended concentration throughout various modes of action mechanisms exerted by the parent compounds and/or their metabolites [3]. If such concentration is exceeded through misuse or incorrect application, these pesticides become toxic to the non-target organisms, including humans [4].
Based on the enormous number of published studies related to the toxic effects of pesticides on non-targeted organisms and humans, some of these pesticides have been banned in developed countries. The most famous banned compounds included organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the 1970s [5], some organophosphorus during 2001–2006 [6], certain carbamates insecticides [7], and specific synthetic pyrethroids and neonicotinoids insecticides, among others [8]. Globally, the total number of banned pesticides reached 460 compounds distributed between insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides among other groups of pesticides in 36 and 128 developed and developing countries, respectively [8]. The ban decision is based on various factors, such as a) the high toxicity of such pesticides to the non-targeted organisms (extremely hazardous, i.e., acute oral LD50 for the rat <5 mg/kg and highly hazardous, i.e., acute oral LD50 for the rat 5–50 mg/kg) [9], b) their carcinogenic effects on humans causing various types of cancer [10], and c) hazardous effects on environmental elements among other reasons such as effects on the endocrine system, that is, hormone disruptors [11].
Practically, the toxic effects of pesticides on mammals, including humans, are the sum of the results obtained by the studies carried out and extrapolation processes through decades from two major categories of studies, that is,
Also, it was studied both the toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics of chemical pesticides [12], teratogenicity [13], and carcinogenicity [14] using different mammalian models and affected humans in the epidemiological studies. With carcinogenic pesticides, they were classified into various categories, that is, carcinogenic, probably, possibly be carcinogenic to humans, or not classifiable as carcinogenic to humans [15]. Other studies of pesticides toxicity have been carried out depending on the response of different biomarkers [16], that is, hematological toxicity [17], nephrotoxicity [18], hepatotoxicity [19], neurotoxicity [20], oxidative stress, and DNA damage [21], pulmonary toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity and carcinogenesis biomarkers [22].
The
Regarding human health, exposure to different banned chemical pesticides may lead to consequent intoxication symptoms as a result of cellular, biochemical, and genetic effects, that is, congenital malformation, neurochemical and behavioral dysfunctions among others [27]. In developing countries, such as India, it was documented various negative effects resulted from human exposure to pesticides, that is, neurological, respiratory, dermal, and reproductive effects in addition to the impact on general health [28]. In other epidemiological studies related to the usage of banned chemical pesticides in developing countries, it was mentioned the percentages of chemical pesticides that caused a significant number of dead people annually as a result of pesticides intoxication [29]. The mentioned developing countries in such a chapter include India, Egypt, and African countries, Romania, Thailand, Taiwan, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua among others. In Venezuela, it was recorded various serious problems due to exposure to pesticides either through environmental and/or occupational routes. Such exposure is due to limitations in the regulation acts related to the use of pesticides and lack of health and safety measures [30].
As specific pesticides, it was found that
As for human exposure to pesticides via oral feeding, it was documented that consumption of contaminated foods by pesticide residues when exceeded the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and/or the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) values listed by the Codex Alimentarius may lead to various undesirable effects. Based on such type of exposure, high levels of pesticide residues and their metabolites in foodstuff could reach the human blood, including maternal blood, cord blood, placenta, breast milk, and children.
In the case of occupational exposure to pesticides, it was documented that such exposure occurs directly during various processes, such as manufacturing, transporting, storing, retailers, preparation, application by the user, re-entry into treated fields, harvest, and equipment cleaning. The exposure may be due to the misuse during the application of pesticides without protective equipment, which is considered economically expensive in developing countries. In addition, other routes of exposure may occur, such as exposure of children and/or pregnant women, which affects their fetuses.
In recent studies, it was found that all the mentioned negative effects of pesticides exposure are results of bad practices, that is, inadequate, unsafe, and handling applications without wearing the protective instrument. Also, it was reported that the lack of awareness of suitable pesticide use is considered as the main reason behind the occurrence of various diseases in the farmers’ works in the Tu Ky district, Vietnam [36]. To overcome such types of problems, the Agricultural Pesticides Committee [APC] in Egypt, has been introduced around 10.000 licensed applicators in the agriculture fields and targets to reach 50.000 during the next years after their training in the suitable pesticides application procedures [37].
Based on the mentioned facts, this chapter has been focused on the most deleterious effects linked to chronic human exposure to various banned chemical pesticides that affect the exposed individuals with various diseases, that is, obesity, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, asthma, chronic bronchitis, type 2 diabetes, autism, erectile dysfunction, and psychological disorder. Such diseases were selected in this chapter based on the fact that they are affecting the quality of life of the affected individuals either at the health, social, and/or labor level. Based on the lack of scientific and investigation background in most developing countries, the identification of each disease and the different mechanisms followed by the banned pesticides and/or their metabolites to exhibit these diseases either in pregnant women, their fetuses, children, and/or adults who were exposed to the banned pesticides were discussed.
Practically, huge amounts of banned pesticides are still in use illegally in various developing and developed countries. Such banned pesticides include organochlorine insecticides, that is, DDT for controlling the public health pests [38] due to their cheap price, ease of production, lack of registration, and control measures systems for pesticides in some of these countries, besides the prevalence of the risk versus benefit theory [39]. Unfortunately, it was documented that the World Health Organization supported the reintroduction of DDT for malaria eradication in 2006 [40].
In agriculture, various published documents have been reported that a list of banned pesticides is still in use in developing countries [41]. For example, it was reported that the banned pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and cypermethrin, as insecticides, atrazine and glyphosate, as herbicides, are still in use in various provinces in Argentina in addition to Paraguay [42]. In addition, it was reported that many developing countries are still using the banned chemical pesticides that have been exported from the European Union after their banning in European countries [1].
Based on the export statistics from China Customs, the export volume of pesticides during the period of January to November 2015, African markets containing developing countries represented 13.9% of the total export of pesticides from China to 44 countries. The most exported banned pesticides include paraquat, glyphosate, 2,4-D-dimethylammonium, atrazine, glyphosate-monoammonium, tebuthiuron, as herbicides, lambda-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, emamectin, as insecticides, mancozeb, metalaxyl+mancozeb, as fungicides. The top 10 countries by export value were Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Kenya, Cameroon, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Guinea. The amount of export value for these top 10 countries constitutes 85.9% of the total export value to Africa from China [43]. Moreover, some banned pesticides may be used in form of counterfeit and/or contraband pesticides either in developing or developed countries [44]. The decision toward the herbicide glyphosate has been taken by the Mexican Government to be a period of transition when sustainable alternatives will be promoted [8].
The decision to ban pesticides in developing countries is based on the published information by the USEPA and the European Union, while the executive decision will be in practical form by regulation and legislative acts present in some developing countries. For example, Egypt (Agricultural Pesticides Committee, APC), India, Malaysia, Philippines, Costa Rica, Mexico, Kenya, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, each of them has their regulation and legislative acts [28]. Other low-income countries have not any institutions related to pesticides in general, especially the agricultural ones, and hence their usage of the agricultural chemicals depends on the importing of these products from neighboring countries.
Also, the decision of banning pesticides in other developing countries may be retard to be in practice due to a lack of transparency and also depending on the availability of alternative pesticides in the market. In addition, the decision-makers in the developing countries may offer a period called a period of transition or grace period that may be reached for 6 months or more than 1 year as an expected period to consume the remaining stock of these banned pesticides. Such cases were already offered for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, fipronil, alpha-cypermethrin, amitrole, carbendazim, iprodione, diazinon, carbosulfan, diuron, diniconazole among other pesticides, such as the case in Egypt and some other developing countries. During such grace period, the targeted pesticide[s] to be banned is still in use, and hence the exposure processes, that is, farmers, unlicensed applicators, children, and/or pregnant women are continued.
At the governmental level of these countries, the most important question in the mentality of the decision-makers is related to the quantity of such pesticide[s], that is, where and how to treat the remaining amounts of such pesticide[s], that is, there is no possibility to withdrawing the remaining amounts that are still in the pesticide market. However, in a recent action taken by APC, based on the requirements of the European Commission, the MRLs of chlorpyrifos must not exceed 0.01 mg/kg of the exporting crops and such limits must be followed by the Agriculture Export Council [37]. In addition, it was decided to restrict the usage of such insecticides to control insect pests on nonedible crops, such as cotton, to control the desert locust and termites [37]. Unfortunately, from the practical viewpoint, despite such decisions, chlorpyrifos is still illegally available like other banned pesticides in the pesticide market in Egypt at least during the grace period. So, the use of banned pesticides at that moment is considered an inevitable fact either in Egypt or other developing countries.
Depending on the chemical structure of the targeted banned chemical pesticides, it could classify the mechanisms of their action into two main categories, that is, neurotoxic action and hormone disruptors.
Based on the published studies related to human diseases associated with exposure to banned chemical pesticides, it was found that most of these pesticides were neurotoxic compounds. The most famous classes of these pesticides are organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids insecticides. For organochlorine insecticides, that is, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), cyclodiens, hexachlorocyclohexane, many studies have shown that its mode of action is based on a reduction in the transport of potassium ions, after blocking the sodium channels, and inhibiting the enzymes (Na+ -K+/Ca2+ -Mg2+-ATPases), inhibiting the binding between calcium and calmodulin and then affecting the flow of neurotransmitters [45].
Regarding organophosphorus as parent compounds and/or their activated metabolites, such as [−oxon], the mechanisms of their actions depend on the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by phosphorylating the amino acid serine in the esteratic site of the AchE enzyme [46], resulting in hyperstimulation of the cholinergic nerves, that is, muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor [47]. Carbamate insecticides act as reversible inhibitors to acetylcholinesterase leading to various symptoms of toxicity [48].
As for the synthetic pyrethroids, their mechanisms of toxic action depend on inhibition of (Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase) enzymes, binding to gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in the chloride channels, and inhibition of the calmodulin protein that binds to calcium and thus increase the calcium ions that affect the flow of the neurotransmitters that lead to cause various symptoms of poisoning in humans [49]. In addition, it was documented that neonicotinoids insecticides, that is, imidacloprid act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and hence stimulate these receptors at low doses while blocking such receptors at high doses leading to paralysis and death [50]. Also, some fungicides exhibit neurotoxic action, which affects the peripheral nerves, the motor nerves, and the central nervous system that leads to different symptoms of poisoning [51]. Based on such toxic action observed in humans through different accidents, such fungicide has been banned in the 1970s [52].
Based on the published studies, it was documented that various diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and erectile dysfunction, have occurred as a result of exposure to various banned pesticides. It was reported that such diseases belong to the mechanisms of action of the mentioned pesticides within the endocrine system. Historically, in the 1970s, it had emerged the adverse effects of some chemical pesticides on the endocrine system through various modes of action and it was called for such pesticides the term (Hormone Disruptors) [53]. Such effects may be through the hormone-secreting gland, effects on the composition of the hormone itself, effects on its production and secretion rates, or that it is similar to it in composition or interfere with the hormone in its function by competing with it for binding to the hormonal receptors [54]. Many studies have shown that hormone disruptors cause many adverse health effects on humans, leading to various diseases [55]. Exposure to hormone disruptors maybe not be observable for many years. If the fetus is exposed to any of these disruptors during the pregnancy of the mother, then these substances cause adverse effects on many functions of this fetus that are not observed until after its birth and reaching puberty [56].
In the first two decades of this century, several studies that have been published and searched in MEDLINE [through PubMed] revealed the relationship between the exposure of humans, that is, farmworkers, unlicensed pesticide applicators, children, and/or pregnant women to different chemical pesticides and the emergence of various diseases other than cancer [57]. Such studies reported that these diseases do not appear until after reaching adulthood, which affects the quality of life of the affected individual[s] at the health, social, and labor level either in the present and/or the future.
Obesity, that is, body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30.0 has been defined as a chronic disease that affects around 13% of the global population and 62% of people living in developing countries. These huge percentages lead to the death of 2.8 million individuals each year as a result of obesity [58]. Exposure to various classes of banned chemical pesticides and obesity are well documented in many published studies carried out in developed countries. For example, it was found that there was a positive linkage between maternal, prenatal, or postnatal exposure to pesticides and obesity, especially DDT as an organochlorine insecticide [59] and chlorpyrifos as organophosphorus pesticides [60]. Also, other classes of pesticides were found to be associated with the development of obesity, that is, bifenthrin as pyrethroid [61] and imidacloprid as neonicotinoid [62]. In addition, it was reported that exposure of pregnant women to pesticides through agricultural or industrial activities leads to overweight children [63].
Various mechanisms have been followed by pesticides to be associated with obesity. For example, increasing the adipocyte differentiation by quizalofop-
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with two main types, that is, Type 1 diabetes, which occurs in case of the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, and type 2 (T2D) or insulin resistance, which means that the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces [67]. Diabetes, especially T2D, is a major cause of various diseases, such as cardiovascular disease [68], endometrial [69], prostate [70], and colon cancer [71] in addition to other diseases, that is, blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation [72].
The relationship between human exposure to the banned chemical pesticides and the occurrence of diabetes has been documented. Two studies in Korea found that low-dose background exposure to 10 OCPs, that is, HCH, HCB, heptachlor epoxide,
In Thailand, it was reported that endosulfan as an organochlorine insecticide, mevinphos an organophosphorus, carbaryl/Sevin as carbamate, and benlate as fungicides were positively associated with diabetes, as described in the case–control study carried out by Juntarawijit and Juntarawijit, [74]. In India, various pesticides including herbicides, that is, atrazine, butylate, 2,4,5-T, diazinon, fonofos, phorate, and parathion as organophosphorus insecticides,
As a mechanism of action by which the banned chemical pesticides induces diabetes, various specific studies have been proved that OCPs, as it is well known that these pesticides are lipophilic, hydrophobic, and highly resistant to metabolic degradation, so that, they are bioaccumulated in fatty tissues for many years, and their serum concentration is considered to be a good reflection of lifetime exposures [77].
However, it was documented that OCPs have variable molecular and cellular targets and thus they cannot be considered to have a single mode of action. Inflammation in adipose tissue, ectopic lipid accumulation [lipotoxicity] in liver, muscle, and pancreas, and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxidative damage caused by OCPs lead to the development of insulin resistance and T2D [77]. Also, these pesticides may affect pancreatic β cells and trigger insulin resistance, thus impairing both lipid and glucose metabolism [78].
Besides, it is well known that
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major form of dementia and is considered the fourth leading cause of death in the elderly. AD is the most common progressive neurological disease and results in an irreversible loss of neurons [82]. One of the most symptoms of AD is loss of short-term memory, speech problems, confusion, mood swings, self-care inability, and behavioral issues [83]. Few studies have been carried out in developing countries on the link between exposure to pesticides and AD. In India, it was found that OCPs, that is, β-HCH, dieldrin, and
In China, a positive association between pesticide exposure and AD, confirms the hypothesis that pesticide exposure is a risk factor for AD, as shown in the systematic review and meta-analysis carried out by Yan et al. [86]. One internal exposure investigation evaluated the relationship between serum dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) levels and AD, observing a 3.8-fold increase in serum levels of organochlorine metabolites of DDE in patients with AD when compared with control participants [87].
As mechanisms behind the occurrence of AD, it was found that such disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with the loss of cholinergic neurons and the presence of excessive neuritic plaques containing amyloid β protein and abnormal tau protein filaments as neurofibrillary tangles [88]. Decreased level of acetylcholine in AD patients appears to be a critical element in producing dementia and memory disorders [89]. It was documented that various chemical pesticides cause uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation, which increases the levels of free radicals [90], which affect the mitochondrial function and hence increased the production of ROS and higher levels of oxidative stress that lead to cellular damage in form of synaptic linked with the development and progression of AD [91]. Baltazar et al. [92] found that various pesticides share many features, such as the ability to induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein fibrillization, and neuronal loss.
At
Chin-Chan et al. [95] reported that some pesticides have been associated with AD due to their ability to elevate beta-amyloid [Aβ] peptide and the phosphorylation of Tau protein [P-Tau], causing senile/amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) characteristic of AD. Tang et al. [96] showed the proposed neuropathological mechanisms that included oxidative stress through the reactive oxygen species [ROS] generated by pesticides, neuroinflammation enhancement that leads to amyloid-beta Aβ and tau protein expression, promotion of amyloidogenesis, such as amyloid plaque formation, DNA damage, and dysfunction of the brain-Gut axis. Like dementia, it was published in a nationwide population-based cohort study that revealed the relationship between exposure to pesticides and dementia [97].
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease (AD), having an overall prevalence ranging from 1 to 2 per 1000 people. PD is characterized by various motor dysfunctions, such as rigidity, bradykinesia, resting tremor, gait freezing, and postural reflex impairment, and neuropsychological dysfunctions, such as cognitive decline, depression, and sleep disturbance, all of which negatively affect patients’ quality of life (QOL), as presented through the systematic review and meta-analysis carried out by Zhao et al. [98].
From an epidemiological viewpoint, the association between the use of pesticides and PD was first reported by Barbeau et al. [99]. Pesticides have been implicated as one of the most likely major environmental risk factors for PD [100]. In the case of the relation between pesticides and PD, it was documented that people exposed to pesticides at workplaces have a higher risk of PD than people exposed at home, and exposure at both workplaces and residences has the highest PD risk [101].
Occurrence of PD in developing and developed countries concerning the exposure to pesticides, the results of a study of the meta-analysis carried out by Ahmed et al. [102] showed that both types of countries suffered from such disease in a significant association with pesticide exposure. The pesticides linked with PD included trifluralin and paraquat as herbicides, maned and mancozeb as fungicides, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, parathion, β-HCH, permethrin, and dieldrin as insecticides. In another case–control study, paraquat was closely associated with a higher risk of developing PD [103].
Many mechanisms have been involved in the role of pesticides in PD development. Karen et al. [104] reported a significant reduction in the mitochondrial function in the
Asthma is a common and global chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that affects children and adults characterized by variable and recurring respiratory symptoms (wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and dry cough), airflow obstruction, and mucus hypersecretion hyperreactivity (AHR), all of which interfere with breathing [107]. Several factors lead to asthma diseases, that is, genetic, allergic conditions, and multiple lifestyle factors in addition to low birth weight, prematurity, exposure to tobacco and indoor and outdoor air pollutants, and occupational exposure to chemicals, such as pesticides.
Two major types of epidemiological studies have been published concerning exposure to pesticides and linkage to asthma, that is, exposure of children and adults. For example, it was reported that occupational exposure to pesticides was associated with the prevalence of asthma [108]. In addition, children of farmers are at risk of pesticide exposure through various routes, that is, living close to agricultural fields, participating in farm work, and eating fruits and vegetables soon after harvest [109].
As for lower or middle-income developing countries, exposure of children to banned chemical pesticides was studied in Mexico [110], Brasil, [111], Costa Rica [112], Sri Lanka [113], and Lebanon [114]. As for exposure of adults through the occupational route, various studies have been carried out in different developing countries, such as Kenya [115], Ghana through a cross-sectional study [116], and Ethiopia on a large-scale cross-sectional study [117]. In Egypt, a published case–control study of adolescent pesticide applicators showed an association between exposure to OPs pesticides, chlorpyrifos, and reduction of lung function [118].
To investigate the relation between exposure to some specifically banned pesticides and the occurrence of asthma, Hoppin et al. [119] reported that paraquat as herbicide, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane coumaphos, diazinon, parathion, DDT, and ethylene dibromide as insecticides, and captan as fungicide were associated with allergic and nonallergic asthma. In a recent ecological study carried out in Argentina, it was found a strong association between asthma in agricultural workers and occupational exposure to the herbicide glyphosate [120]. In another recent study carried out in Uganda, it was reported a strong association between organophosphate and carbamate insecticide exposure and disorder in lung function, including asthma among smallholder farmers [121]. As for OPs pesticides, it was demonstrated in the review published by Shaffo et al. [122] that exposure to various OPs pesticides, that is, bromofos, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, fenthion, malathion, and parathion were associated with asthma.
As a causal link between organophosphorus pesticides and asthma, mechanistic studies exhibited a blockage of autoinhibitory in the muscarinic receptors present in the parasympathetic nerves that innervate airway smooth muscle by which OPs induce airway hyperreactivity [122]. OPs disrupt the control of the respiratory function in the brain stem, which leads to central apnea.
Chronic bronchitis is long-term inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes. The most common symptoms include cough, mucus, wheezing, chest discomfort that leads to disability, severe infection in the airways, narrowing of the breathing tubes, and hence trouble to breathe. Globally, such disease is the third leading cause of death, that is, over 3 million in 2019. It was reported that more than 80% of the documented deaths by such disease are in low and middle-income developing countries [123].
Such disease is one of the most common diseases caused by several factors, such as exposure to pesticides [124]. For example, in a case–control study carried out in Lebanon, it was found that pesticide exposure was associated with chronic bronchitis [125]. In India, it was found a higher occurrence of chronic bronchitis, which was associated with OP and carbamate pesticide exposures in agricultural workers [126]. In Vietnam, it was reported that 1499 Vietnam veterans who applied Agent Orange (the mixture of two equal parts of the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) showed a higher frequency of chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic bronchitis [127]. Also, in Singapore, it was observed that pesticides were strongly associated with chronic bronchitis [128]. In the agricultural health study project, it was found that 16 pesticides were strongly associated with chronic bronchitis [129]. As mechanisms of action that are followed by the chemical pesticides to cause chronic bronchitis, it was documented that OPs as inhibitors to AChE, increase the acetylcholine quantity on nicotine and muscarinic receptors that lead to cholinergic over-expression on the smooth muscle of the airway hence causing broncho-constriction [130].
Autism has been recognized as the damage that occurred to many important areas of brain development. Autism has been defined as specific conditions of neurodevelopment that are characterized by specific, repetitive behavior, and difficulty in social communication. Also, autism is a condition in which a patient suffers from specific behavioral symptoms that result from many known and unknown biological factors based on brain dysfunctions that affect the developing brain’s ability to handle information [131]. It has been observed that most children with autism suffer from difficulty in their ability to learn as a result of their mental retardation, although few of these children with autism have an average level of intelligence, although they sometimes suffer from epilepsy and audiovisual damage [132].
The statistics showed that there are 62 children with autism out of every 10.000 births [133]. It was found that there is an increase in the incidence of autism among children in many parts of the world and that many of these children were due to the exposure of their mothers during pregnancy to pesticides and other environmental pollutants, whether through direct exposure to pesticides during the application or non-direct exposure, such as the consumption of food contaminated with pesticide residues [134].
A study conducted by Shelton, et al. [135] showed that there is an increase in the risk rates of autism among children whose mothers lived near the fields where pesticides were applied. In some detail, Blatt et al. [136] reported the occurrence of disruption of the nerve conduction system of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by the action of some chemical pesticides, and it was found that there is a relationship between that and the incidence of autism in studies on the density of receptors in brain tissue. Also, the results of the study conducted by Lyall et al. [137] indicated that exposure to high levels of organochlorine pesticides during pregnancy was associated with autism in newborns. Also, it was documented in a cohort study that some exposure of pregnant women to pyrethroids leads to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in their children [138]. Other pesticides cause autism, that is, metabolites of diazinon and chlorpyrifos as organophosphorus [139], besides organochlorines, pyrethroids, and carbamates insecticides [140].
Genetic analysis studies indicated that there are 206 genes appeared responsible for showing autism. This set of genes is present at many barriers in the human body, such as the blood–brain barrier, skin, intestine, placenta, and cellular barrier trophoblast. To reach this conclusion on the responsibility of these genes, the response of such genes to various chemical compounds was analyzed by the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) [141].
Erectile dysfunction has been defined as a persistent inability to achieve or maintain an adequate erection for satisfactory complete sexual performance. Physiologically, penile erection is a neurovascular phenomenon that involves the coordination of three hemodynamic events, that is, elevated arterial inflow, relaxation of the sinusoidal smooth muscle, and decreased venous outflow. It also implies the interaction of the brain, nerves, neurotransmitters, and smooth and striated muscles. Any alteration in one or more of these components may affect the erectile tissue and cause erectile dysfunction [142]. Many factors play an important and major role in the pathogenesis of erectile dysfunction, such as exposure to pesticides [142].
It was established that sexual behavior in humans is controlled by hormonal and neural regulatory processes, therefore, some pesticides that act as hormone disruptors negatively affect the nature of the sexual relationship. Various studies showed that erectile dysfunction is responsible for infertility for up to 10% of the male population around the world, as mentioned in the review published by Kaur et al. [142].
In Egypt, Soliman et al. [143] conducted a study in the Damietta governorate. The results showed that there is a close relationship between chronic exposure to pesticides (DDT, and some organophosphorus and carbamates) and erectile dysfunction. Besides, it was possible to prove that acetamiprid as a neonicotinoid insecticide has the most damaging effect on erectile dysfunction due to the effect on several inhibitory pathways [144]. Also, it was demonstrated that some pesticides exert their effect on tunica albuginea, TA tissues (the fibrous envelope of connective tissue that surrounds the corpora cavernosa of the penis, TA composed of elastin and collagen, so, the effect on elastin leads to erectile dysfunction) [145].
It was established that some organophosphorus pesticides cause a decrease in the concentration of the male hormone, testosterone, through various mechanisms. Also, it was reported that the decrease of such hormone was related to inhibition in the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [146]. Such inhibition occurs because organophosphorus pesticides inhibit the enzyme acetylcholine esterase and as a result, the level of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine increases and thus affects the inhibition of these hormones [147]. The pesticides were found to be responsible for the induction of apoptosis in Leydig cells, which were responsible for the secretion of 95% of the testosterone in the blood. Therefore, the death of these cells results in a significant reduction in the concentration of that hormone [148].
Various studies showed that there is a relationship between poisoning farmers with pesticides and the psychological problems that they suffer especially depressive disorders [149]. London et al. [150, 151] explained that many pesticides, especially organophosphorus, were associated with an increase in the occurrence of psychological problems, that is, depression, which has sometimes reached the suicide of some workers who were previously exposed to such pesticides. With depression, various studies showed the relationship between pesticides and decreasing serotonin levels in workers exposed to pesticides [152]. It is well established for the human being the relationship between the lowering in serotonin levels and depression [153]. At the experimental animal level, it was reported that some pesticides, that is, deltamethrin (pyrethroid insecticide) and acetamiprid (neonicotinoid insecticide) [154], chlorpyrifos (organophosphorus insecticide), and cypermethrin (pyrethroid insecticide) [155] caused a decrease in serotonin and dopamine levels in rats.
Some studies showed links between exposure to pesticides and suicide rates, which has been reported by Faria et al. [156]. For example, it was reported that exposure to high levels of organophosphorus pesticides was associated with higher rates of suicide among workers exposed to these pesticides [157]. The same phenomenon has been recorded in many countries, such as Brazil [156] and Costa Rica [158].
In the case of the developing countries, as mentioned in the systematic review published by Gunnell et al. [159], it was estimated that the suicidal attempts due to pesticide toxicity ranged between 5200 and 21,910 in African countries. In Central America, especially, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador among other countries, it was documented that pesticides account for 31% of suicide cases in this region. In Eastern Mediterranean countries about 16.5% and 5629, in South East Asia, that is, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, the proportion and annual total of pesticide suicides in this region reached 20.7% and 51,050, with a range of 47,720 to 82,680 cases.
Various developing countries are still using the banned chemical pesticides as a reason to the cheap price, ease of production or importation, and lack of both registration and control measures systems. Based on the aforementioned diseases caused by banned pesticides, exposure to such substances must be prevented as much as possible in developing countries. To continue the pest control process, an alternative method must be followed, that is, integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, using biopesticides to ensure that there are no residues of harmful chemical pesticides, whether they have been canceled or are still allowed to be used. The possibilities of getting rid of the large quantities of banned pesticides are technologically not available in all developing countries. Therefore, the developed countries must cooperate and the international institutions, organizations, and/or agencies, such as Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) among others, must contribute to disbursing the material compensation and making alternative pesticides available to the developing countries. Such agencies must cooperate to overcome the problems related to using pesticides in developing countries that suffer from the import, export of banned pesticides, lack of training on the correct handling of pesticides, low pesticide education, lack of legislation, lack of enforcement of the available legislation, and absence of monitoring for pesticides residues on locally consumed products. The expected assistance from these bodies may be as providing safe equipment, education, training the farmers, and licensed pesticides applicators in the developing countries through various sustainable, not temporary programs.
In addition, the governments of developing countries must bear their responsibility to establish specialized bodies responsible for managing everything related to the use of pesticides, which have the authority to prevent the import of internationally banned pesticides, under the supervision of the relevant international bodies and to combat the counterfeit and contraband pesticides. So that, through following these suggested realistic practical solutions, it could possible to stop and prevent the continuation of using the banned pesticides at the international level. Following these policies, it may contribute positively to reducing the incidence of the aforementioned diseases and others associated with exposure to pesticides.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors"},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation"},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biochemistry",id:"11"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/44355",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"44355"},fullPath:"/profiles/44355",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()